Nhu'ng yeu to anh hu'dng den
phat trien nguon nhan li/c quan trj tai cac doanh nghiep nho va vufa tren dia ban tinh Phu Tho
NGUYEN THI HONG THGY*
Tom tat
Ngudn nhdn luc qudn tri cd vai trd ddc biet quan trgng trong sUphdt trien cda cdc doanh nghiep nhd vd vita (DNNW) Viet Nam ndi chung, cdc DNNW tinh Phd Thg ndi rieng. Nghien cdu ndy dd phdt hien 7 ye'u tddnh hudng den phdt trien nguon nhdn Ivtc qudn tri tqi cdc DNNW tren dia bdn
tinh Phu Thg, bao gom: (1) Ye'u tdvTmd: (2) Svt tien bg cda khoa hgc, cdng nghe: (3) Cdc casd gido due vd ddo tqo; (4) Nhdn thdc cda doanh nghiep viphdt trien nguon nhdn luc qudn tri; (5) Cdc chinh sdch phdt trien nguon nhdn Ivtc qudn tri cda doanh nghiep; (6) Ye'u tdndi tqi cd nhdn nguon nhdn Ivtc qudn tri; (7) Kha ndng tdi chinh cda doanh nghiep. Tvtdd, mot sd gidiphdp dugc ggi md nhdm phdt trien nguon nhdn luc qudn tri tqi cdc DNNW tren dia bdn Tinh trong thdi gian tdi.
Tti khoa: nguon nhdn lytc qudn tri, phdt trien, DNNW, tinh Phd Thg
Smnmary
Human resource in management plays a crucially important role in the development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Vietnam in general and SMEs in Phu Tho province in particular. This study discovers 7 factors affecting the development of human resource in management in Phu Tho-based SMEs, which are: (1) Macro factors; (2) Advances in science and technology; (3) Educational and training institutions; (4) Awareness of enterprises about development of human resource in management; (5) Enterprise's policies on human resource in management; (6) Internal factors of human resource in management; (7) Financial capacity of enterprises. On that basis, some solutions are suggested to develop human resource in management ofthe aforementioned SMEs in the coming time.
Keyvrords: human resource in management, development, SMEs, Phu Tho province
^
Gl6l THIEU
Trong cac doanh nghiep, ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri la Iffc Iffdng lao ddng giff vai
\ trd dac biet quan trgng, nam giff cac chffc vu then chdt trong bd may quan ly, dam nhan vai trd dinh hffdng, din dat va dieu hanh toan bg cac boat dgng nham dat dffdc nhffng muc tieu de ra. Vi vay, trinh do va nang Iffc lam viec cua ngudn nban Iffc quan tri anh hffdng manh me den sff tdn tai va phat trien ciia doanh nghiep. Dac biet, dd'i vdi cac DNNVV, ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri thffdng la chii sd hiiu va cung la ngffdi trffc tiep lanh dao, dieu hanh doanh nghiep. Do do, sff tdn tai va phat trien cua
doanh nghiep dffdc quyet dinh bdi nang Iffc va trinh do cua ngffdi quan tri.
Dd'i vdi tinh Phu Thg, nhffng van de lien quan den phat trien ngudn nban Iffc quan tri tai cac DNNVV chffa dffdc nghien cffu nhieu. Vi the, bai viet dffdc thffc hien nham xac dinh cac yeu to anh hffdng den phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri tai cac DNNVV tren dia ban tinh Phii Thg, tff dd tim ra cac giai phap nham cai thien Iffc Iffdng nay.
