Nguyin Le Thy Thuang, Nguyen Thi Doan. Nhicng nguyen iy...
Nhu-ng nguyen Iy va muc dich cff ban cua Phat giao nguyen thuy An Do
Nguyin Li Thy Thuang*, Nguyin Thi Doan**
Vien Nghien ciru An Dd vd Tdy Nam A
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 24/10/2018. ngdy gin phan bien: 25/10/2018. ngdy duyel ddng 30/10/2018
~Tydi viel ndy phdn tich cdc ddn chicng eu Ihi di ldm ro hai vdn de: mue dich ciia Phdt AJ gido nguyin thuy la giiip eon ngudi duac gidi thodt khdi khd dau, cdn Tam Phdp An (Vd thudng - Khd - Vd nga) Irong gido ly ciia Phdt gido nguyen thuy Id nguyin ly eo bdn. Id (he gidi quan vd ddu dn mang tinh phdp dinh nhdm xdc dinh ddu Ihdt su la gido hudn eua Dice Phdt
Tir khda: Phdt giao nguyen thuy, Tam phap an, giai thoat Trong cac phdn nhanh cua Phat giao, Phat
giao nguyen thiiy An Dp la phan nhanh cd giao ly gan gidng nhdt vdi tu tudng va Idi day cua Dire Phat. Vi vdy, viec tim hieu nhung nguyen ly va muc dich ca ban cua Phat giao nguyen thuy se gdp phan giiip chting ta hieu dupc muc dich, tinh than va tu tudng cua Dire Phat, tao dieu kien cho viec tim hieu nhiing ndi dung ca ban cua Phat giao va tranh dupc nhirng ngd nhdn thudng xay ra ve tdn giao nay.
1. Nhu-ng nguyen ly co- ban ciia Phat giao nguyen thuy An Do
Nguyen ly cua Phdt giao nguyen thiiy la each ma Due Phat nhan thuc vd thd gidi, thd gidi quan ciia Dire Phat chinh la lang kinh soi chieu mpi npi dung cua Phat giao. Dd dat dupc su giac ngd, trudc hdt, Diic Phdt da "nhin thdy ban chdt that cua su vdt". Dd ciing la y nghTa cita cau yath-bhula-JPina-darsana, "bidt va thdy dupc sy vat nai ban chdt that sy cua chimg", la cdu thudng thdy trong nhidu kinh sach Phdt giao. Vdy, Dire Phat da thdy thd gidi nhu thd nao? Theo kinh dien Phat giao. Due Phdt nhin thay the gioi va mpi sy vat tren the gioi gdm cd
ba dac tinh hay net dac tnmg, goi la ba tuong (laksanas) Ba dac tuong nay la vd thudng (anilya), khd nao (duhkha) va vd nga (antman), hay cdn dupc gpi la Tam Phap An.
Mac dil kinh dien Phat giao nguyen thiiy cue ky da dang song tu tudng ham chiia trong cac kinh dien ay vdn khdng ngoai quy dao cua Tam Phap An. Ba dau dn Vd thudng, Khd va Vd nga ludn la khudn mdu, thuoc do nhdm dam bao mpi tu duy, ngdn thuydt, dien giai, thuc hanh ciia ngudi Phdt tir diing Chanh phap.
Trong Kinli Phdp An, Due Phdt da khang djnh dieu nay: "Ndi den tinh khdng, la khdng cd gi cd, khdng vong (uang, khdng sinh, khdng die(, xa Ua moi sic thdy biit. Tgi sao the? - Vi linh Khdng khdng cd nai chdn, khdng ed sde tudng, khdng cd tu tudng, vdn khdng sinh, chdng phdi su thdy biii ed thi thdu dugc Xa Via moi ddm chdp. nen thdu nhiep dugc tdt cd phdp, trit a su thdy biit hinh ddng, la su thdy biit chdn that. Nin biit rdng, tinh Khdng nhu vdy, cdc phdp eung nhu vdy. Dd goi Id Phdp An. Phdp An ndy Id cua ngo cua ba phdp gidi thodt, la edn bdn cua chu Phdt, Id con mdt eua chu Phdt, Id nai chu Phdt dgt din "
Phdp dn Ihu nhdt: Vd thudng Nghien cuu An Dp va Chau A. So 11 - 2018, tr.40-45
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Nguyen Le Thy Thuong, Nguyen Thi Doan. Nhung nguyen ly..
