Tap chi Khoa hpc DHQGHN: Luat hoc. Tap 34, So 4 (2018) 89-95
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BHOGHN) T a p chi K h o a h g c D a i h p c Q u o c g i a H a N p i : L u a t h p c Website: https://js.vnu.edu.vn/LS
Nhu cau va phan loai hien phap theo quan diem thirc chat
Nguyen Quang Dtic
Khoa Lugt, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ngi, 144 Xudn Thuy, Cdu Gidy, Hd Not, Viet Nam Ngay nhan 12 thang 10 nam 2018
Chinh sua ngay 13 thang 12 nam 2018, Chap nhan dang ngay 24 thang 12 nam 2018 Tom tat: Bai viet nay chi ra mot each tiep can khac dua tren nhan thiic rang su phan hoa quan niem ve hien phap dan dSn nhu cau phan loai hien phap theo quan diem thuc chat (npi dung). Theo tac gia, neu chi phan loai hien phap thuan tuy dira tren tinh hinh thuc thi sir irng dung la khong nhieu khi ma phan loai hien phap chi dirng l^i a hien phap thanh van - bSt thanh van/ hiSn phap Cling - hien phap mem, Trong khi phan loai hien phap theo noi dung mang lai su xem xet toan dien va thuc chat cho moi hien phap, tii viec xac lap cac gia tn cot loi ciia mot mo hinh, tu duy trong viec siia doi va kha nang chuyen doi giua cac mo hinh sao cho phii hpp vai cau tnie xa hpi 6 do.
Nhan thiic nay cho phep nhimg siia doi hien phap &\tgc dien ra thucmg xuyen hem ma khong bi o be bcri tu duy phln loai hien phap theo tinh hinh thijcc (hien phap ciing - mem/thanh van - bat thanh van), mang lai kha nang iing dung cho nhiing mo hinh hien phap dang trong qua trinh chuyen doi Tic khoa - Phan loai hien phap, phan loai theo noi dung, phan loai theo hinh thuc.
1. Tu' SU' phan hoa quan niem ve hien phap den nhu cau phan loai hien phap theo quan diem thirc chat
fvlpt trong nhirng bai hoc dang luu y la hifin phap CO the quy dinh rat bay tren giay, nhung trong thuc tien lai eo the dien ra hoan toan khae [l,tr.lO]. Hoac, eac ban van hien phap hiem khi la giai pbap tot nhat ve mat kT thuat, nhung lai la sir thoa hiep chinh trj toi uu nhat eo the d^t duac[l, tr.7]. Day la bai y kien (mac du xuat hien trong cung iai ma dSu eiia mot cuon sach huang dan ve xay dung hien phap) minh chung cho su phan hoa cae quan niem ve "hien phap"
'DT. 84-943599203
Email: nguyenquangduc.vnu@gmail .com https,//doi.org/10.25073/2588-1167/vnuls.4
- mot "bien tugng" chinh tri/pbap Ii quan trgng.
Lieh sii binb thanh cua hien phap da xu4t bien tir kha sam, tir thai Hy Lap co dai, Plato (427 - 347 TCN) trong tac phSm "Cong boa" (The Public) (380 TCN) va Aristotle (384 - 322 TCN) trong tac phSm "Cbinb tri luan" [The Politics) (350 TCN), CO le la nhijng nguai diiu tien phan biet giiia luat tbong thuong va hi^n phap. Tiep do, trong tac phSm "Hign phap cua Athen" (Constitution of Athens) (330 TCN) Aristotle da khao sat va phan loai cac hinh thuc khac nhau ciia bien phap, ehi ra nhiing thanh t6 tao nen mot ban hien phap tot, ong eho ring mot hign phap tot la mgt hinh thuc pha trgn giua eac ygu to quan chu, dan chu va quy tgc.
Thai ki Khai sang (Age of Enlightenment) ma dai dien tieu bigu la cae triet gia Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679), John Locke (1632 -
N Q Due / Tgp chi Khog hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hgc. Tap 34. Sd 4 (2018) 89-95
1704), J J. Rousseau (1712 - 1778) va Immanuel Kant (1724 - 1804) danh diu sir ra ddi ciia chu nghia tu do (eo dien). Nham chong lai tu tuang chuyen ehe, cac triet gia thai ki nay dg xu§t mgt hinh tbiic cai tri thong qua "khg uac xa hgi" (Social contract). Trong khi cae li thuygt gia khe uac xa hgi co dien nghT vg khe uac xa hgi mgt mat nhu rapt thoa thuan giiia con nguai vai nhau va mat khae giiia nguai dan vai eac nha cai tri, den luat cae li thuygt gia bien dai nhSn manh ve khg uac xa hgi duai dang mgt thoa thuan giira nhan dan vai nhau.
