Nhung lop d^p boi lich sir va van hoa tai mot cua bien:
Nghien cuu tru-ong hop cua bien Ky Anh, Ha Tinh
Tran Thi An''>
Tom tat: Bdi viet su dung cdc cdch tiep can nhdn hoc vi khdng gian, nai chdn vd djnh vi vdn hoa de phdn tich mgt trudng hgp cua cica bien Viet Nam. cica biin Ky Anh d tinh Ha Tinh, vdi gid thuyet la: viing vdn hda (cultural area) cd y nghia quan trgng trong viec nhdn dien van hda ciia mot phgm vi rdng lan hon nhung no chi cung cdp mgt cdi nhin tinh tgi (vd cd thi la dinh kiin); trong khi do, khdng gian vdn hda (cultural space) chi ra nhOng dgc diem cua cdc pham vi hep hon nhung vdn mang tinh dinh tinh; vd vi vgy, nai chdn vdn hda (cultural place) mdi cung cdp mgt cdi nhin dgng tgi dia diem cita cdc thuc hdnh van hda vdi tdt cd net riing vd nhiing bien ddi qua ddu be thdi gian.
Tir khda: Cua bien, Vung van hda, Khdng gian van hda, Ky Anh, Ha Tliih
Abstract: The paper applies anthropological approaches to cultural space, place and positioning for a case study ofKyAnh estuary in Ha Tinh province on the assumption that while cultural area only provides a static (and probably prejudiced) viewpoint despite its significance in identifying the culture on a broader scale, cultural space connotes narrower yet qualitative ones. Therefore, only cultural place can provide a dynamic insight of the location where cultural practices take place ecompassing all its distinctions and transformations over time
Keywords: Estuary, Cultural Area, Cultural Space, Ky Anh District, Ha Tinh Province
1. Khong gian, noi chon va dinh vi van tinh than, cac ly thuyet gia da xdc lap ban hoa: Mot s i vdn d i ly thuyet mot budng ly thuylt, do la nhdn hpc ve La mot moi trudng tdn tai, mdi trudng khong gian va noi chdn (anthropology of song, moi tmdng sang tao va thyc hanh space and place). Tucmg lien vdi hudng ly van hoa, khong gian la mot van d i t i i quan thuyit nhdn hgc nay, trong nghien ciiu van trpng doi vdi con ngudi, vi t h i , la van de hda cd mgt hudng ly thuyet ve "dinh vi van trung tam cua mgi nganh khoa hpc. Vdi hda" (locating culture), ma d do, cac van nhdn hgc, tir viec phan tich cac chiiu canh d i v i van hda viing, khong gian van hda ciia khong gian vat ly trong mdi tuong quan va nai c h i n van hda da dugc de xuat, thdo vdi su kiin tao cac chiiu kich khdng gian ludn va iing dung nghien ciiu.
Trong nhirng nam cudi the ky XX va dau tbi ky XXI, mot nhom nghien ciiu nhdn ''' PGSTS., B^i hoc Qu6c gia Ha Noi; . . - , - . . : . - i, A ^ Email: antran.vass@gmail com hgc Hoa Ky nhan thay nhan hpc dang vugt
24 llidng Hn Khoa hgc xa npi. so ii.a.013 khdi gidi han cua nghien ciiu khu vyc va
thuc te phong phii dang thach thiic cac each tiep can truyen thdng va ddi hdi nhGng phan nganh chuyen sau ciia nhdn hpc. Chmh vi the, hg da khdi xudng va truyen cam hung de td chiic mot loat sach ve mgt ITnh vyc nghien ciiu mdi la: nhdn hpc vd khdng gian noi chdn. Loat sach gdm 4 cudn: 1) Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader (Edited by Jonathan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo), 2) The Anthropology of Media: A Reader (Edited by Kelly Askew and Richard R. Wilk), 3) Genocide: An Anthropological Reader (Edited by Alexander Laban Hinton), 4) The Anthropology of Space and Place: Locating Culture (Edited by Setha M. Low and Denise Lawrenee-Ziiriiga).
Bdn cuon nay dugc Nha xudt ban Blackwell ciia Dai hpc Oxford tdi trg xuat ban, cho nen loat sach nay dugc mang ten la Nhdp mdn nhdn hgc Blackwell (Blackwell Readers in Anthropology).
Bai viet diem qua cac hudng nghien ciiu ve nhan hpc khdng gian, noi chdn va dinh vi van hda dugc trinh bay trong cudn The Anthropology of Space and Place.