Ca s d LY THUYET VA PHU'DNG PHAP NGHIEN CLfU
Casdly thuyet
OECD (2002) cho rang, trung tam cua sff that bai ciia cac cdng ty nhd nam d diem yeu cua quan ly. Nguyen
"TrUdng Cao dang Cong nghiep thffc pham Viet Tri, Phu Tho I Email: [email protected] Ngdy nhdn bdi: 20/11/2018; Ngdy phdn Men: 12/12/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng: 25/12/2018
Emnomv and Forecast Review
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nhan cac DNNVV It cd kha nang dffdc dao tao quan Iy so vdi cac doanh nghiep Idn hdn la do ban che ve tai chinh, tbdng tin va cac yeu td khac. Day la nhffng khd khan cho cac nha quan tri DNNVV trong qua trinh tham gia vao cac boat ddng phat trien. OECD da khuyen nghi, cac chinh phu can tang cffdng hd trd dao tao quan Iy dd thuc day DNNVV tang trffdng cao hdn.
Trong nghien cffu cua minh, Ksenia Zheltoukhova
& Louise Suckley (2014) chi ra, nang Iffc lanh dao cua giam ddc cac DNNVV bi anh hffdng bdi 3 nhdm: Nhdm yeu td thudc ve ca nhan nha lanh dao (nhff: to chat, kinh nghiem, tinh each, dac diem thugc nhan chung hgc...);
Nhdm kich thffdc va cau true cua td chffc (nhff: tac dgng cua he thd'ng phan cap, cac kenh thdng tin, ngudn Iffc san cd trong DNNVV..); Nhdm bdi canh ben ngoai (nhff: yeu tdkinh te, chinh tri, van hda xa hdi...).
Dd Anh Dffc (2015) khi nghien cffu nang Iffc quan ly cua giam dd'c DNNVV tren dia ban Ha Ndi cung xac dinh 3 nhdm ye'u to'chinh anh hffdng deii nang Iffc quan ly ciia giam dd'c: (1) Nhdm yeu to' thugc ve ban than giam dd'c doanh nghiep: tff chat, nang khieu bam sinh;
y thffc hgc tap va tff ren luyen; sffc khde; truyen thd'ng van hda gia dinh; (2) Nhdm yeu to ben trong: nhdm ydu to tff cd che, td chffc cua doanh nghiep; nhdm yeu to' tff chinh chu doanh nghiep; nhdm yeu to thugc ve van hda cua doanh nghiep; (3) Nhdm ydu td'ben ngoai:
nban thffc cua xa hdi va Nha nffdc; luat phap va chinh sach cua Nha nffdc; tinh trang phat trien kinh te van hda - xa hdi cua dat nffdc; sff canh tranh giffa cac doanh nghiep trong nen kinh te thi trffdng.
Nguydn Thi Lan Anh (2012) qua khao sat cac DNNVV tren dia ban tinh Thai Nguyen da chi ra cac yeu to anh hffdng den phat trien ngudn nban Iffc quan tri, gdm: (i) Cac yeu to thudc ve doanh nghiep: sff phat trien DNNVV cua Tinh; cac DNNVV bat dau chu y den chien Iffdc phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc; ve dao tao ngudn nhan Iffc; (ii) Cac yeu td mdi trffdng kinh te' vT md: thi trffdng ngudn nhan Iffc d tinh Thai Nguyen; cac cd che, chinh sach ciia Chinh phu.
Nguydn Thi Anh Tram (2014) xay dffng khung ly thuyet vd cac ye^u to' anh hffdng den phat trien ngudn can bd quan ly trong cac DNNVV nganh san xua't thffc an chan nudi Viet Nam, bao gdm 8 yeu to: chinh sach Vl mo; chien Iffdc san xua't, kinh doanh; md hinh va cd cau td chffc; quan diem cua lanh dao ve phat trien ngudn can bg quan ly; chinh sach quan ly ngudn nhan Iffc ciia doanh nghiep; trinh do khoa hgc, cdng nghe;
van hda doanh nghiep; kha nang tai chinh. Ket qua nghien cffu tim ra 4 yeu tdanh hffdng dd la: chien Iffdc san xua't, kinh doanh, quan diem lanh dao, kha nang tai chinh, chinh sach vT md.