Mot so da ggi y rang hien phap la mgt hinh thiie cua khg uac xa hgi [2, b-.484 - 485]. Nhu vay, khong phai ngau nhien hign phap dugc nhin nhan mgt dia vi t6i thugng nhu ngay nay, no la ket qua cua su ket hgp cac tu tuang tir do va su dau tranh cua quan chung chong lai eae che dp ehuygn che.
Theo Tir dien Luat Black, hien phap (constitution) la luat t6 ehiie ngn tang eua mgt quoe gia hoae nha nuae, thg Men duai dang thanh van hoac bat thanh van, trong do xac djnh tinh chat, dac digm, nhiing nguyen tSe hoat dgng ca ban cua chinh quyen, to chiic va giai ban chiic nang eiia eac ea quan nha nuac, cung each thiie va pham vi thue thi cac quyen lire toi eao, Dinh nghia ma rgng, hien phap la mgt tap hgp nhirng quy tac dieu chinh cac cau tnic ngn tang va boat dgng ciia cae thiet ehe eai tri trong mgt quoe gia. Trong mgt hien phap bi?n dai eac quy tac niiy ciing quy dinb vg cae quygn ca ban eiia nguoi dan va eo the bao gom ea mgt so nguygn tae djnh huang cho phap luat va ehinh sach quoe gia tong quat ban [2, tr.473].
Tren quan diem tbirc ehat va hinh thiic, luat gia Nguyen Van Bong (1929 - 1971) de xuat hai each dinh nghia cho hien phap [3, muc I, chuang II, tap 1, phan I]. Theo do, quan diem thuc ehat nhan manh vao muc tieu, doi tugng, ngi dung eua hanh vi cung nhu cua boat dgng, Vi vay, hign phap la tat ea eac quy tac phap H quan trgng nhat cua quoe gia (tinh ehat hign phap), nhiing quy tac nay an dinh binh thuc cau true ciia quoe gia (hen bang hay dan nhat), an dinh ehinh the (cgng hoa hay quan chu), an dinh ca quan quan li quoc gia cung tham quygn
ciia ca quan ky, tom lai hign phap cua mgt quoc gia phan anh t6 chiie chinh tri cua qu6e gia iy.
Trai lai, quan digm hinh thirc nhdn manh tai tbu tue cung nhu nhiing ca quan lien quan dgn hanh vi Cling boat dgng. Do do, hign phap theo quan digm hinh thiic la mgt van kign phap li t6i quan trgng, cbi eo the duge thanh lap hoae siia doi theo nhiing thu tuc, nhiing thg thiie dae bi?t long trgng; thii tuc va thg thiic do vugt trgi so vai cae luat thong thuang khac. Nhu vay, diing trgn quan diem thuc chat, bat ki mgt quoc gia nao eiing eo hien phap du duoi dang hien phap thanh van hay bat thanh van, nghia la cac luat le to chiic ehinh quygn co tinh chat hien phap.
Chinh tri hien dai sinh ra cac quan mem hien dai vg hien phap. Do la cae dang thiic y8u cua hien phap neu xet theo tmh hinh tbiic, thuang de bi sita doi, thay the. Chang ban nhu:
(i) Hign phap mang tinh chinh tri (Political constitution) la mot sir dan xgp vg mat chinh hi, dugc thuc thi boi thigt chg nam quygn luc ehinh tri Ion nhat, thuang la ngbi vien [1, tr.334]; (ii) Hign phap lam thai (Interim constitution^) la ban hign van ehi eo hieu lue trong mgt khoang thai gian nhat dinh, tiiuong duge sir dung lam buoc dem dg thiic day viec xay dung hien phap chinh thiic [1, b-,332]; (iii) Hien phap thay doi dan dan (Incremental (constitutional) change) la hien tugng thay doi mgt ban hien phap trong mgt khoang thai gian bang each dua ra cac sua doi lan lugt cho eac phan ciia hign phap, Theo then gian, CO thg dan dgn mgt van kien khac biet hoan toan.
Nhung day khong phai la mgt quy trinh eo thg dugc kiem soat hay len kg hoach [2, tr.479].