Trong Kinh Phap Cii, Diic Phdt da nhieu ldn nhac den khai niem Vd thudng:
Phap Cu 277
Mpi sinh vat vdn "vo thudng"
Tri ngudi neu hieu tan tuong nhu tren Thoat ly ngay mpi nao phien
Theo dudng thanh tinh vao mien sach trong.
PhapCu 113
Tram nam sdng chang rdian ra Phap kia sinh diet. That la udng thay!
Chang bang sdng chi mdt ngay Ma hay van vat chdn nay gia thdi Vd thuong, tam bp, ndi trdi Sinh ra rdi diet, diet rdi lai sinh.
Phap Cii 170
Tya nhu bpt nudc trdi sdng, Ldu dai, phd cbp benh bdng bien suang Toan la do anh vo thudng
Nhin ddi nhu vdy cdn vuang van gi Tir thdn ta ha sp chi.'
Vd thudng theo tieng Pali la Anitya, ham nghta la su bien chuyen, thay ddi, khdng cd djnh. Theo ly giai cua Phat giao nguyen thuy, tdt ca mpi su vat, hien tupng tren the gian deu vd thudng. Ndi each khac, su vdt khong bao gid dimg yen hoac mang tinh ddng nhat bdt bien ma ludn van ddng, luu chuyen. Diic Phdt da ndi rang: "The gian Id mdi ddng chdy lien tuc vd vd thudng" Mdt sy vat mdt di, lam dieu kien, lam duyen cho sy xuat hien cita su vdt khac theo mpt chudi cua nhdn duyen va he qua tac ddng cua chung (nhan qua), Khdng cd mdt the chat hay thuc the nao khdng bien ddi hay tuyet ddi ben trong chung. Khdng c6 gi dang sau chiing de dupc gpi la 'ca the', 'ca tfnh' hay bdt cir thu: gi dupc gpi la cai 'Tdi'thyc chat^.
Vd thudng la nipt dac tinh ciia Khdng, theo dd mpi thii tdn tai dua tren su phu thudc Idn nhau. phat sinh va bien ddi tir dang nay sang dang khac, khdng cd cai nao tdn tai ddc lap, klidng cd cai nao tdn tai, tdt ca deu trdng rdng. Cupc sdng con ngudi chiu anh hudng bdi nguyen ly nay thdng qua qua trinh lao hda, chu ky sinh tii lap di lap lai (Vdng ludn hdi), khdng cd gi keo dai, va mpi thii deu phdn ra.
Tuy nhien, Phat giao nguyen thtiy cung gai y rang, thoat khdi nhirng dieu nay la cd the, do la thdng qua Niet Ban.
Vdi phap an Vd thudng, chung ta thdy dupc sy van ddng trong ty than cua sy vat va toan the. Neu nhin sau ban qua lang ktnh duyen khdi, ngoai sy van ddng thi ban chdt ciia sy vat ludn mang tinh khdng ddng nhdt. Mdi su vat, hien tupng deu do cac dieu kien, nhan duyen ket hpp, tuang tac Idn nhau ma tao thanh, do vay tuyet nhien khdng cd tinh chu the, ddng nhat, bdt bien trong nd.
Phdp dn thic hai Khd
Khd theo tieng Pali la Dukkha, ngoai y nghTa la cam giac khd dau, biic bach, khd chiu, nong biic cdn mang y nghTa la su bat toan; the gian vdn trdng rdng, dang khinh miet, khdng dang de bam viu^.
Khai niem Kho dupc Phat giao nguyen thuy nhin tir 3 khia canh:
1) Khd theo nghTa thdng thudng ("Khd khd", Dukkha-dukkha)
Tdt ca nhimg khd dau trong cupc ddi, chang han nhu: Sinh, lao, benh, tir, gap ngudi minh ghet, gap hoan canh khd chju, khdng dupc dieu minh mudn, sy dau budn, phien nao, sau bi... Tdt ca nhijng "chiu dyng" ve vdt chdt va tinh than nhu vay thudng dupc gpi chung la ' Tam Minh Ngo Tang Giao (2006), Tim hieu Kmh
Phdp Cu (Dhammapada). Dilu Phucrng xuat ban.
- Walpola Rahula,W/7af The Buddha Taught. Ngucri dich' Le Kim Kha, Nxb. Phucmg Dong, TP. Ho Chi Mtnh20n.
Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A. Sd 11 - 2018, tr.40-45
^ Narada Malm Thera (1980), The Buddha and His Teachings, Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka, p.88.