Md hinh vd phUOngphdp nghien cdu
Tren cd sd Iffdc khao nghien cffu di trffdc ket hdp vdi thao luan y kien chuyen gia, tac gia dd xua't 7 ydu td anh hffdng den phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri tai cac DNNVV tren dia ban tinh Phu Tho, bao gdm:'(i) Yeu td VI md (VM); (2) Sff tien bg cua khoa hoc, cdng nghe (CN); (3) Cac cd sd giao due va dao tao (GD);
(4) Nhan thffc cua doanh nghiep ve phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri (NT); (5j Cac chinh sach phat trien ngudn nhSn li/c quan tri cua doanh nghiep (CS); (6) Y^u to'ngi tai ca nhan ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri (BT); (7) Kha nang tai chinh ciia doanh nghiep (TC).
De xac dinh cac yeu to anh hffdng tdi sff phat trien ngudn nban Iffc quan tri tai cac DNNVV, md hinh Iy thuyd^t dffdc xay dffng, nhff sau:
' 7 = a -I- alXl + a2X2 + a3X3 + am + a5X5 + a6X6 + a7X7.
Trong do:
Y la bien phu thugc;
Xl,X2,X3,X4,X5,X6,X71acacbien ddc lap, Ian Iffdt la: Yeu to vi md; Sif tien bg cua khoa hgc, cdng nghe; Cac cci scl giao due va dao tao; Nhan thffc ciia doanh nghiep ve phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri; Cac chinh sach phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri cua doanh nghiep; Yeu tdnoi tai ca nhan ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri; Kha nang tai chinh cua doanh nghiep.
Trong bai viet nay, sdlieu thff cap dtftJc thu thap tff cac bao cao cua Cue Thdng ke tinh Phu Thg, Hiep hdi DNNVV tinh Phu Thg, cung cac tai heu sach bao, tap chi cd lien quan. Sdlieu sd cap dffdc thu thap qua khao sat 432 bang hdi ddi vdi nguon nban Iffc quan tri cap cao, cap tmng va cap cd sd tai cac doanh nghiep tff nhan, cdng ty trach nhiem hiiu ban, cdng ty co phan khdng cd vd'n nha nffdc tren dia ban tinh Phu Thg. Thdi gian khao sat tff thang 02-05/2017. Sau khi thu vd va lam sach cdn 394 mau hdp le.
Dff lieu dffdc xff ly bang phan mem SPSS 20. Thang do Likert dffdc thiet ke vdi 5 mffe diem de do Iffdng mffe do anh hffdng. He sd Cronbach's Alpha suf dung de loai bd bien rac. Tiep dd, phffdng phap phan tich nhan td se xac dinh cac yeu to anh hffdng den phat trien ngudn nhan li/c quan tri tai cac DNNVV tren dia ban tinh Phu Thg (Bdi viet sd dung cdch viet so thdp phdn theo chudn qudc te).
KET QUA NGHIEN CLTU
Nghien cdu sa bg Phdn tich do tin cdy
Ket qua phan tich do tin cay cho thay, he sd Cronbach's Alpha cua 7 thang do deu cd gia tri tren 0.70, dat yeu cau. Xem xet he sd tffdng quan bien tdng cho thay cac bien quan sat cd be sd tffdng quan bien - tdng kha chat che giffa cac bien quan sat
120
Kinhte va Dirbao
Tuy nhien, khi xem xet md'i tffdng quan cua tffng bien vdi bie'n tdng, thi 2 bien CS6 va BT7 cd he sd tffdng quan bien tdng < 0.3 va he so' a cua 2 bien nay ldn hdn he so' a chung nen bi loai.
Phdn tich nhdn tdkhdm phd (EFA) Sau khi loai bd 2 bie'n khdng dap ffng do tin cay Cronbach's Alpha, phan tich EFA cho 7 nhdm yeu td anh hffdng de'n phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri gdm cd 30 bien quan sat. Ke^t qua cho tha'y, cac bien dffdc trich thanh 7 nhdm, vdi tdng phffdng sai trich = 71.678% >
50%, thang do dffdc chap nhan. He sd KMO = 0.885 nam trong khoang 0.5 <
KMO < I, nen phan tich nhan td la thicb hdp. Kiem dinh Bartlett vdi Sig. = .000, the hien mffe y nghia cao. Tat ca gia tri Factor loading cua cac bie^n quan sat deu ldn hdn 0.5; chenh lech trgng sd'A,iA- XiB deu Idn hdn 0.3 nen dffdc chap nhan va dffa vao khao sat chinh thffc.