Hien tugng khong eo mgt dinh nghia thong nhat ve hign phap khong c6 nghTa can tim ra mgt khai niem duy nhat, su phong phii cac khai niem hign phap den tii kha nang phan loai hien phap (theo tinh hinh thirc va ngi dung). Hign phap theo quan digm thuc chat (ngi dung) se co sir phan b6a khi eac digu kien vg chinh tri - xa hgi thay doi nham huong den mgt cdu tnic mai.
Phan hoa dugc hieu la su bign doi su vat, hien
Ciing can phan biet voi khai niem "Du thao hien phdp"
(Draft constitution) la mpt van ki?n dirge soan thao nham thu hut sir binh luan, cho y kien, phan hSi eiia mpi ngiroi.
N.Q Due / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tap 34. So 4 (2018) 89-95
tugng dan thanh ban chat khac [4, truy cap:
02/3/2018]. Neu higu hien phap la binh thiic thg hi?n nhimg phuang^ dien quan trgng nhat ciia cau tnic xa hgi a mSi qudc gia, thi su phan hoa quan niem vg hien phap thuc chit la sir bign d6i theo thai gian cua eac cau tnic chinh tri - xa hgi (la nhirng dac diem va ngi dung phan anh trong hien phap) thanh mgt cau tnic mai. M6i kigu loai hign phap phan anh mgt s6 ngi dung va dae diem ca ban ciia hien phap, dugc hinh thanh va on dinh dan theo thai gian. Do do, trong bai viet nay cac khai niem dugc hieu nhu sau: (i) "hiin phdp" duffc hiiu Id tdp hap cua tdt cd cdc quy phgm cd tinh chdt hien phdp (dii Id thdnh vdn hay bdt thdnh vdn). Hien phdp xdc lap cdc nguyen tdc nin tdng cua d&i sdng chinh tri qudc gia nhu: chu the cua quyen luc nhd nu&c, cdch thicc phdn phdi quyen luc vd kiim sodt quyen luc. Ddng th&i td chiec ra bg mdy cdng quyen vd dn dinh thdm quyen cho cdc ca quan ndy. Hien phdp cdng ghi nhgn vd bdo ve cdc quyen tic do ca bdn cua con ngu&i vd thiit lap cdc gi&i hgn chdng lgi cdc vi phgm cua ca quan cong quyen; (ii) "Su phdn hda quan niim vi hien phdp " Id mgt tiin trinh tgo ra su thay ddi hiin phdp xet theo quan diem thuc chdt. Tien trinh ndy thu&ng xdy ra khi cdc cdu true chinh tri - xd hgi thay ddi, ddn den cdc dgc diem vd ngi dung phdn dnh cua hien phdp thay ddi, kit qud hinh thdnh nin mgt md hinh hiin phdp m&i.
2. Phan loai hien phap theo quan diem thuc chat (nSi dung)
2.1. Cdc ddu hiiu (dgc diim) phdn logi Hi tu lu&ng chi phdi: Moi hign phap thucmg phan anh trong d6 mgt he tu tuang nhat dinh, mang tinh dinh huong mue tieu va cuang ITnh, hoae tham ehi hign pbap xae dinh mgt each ro rang mgt he tu tuong chii dao [5, tr.32].
Chit thi cua quyen luc nhd nu&c (chu quyen): quygn lire nha nuac la doi tugng trung tam eua hign phap du trong bat cir mo binh nao.
Do vay, viec xac dinh ai nam giir quyen lire nha nuac se quygt dinh hien phap cua qu6c gia nao 46 di theo mo hinh nao [6, tr.39].
Cdch thuc phdn phdi vd kiim sodt quyin luc: sau khi xac dinh chu thg ciia quyen lue nha nuoc, viec xac lap trat tu phan phoi cac nhanh quygn lire va tao lap co che kiera soat quyen luc la mgt thanh to tao ra sir khac biet giiia cac mo hinh hien phap [6, tr.39].
Chicc ndng vdphgm vi dieu chinh: dii chung nhan thiie hign phap la luat co ban cua moi quoc gia, song o mdi mo hinh hi6n phap. Men phap lai eo nhiing chiic nang khae nJiau. Chiie nang chung nhat cua hien phap la hgp phap hoa a miie cao nhat co so t6n tai cua mgt ehg do xa hgi, ehg do nha nu6c va trat tu cae quan he xa hgi. Chiie nang thii hai la chirc nang sang tao va phat trign cua hign phap, nghTa la tao khuon kho phap li chung eho toan bg he tbong phap li.