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Nguyen Le Thy Thuang, Nguyen Thi Doan. Nhimg nguyen ly...
nhiing "ndi khd" hay "dau khd". deu thudc ve Dukklia theo nghia binh thudng ciia tir Klid.
2) Khd do thay ddi, do vd thudng ("Vd thudng khd", Viparindma-dukkha)
Cam giac thda man, sung sudng, hanli phiic ve tinh than hay vat chat cd the khdng keo dai, khdng dn dinh, hoac bien mat. Sy thay ddi nay tao ra khd dau, lam ngudi ta bdt banh.
Ddy la ndi khd do vd thudng.
3) Khd do dieu kien, do duyen ("Hanh khd", Samkhdra-dukkha).
Hanh khd la nhung y dinh, nhirng chu tdm ddn den nay sinh nliiing hanh dpng ciia thdn (viec lam), khdu (Idi ndi), y (y ngbT). Hay ndi each khac, Hanh khd la sy tao tac cua mpi boat dpng trong tam thirc trudc kin bdc phat thanh hdnh ddng.
Tir Tam khd Phat giao lai chia nhd ban thanh Bat khd. Bat khd la tam loai khd nao ma chiing sinh luan hdi sinh tu trong Luc dao ludn ganh chiu bao gdm: sinli khd, lao khd, benh khd, tir khd, ai biet ly khd, cdu bdt dac khd, odn tang hdi khd, ngu dm thanh khd.
Theo Yuval Noah Harari (2015), kham pha sdu sac nhat cua Diic Phdt chinh la ve ban chdt ciia ndi khd. Trai qua qua trinh tu tap, thien dinh, vai tue giac sieu pham. Due Phat nhdn ra rang "dau khd khdng phai bdi nii ro, bdi bdt cdng xa hdi, hay bdi y tudng bat chot ciia than Iinh. Thay vao do, dau khd chinh la do cac hinh mdu hanh vi trong tam tri ciia chi'nh minh. Kham pha sdu sac cua Gautama (ten that ciia Diic Phat) la khi tam trai nghiem bat cir dieu gi, nd thudng phan img vdi tham di, ma tham ai ludn keo theo su bdt man"''.
Phdp dn thic ba: Vd ngd
Quan diem cua Due Phat ve vd nga dupc the hien ro net trong Kinh Phap cu:
Phap Cii 279 Mpi sinh vdt cd that ddu Thay deu "vd nga", "ta" nao la "ta"
Tri ngudi neu hieu ro ra Thoat ly phien nao cho xa tiic thdi, Theo dudng thanh tinh tuyet vdi.
Phap Cu 367
Thdn tdm, danh sac biet ra
Cai "ta" khdng chap, "cua ta" chang mang, LTu tu, sdu nao se tan
Khi "ta" klidng chdp, chang mang "ciiata"
Ngudi nhu vay that cao xa Xirng danh dang dupc gpi la Ty Kheo ^.
Vd nga (Anatma) la giao ly dac thii ciia Phat giao. Giao ly nay la he qua cua qua trinh quan sat mdt each sau sac nguyen ly duyen khdi.
Theo mpt sd tdn giao, mdi ca nhan con ngudi deu cd mdt linh hdn rieng biet do Thuong De tao ra, va sau khi chdt, linh hdn do se tiep tyc sdng mpt each bat diet d thien dang hay dia nguc, sd phan hay dinh menh ciia nd tiiy thudc vao sy phan xu, phan xet ciia dang sang tao. Phdt giao la hpc thuyet duy nhdt trong ljch su tu tudng nhan loai phu nhan su tdn tai cua nhiing Linh hdn, Ty nga hay Ban nga (Atman) nhu vdy.
Giao dieu ca ban cua triet hpc Phdt giao nguyen thuy cho rang ty nga cua con ngudi chi la mdt bieu hien sai ldm, va khdng nen de y niem ve tu nga xen vao trong khai niem ve thyc tai nhu vdn cd, cho dii la dudi bdt cu hinh thuc nao ^. Chii "tdi" ma chiing ta ndi ra do khdng he cd y nghia chdn that, riing ban nga chi la do tdm tudng chiing ta hu cdu nen, va vi the ma trong khi chay theo cai ban nga khdng that do, chiing ta da phai danh mat di hanh
•• Yuval Noah Harari (2015), Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Harper; 1st edition, p.282
Nghien cii'u An Dp va Chau A. Sd 11 - 2018, tr.40-45
^ Tam Minh Ngo TSng Giao (2006), 77m hiiu Kmh Phdp Cu (Dhammapada). Dilu Phuong xuit ban.
