JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE
Interdisciplinary Sci,, 2014, Vol. 59, No. 6, pp. 50-55
BAN SAC VAN HOA VUNG CAO HA_GIANG TRONG MOT s 6 TRUYEN NGAN CUA D 6 Bl'Ch THUY
Be Thi Thu Huyen
Khoa Gido due Tieu hgc. Trudng Cao dang Su pham Qudng Ninh Tom tit. Dd Bich Thiiy la cay biit nit co nhieu sang tac dac sic ve dl tai mien nui.
Cac truyen ngin ve miln nui ctia chj deu mang dtim nhu'ng net ban sac dac trUng cOa viing cao nguyen niii da Hii Giang Net dep viin hoa vung cao dupc the hien qua nhflng biic tranh thien nhien dac sic ve nui rifng, khong gian sinh hoat vdi nhiing phong tuc, lap quan dam da ban sac dan tpc va dac biet la the gidi tam hdn da dang, phflc tap. mang ban sac IU duy va chiiu .sau van hda cua nhiing con ngifdi mien .sdn cudc.
Tie khoa: Do Bi'ch ThOy, dl tai miln mii, ban sac. Ha Giang
1. Moi dau
Dd Bich Thuy sinh ra va ldn len gifla viing cao nguyen ning gid Ha Giang, chi hil'u va yen .sau sic nhflng net dep van hda da trd thanh ban sic khd Iln cua miin dll mau ihit nay. Dpc iruyen ngin ciia Dd Bich Thiiy, ngifdi dpc difdc dam minh trong khdng gian cua nui rflng rdng Idn. Viii vl miln dll eiia minh, van chUdng cua chi ludn am ap va tran diy nhiia sdng, dam sau siic mau van hda vung mii cao - manh dat Ha Giang dia dau To qudc.
Budc vao the gidi truyen ngan ciia chj, ngUdi dpc dUdc thda sflc lam minh trong khdng gian thien nhien rdng Idn dac trung va kl bf cua mii rflng, khdng gian sinh hoat vdi nhflng phong tuc tap quan dam da ban sac dan tpc, va dac biet, ngudi doc dUde budc vao thi gidi llm hdn da dang, phflc tap, mang ban sac IU duy va chieu siiu van hda ciia nhflng con ngUdi mien sdn cUdc.
2. Noi dung nghien cdu
2.1. Nhung buc tranh thien nhien dac sac ve nui rijrng
Thien nhien hoang sd, rdng Idn, dfl dpi, hung vT cua niii rflng dai ngan - dupc lao dung bing but phap gdi ta tinh te. Do Bich Thuy liia chpn nhflng chi till lieu bieu nhat Ngay iih.$ii bin, 15/10/2013 Ngay nhiin dang: 19/6/2014
Lien he. Be Thi Thu Huyen, e-mail: binhminhmuaqn@yahoo,com
Bdn .sdc vdn hda vimg cao Hd Giang trong mdtsd Iruyen ngdn ciia Dd Bich Thiiy khdi gdi tri tUdng lUdng cua ngudi doe vi khdng gian vung nfli da tai meo cao ngfll tam mil: "nhin phfa nao cung chi Ihly nfli. Niii da cao ngang may trdi, nhilu nhU sao tren ddng sdng Ngin Hii, ngfla mat dim mdi mieng, mdi cd khdng xue" (Cgnh bip cd cdi mudi go) [5; 154]. Suddi lap gifla dp cao ngiit ngan ciia nui rflng vdi dp tham tham, hun hut cua vUc sau cang gdi ta rd net sif hiem trd, hoang sd. Da lai meo sic nhpn td diem them cho sii man dai, dung manh. Tilng gid dai ngan vi viit lam tang them sit hoang vang, dfl dpi cua nui rflng.