Chiic nang thii ba on dinh boa quan he xa hgi, nhat la trong boi canh cae lire lugng xa hgi co xung dot ve lgi ich. Vai moi each quan niem ve ehire nang eua hign phap, pham vi digu cbinh cua hien phap se tuong iing theo. Theo do, vg CO ban cac hien phap hoae eo pbam vi dieu chinh hep hoac co pham vi dieu chinh rgng.
Loai thii nhat con dugc ggi la hign phap cong cu (Instrumental constitution) chi chu yeu digu chinh cac van de ve to chirc nha nuac va eac quygn con nguai, quyen cong dan. Cac hien phap dign hinh eiia loai nay la Hign phap Hoa Ki, Hign phap Na-Uy. Loai thii bai eo pham vi rgng nham dieu chinh khong ehi eac van de to ehire nha nu6e, quyen eon nguoi, quyen cong dan ma ca cac van de kinh te - xa hgi, con duge ggi la hien phap xa hgi. Sir dieu chinh o pham vi rgng xuat phat tir nhu cau muon ghi nhan va cimg CO nhirng thanh qua cua each mang mang mau sSc chong phong kien va ngoai bang xam lugc[5,tr,33,35,36].
Tom lai, trong bai viet nay, phan loai Men phap theo quan diera thuc chat (ngi dung) dugc bieu la sir nhan dien kieu loai (mo hinh) hign phap trgn co so cac dae diem va ngi dung phan anh ea ban trong hign phap.
2.2. Phdn logi
Hien nay khong co sir thong nhat ve each phan loai hign phap. Chang ban: Richard Albert
N.Q Difc / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN Ludlhoc. Tgp 34. So 4 (2018) 89-95
phan loai dua theo chinh the; Albert H.Y.Chen phan loai theo vai tro cua hien phap; Jiunn- Rong Yeh phan loai theo ban ehat va ngi dung eua hign phap [6, tr.45]; Chirkin phan loai theo eac giai doan phat trien cua ehu nghTa lap hien [7, tr.275 - 281]. 6 Viet Nam, tae gia Dao Tri Uc phan loai theo tu tuong (chii nghTa) lap hign [5, tr,33]; tac gia Biii Nggc Son phan loai theo ban ehat va ngi dung eiia hign phap; tac gia Hoang Van Tu phan loai tbeo xu huong phat trien cua hign phap [8, tr.66]; tac gia Tran Nggc Duong phan loai dua tren ngi dung quy dinh trong Men phap va quan mem vg hien phap [9, truy cap- 13/11/2017]; tae gia Tran Thi Thu Thiiy phan loai dua theo tong the cac ygu to co tinh on dinh eau thanh hien phap [10, truy cap:
13/10/2017]. Vai ehu truang phan loai dua theo eae dac digm va ngi dung ca ban phan anh trong Men pbap, tac gia eho rang ton tai ba mo hinh hign phap. Do la: a) mo hinh hign phap ed dien; b) mo Mnh Men pbap Soviet; c) mo binh hien phap chuyen doi.
a) Mo hinh hiin phdp co diin. Day la md hinh hien phap dau tien ke tir khi co hign phap thanh van, Thuc chat cua md hinh hien phap nay la su kgt hgp giira cac gia tri truyen thdng cua chu nghTa tu do (liberalism) va chu nghia ea nhan (individualism) cua Thai ki Khai sang.
Mo binh hign phap nay c6 nhixng dac diem nhu:
i) hien phap dugc quan niem nhu hinh thiie xae lap nbiing gidi ban ddi vdi quyen luc cua chinh quygn; ii) hign phap xac lap nguygn tie chu quyen nhan dan; iii) hign phap phan phdi chu quygn toi cao theo nguygn tae phan quygn; iv) hign phap tap trung bao ve eac quygn tu do ca nhan va cac quyen ehinh tri - dan su [6, tr.45].
Cac hign phap Hoa Ki nam 1787, Hign phap cua Phap nam 1958 va Luat co ban (Hign phap) cua Diic nam 1948 la cac hien phap tieu bigu cua md binh hien phap cd dign, Ngi dung cac Mgn phap nay deu phan anh tu duy tu do ciia thdi ki Khai sang nhu Montesquieu (Hien phap Hoa Ki), Rousseau (Hien phap Phap) va Kant (Hign phap Diie); thigt lap cac gioi ban phap li Ign cbinh quygn; tuygn bd chii quygn nhan dan;
td chirc phan chia quygn lire va ghi nhan cae
quyen eon ngudi, dac biet la quyen tu do ca nhan va quygn chinh tri - dan su.