*• Edward Conze (2007), Luge sd Phdt gido (Buddhism A Short History). Nxb. Tong hop Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Minh, Nguyen Mmh Tien djch va chii giai, p.38.
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Nguyin Le Thy Thuong, Nguyen Thi Doan. NhOng nguyen ly...
phuc chdn that de ddi ldy mdt didu hoan todn tudng tupng'.
Theo giao phap ctia Diic Phdt, y tudng ve ty nga la mdt niem tin sai lam va day tudng tupng, nd khdng cd thuc tai tuong ling, va nd tao ra nhieu suy nghT tai hai ve cai 'tdi' va 'ciia tdi', nhirng ham muon va due vpng ich ky cho cai ldi, nhung dinh mac, chap thu, sy thii ghet va ac tdm (danh cho ngudi kliac), sy ty cao, tu dai. su kieu hanh, chu nghTa vj ky (ve cai tdi), va nhimg dieu d nhiem, bat tinh va nh&ng van de khac phai gidi quyet. Nd la ngudn gdc ciia mpi phien nao, rac rdi tren the gian, tir nhung xung dot ca nhan cho den nhirng chien tranh giira cac qudc gia. Ndi tdm lai, chinh quan diem sai ldm ndy Id ngudn gdc ciia moi diiu dc vd bdt thiin trin (he gian ndy^.
Nhu vay, Tam Phap An la nhijng dac trung ciia toan the hien him cd gidi ban, ciia vdng luan hdi. Ban chdt kinh nghiem giac ngd cua Diic Phdt, cdt tuy tri tue ciia Ngdi, la sy hieu biet ma Ngdi da dua vao tan coi tham sau cua hiiu the cua Ngai, rang mpi vdt hiJU han deu thay ddi^. The gidi, theo quan diem ciia Due Phdt, cd ba dac diem chinh, dd la Vd Thudng, Khd \'a Vd Nga. Dac diem Khd ddn den muc dich chi'nh cua giao ly Phat giao nguyen thuy la giup con ngudi thoat khd, va hai dac diem cdn lai chinh la nhirng yeu td ddu tien cdn hieu ro de cd the dat dupc muc dich dd.
2. Muc dich ciia Phat giao nguyen thiiy An Do
Trudc bet, cdn khang dinh rang, tat ca nhimg ldi Due Phat day deu hudng den mpt
muc dich tdi hau, dd la sy giai thoat khd dau va dat dupc hanh phiic thyc su. Theo Thich Hanh Binli (2008), muc dich giao due cua dao Phat la giac ngd va giai thoat. Ndi mpt each de hieu hem, su ra ddi va giao due cua Due Phat chi cd muc dich duy nhat la lam each nao gidm di nliimg bat hanh khd dau cua kiep ngudi'''.
Trong Kinh "Vi Du Con Ran" thudc kinh Trung Bd, Diic Phat day: "Ndy chu Ty kheo!
Xua Cling nhu nay, la chi ndi len su thdi vi khd vd su diet khd... ""; Trong kinh Tang Chi Bd, Due Phat khang djnh rang: "Vi nhic nude biin chi cd mdt vl Id vi mdn. ciing vdy, ndy Pahdrada. Phdp vd Lugt cita Ta ehi cd mdt vi Id vi gidi thodt"'^. Trong Kinh Vd thudng, Dire Phat tiep tuc giai thich "Tren thi gian cd ba phdp khdng ddng men, khdng thdng sudt, khdng ddng nghT den, khdng vica y. Ba phdp do Id gi?
Dd Id Ido, binh. tic Lao. binh. tic a Ihi gian that khdng ddng min. khdng thdng sudi, khdng ddng nghT din, khdng vica y Niu trin thi gian khdng cd lao, benh, tic thi Nhu Lai Chdnh Ddng Gide khdng xudt hiin a coi dai ndy, vi cdc chung sinh md thuyit phdp do chung ddc vd nhiing cdch dieu phuc Idm "'^
Theo Edward Conze (2007), cdt loi cua dao Phat la giao ly giai thoat. Nhu cau giai thoat phat sinli tir tinh chdt khdng thda man mdt each vd vpng ciia dai sdng. Phdt tu cd cai nhin het sue uu tu ve nhijng dieu kien khd dau trong cupc sdng. Chinli su vd thudng ciia van vdt quanh ta lam cho chung ta thay dupc sy tam thudng ciia nliiing tham vpng the gian, ma ban
' Nhu chii thich 6.