Locating Culture^ do Setha M. Low (Chu tich Hdi Nhan hpc Hoa Ky 2007-2009) va Denise Lawrence-Ziiiiiga bien tap. Trong cudn sach nay, cae pham vi khong gian dugc de cap gdm: a) dia ly nhdn van, b) lanh thd nhan van, c) iing xu mang tinh khong gian, d) khdng gian ca nhdn, e) khdng gian md, va g) khdng gian cdng cdng. Cac pham vi khdng gian van hda da dugc ly thuyet hoa va dugc luge thuat gdm: a) cac khdng gian lien quan den sy hien dien ciia than the - hay la sy chiem ITnh khong gian lien quan din con ngudi tir phuong dien the chat (Embodied Spaces), b) cac khong gian
lien quan d i n gidi (Gendered Spaces), c) cdc khdng gian dugc dinh vi (Inscribed Spaces), d) cac khdng gian dang dugc h-anh ludn (Contested Spaces), khdng gian xuyen qudc gia (Transnational Spaces), va e) chiin luge khdng gian (Spatial Tactics).
Trong cae chiiu kich da dang cua khdng gian tir each tiip can nhdn hgc va dinh vi van hda, bai viit chii y den sy ggi y cua cac ly thuyit ve mgt sd pham vi khdng gian gdm khdng gian dia ly va khdng gian nhan van; mdt sd hudng chiem dung khdng gian tiT gdc dp tdn tai the chdt cua con ngudi trong khdng gian gan vdi iing xii van hda hang ngay (Embodied Spaces), tir gdc dp xac dinh y nghia cho khdng gian (Inscribed Spaces) va sy tranh chap eua cac cdng ddng khac nhau ve cimg mdt khdng gian de phuc vu cho Igi ich cua minh (Contested Spaces); tir dd, ap dyng vao phan tich tmdng hgp ma chimg tdi lua chpn. Ddng thdi, bai viet ciing sir dyng quan diem ly thuyet cua Henri Lefebvre ve tinh ndng sdn cua khdng gian (trong The Production ofSpace^, mdt cdng trinh cung dugc xudt ban bdi Blackwell) cho rang, khong gian cd tinh nang san trong sy linh boat cua cac boi canh nghien ciiu va thyc hanh xa hdi.
Sy dap bdi cac Idp y nghTa trong mot pham vi khdng gian ma chiing tdi khao sat chinh la sy the hien tinh ndng san y nghia khong gian ma Henri Lefebvre d i cap tdi.
2. Sdng dd ra bien - vmh ntrdc sau va khong gian thirtfng mai
Cung nhu cac con song khac d Ha TTiih, sdng d Ky Anh d i u la cac con sdng ngan, luu vuc nhd va dong chay Idn. Sdng Tri, sdng Quyin hgp thanh mdt ddng noi
' Blackwell PubHshing, 2003, Oxford, UK.
= Henri Lefebvre (1991), The Production of Space, Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith, Blackwell Publishing, USA.
'-ISlfnmiifi'^ lltwra ti\m^ [Qffl HWJJ !SU..
25 song Ciia Khau (cdn ggi la sdng Vinh vi
trudc khi dd ra biSn, hgp luu nay tao thanh mot con sdng kha Idn, vdi luu vyc 510 km^
giing nhu mgt cai vinh nhd thdng ra bien).
So vdi 3 cang bien khac ciia Ha TTnh (Xudn Hai, huyen Nghi Xuan; Cua Sdt, huyen Lpc Ha; Cua Nhugng, huyen Cam Xuyen), Ciia Khdu (huyen Ky Anh) cd Igi the vugt troi do dac diem ty nhien la mdt vinh nude sau, khong bi bdi lang, tau trgng tdi Idn co thi ra vao. Theo cac thu tich Nghe An ky va trong Dgi Nam nhdt thdng chi', trong bon cira bien cua Nghe TTnh, Cira Sdt la thuong cang nhdn nhip nhat. Tuy nhien, hien nay, do nhieu nguyen nhdn, trong dd CO nguyen nhdn ciia su thay ddi ddng chay va tdc dp bdi lang khac nhau ma hai cang tren dia ban Ky Anh (Viing Ang va Son Duong) cd Igi the vugt trdi so vdi cdc cang khac d Ha "Hnh. Do sau ciia cac cang lan lugt la: cang Cira Sdt: -3m, cang Xudn Hdi:
-3,2m den -3,8m; cang Cira Nhugng: -2m den - 4m; cdn cang Viing Ang cd do sdu tir -11m den -14m va cang Son Duong cd do sdu tir -21 den -24 m neu duge nao vet. Lgi the nay cua cang Viing Ang va cang Son Duong tham chi cdn vugt trdi so vdi cdng Nghi San (Thanh Hda) (cd do sdu -8,5m den -11m). Ben canh do, hai cang eua bien Ky Anh lai cd lgi thi ty nhien la do bdi lang thdp, rdt thuan tien cho cac tau Idn cap ben hoac qua lai ven bd.