Ben eanh viee cung cap nhung tieu chuan chung cho qua trinh thigt kg bign phap_ cua tk ca cac md hinh hidn phap, mo hinh hien phap cd dien ciing bdc Id nhiing nhugc didm nhu: i) viec trao cho hien phap chiic nang thuan tiiy nham gidi han chinh quyen chua ban la giai phap tdi uu. Cac hien pbap, eimg vol viec gidi ban ehinh quygn cdn trao quygn va thiic day kha nang sii dung chinh dang quyen lire; ii) viec phan bo cac nganh lap phap, hanh phap, tu phap vao ba dinh chg tuang img la khdng du khai quat sir nang dgng va phiic tap eiia quygn lire (nhu hien tugng cae ehinh dang lam md ranh gioi lap phap - hanh phap); iii) Mgn phap co dien gidl han vao cac quygn dan su - chinh tri ma chua tign lieu dugc cae quygn lign quan den kinh tg, van hda, xa hdi. Trong khoa hoc luat hidn phap, khai niem "cac q|uygn tigu cue"
(negative rights) ehi cae quygn ma nha nuac khdng dugc xam pham nhu cac quydn tu do ca nhan, cac quyen cbinh tri - dan su; cdn "cac quygn tich cue" (positive rights) dugc higu la cac quyen ma riha nudc phai tich cue va chu dgng hd trg thuc thi nhu cae quyen kinh te, van hda, xa hgi. Hieu khai quat, md hinh nay mdi hudng den eae quygn ma nha nude khdng dugc vi pbam nhiing chua tidn lieu duge eae quyen ma nha nude phai bao ve va ho tro thire thi [6, tr.40, 41, 45].
Trong eac nghign ciiu da cbi ra, tac gia Dao Tri Ue va tae gia Hoang Van Tii ggi day la mo hinh hiin phdp tu sdn tu do; tac gia Biii Nggc Son ggi day la md hinh hiin phdp tic do truyen thdng; tac gia Tran Nggc Dudng ggi day la mo hinh hien phdp tu sdn truyin thdng; tae gia Tran Thi Thu Thity ggi day la md hinh hien phdp tu sdn tu do truyen thdng.
b) Md hinh hien phdp Soviet. Mo hinh nay edn duge ggi la md hinh hidn phap xa hdi chu nghia the hien qua cac Hien phap Lign Xd nam 1924 va nam 1936, Hign phap Hungary nam 1919, Hign phap Mdng Cd nam 1940, cac Hien phap Trung Qude nam 1975 va nam 1978, cac Hign phap Viet Nam Dan ehii Cgng hda nam 1959 va Hign phap Cdng hda xa ligi chii nghia
N.Q. Dice/Tap chi Khoa hocDHQGHN- Ludt hoc. Tgp 34 So4(20!S) 89-95
nam 1980, hoan toan tach biet so vdi trao luu lap hign giai doan nay tren thd gidi. He tu tuang dugc ghi nhan trong md hinh nay la he quan digm Marxist vg cae quy Mat phat ttign, ban chat eua xa hdi va nha nudc. Ngi dung ciia md hmh hign phap Soviet vg td ehiic quygn lire nha nuac, dia vi phap li cua edng dan, moi quan he nha nudc - cdng dan khae biet can ban vdi cac nguyen tac lap hidn trong md hinh hidn phap ed dien. Tbeo dd, chii quydn nhan dan duoc thay the bang nguyen tac quyen luc nha nudc tbugc ve nhan dan lao ddng, giai cap edng nhan lanh dao; tap trung tat ca quyen lire vao tay cae Soviet thay cho phan chia quyen luc; sd hiiu toan dan thay thg tu hiru; eac quyen va tu do ca nhan dirge thay bang su phuc timg xa hgi va nha nudc nham muc tieu xay dung chu nghTa xa hoi Soviet tdi cao dugc xac dinh la ea quan quygn lire nha nudc cao nhat, cd quygn lap Men, lap pbap, quygt dinh cac v^n dg quan hong, thanh lap ra cac co quan hanh phap, tu phap va ed quygn kigm tra, giara sat hoat ddng cua eae ca quan nay. Ca quan hanh phap va tu phap phai bao cao vg hoat ddng cua minh trude Soviet toi eao [7, tr.277 - 278].