Nghien cdu chinh thdc Phdn tich do tin cdy
Bang I cho bie^t, 7 thang do cd he so' Cronbach's Alpha > 0.6 va cac bien quan sat cua 7 thang do deu cd he so Cronbach's Alpha rieng < he so Cronbach's Alpha chung. Rieng bien quan sat PT3 cd a = 0.958 > he so Cronbach's Alpha chung, nhffng he so' tffdng quan bien tdng > 0.3, nen cd the chap nhan.
Phdn tich EFA
Qua phan tich EFA, tac gia nhan tha'y cd 7 yeu to' dffdc trich tff 30 bieii quan sat. 7 yeu to' nay cd gia tri KMO = 0.885 va Sig. = 0.000, nen phan tich nhan to la thich hdp. Tong hdp phffdng sai tich luy = 71.678 (tdng bieii thien dffdc giai thich) cho biet cac muc hdi trong thang do nay cd the giai thieh dffdc 71.253%
bien thien cua dff lieu. Ddng thdi, diem dffng tai gia tri Eigenvalues deu ldn hdn 1 va trgng sd ye^u td cua cac bie^n quan sat deu dat yeu cau (> 0.50).
Phdn tich md hinh hoi quy da bie'n Tic gia su" dung phffdng phap Enter, theo dd cac bien dgc lap se dffdc dffa vao md hinh mot lan.
Theo Bang 2, cac bien dgc lap ddu cd Sig. < 0.05 va cd be so' chuan hda Beta dffdng. Nhff vay, ta't ca cac bien dieu thda man yeu cau va md hinh nghien cffu la phii hdp.
Ngoai viec can cff vao he so' ffdc Iffdng chffa chuan hda, can phai xem xet he sdffdc Iffdng da chuyen bda (Beta) de xac dinh vi tri anh hffdng cua cac bien
BANG 1: KET QUA PHAN TICH CRONBACH'S ALPHA CAC THANG DO Trung binh thang do
n^'u bo bi^n
Phiifcf% sai thang
do n§'u bo bi^'n mian bigln tons
H^ sd Alpha ne'u bo bie'n 1. Yeu to' vT mo. Cronbach's Aloha = 0.798
VMl VM2 VM3
6.63 6..54 6.19
1.608 1.552 1.958
.669 .725 .541
.694 .631 .822 2. Stf tid'n bo ciia khoa hoc. cone ngh§. Cronbach's Aloha = 0.80
CNl
CN2 3.37
3.41
.753 .767
.666 .666
?>. Cac crt sflT giao due va dao tao. Cronbach's Aloha = 0.862 GDI
GD2 GD3 GD4
9.9.-5 9.83 9.93 9.82
6.234 6.231 6.344 7.020
.761 .771 .718 .593
.803 .799 .821 .870 4. Nh$n thu'c cua doanh nghiep ve phat tri&'n nguon nhan Itfc quan tri,
Cronbach's AInha = 0.897 NT]
NT2 NT3 NT4 NT5 NT6 NT7
23.80 23.81 23.81 23.87 23.87 23.82 23.94
14.861 14.070 14.407 14.137 14.507 14.175 14.291
.631 .786 .658 .727 .705 .756 .643
.889 .872 .887 .878 .881 .875 .889 5. Cac chinh sach phat tri^n ngu6n nhan li/c cua doanh nghiep, Cronbach's Alpha - 0.897
CSl CS2 CS3 CS4 CS5 6. Yei BTl BT2 RT3 BT4 BT5 BT6 7. Kh TCI TC2 TC3 8. Pha PTl PT2 PT3 PT4
14.19 14.07 14.02 14.00 13.89
10.441 10.059 10.521 11.262 10.145
.738 .776 .795 .690 .742
.877 .868 .865 .887 .877 11 to'noi tai ca nhan nguon nhan lUc auan tri. Cronbach's Aloha = 0.935
17.33 17.28 17.32 17.14 17.18 17.15