Lgi the nay da dugc tan dyng tu nhieu the ky ve tmdc. Diem lai eae boat dgng ciia cac thuang cang mien Tmng, cd the thay ro dieu dd. Nhin nhan chung ve he thdng song ngdi Viet Nam, Nguyen Van Kim cho rang, viec cac con sdng chay tir Tay sang Dong va do ra bien da tao ra net dac biet
' Vien Su hpc (1970), Dgi Nam nhdt thong chi. Tap 2, Nxb. Khoa hpc xa hoi, Ha Ngi.
cho khdng gian sdng-bien Viet Nam d chd sy gan k^t thuy hi nude nggt vdi thiiy he nude man "khdng chi tao nen mach nii giao thuang giiia cac trung tdm kinh tl ma cdn bii Idp nhiing khuylt vdng, dong thdi, nhan len tiem nang, the manh cua cac vimg, mien" (Nguyen Van Kim, 2014). Dac dilm nay dac biet ro ret d viing bien miin Trung, ma cu the la d viing bien Ky Anh, nai cac con sdng Tri, sdng Quyen hgp luu d song Vinh de dd ra bien. Tai lieu lich sir thuang mai tren bien rieng cho vung biin Ky Anh chua dugc nhac den nhieu, tuy nhien, vdi tinh chat la mot vinh bien sau, tinh noi trdi cua thiiy he nude man d vimg bien Ky Anh la rdt rd. Nguyen Van Kim ciing da ddn nghien ciiu cua nha nghien ciiu K.R. Hall (Hoa Ky) ve viec Dai Viet lap tuyen buon xuyen luc dia thdng qua cdng Nghe TTnh len Nam Lao. Nguyen Van Kim viet: "Dya vao ngudn tu lieu khai thac dugc d Phum Mien, K.R. Hall cho rdng, vao cudi the ky X, tir Nghe An, thuong nhdn Dai Viet da qua ai Ha Trai d day Khai Tmdng (ma An Nam chi nguyen ggi la niii Khai Mdn - cd the la ciia khdu Cdu Treo hien nay) theo dudng sdng Mekong xudng Ban That de di vdo Kinh dd Angkor ciia Chan Lap. Cac boat ddng giao thuong dd da bao dam ngudn cung cdp hang hda cho Chan Lap va viing ha chau thi Mekong" (Nguyen Van Kim, 2014). Chua rd thuong cdng dugc sir dung di tao nen con dudng thuong mai xuyen luc dia qua Nam Lao la thuong cang nao, tuy nhien, co thi ndi, vimg bien Ky Anh vdi cac Igi thi ty nhien ciia minh chac chan da ndm trong chuoi cdc cang bien dugc sir dung cho boat ddng nay.
Mdt thyc ti chua dugc nhieu nghien ciiu lam sang to la vai trd ciia cac thuang cang miln Trung hong nhiiu thi ky thdi Bdc thupc. v i diiu nay, Li Tana viet: "trdi ngugc
26 inony nn niiua uoa ^a nyi. * ...J013 vdi nhdn thiic phd bien rdng, quan he giao
thoa giira Giao Chi va Trung Qudc dugc tien hanh bang dudng bien thong qua vinh Bdc bd. Cho den thdi Dudng, sy giao luu giira Trung Qudc va Giao Chi gap rat nhieu khd khan vi sy can trd ciia nhiing dai da nam dpc ven bien. Dieu nay gidi thich tai sao Ma Vien, Phil Ba tudng qudn cua nha Han, phdi 'ddo niii de thong ra bien' trong cuoc binh dinh Giao Chi the ky I Sau Cdng nguyen.