^ Walpola Rahuh.Whal The Buddha Taught. Ngucti dich. Le Kim Kha. Nxb Phuong Dong, TP. H6 Chi Mmh 2011
•• Andrew Skillon (2000), A Concise History Of Buddhism, Barnes & Noble (Jiiiy !. 2000)
Nghien ciru An D o va Chau A. Sd 11 - 2 0 1 8 , tr.40-45
'" Thich Hanh Binh (2008), 77m hi^u Gido ly Phdt gido nguyen thuy. Nxb. Phuang Dong.
" HT Thich Minh Chan dich. "Kinh Vi Du Con RSn"
trong '-Kinh Trung Bo". {Truong CCPHVN in hanh, 1986).
'- Kinh Tang Chi Bp 111, chuong Tam Phap, pham Lon.
'^ Kinh Vo thuong, (Han dich; Phap su NghTa Tinh), Bo kinh Tap-4, q-! 7, tr.745, # 801, (Viet dich: Thich HSng Dat).
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Nguyen Le Thy Thuong, Nguyen Thi Doan. Nhimg nguyen ly...
chdt ciia van vat khdng bao gid cd the dem den cho cluing ta sy thanh tyu lau dai hay thda man mai mai. Sau cimg, cai chdt se lay di tdt ca nhirng gi chiing ta da tim each tich luy dupc. va tach chiing ta ra klidi nhung gi dang dm dp'"*
Tren thuc te. Phat giao nguyen thiiy khdng phdi la tdn giao duy nhdt co muc dich giai thoat con ngudi khdi khd dau. Gidi thoat khdi khd dau va tim kiem hanh phuc cd le la muc dich chung nhat ma mpi tdn giao tir Imdc den nay deu hudng den. Nhung diem khac biet ciia Phdt giao chinh la d sy trung thanh va kien tri tuyet ddi vdi muc dich nay. Theo Yuval Noah Harari (2015), Phdt giao da nhan manh tam quan trpng cua cau hdi ^'e hanh phiic cd le nhieu ban bat ky tin nguong nao khdc ciia con nguoi. '^ Giai thoat con ngudi khdi khd dau, giiip con ngudi dat duac hanh phiic va an lac la tat ca muc dich, la tdn chi cudi cung va duy nhdt ma Diic Phat danh ca cupc ddi de theo dudi. Phat giao nguyen thuy tim sy giai thoat con ngudi khdi dau khd va gan lien vao cupc sdng trong ba gidi: Due gidi. Sac gidi va Vd sac gidi (gdm ca sau dao), nlid chiing dupc dinh ly Duyen khdi, bdn sy that, tinh vd thudng, vd nga ciia van vat va nhirng su dau khd do van vdt hudng den '^.
De dat dupc muc dich nay, cdn hieu dupc mdt each diing dan ve ban chdt ciia ndi khd, tir dd mdi cd the tim ra con dudng thoat khd. Nhu da ndi d phdn tren. quan diem ve Khd la mdt trong ba nguyen ly quan trpng nhdt ciia Phdt giao nguyen thuy. Hieu dupc ban chdt cua sy dau khd. Due Phat ciing nhan ra rdng, nhiing '•* Edward Conze (2007), Luoc sic Phdl gido (Buddhism- A Short History). Nxb T6ng hgp Thanh ph6 H6 Chi Mmh, Nguyen Minh Tien dich va chii giai, p.38.
'* Yuval Noah Harari (2015), Sapiens. A Brief Hislor)>
of Humankind, Harper; 1st edition, p.282.
"^ Walpola Rahula,ff^a/ The Buddha Taught, Ngirai dich: Le Kim Kha, Nxb, Phuong Dong, TP. Ho Chi Mmh 2011.
Nghienciiu An Do va Chau A. Sd 11 - 2018, tr.40-45
ngudi dupc giai thoat khdi dau khd khdng phai khi hp trai nghiem niem vui thoang qua nay hay kia. ma ta khi hp hieu dupc ban chdt vd thudng ciia mpi cam xiic, va ngimg them khat chiing. Yuval Noah Harari (2015) da giai thich quan diem cua Diic Phat ve con dudng thoat khd: "Neu khi tdm trai nghiem mdt cai gi dd de chiu hay khd chiu, tdm chi don gian thdu hieu sy vat nhu nd vdn vdy, thi se khdng dau khd. Neu ban gap ndi budn ma khdng mong ndi budn bien mdt, ban tiep tuc cam thdy ndi budn nhung khdng dau khd vi nd nira. Neu ban timg trai qua niem vui ma khdng mudn rang niem vui keo dai va nhdn len nira, ban van tiep tuc cam thdy niem vui ma klidng mat di su binh an trong tam hdn.