Thien nhien dfl dpi hoang sd gin liln vdi hinh anh ngUdi trai Mdng, thien nhien thd mpng, lang man, huyIn bf eua nui rflng lai gan Iiln vdi hinh anh ngUdi phu nfl Mdng
"ngpn nui nhpn, ifl chan len din dinh mpc kfn tam giac mach,.. hoa tam giac mach nd rp, eudi mua hoa nga sang mau hdng sIm, Iln viio may md" {Cgnh bip cd cdi mudi gd)
"trdi cang ret thi sic bile hdng ciing nfc rd" {Ngdi ddng a tren niii) [3]. Thien nhien mang cai miii vj than thUdng din thanh ndi nhd nhung khic khoai cua Idng ngUdi (Ngdi dang d tren ndi). NhUng cai ve md mang lang man ay khdng cd chd trong mdt cudc sdng cdn bao nhpc nhln bUdn chai. Ngitdi phu nfl Mong gin bd vdi thien nhien bdi dd lit khdng gian lao dpng hiing ngiiy, "(5 miln nui, eon gai phai tap gui Ifl luc 8, 9 tudi. Gui mai, dfl Ihfl tren lUng, gia rdi vin gui nen bao gid lung eiing cdng sdm hdn dan dng" {Sau nhitng miia trdng) [3]. Dan ba gan liln vdi hinh anh eiia cai gui, cai quay lau mdi khi di lam nUdng, IU the Uie nao cung cong lUng, cfli mat xudng de gifl lay thang bang treo rflng, ldi suoi nen hp rll lang le, kiem Idi "Dim ba Thai Tung Phin ndi it lam nhilu, khdng mIy khi budn cung khdng cd may khi vui. Cui mat tfl md sang den dem khuya, cai lung cong mai" [5; 158].
Khdng gian xa xdi heo lanh lai Iii dilu kien, la ed hdi de con ngudi mien nui ihe hien tinh cam xdm giing gan bd sau sic "Mudn din tham nhau la phai di tfl Iiic mat trdi chifa mpc din khi mat irdi siip lan" (Ngoiii cfla Irdi chifa sang) [3]. VUdt qua nhflng khoang each cua khdng gian, con ngUdi miin nui tim mpi each 6.i gin kel cpng ddng, am thanh quen Ihupc cua tieng sung ki'p cung trd thanh phifdng lien de truyin tin va giao tilp "Xdm Mdng San Cd eua Sua ed tam ndc nha... mudn gpi dUdc nhau thi phai dung sung kip. Ban mdt phat lit cd mdt dfla tre Irai mdi ra ddi, ban hai phai lii cd nhii mat trpm bd, ban ba phat cd ngudi dm, bdn phat cd dam m a . , . " [4;27]. Hinh thflc giao tiep ddc dao nay cd le chi cd d vung cao, nd trd thanh net viin hda dae sac cua nfli rflng.
2.2. Khong gian sinh hoat vdi nhij'ng phong tuc, tap quan dam da ban sac dan toe
Nhifng iruyen ngan viel ve miin mii eiia Do Bi'ch Thuy thudng tap trung phan anh cupc sdng cua con ngUdi d nhflng ban ngUdi Mdng, ngudi Tiiy iren cao nguyen nfli da.
Nhflng ciiu chuyen vl cudc sdng va con ngifdi difdc dat trong khong gian van hoa vdi nhflng phong iiac, lip quan dam dii ban sac dan tpc - dd la khdng gian cua van hda tam linh, viin hda phong tuc, tap quan, van hda sinh boat vdi nhflng net dac sac rieng biel.
Net dep cua van hda tam linh' luc cung thin chii quan mong mudn xua di mpi dilu khdng tdt, mong nam mdi nhflng dieu tdt liinh se den [Trdng A Khdnh). Dd la phong tuc dUdc ngudi dan miln nui thiic hien mdt each thanh kinh, thieng lieng, khdng ddn gian chi 51
Be Thi Thu HuyIn
lii thdi quen lau ddi ma qua phong tuc cdn the hien quan niem sdng vii gfli gam tinh cam cua eon ngUdi. NgUdi mien nui dii ngheo khd den mIy hp cung ludn nhd dn To tien. Iiac chdn nhau dfla be trai mdi sinh vao cai Id d chan cpl gifla nha vdi mong mudn sau nay dfla trai Mdng ldn len khde manh trd thanh cay cpl chdng eho cai nha, thanh* tru cpt cua gia dinh gifl cho ngdi nha ngUdi Mdng ludn chac chan {Lang yen dudi vuc sdu). Ben canh dd, nhflng phong tuc tfl lau ddi vfla mang net dac IrUng van hda cua ddng bao mien nui vfla the hien each sdng, each nghT rieng cua hp: tuc thach cudi, tiic cudp vd... cung dUpc the hien trong cae truyen ngin cua Dd Bfch Thuy mpt each hit sflc tU nhien va dac sac.