Nhiing Ud ngai ve giao thong chi thyc sy dugc khac phuc vao the ky IX, khi Cao Bien cho di ddi nhiing khdi da nay. Nhiing khd khan Uong giao thdng cua vinh Bdc bd tao dieu kien de mien Trung Viet Nam, phdn lanh thd thudc Nghe TTnh ngay nay, cd vi tri quan trpng trong tuyen giao thuong dudng bien ciia khu vyc" (Li Tana, 2006). Ddn sd lieu cac lan trieu cdng cimg thdi (sd Idn cdng nap ciia cdc vi vua Khmer den Dai Viet (19 lan) nhieu hon den nhd Tdng (5 Idn); Li Tana khang dinh: "gan nhu chac chan mdt dieu rang, mien Trung Viet Nam la ciia ngo cho cac boat ddng giao thdng dudng thiiy ttong khu vyc, ncri ma hdu bet thuang nhdn, khdch hanh huong, vd cdc doan yieu cdng dat chdn tdi trudc khi theo dudng sdng den Giao Chi (Viet, Giao Chdu)" (Li Tana, 2006). Nguyin Tien Diing ciing da cho biet them thdng tin ve van de nay: trong vdng 183 nam (tir nam 1012 den nam 1195), Chdn Lap cu phai doan den Dai Viet trieu cdng 24 lan, trong khi do den Tmng Qudc 5 lan (Nguyen Tien Dung, 2010).
Nhu vay la, vdi dac diem dia ly ty nhien va vdi nhirng bang chimg lich sir, co the ndi: viing bien Ky Anh la mot khong gian thuang mai quan trpng trong Hch sir;
noi ma, noi nhu Charles Wheeler: "Ben ngodi luy tre, ben canh thi trudng, gdn cac canh dong liia va cac ao nudi ca, cd mdt dong song chay qua. Xudi theo ddng sdng,
chi each mdt quang ngan ddi vdi phan Idn ngudi ddn Viet frong qua khii, noi dd cd biln ca. Ci ddy, ngudi Viet Nam ddi mat vdi thi gidi" (Charles Wheeler, 2006 ; Xem them: Trdn Thi An: 2016).
3. Dudi chan deo Ngang, noi tiep giap ciia Daii Viet-Cham pa
Trong lich sit, deo Ngang (Hoanh San) tung la diim eye Nam cua Viet Nam thdi diim bdt ddu dgc lap ty chu (nam 938) va cai "then cai" (chii dimg cua Philippe Papin) dy cua Dai Viet chi dugc md ra vao ndm 1069 vdi cuoc Nam chinh cua Ly Thanh Tdng; Vua Chiem bi bdt va de dugc tba phai cdt 3 chdu (Bd Chinh, Ma Linh, Dia ly - la vimg Qudng Binh va mdt phdn cua Quang Tri ngay nay) ddng cho Dai Viet. Theo thdi gian, lanh tho Viet Nam dan dugc md vao phia Nam xa dan niit that deo Ngang dd, nhung khu vyc phia Nam nay cua nude Dai Viet, tinh tii deo Ngang trd vao, luon phai hiing chiu cdc trdn tdn cdng, cudp bdc cua cdc nude lang gieng phia Nam la Cham pa va Chdn Lap. Dgi Viet su ky todn thu da ghi chep mot sd lugng Idn cac cugc tan cdng nay.
Ve 9 lan ngudi Chdn Lap tdn cdng vao viing Nghe - TTnh (vdi sd lugng tdi hang van qudn va hang tram thuyen chien), Nguyen Tien Diing cho rang, "ben canh myc tieu cudp pha ngudn tai nguyen tuang ddi phong phii cua vimg ddt nay, gidi cam quyin Chan Lap cdn khdt khao mudn nam giir mdt vimg hai cdng quan trgng, mgt cira ngd thiit y l u d i qudc gia nay dy nhdp vao mang ludi thuang mai bien Ddng giai doan sdm" (Nguyin Tien Diing, 2010). Nhdn dinh v i vi tri xung yeu cua dja ban Nghe TTnh trong cuoc d i i dau vdi cdc quoc gia lang gieng phia Nam Dai Viet, Nguyen Van Kim viit: "Trong t h i ddi dien, ddi thoai bang xuyen vdi cac qudc gia lang giing khu vyc Nghi - Tinh Id dai dien, dong thdi la tuyen ddu. dia bdn chiin
x^ii... 27 luge trong viec bdo ve an ninh; thiit lap, ma
rong quan hi vdi the gidi ben ngodi Vdi vi thi dd, trong nhieu thdi diem lich sir, Nghe - Tmh da phai duong ddu tryc tiep vdi cac t h i lire phuong Bac khi de che nay mudn lien ket vdi Chdm pa, Chdn Lap... de tao nen dp luc chinh tii, qudn sy tir phia Nam Dai Viet.
Trong khoang 4 the ky, Nghe - TTiih vira Id dia ban tich hgp nhieu mau thuan khu vyc vira la nai hgi ty nhihig nhdn td phat triin mdi" (Nguyen Van Kim, 2012).