Nhung lam the nao de ban khien tdm tri chap nhan mpi thir nliu chiing vdn la, ma khdng cd sy them mudn nao khac'' Lam sao chung ta chap nhdn ndi budn nhu ndi budn, niem vui nhu niem vui, noi dau chi la noi dau?
Gautama phat trien mdt tap hpp ky thudt thien dinh nham huan luyen tam tri trdi nghiem thyc te nhu nd vdn vay md khdng he them mudn...
Gautama dat nhirng ky thudt thien djnh nay trong mdt bd quy tac dao due de khien mpi ngudi tap trung vao trai nghiem thuc te, tranh rai vao nhung them mudn va hoang tudng.
Ong hudng ddn de tir khdng sat sinh, khdng ta ddm va khdng trdm cap, do nhiing hanh vi do chac chan se thoi biing ngpn lira tham ai. Khi ngpn lua dupc dap tat. tham ai dupc thay th^
bdi mdt trang thai man nguyen hoan hao va thanh than, dupc gpi la Nidi Bdn. Nhimg ngudi da dat tai Niet Ban se dupc giai thoat khdi mpi khd dau" '^-
" Yuval Noah Harari (2015), Sapiens- A Brief History of Humankind, Harper; 1st edition, p 282.
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Nguyen Le Thy Thuong, Nguyen Thj Doan. Nhirng nguyen ly...
Ket luan
Ndi \ e Due Phdt. Hda thucmg Tien sT K.
Sri Dhammananda Nayaka cho rang: "Diic Phdt dupc sinh ra trong the giai nay de danh tan bdng tdi ctia su u minh va ciru con nguoi ra khdi nhung tdi dc cua hp. Cdn cd rdt nhieu nguoi van chua tin hay thuc hanh theo mdt tdn giao nao ca. Tuy nhien. neu hp chiu khd nghien cim va tim hieu nhirng gi ma bac Dai Dao Su da day, hp se thdy nhirng nghi ngd ciia bp dupc giai dap va cudi cimg hp se chap nhdn rang day la mpt tdn giao da ddng gdp rat nhieu cho hanh phuc cda nhan loai". That vdy, thdng qua tim hieu nhiing nguyen ly va muc dich ciia Phdt giao nguyen thuy, cd the thdy rang Phat giao la tdn giao vd ciing gdn giii vdi ddi sdng cua con ngudi vai tdn chi duy nhat la dem den su giai thoat cho con ngudi. Phat giao nguyen thiiy - phdn nhanh Phdt giao dupc cho la gan giii nhat vdi ldi day ciia Dire Phat, trudc het la mdt thanh tyu ve tri lue sieu viet cua Dire Phdt cung cac hpc trd cita Ngudi. Han the niia, tdn
giao nay cdn la mdt Idi sdng, mdt lua chpn sdng de dat dupc hanh phiic, an lac da dupc rat nhieu ngudi chimg dac.
Tai lieu tham khao 1. Tam Tang Kinh.
2. Thich Hanh Binh (2008), Tim hiiu Gido ly Phdt gido nguyen thuy. Nxb. Phuong Ddng.
3. Tam Minh Ngd Tang Giao (2006), Ttni hiiu Kinh Phdp Cii (Dhammapada). Dieu Phuong xuat ban.
4. Edward Conze (2007), Luge sic Phdt gido (Buddhism: A Short History). Nxb. Tdng hap Thanh phd Ho Chi Minh, Nguyen Minh Tien dich va chii giai.
5. Yuval Noah Harari (20]5), Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Harper; 1st edition, p.282.
6. Walpola Rahula,»'/?«/ The Buddha Taught, Ngudi dich: Le Kim Kha. Nxb. Phuong Dong, TP.
Hd Chi Minh 2011.
7. Narada Maha Thera (1980), The Buddha and HIS Teachings, Buddhist Publication Society, Sri Lanka.
Nghien cim An Dp va Chau A. So 11 - 2018, tr.40-45