Thdng qua cac khdng gian dac irUng, Do Bi'ch Thuy din ngudi doc budc vao the gidi diy mau sac cua van hda vung cao. Doc truyen ngan cua chi, ngudi dpc khdng Ihl nao quen nhflng khoang khdng gian hit sflc dac biet; ngdi nhii, ll hdi, phien chd vung eao...
lam nen canh cho nhflng can chuyen ve con ngudi va cupc sdng dUdc ke, dUdc ta mdt each say sUa, tham thia, Khdng gian ngdi nhii dUdc mieu la lap trung qua nhflng khoang khdng gian nhd: ban thd. ndi nip khach, gian bip, cai ngUdng cfla cao vdi chin bac clu thang trong ngdi nha san ngudi Tay, eai d cfla nhd va hang rao da d ngdi nhii ngudi Mdng...
Khdng gian ciia ndi thd eung vii tiep khach ihudng gan lien vdi hinh anh ngUdi dan dng tru cdt trong cac gia dinh mien nui, ndi thUc hanh nhflng nghi Ie thieng liing, ndi gan vdi nhflng sinh hoat chung cua ca gia dinh dupc ngudi miin nui rll coi irpng. Can bip lai la ndi gin liin vdi sif hien dien cda ngUdi dan bii, gian bep tuy khdng phai la khdng gian chinh cua ngdi nha nhUng lai la ndi the hien bflc Iranh phong tuc dac sac cua ngUdi mien nui. Bep la ndi cd con ma bip cai quan viec sinh de cua dan bii vii phu trp cho viec chan nudi gia sflc. Cd diiu mdi vi nha chdng diu dUdc me chdng dUa xudng de nhan mat, va Ifl dd, cudc ddi cua hp, giiiu hay ngheo, sUdng hay khd deu gan lien vdi gian bep ly, vdi nhflng chao cam ldn, nhflng ndi men men, nhflng ndi rudu ngd, nhflng ndi banh gu, banh khao hay xau thjt bd khd cho chdng udng rUpu... NgUdi miln nui coi trpng sif dam dang, kheo leo cua ngUdi phu nfl, nen "ngudi gia chpn con dau, chi cln nhin each chum Ifla, each vun bep la du bill ed kheo, cd dam hay khdng". Cai ngUdng cfla cao d ngdi nha san ngUdi lay, ndi chfn bac d u thang la ndi than thUdng gan bd vdi con ngUdi, la cai nhac nhd con ngudi ta du cd di den ndi dau cung ludn nhd vl gia dinh. ngudn cdi {Ngdi ddng d tren nui) [3]. Bd rao da eao bao quanh nha cua ngUdi Mdng la ndi hd hen tinh yeu ddi Ifla. Tiing dan mdi reo rit, thilt tha cua ngUdi trai niio nhu vUdl qua ca bd rito da, rdn ra budc chan cua nhflng cd gai khe khang mac vay ao dep, vin khan, day cfla bUdc ra khdi bd riio da trong dem trang hd hen la nhflng bflc tranh dam chit lang man. irfl linh cua ddi sdng vung cao. Bd rao da va anh trang kia nhU nhflng chflng nhan cho tinh yeu ddi Ifla, la bieu lUdng cho khat vpng tinh yeu manh liet, khai vpng sdng tiim liing mil manh me, dam chat nhan van, nhan ban.