Ndm dudi chdn deo Ngang, vimg ddt/
viing bien Ky Anh chac chan da la tdm diem ciia virng chien dia nhieu the ky ma nguyen nhan va roue dich cua cac cugc giao franh la chiem giii lanh thd ngang vdi sy tranh gianh lanh hai - mot yeu td vd cimg quan trpng trong chinh tri va thuong mai thdi bdy gid, dac biet trong thdi gian ma viee giao thuong d vinh Bac bd cd nhiing y d ngai nhdt dinh. Ddng thdi, la eye Nam cua Dai
\^et trong mot thdi gian dai, viing ddt Ky Anh cdn dugc xem nhu dai dien phia Nam cua vimg dat chiu anh hudng ciia Han hda, ma chi budc chan qua deo Ngang thdi, la vimg dat cua Cham pa chiu anh hudng sdu sac cua vdn hda An Dp, ciing la noi tni ngu cua cac cu dan tai chd va cac ddng di dan tir mien Bdc vao (theo chi du cua Vua Ly Nhdn Tong nam 1075) va tir Bdc mien Trung (Thanh Hda, Nghe TTnh) nhiing the ky ve sau. Tinh ddng ciia cae ddng di dan vd tinh khac cua cu ddn Cham pa d phia Nam deo Ngang da tao nen nhirng net khde biet ciia viing dat chiu anh hudng eua Han d phia Bac deo Ngang.
Tinh chdt dac biet ve mat lich sir cua viing dat nay, cimg vdi net dac trung dia ly, la cac yeu td mang tinh quyet dinh de dinh vi van hda (locating culture) cho vung cira bien Ky Anh ma d do, viec xac dinh y nghTa cho khdng gian (inscribed spaces)
dudng nhu cd y nghTa quan hgng d l dinh hudng viec chilm dung khdng gian tir gdc do tdn tai the chat cua con ngudi trong khdng gian gdn vdi iing xir van hoa hdng ngay (embodied spaces); tuy nhien, tinh dgng va tinh long cua cac Idp ching Idn y nghia van hda cua khdng gian nay ciing se tao nen sy tranh chdp cua cac cong ddng khac nhau v i ciing mot khdng gian de phuc vy cho lgi ich ciia minh (contested spaces) ma chiing ta se thdy ro hon khi md ta ddi sdng cu dan viing bien nay tii gdc dp mdt noi chdn van hda (cultural place).
4. Den thieng nffi cira be - cot moc van hoa phia Nam Dai Viet
Viec md ta yeu to dia ly, viec gidi thieu bdi canh lich su vimg ddt d cac phdn viet tren gdn nhu dan den mdt mac dinh la: ngay tai vimg ven bien Ky Anh nay, tdt yeu phai cd mot cot mdc vdn hda mang ddu dn the che ciia chinh quyen Dai Viet. Cot mdc dd, kha rd rang, la tmyen thuyet/thu tich/den thd/tuc thd mdt danh nhdn (tmyen thuyet hay chinh su mac Idng) ddn tdc.
Nguyin Thj Bich Chdu, nhu ta da biet, khong phdi la mdt nhdn vat lich su xac thyc. Ten bd khdng xuat hien hong cac bd sir, dii la d cdc bdn duong thdi hay cac ban chep mudn mang sau nay. Ten cua bd chi xuat hien trong than tich (van ban dinh hinh cac truyin thuyit ddn gian hoac/va quan d i i m cua ngudi bien chep) va tdc pham van hgc ddi sau (noi cac tmyen thuyet dan gian dugc neo ddu va diem td them mau sac).
Thdn tich cho biit ten tudi, que quan lai lich, cdng trang, vi t h i Idy limg cua nhdn vat dugc thd d cac di tich ven biin Ky Anh - Nguyin Thi Bich Chdu, cung phi Vua Trdn Due Tdng, ngudi co cdng ddng
"Ke minh thap sach", ngudi ciing nha vua xong pha nai chiin dia, ra vao sinh tii trong ydn danh Chiem Thanh cudi cimg cua nha
28 Thdng Hn Khoa hgc xa hdi. so 11.2019 vua, va da tir nan tren lung ngya trong trdn
chien nay va dugc lap den thd d cira bien Ky Anh. Truyen Hdi Khdu linh tic trong tap Truyen ky tdn phd cua Hdng Ha nQ sT Doan Thi Diim (1705-1749)' cho ta bilt nhiiu chi tiet ly ky ban trong chuyen hai hanh cudi ciing eiia cuoc ddi Nguyen Thi Bich Chau khi theo Vua Trdn Due Tdng di ddnh Chiem Thanh; vd cdi chet ciia bd khdng phai la tren lung ngya ma la mot sy hien te cho than bien de dep dudng cho chien thuyen cua liha vua qua vimg sdng dii d cua bien huyen Ky Hoa (nay la Ky Anh). Bdi tho Hd Hoa hdi mdn lie thu (Nghi lai d cira bien Ha Hoa^) trong tap Minh luong cdm tit (dugc cho la ciia Vua Le Thanh Tong sang tac trong chuyen vua thdn chinh di danh Chiem Thanh ndm 1470 dii vdn cdn tdn tai mgt sd tranh cai ve van ban hgc)' lai cho them mdt tieng ndi khang dinh su ton tai ciia ngoi den "rye rd cd hoa" thd cung phi Nguyen Thi Bich Chdu (xem them Tran Tbi An: 2013). Tmyen Bich Chdu du tien mgn ky (Nang Bich Chau di choi cdi tien) duge nit ra tir tap Gia phd ciia dong ho Nguyen Huy va dugc cho la cua Nguyen Huy Hd"*
' Tran NghTa (chii bien, 1977), Tong lap tieu thuyet chic Hdn Viet Nam, Tap 1, Nxb. The gioi. Ha Noi, tr. 342-358.