Theo each phan loai ciia tac gia Bui Nggc Son thi khdng thay tae gia dg cap den rad hinh nay; eac tac gia Dao Tri Uc va Hoang Van Tii goi day la md hinh hien phdp ddn chii theo dinh hu&ng xd hdi, lae gia Tran Nggc Dudng ggi day ia mo hinh hien phdp xa hdi chu nghia truyen thong; tae gia Tran Thj Thu Thiiy trong nghign cmi cua minh ggi la md hinh hiin phdp cua cdc nudc xd hdi chu nghTa trong chu nghTa xd hd, hiin thuc (hay ggi Id md hinh hien phdp xd kg, chu nghia truyen thdng) - gidng vdi each ggi ciia tac gia Tran Nggc Dudng.
c) Md hinh hiin phdp chuyin ddi. Md hinh nay duge hinh thanh vao nhimg thap ky cudi ciia thg ky 20, gan lien vdi lan sdng thii ba ciia dan chu hda - mdt qua trinh dign ra trgn toan cau din dgn su ra ddi cua han 60 ndn dan chu mdi tai cac qudc gia Trung - Ddng Au, My La tinh va Ddng Nam A [11]. Mac dii bdi canh ehuygn ddi cua mdi qudc gia d mdi khu virc la khdng dong nhM, each thiie xay dung hign phap cQng the hien su khac biet nhat dinh, song hru
trung lai, hign phap cua cac qudc gia nay dgu phan anh eac nguygn tac can ban eua md binh hidn pbap ed dign; xay dung cae dinh chg dg dan dan thoat khdi chg do dgc doan; thay ddi cac quy tac bau cu; eiing cd va bao hd quyen tai san ciia ca nhan, td chiic dg ehuyen ddi nen kmh tg tap trung sang nen kinh te thi trudng;
thigt lap eac tda an hign phap, Tac gia Bin Nggc Son ggi day la md hinh hien phdp tif do chuyen ddi; cae tac gia Dao Tri Uc va Hoang Van Tu ggi day la md hinh hien phdp cua chu nghia lap hien hiin dgi; eae tac gia Tran Nggc Dudng va Tran Thi Thu Thuy eiing ggi day la md hinh hien phdp chuyen ddi.
Mac dli md hinh bidn pbap chuyen ddi hudng tdi sir phan anh lai cae gia tri eua md hinh hidn phap cd dien, tuy nhign su khae biet ciia md hinh hign phap ehuygn ddi nam d chinh tinh chat ehuygn ddi cua nd. Theo Giao su Ruta Teitel (Dai hgc New York), hien phap trong bdi canh ehuygn ddi phan anh tinh chat ehuygn ddi cua qua trinh va khi dd eac hign phap khdng dugc thidt lap mgt each dn dinh ngay tir dau;
qua trinh lap Mgn thudng bat dau vdi nhiing hign phap ed tinh chat tam thai dinh vi eho nhimg cai each Men phap liep theo. Trong khi quan mem phd bien nhin nhan hign phap cd tinh chat dn dinh va lau dai, mdt sd phuang dien cua hign phap ehuygn ddi ed tinh ehat nhat thai va mdt sd phuong dien khae dirge eiing ed tbeo thdi gian. Luan digm cua Teitel dirge minh hga them bdi hai hge gia la Jmnn-Rong Yeh va Wen-Chen Chang (Dai hge qudc gia Dai Loan), hai hgc gia nay khang djnh: ehuc nang ciia Men pbap ehuyen ddi ro rang ehuygn tir viec gidi ban quyen lire cua chinh phu sang viec kich thich cac chuong trinh cai each va tham cbi tai thigt cau tnic xa hdi. Chii nghTa hgp Men chuyen ddi van hanh khdng nhirng la nen tang ciia qua trinh md rdng dan chii ma edn tao ra kha nang eho nhimg ehuyen ddi tiep theo. Lay dan ehimg tir qua trinli ehuygn ddi hien phap d Nam Phi, Brazil va Colombia, Teitel di ddn ket Man rang trong qua trinh ehuyen ddi, hien phap
N.Q. Dice / Tap chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tdp 34 Sd 4 (2018) 89-95
khdng phai ddng vai trd nhu la ket qua cudi cung ciia qua trinh chuyen ddi ma la tac nhan trong viec xay dung qua trinh dd; cac hign phap thudng cd tinh chSt nhSt thdi dg kich thich nhijng chuydn ddi hidn phap tilp theo [6, tr.41].