Khdng gian ll hdi, chd phien cung xuit hien thudng xuyen trong cac tac pham cua Dd Bich Thuy, gdp phan the hien nhflng net dac Irung ndi bat cua phong luc lap quan viing nui cao, Le hdi Long Tdng cua ngudi Tay dupc mieu ta nhu mdt phong luc dep, la djp de mpi ngUdi vui chdi, hdi ban nay ndi sang ban khac keo dai sudt ca thang gieng {Ngdi ddng d tren nui), vdi hinh anh nhflng ngUdi con trai, con gai mac nhflng bd quan ao dep nhll
"ma dfla nao cung nhU hoa dao, mieng dfla niio cung nhU qua hdng chin" {Mat trdi len 52
Bdn .sdc ran hda viing cao Hd Giang trong mdt sd truyen ngdn ciia Do Bich Thiiy
qud cdn rai xudng) [3]. Le hpi cdn la khdng gian giao duyen {Dd cuoi dd) [3], la ndi khdi dau cho nhflng tinh yen ddi Ida. Khdng gian cua eac phien chd vung cao hien len vd cung dac sic qua ngdi but mieu la tai tinh va tinh ll cua Dd Bfch Thfly. Phien chd la ndi trao doi, budn ban, la ndi the hien diy du nhit, phong phu nhat nhflng net dac sac cua van hda vung mii. Phien chd lii ndi gin lien vdi hoat dpng sinh hoat cpng ddng nhUng ddng Ihdi cflng chfnh la khdng gian rieng tU cua con ngUdi mien nfli, ndi hp cd the lit do sdng cho ban than minh va sdng that vdi Idng minh nhit. Phien chd miln nui the hien rd mpi quan niem sdng dam chll nhan van "ea niim cui mat ngoai nUdng, cui mat vi hat ngd, hai dau, vi nha cui mat vi cd con ldn, con ga, mai mdi cd luc dupc thanh thdi". Bdi vay, khi xudng chd phien, con ngudi la nhu dUdc giai phdng, dupc cdi bd tat ca mpi ganh nang ciia bon phan va cdng viec, ngudi ta dupc sdng thoai mai vii phdng lung nhit. 6 phien chd hai bay cua ngUdi Mdng "ngUdi ban ngUdi mua udng cung nhau... Dim dng quen dao, quen nd, dan bii quen chao cam, quen cai dua ca, chang ai che cUdi" {Tieng ddn mdi sau bd rda dd) [3]. Chp phien cdn la ndi hd hen cua nhflng linh duyen Id dd, yen nhau ma khdng den dupc vdi nhau. Hp khong the sdng vdi nhau ca cupc ddi nhUng hp lai cd the din vdi nhau trong nhflng ngay chd phien mil khdng bj ai d m doan, ngan can, phong tuc nay dUdc ea cpng ddng chap nhan nhu mdt sit cam thdng, bu dap cho nhflng ngUdi gap trae trd trong tinh duyen, ddng ihdi cdn lit minh chitng eho linh yeu son sal ben lau vUdl qua mpi Ihfl thach cua thdi gian (Tieng ddn mdi sau bd rdo da) [3].
Sdng trong mdi trudng thien nien rdng ldn, hoang vu ndi nui eao, vUc tham, con ngudi la cd tam hdn phdng khoang, bay bong vdi khat vpng tu do manh me, song ddi khi cflng khien con ngudi la ed ddn, budn tiii. MUdn liing khen, tieng dan, tilng hat liim ban, con ngUdi miln nfli cd Ihe bpc bach ddi sdng iam hdn, tinh cam cua minh. Hinh anh ngUdi con irai mien nui ludn gan lien vdi am thanh ciia lieng khen, tieng sao, tieng dim mdi tha Ihilt. Cd khi dd la la giai dieu trong treo cua nhflng khue dan ca Ihilt tha vdi que hUdng {Lcing yen dudI vUc sdu). Cd khi dd la Idi td linh sdi ndi, dam say {Sau nhdng mua trdng) [2]. Cd khi dd la ndi nilm xdt xa, day dfll cua nhflng mdi tinh dang dd "lieng siio ma Sua nghe dem nay ed mui cua nUdc mat dang khd" [4;14]. Cd khi dd la ndi Idng khic khoai cua sU ddi chd ca mpi ddi ngUdi nhUng vin khdng thdi tha thilt {Tiing ddn mdi sau hd rdo dd). NgUdi con gai viing nui cao lai lly liing hat de giai bay tam tU, tinh cam cua minh. Dpc iruyen ngan Dd Bfch Thuy, ngUdi dpc dUdc dam chim trong nhflng khue dan ca Mdng. Tilng hai gan liln vdi cupc ddi ngudi Mdng ngay tfl khi cdn la mdt dfla tre Ldi ca, tiing hai chfla difng du mpi cung bac linh cam, cam xuc cua con ngUdi. Cd khi dd ta khue dan ca irong treo cua buoi yeu dau cdn then thiing, bd ngd {Con de bdn mdt). Cd khue hat la Idi the non hen bien cua ddi Ifla yeu nhau (Meo den). Cd liing hat Iam dau dau diiu Iln vao trong gid {Ldng yen dudi vuc sdu). Cd tilng hat xdt xa diy day dfll cua dfla em gai nhd khi chi khdng trd vi {Khdch quy). Cd lieng hat trim budn cua ngUdi ba thUdng than phan chau gai cul cdi {Me ki)... Qua nhflng phong tuc lap quan ma kham pha chieu sau van hda, chilu sau lam hdn con ngUdi miln nui, dd la mdt thiinh cdng dac sac cua ngdi bfll Dd Bfch Thfly, dilu mil khdng phai mdi nha van ngUdi Kinh nao khi vilt vl dl tai mien nui cung cd the Iam dupc.