^ Theo Lich trieu hien chuong loai chi, Ha Hoa la ten phu 6 phia Nam Nghe An, phu nay co 2 huyen la Thach Ha va Ky Hoa (gom Cam Xuyen va Ky Anh hien nay). Bai tho diing dia danh Ha Hoa (ten phii), nhung chii thich ciia bai tho lai diing dia danh Ky Hoa (ten huyen). Doan Thi Diem trong Truyen ky tdn phd cung diing dia danh Ky Hoa (Phan Huy Chii, 1972).
^ Mai Xuan Hai (chii bien, 1986), Tha vdn Le Thdnh Tong Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hoi. Ha Noi, tr. 188-190,
•" Nguyen Thach Giang dich va gioi thieu (1990),
"Gia pha dong ho Nguyen Huy", Tap chi Hdn Ndm, s6 ] , in lai trong: Nguyen Hue Chi (chii bien, 1999), Truyen truyen ky Viet Nam, Tap 2, Nxb. Giao due, H a N g i , 1999, tr. 343-353.
lai kl ba Bich Chau, mdt nang tien do danh vd chen nggc ma bi giang tran lam cung phi ciia Vua Trdn Anh Tdng (1276-1320, d ngdi: 1293-1320) va mdt vao nam 1312, tren dudng Vua Trdn Anh Tdng khai hoan trong trdn danh Chiem Thanh nam 1311- 1312 (ciing la Iiic nang tien hit ban hdn gian dugc ggi ve ydi).
Ngudi ddn dia phuang tm vdo cac sy kien dugc ke trong tmyen thuyet (bd Bich Chau la cung phi cua Vua Tran Due Tdng, ba viit "Ke mmh thap sach", ba cung vua di ddnh giac) vd nien dai trong tmyen thuyet (den thd ba dugc lap nam 1377, nam ma Trdn Due Tdng bang ha do tu nan trong trdn chien). Niem tin dugc tin la dugc dya tren cd sd cua tieu thuyet Truyin ky tdn phd va dugc Cling cd them vi bai Hd Hoa hdi mdn la thii dugc coi la cua Vua Le Thanh Tdng^
Chinh quyen vd ngudi ddn Ky Anh hang nam td chiic le hdi den thd bd va can cii vao tmyen thuyet. Ban Td chiic le hpi cho gdi sd lugng banh chung tuong iing vdi sd nam xdy dyng ngdi den (1377). Khdng gian (space) bien cua cae chuyen hdi hanh cua nha vua da dugc cy the hda thanh mdt noi chdn (place) thd vi than phu hd eho ngudi di bien (la nha vua trong qua khu va ngu dan hien nay). Sy xac dinh y nghTa khdng gian d ddy la sy ket hgp giiia niim tin cua ngudi dan va hudng djnh ciia chinh quyin d nhieu thdi diem lich sir khac nhau.
Dang chii y la d Ky Anh cd 2 ngdi din thd ba Nguyin Thi Bich Chdu (cdn gpi la den Ba Hai): mdt dugc dyng ben bd ddng song Vinh (sdng Cira Khdu, hgp luu cua sdng Tri va sdng Quyin); mdt ngdi khac duge dyng ngay ben bd biin, tai diim cudi
^ Nguoi dan khong tin vao cau chuyen \h ba Bich Chau dugc ke trong Bich Chdu du tien man ky c6 the do xu3t xii than tien ciia nhan vat.