CQng theo hai bgc gia Jiunn-Rong Yeh va Wen-Chen Chang, hien phap Ur do ehuygn ddi cd ba nhugc diem sau: i) thigu chg do trach nhidm. Digu nay xuat phat tir hai thuc tg: ragt la, do sv phat trien manh me ciia eae tda an hien phap, nhigu khi quygt dinb ciia tda an thay the eae quydt dinh chinh tri. Khi tda an dua ra cae quyet dinh cbinh tri, chg do h-ach nhiem khdng the truy ciiu dugc do tda an khdng phai la mdt djnh ehe ehinh tri; hai la, do yen eau eua qua trinh ehuygn ddi, mdt sd hinh tbiic sira ddi hien phap khdng chinh thitc da dien ra, dieu nay giiip cho cae nha chinh tri thoat khdi trach nhiem mgt each hgp thiic. ii) Han ehe vg dan ehu. Do eac bien phap ehuygn ddi nhieu khi dugc hinh thanh va thay ddi trong su thuong lugng, thda hiep vai chg do cii (trudng hgp Myanmar), tham chi dudi sir dieu khien true tiep ciia chd dd cG nhu d Ba Lan, Hungary, Dai Loan, ill) ban ehe ve phap quyen. Phap quyen ddi hdi su thuc thi quygn lyc dua trgn ngn tang Mat phap minh bach, cd thg dit doan trude. Cac hign phap chuyen ddi nhidu khi khdng dam bao duge nguyen tac nay.
Ngoai ra, tuy thudc vao tigu chi nhan dien, phan loai, cac tae gia khac cdn dg cap den mgt sd md hinh hien phap khac nhu: i) Men phap eua eae nude mdi gianh dugc dgc lap - md phdng theo hidn phap eiia eac nude chigm ddng (Chirkin). Tuy nhign, theo tae gia day ehi la mgt hien tugng cd tinh sao chep, khdng dii cac dau hieu de xac lap mdt mo hinh hien phap; li) md hinh hien phap xa hdi ehu nghTa chuyen ddi (Tran Nggc Dudng, Tran Thi Thu Thuy), Sir kien Lien Xd va eac qudc gia Ddng Au tan ra dan den sir phan tan eac quan didm phat trign, tuy nhign, da sd eae qudc gia Ddng Au va My
La tinh cbgn con dudng chuydn ddi bidn phap theo md hinh hien phdp chuyin ddi. Mdt sd qudc gia cdn lai nhu Trung Qude, Viet Nam ro rang chua hinh thanh mdt md hinh hien phap, ma theo nhieu tac gia, dang cd xu hudng xich lai gan vdi md hmh hidn phap chuydn ddi [12].
3. Ket luan
Trong khi phan lo?i hidn phap theo tinh hinh thiic la mgt each phan loai truyen thong (cd hidn phap cuong tinh - nhu tinh/ thanh van - bat thanh van) thi phan loai hien phap theo quan digm thuc chat (ndi dung) mang lai each higu rdng md rang bdt cit qudc gia nao cung cd hidn phap. Do dd, su phan loai hidn phap theo quan didm hinh thiic la kha han chg khi khong die phan biet dugc nhu trudng hgp hign phap ciing - mem do can cii phan loai la thu tuc sira ddi, vdn chi ton tai d hign phap thanh van. Viec khdng phan loai hidn phap theo quan digm thue chat cdn lam ban ehg kha nang iing dung trong qua trinh lap hign. Ngu chi phan loai hign phap thuan tiiy dua trgn tinh hinh thiic thi su iing dung la khdng nhigu khi ma phan loai hign phap chi dimg lai d hidn phap thanb van - bat thanh van/ hidn phap eiing - hien phap mgm. Trong khi phan loai hien pbap theo quan digm thuc chat (ndi dung) mang lai su xem xet toan dien va thuc chat cho mdi hidn phap, tir viec xac lap eac gia tri cdt ldi ciia mgt md hinh, tu duy trong viec sira ddi va kha nang ehuygn ddi giiia cac md hinh sao cho phii hgp vdi cau tnie xa hdi d do. Tu duy nay cho phep nhirng sira ddi hign phap dugc dign ra thudng xuyen hon ma khdng bi o be bdi tu duy phan loai hien phap theo tinh binh thirc, mang lai kha nang iing dimg cho nhiing md hinh hidn phap dang trong qua trinh ehuygn ddi. Chang han, do Viet Nam duoc nhin nhan nhu mgt xa hdi dang ehuygn ddi fren nhigu phuang dien, nhat la vg kinh tg - xa hdi, tu duy ehuygn ddi trong vige nhin nhan vg hien
N. Q. D'fc / Tgp chi Khoa hgc DHQGHN: Ludt hoc. Tap 34. So 4 (2018) 89-95
phap thieh hgp hon tu duy tTnh tai [6, tr,44].