17.565 17.470 17.805 17.267 17.758 17.291 a nang tai chinh ciia doanh n^hi^o. Cronb
7.89 7.66 7.30 t trien nguon nhan lUc (
11.18 11.19 11.22 11.18
1.443 1.420 1.400 juan tri tai cac DNN^
4.654 4.616 5.192 4.660
.764 .804 .768 .846 .814 .854
.929 .924 .928 .918 .923 .917 ach's Alpha = 0.748
.559 .604 .564 A'^. Cronbach's Alp
.863 .921 .769 .930
.684 .632 .679 ha = 0.946
.931 .912 .958 .910 BANG 2: KET QuA HOI QOY Sd DONG PHCJfdNG PHAP ENTER
MO ninn
1
(Constant) VM CN GD BT CS TC NT
H§sd'chffa chudn hoa B
-.347 101 110 129 189 163 202 243
Sai lech chu^n
.245 .038 .049 .040 .044 .042 .050 .052
Hf s6' chu^n hoa
Beta .111 .094 .148 .209 .188 .157 .210
t -1.419
2.665 2.224 3.205 4.286 3.842 4.044 4.672
Sig.
.157 .008 .027 .001 .000 .000 .000 .000
Thd'ng da cdng 1 Hdso Tolerance
.747 .724 .606 .546 .541 .862 .638
kg tuve'n
VIF 1.340 1.382 1.649 1.833 1.847 1.160 1.568 Ngu6n: Ke't qua tu" xii' ly so lieu difiu tra cua tac gia
ddc lap de^n phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri tai cac DNNVV tren dia ban tinh Phu Thg. Cac he sdnay dffdc lay theo gia tri tuyet dd'i va dffdc chuyen hda dffdi dang phan tram nhff trinh bay d Bang 3. Theo do, phffdng trinh hdi quy dffdc vie^t lai, nhff sau:
PT= 0.245+ '0.111*VM + 0.094*CN + 0.148*GD + 0.210*NT + 0.188*CS + 0.209*BT + 0.157*TC
Nhff vay, cac yeu to' anh hffdng den phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri tai cac DNNVV dffdc sap
Economy and Forecast Review
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BANG 3: GLA TRI BETA CHUYEN HOA CUA CAC BIEN Bi&'nddcmo
VM CN GD NT CS BT TC
Gia tri beta chuv€n hoa 0.111
0.094 0.148 0.210 0.188 0.209 0.157
Xd'p hang 6 7 4 1 5 2 3 BANG 4: MO HINH TOM TAT SGf DONG PHCfCiNG PHAP ENTER
MS hinh 1
R
.707^
R^
.500 R^
hi^u chinh
.491
Do Idch chu^n cua i(6c
IffgTng .51520
Thd'ng kd thay dd'i R^
thay doi
.491 F thay
doi 55.208
dn
7 df2
386
Mtfcy nghia F thay ddi .000
Durbin- Watson
1.228
BANG 5: PHAN TiCH PHCTCiNG SAI ANOVA'^
Md hinh 1
Hoi quy Phan du"
Tdng
Tong binh pbuTotag 102.578 102.457 205.035
df 7 386 393
Binh phiAAig trung binh cdng 14.654
.265 F 55.208
Sig.
.000"
Nguon: Ket qua tii xijf ly so lieu dieu tra cua tac gia
xep tff cao xud'ng thap, nhff sau: Nhan thffc cua doanh nghiep vd phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri; Yeu to ndi tai ca nhan ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri; Kha nang tai chinh cua doanh nghiep; Cac cd sd giao due va dao tao; Cac chinh sach phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri cua doanh nghiep; Yeu td vT md; Sff tien bd cua khoa hgc, cdng nghe.