29 ciia miii Ddn - chan ciia day niii Ddn an ra
biin (canh cang Son Duong, noi cd nha may Formosa hien nay). Nhiing ngudi phy trach viec thd ty cua hai ngdi den deu khang dinh den minh phy trach mdi la den chinh, mdi la ncri co ngoi md cua ba Bich Chdu. Tam ly mong mudn khang dinh tinh chinh danh cua ngoi den thd dudi anh hudng eiia quan niem Nho giao ciing la mot each de thu but dau tu ciia chinh quyen va sy tham gia cua ngudi di le. Nhir vay, viec thd ba Bich Chdu nhu mot vi thdn bdo trg cha ngudi di biin (trong qua khii) va nhu mdt vi Thanh Mdu CO quyen nang ban phat an hue eho mudn mat ddi thudng hdm nay (cdu ngu, cdu an, cau tai, cdu lpc, cdu danh, cdu ty, cdu duyen...) chinh la nhu cdu tach con ngudi khoi khong gian dia ly (embodied spaces), de trd thanh mdt chii nhan "dng" ciia khdng gian dia ly ddu cho sy hang phuc vd le thupc siic manh thien nhien van cdn hien Id (cdu khan vi nhien thdn - ba Hai - pbii hd cho cuoc song cua minh). Dong thdi, viec tranh chap (contested spaces) tinh chinh danh cho ngdi den thd bd cho thay ddu vet cua cac Idp van hda ma nhu cau thd tu va sy can du ciia chinh quyen bdc Id rd.
Can chii y them mgt chi tiet la, khdng phai chi cd Cira Khdu (Ky Anh) mdi cd den thd bd Bich Chdu. Cac viing Ciia Nhugng, Ciia Sot, Ciia Ld deu cd den thd ba, nhung chi CO Cua Khau mdi duge coi la den chinh va hang nam thu hiit hang chuc van khach hanh huong. Tai sao lihu vay? Cd the nhin thdy d day sy can thiep cua yeu td dia ly tu nhien, sy thuan lgi cho viec cap ben tau thuyen, vimg vinh kin dl ngudi di bien cd the neo ddu tau thuyin tranh bao, vd su can thiep cua chinh quyin (ngay 03/8/1991, Bp Van hda - Thdng tin da cd Quyet dinh cong nhan din thd Chi thdng Phu nhdn Nguyen Thi Bich Chau la Di tich lich sir va
Danh lam thang canh cap Quoc gia)... Nhu vay, viec hinh thanh mgt noi chdn vdn hda (cultural place) tir mdt khdng gian vdn hda (cultural space) chac chdn la da chiu su dnh hudng dan cheo eua nhiiu yiu td: dia ly ty nhien, dia ly nhdn van, lich sir, con ngudi...
rat cdn bdc tach va giai ma dl hiiu diing ve nd.
Su hinh thanh noi chdn van hoa (cultural place) va cac vdn dl ly thuyit dugc diic nit (embodied spaces, contested spaces) nhu tmdng hgp bai viet dang di cap hoan toan cho thay khia canh chinh tri cua vdn de: viec thyc hanh van hda cd lien quan mat thiet va ed y nghia khang dinh quyin lyc cua mot the che vd chii quyen quoc gia, dac biet tai nhiing viing quan yeu. Viec ty ddng xdy "mieu thd" (thang 6/2014)' rii
"thap bieu tugng tinh than"^ dit bi yeu cau dd' va lai de dat mdt yeu cau mdi'' tai khu cdng nghiep Formosa (tai cang nude sau Ky Anh) khong nam ngoai cac van de ly thuyet va thuc tien dang ban.
' Doan Loan (2014), Dgi bieu Quoc hoi phdn doi xdy mien trong Formosa Hd Tinh, Bao VnExpress.
ngay 24/10/2014, https://vnexpress net/thoi-su/dai- bieu-quoc-hoi-phan-doi-xay-mieu-trong-formosa- ha-tinh-3097895.html (tmy cap ngay 05/10/2019)
^ Diic Hiing (2015), Formosa xin xdy "thdp bieu tugng tmh thdn khdng Phdp ", Bao VnExpress, ngay 10/12/2015, https V/vnexpress net/thoi-su/formosa -xay-thap-bieu-tuong-tinh-than-khang-Phap-3325 660.html (truy cap ngay 05/10/2019)
^ Due Hiing (2015), Hd Tinh ra tdi hdu thu cho 'thdp biiu tuang tinh thdn' cua Formosa, Bao Vnexpress, ngay 15/12/2015, https V/vnexpress.net/
thoi-su/ha-tinh-ra-toi-hau-thu-cho-thap-bieu-tuong- tinh-than-cua-fonnosa-3328452.html (truy cSp ngay 05/10/2019).