Bl Thi Thu Huyen
2.3. Van hoa tU duy mang dac trUng tam hon, cot each con ngUtJi mien mii
Dac trung lU duy cua ngudi miln nui mang linh true quan, cu the, tu duy mang ifnh hinh lUdng, gin vdi nep cam, nip nghT mde mac. gian ddn. Dd la nhflng each linh dem ihdi gian rat cu the, chan phUdng "cd hdm sUdng rdi Udt viinh khan mdi vao nhii" {Tieng ddn mdi sau bd rdo dd) [3], "nhflng mua U'ang" {Sau nhung mua trdng) [3], "NhUng hai ngudi di chp, di ludn khdng ve. Din hit vu ngd eung khdng thay vl" {Khdch quy) [5;27];
"me ldi mil da ba mua gieo ngd, thu ngd" {Me ki) [5;9], Dd la nip cam, nip nghT rat that Idng, that bung "Tai cai diu it nghi den nhau thi tU dung chan cung mdi theo thdi ma"
{Ngodi cua trdi chua sdng) [3]. Dd la each Ihe hien linh cam rat gin gui, gian ddn "Nhin ba ngoai nhU nhin thay me, chi la me gia hdn ma thdi. Ba ngoai thi ndi, nhin thay tdi nhu nhin ihly con gai, chi la con gai non hdn ma Ihdi", "ba gia, ba chit ihi lly ai cho ldi chay vl ngu mpt dim, ngu hai dem, ngu ba dem" {Me ki) [5;12].
Tu duy trifc quan, cu the eua ngUdi mien nfli dUdc the hien qua nghe Ihuat so sanh dac sic. Ve dep eua ngudi phu nfl dUdc mieu ta "Me Hoa vin dep nhU bdng Ie dang nd rd ngay irdi Im" {Tiing ddn mdi sau bd rdo dd) [3], "ddi bd vai rll irdn, cai cd cao ma tring nhu nfli da vd" {Sau nhdng miia trdng) [3], "Tai sao ngUdi dan ba khdng de dupc nfla lai cfl nd ra nhU mdt bdng hoa chudi do rife, cang mpng the nay" {Gid khdng ngdng thai) [3], "mdt dfla be gai xinh nhu bdng lam giac mach sip tan", "gai mudi Iam nhu qua tao sip chfn, cdn Sua nhU mpt bat rUdu nip li kT, chua d t thiinh rifdu, tfl xa ngfli Ihay da say"
[4;30], "cap vu vfla cang vfla ndng nhU niim xdi nep edn bdc hdi Irong chd" {Meo den) [5;32]. Hinh anh bd vay ao ciia phu nfl Mdng: khi phdi ben lang da ndi bd sudi gidng nhu bdng hoa rife rd, khi mac vay ngudi phu nfl Mdng dep long lly la ki "llm vay day cop, siic sd nhu canh mpi con bUdm cua Nhi xoay trdn" {Lang yen dudi vUc sdu), "Tfl xa vin nhin Ihly llm vay day bi gid thdi xeo ra nfc rd" {Trdng A Khdnh) [5;47], khi budn ngUdi phu nfl Mong cflng dUdc so sanh vdi "llm vay udl sflng" {Trdng A Khdnh). Cach so sanh rll gpi hinh gdi cam, tfl dac IrUng ngdn ngfl de khic hoa ban sac tu duy va lam hdn con ngUdi gan vdi nhflng diu an cua .sic mau van hda, qua thuc dl khien nhflng trang van cang ird nen ddc dao, dac sic.