Kiem dinh mvtc do phu hgp cda md hinh
Theo Bang 4, tri soR = 0.707, cd nghia md'i quan he giffa cac bien trong md hinh la kha chat che. Gia tri R^
= 0.500 the hien sff phu hdp cua md hinh, be sd R^ hieu chinh = 0.491 (giai thich dffdc 7 yeu toed tac dgng ddn 49.1% phat trien ngudn nban Iffc quan tri tai DNNVV) va kiem dinh F vdi gia tri F = 55.208 tai mffe y nghia Sig. = .000. Gia dinh ve tinh ddc lap ciia phan dff cung khdng bi vi pham, the hien qua he sd Durbin-Watson = 1.228, nam trong khoang tff 1 den 3. Vi vay, cd the ket luan tinh dgc lap cua phan dff da dffdc bao dam.
Mac du vay, de cd the suy didn mo hinh nay thanh md hinh cua tdng the, can phai tien hanh kiem dinh F thdng qua phan tich phffdng sai. Bang 5 cho tha'y, Sig.= 0.000
< 0.01. Nhff vay, md hinh cac yeu tdanh hffdng den phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri tai cac DNNVV tren dia ban tinh Phu Thg la phu hdp vdi dff Ueu thffc te nghien cffu. Hay ndi each khac, cac bie'n dgc lap cd lien quan tuyen tinh vdi cac bien phu thudc d mffe do tin cay 99%.
K§'t luan va ham y
Qua nghien cffu cua tac gia, ca 7 yeu to' de xua't deu anh hffdng den phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri tai cac DNNVV tren dia ban tinh Phu Thg. Trong do, Nban thffc cua doanh nghiep ve phat trien ngudn nban Iffc quan tri cd anh hffdng ldn nha't. Ke't qua nay hoan loan phu hdp vdi thffc te, bdi day la van de ma hau bet cac DNNVV can quan tam.
Tren cd sd dd, ngbien cffu gdi y cac giai phap cho DNNVV day manh hoat dgng phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri, do la nang cao nban thffc cua cac chu doanh nghiep ve phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc quan tri; tang cffdng xay dffng chinh sach dao tao cac chffdng trinh bdi difdng kie'n thffc ve hgi nhap kinh te'qudc te cho doanh nghiep; Iffa chgn cac hinh thu'c phat trien ngudn nhan Iffc trong cong viec va ngoai cdng viec phu hdp.
Ben canh dd, chinh quyen va Hiep hdi cac DNNVV tinh Phu Thg can h6 trd, phd'i hdp vdi cac doanh nghiep td chffc cac Idp tap hua'n, bdi dffdng nang cao trinh do dieu hanh, quan ly doanh nghiep, nhff: xay dffng van hda doanh nghiep, ky nang quan tri doanh nghiep...
nham cung cap nhffng kien thffc va ky nang cd ban ve quan tri doanh nghiep, nang cao van hda doanh nghiep. •
TAIXIEU THAM KHAO
1. Cue Thd'ng ke tinh Phu Thg (2017). Bdo cdo tinh hinh kinh te xd hdi ndm 2017
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3. Dd Anh Dffc (2015). Ndng cao ndng lytc qudn ly cda gidm dd'c DNNW tren dia bdn Hd Noi, Luan an tien sy, Trffdng Dai hgc Kinh te Qud'c dan
4. Nguyen Thi Anh Tram (2014). Phdt trien nguon CBQL trong cdc DNNW cda ngdnh sdn xuat thdc dn chdn nudi Viet Nam, Luan an tien sy, Trffdng Dai hoc Kinh te Qud'c dan
5 Hoang Trgng, Chu Nguyen Mdng Nggc (2008). Phdn tich dvtlieu nghien cdu vdi SPSS, Trtfdng Dai hgc Kinh te TP. Hd Chi Minh, Nxb Hdng Dffc
6. Edwin Paul Hollander (1978). Leadership dynamics: A practical guide to effective relationships, Free Press f b JJ
7. OECD (2002). Management training in SMEs, OECD Publishing House