" Due Himg (2016), Formosa xin xdy nai thaphung vd tdm linh, Bao VnExpress. ngay 05/3/2016, https://
vnexpress.net/thoi-su/formosa-xin-xay-noi-tho- phung-va-tam-Iinh-3365020.html (truy cap ngay 05/10/2019).
30 Thong tin Khoa hoc xa hoi. so 11.2013 Ket luan
Cac ciia bien Viet Nam vdi mot phdn Idn la cac cira sdng do ra bien, vdi cac dac diem dia ly rieng biet cua tung vimg mien, da binh thanh nen cac noi chdn ma cac cdng ddng ddn cu thyc hanh van hda ciia cdng ddng minh. Cac Idp y nghia cua noi chdn van hda ma bai viet dang ban (xa Ky Ninh, huyen Ky Anh) ludn bien ddng va bien ddi theo sy bien ddng dan cu, bdi canh lich sir - kinh te - xa hdi, mang mdt so net ban sac cua vimg van hda dinh hinh (mien Tmng), chiu aiib budng sdu sac ciia nhirng dac diem dinh tinh cua khdng gian van hda bien gdm hgp the cac boat ddng, cdc niem tin mang gia tri lich sii qudc gia.
Cd the ndi, chinh sy thuc hanh van hda cua cac cdng ddng cu dan noi cira sdng- bien Ky Anh vdi tat ca sy sdng ddng cua nd mdi kien tao nen mdt noi chdn van hda the hien sy chiem ITnh khdng gian bien cua ngudi Viet tir nhieu phuong dien (kinh te, van hda, chii quyen) trong mdt chieu sdu ciia lich sir va thdi gian. Noi chdn van hda sinh dpng, nhpn nhip the hien hoi thd cua ddi sdng hang ngay nam trong va chiu anh hudng ciia vimg vdn hoa va khong gian van hda ma de nghien ciiu nd, can tdi cac ly thuyet nhdn hpc ve khong gian/noi chdn va ly thuyet dinh vi van hda de nhdn dien va hieu sdu gid tri a
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Trdn Thi An (2009), "Tim hiiu sy hinh thdnh tmyen thuyet Tit vi Thanh Nuang (qua cac nguon thu tich, truyen thuyet dan gian vd tuc thd ciing)". Tap chi Nghien ciiu vdn hoc, sd 2.
2. Trdn Tbi An (2016), "Tmyin thuyit dan gian vdi viec ket ndi cdc dang thiic khdng gian bien Viet Nam", Tap chi Nghien cuu vdn hgc, so 6.
3. Charles Wheeler (2006), "Re-Thinking the Sea m Vietaamese History: Littoral Society in the Integration of Thuan
Quang, Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries" (Suy nghT lai v i bien trong lich sii Viet Nam: Xa hdi duyen hai teong sy t h i n g hgp ciia vimg Thuan - Quang cac thi ky XVII-XVIII), Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 37 (1), p. 123-154, Ngd Bdc dich.
4. Phan Huy Chii (1972), Lich trieu hiin chuong logi chi, Td Nguyen N g u y i n Thg Dye dich, Phu Qudc vy khanh dac trach vdn hda xuat ban, Sai Gdn, tr.
175-176.
5. Nguyin Tiin Diing (2010), " V i quan he cua Dai Viet va Chan Lap the ky XI- XVI", Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich su, sd 11, tr. 39-56.
6. Nguyen Van Kim (2012), "Cac thuang cdng viing Nghe - Tmh va giao thuong khu vyc the ky XI - XIV", Nghien ciiu Lich sii, sd 12 (440)-2012, tr. 1-18; s6 1 (441)-2013,tr. 16-25.
7. Nguyin Van Kim (2014), "Biin Viet Nam trong cac khdng gian bien Ddng Nam A", Tap chi Phdt trien kinh te - xd hdi Dd Ndng, sd 59.
8. Li Tana (2006), "A View from Sea:
Perspectives on the Northem and Central Vietnamese coast" (Mot each nhin tir bien: bdi canh vimg duyen hai miin Bdc va Tmng Viet Nam), Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, National University of Singapore, Vol. 37 (1), 2006, pp. 83-102.
Ban dich tieng Viet ddng Tap chi Nghien cuu Lich su, sd 7/2009, y. 14-28 va sd 8/2009, tr. 60-67.
9. The Anthropology of Space and Place:
Locating Culture (Edited by Setha M.
Low and Denise Lawrence-Ziifiiga), Blackwell PubHshing, 2003, Oxford, UK.