Nghe thuat so sanh khdng chi gdp phin the hien sac mau van hda mil cdn gdp phin hieu quii Irong viec diln ta lam trang con ngUdi, vdi nhflng cung bac cam xuc da dang, phflc tap "Idng ngifc Sua da iflng vd lan ra nhU qua le chfn rdi tning phiin da", "nhU bdng anh tuc rUc rd ma heo ua", "nhU qua bdng nd bi gid cudn di", "cd mdi sU trdng rdng nhU cai chd gd da vet hit men men" |4|, "Kia khd heo di nhU mdi qua dau gidng de tren gac bip" {Gid khong ngitng thdi) [3]; Ong npi Vfl "thiy ddi minh chang khac gi cai lUdi cay, Ifl mpt cue dll set den si thanh mpi cai lUdi cay, phai nung qua Ifla dd, rdi di sau dudi con bd rong rudi hit manh nUdng nay tdi manh nUdng kia, ca ddi Iam viec cifc nhpc, din khi cun mdn di, be if leo thi bi vflt vao gdc vudn"; "Vfl thiy minh nhU cai cap bep, bi mpt ngudi dan ba vung vl sau khi gIp than trong bip Ifla quen khdng vui viio tro nen mdi ngay mpi if, chay nham nhd, den nhem". Cach so sanh dac sic, tam trang con ngudi dUdc so sanh vdi nhflng sif vai be nhd, than Ihupc, gin gfli vdi cudc sdng IhUdng ngay cua con 54
Bdn .sdc vdn hda vimg cao Hd Giang trong mgt .so truyen ngan ciia Do Bich Thiiy ngudi miin nfli. vi the nhflng cam xuc, iam tU cung ird nen hUu hinh, cu the, giup ngudi dpc hieu sau siic va tham thia ddi sdng tam hdn thuan ban. mdc mac cua con ngUdi mien nui.
3. Ket luan
Do Bfch Thuy diic biel tinh te va lai tinh trong viee phac hpa nhflng bflc tranh dac sic vi van hda vung cao qua nhflng truyen ngin cua minh. Nhu mdi le tU nhien, nhflng sac mau van hda cfla vung cao nguyen nfli da trd thanh ban sac khd phai, thiinh dau In dam net trong cac lac pham vilt vl mien nui ciia chi. Bdi yeu va hieu din lan cung ve dep ciia viin hda vung cao, ve dep cua tam hon con ngUdi vung sdn cUdc, nhflng trang viet cua chi trd nen v6 cung hdn hau, thuin phac va dUdc dpc gia ddn nhan diy Iran Irpng. Xin mUdn ldi tam sii cua Dd Bfch Thuy de hieu hdn ve linh cam sau sac mil chi da danh iron cho vung dll - miln van hda cua minh: "Mdi nha van IhUdng cd mpt vung dll, dd la ndi hp thIu hieu nhat, danh nhieu tinh cam va lam irf nhat, va khi da sdng din lan eung vung dai cua minh thi rat cd the chfnh vung dat dd, de tai dd da chpn nha van chfl khdng phai ngUdc lai, Vii nui rflng la vung dit cua tdi, ldi hieu nhflng gi da viiira din lan cung" [1].
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
[I] Hii Duyen, 2005. Dd Bich Thdy: Nhitng gi khong biet tudng tdn tdi se khdng hao gid viit. Tap chi Truyin hinh Ha Ndi.
[2] Do Bfch Thuy, 2001. Sau nhitng miia trdng. Nxb Quan dpi nhan dan. Ha Npi.
[3] Dd Bich Thuy, 2006. Tiing ddn moi sau bd rdo dd. Nxb Cdng an nhan dan. Ha Ndi.
[4] Dd Bich Thuy, 2008. NgUdi ddn hd mien nui. Nxb Phu nfl. Ha Npi.
[5] Dd Bich Thuy, 2013. Ddn bd dep. Nxb Van hpe. Ha Npi.
ABSTRACT
Ha Giang cultural and ethnic identity shown in short stories written by Bich Thuy Do Bich Thuy Do is the writer of short stories about mountainous area set in the Ha Giang Stone Plateau mountainous area. Aspects of mountainous area culture are shown in the natural pictures of the forest, everyday life with traditional customs and the mental worid. all of which is very complex.