Day la mdt ung dung quan trgng khi xac lap duge mgt md hinh hien phap cho hidn phap Viet Nam, dg lam co sd cho qua trinh ehuygn doi diln ra tdt hon, nhanh hon.
Tai lifu tham Idiao
[1] Markus Bockenforde - Nora Hedling - Winluck Wahiu, Nhimg huong din thiat thuc \k xay dimg hian phap, Nguyen Le Thu - Nguyin Bich TMo - Do Giang Nam dieh, Nxb, H6ng Dire, Ha Noi, 2013.
[2] Mieheie Brandt - Jill Conrell, Yash Ghai - Anthony Regan, Xay dimg va sira doi hien phap:
nhihig lua chon cho quy trinh, CSm Thi Lai - Nguyen Dang Chau - Le Thi H6ng Nhung dich, Nxb H6ngDiie,HaN6i,2013.
[3] Nguyen Van Bong, Luat hiln phap va chinh tri hgc (ban in lan 2), Saigon, 1969.
[4] Tir dien tnrc tuyIn:
http//tratu.soha.vn/dict/vn_vn/Ph%C3%A2n_ho
%C3%AI
[5] Dao Tri Uc, "Hien phap trong doi song xa hoi va qu6e gia", Hien phap' nhirng van dk li luan va thuc tiln, Nxb. Dai hgc Qu6c gia Ha Noi, Ha Ngi, 2011.
[6] Bui Nggc Son, "Cac mo hinh hien phap tren the gi6i va mot so kinh nghiem nit ra cho Viet Nam", T^p ehi Luat hgc (Truang Dai hge Luat Ha Noi), s6 10, HaNgi, 2012.
[7] Nguyin Diic Lam, "So sanh Hien phap nam 1946 ven mgt so hien phap duong then", Hien phap nam 1946 nhiing gia tri hch sir (Van phong Quoc hgi), Nxb. Chinh tri Qu6c gia Su that, Ha Ngi, 2017, tr, 2 7 5 - 2 8 1 .
[8] Hoang Van Tii, "Quan niem ve hien phap va xu huong phat trien ciia hien phap", Tap ehi Luat hgc (Trucmg Dai hgc Luat Ha Ngi), s6 10, Ha Noi, 2011.
[9] Tran Ngoc Dudng, Ban ve mo hinh hi6n phap, Bao dien t i dai bieu nhan dan:
http://wvinftr.daibieunhandan.vn/default aspx?tabid=
76&NewsId=228794 (ngay dang 07/11/2011;
truy cap mn cu6i: 13/11/2017).
[10] Tran Thi Thu Thiiy, Cac mo hinh Hien phap trong lich sir lap hien 6 nuoc ta, Vien Nghien eua Lap phap.http://vnclp,gov vn/ct/c ms/ngh i encuucLuy en de/Lists/nghiencuuphapIuatA'iew_Detail.aspx?lte mlD-192(Ngay dang 07/06/2013; truy cap lin cudi: 13/10/2017),
[11] Samuel P Hutington, The Third W i / e Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
[12] Khoa Luat - DHQG Ha Ngi, Hiln phap: nhimg van de li luan va thuc tiln, Nxb. DHQG Ha Noi, Ha Noi, 2011.
Demand for and Classification of a Constitution Based on Its Content
Nguyen Quang Duc
VNU School of Law. 144 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay. Hanoi. Vietnam
Abstract: This article points out another approach based on the perception that constitutional differentiation may lead to the need of classification according to constitutional form and content.
According to the author, it is a shortcoming m application if the constitutional classification by form is purely based on the two conventional constitution types: codified/inflexible and uncodified/flexible.
Constitutional classification based on content provides a comprehensive and substantive review af each constitution by establishing a core value of constitutional paradigm, thought of modifications .nd the ability to adapt to social structure. This perception not only allows constitutional amendments to occur more often regardless of the constitution forms (codified/inflexible and uneodified/fl'^xible constitution) but also supports application of constitutional models in the process of transfonnation.
Keywords- Classification af constitution, classified by content, classified by form.