THONC TIN KHOA BOC
W VA NHVOC BIEM CUA MAC CA THV TOI TRONG TO TUNG HINH SV HOA KY
DINH T H | MAI*
Mdc dJi cd r a t n h i i u uu diem vd horn 9 0 % cdc vy dn hinh s ^ d My dug-c gidi q u y i t thdng q u a t h u tyc "m§c cd thu tpi**, n h u n g md hinh ndy cung b$c lp m$t so n h u g c diem n h u : Nguy cor bi cdo bj dp hodc t ^ nguypn nhdn Id c6 tpi d i din^c h u d n g dn gidm nhf; nguy c o hinh ph^t \ khdng chfnh xdc, khong cdng bdng; thii tue khong ddm bdo cdc quyen
cua bj cdo... j
Tic khoa: Nguyen tac mgc cd thd tpi; thii tue mdc cd thii tpi; thod thugn nhgn tpi.
^ Nhgn bdi: 27/4/2020; biin tap xong: 08/5/2020; duyet bdi: 22/6/2020.
1. Nhirng lgi the cua "mgc ca thii t$i" doi vdi hg thong tu phdp hinh sy HoaKy
1.1. Toi da hoa gid trj eda hinh phgt trong hf thong tuphdp hinh syr
Day la mpt gid tri ciia "mac cd thii tdi", dupe Gido su Scott W.howe', Phd trudng Khoa Luat ciia trudng Dgi hpe luat Chapman, thudc Dai hpc Missouri, Michigan nhdn djnh va chiing minh ttong bdi bdo "The value of Plea Bargaming" dang tren Oklahoma Law Review, sd 58, 2005^.
Ong cho rdng Cdng td vien vd Tham phdn ldm viee de dam bdo rang thda 1. Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Frank L.
Williams. Jr. Professor of Criminal Law, Chapman University School of Law. A B. 1977, University of Missouri: J.D. 1981, University of Michigan.
2. http7/digitalconimons.law.ou.edu/olr.
thudn "mac ca thii tpi" dudi mpi hinh thiic se khdng lam thay doi Ipi ich cdng cdng ciia hinh phgt. Didu ndy dupc ddm bdo bdi chinh su tat yeu ttong trdch nhiem chinh trj gdn vdi chiic danh tu phdp ciia Cdng td vien vd Thdm phdn.
Bdi, hau het cdc bang (d My), Cdng td vien hay Ludt su cdng (District Attorney) la ngudi dupc bau, mpt sd bang theo che dp bd nhiem. Va dii la bau hay bd nhiem thi Cdng td vien vd Tham phdn deu phdi nd lyc de dupc bdu tiep hoac bo nhipm tiip vao mdt vi tri tuong ty hoac cao hon ttong tuong lai. De cd dupc dieu dd, hp tdt y i u phdi edn nhac cdn than vd quan tam diing mirc ldi cac ddnh gia ciia cdng
* Phd Giao su, Tiin sT. Khoa Lu$t, Hpc vi$n Khoa hpc xa hpi.
Tap chi j So 13/2020 ^ K I E M SAT I 4 7
chiing ve mirc dp "khoan hong" vd thda dang ttong cac "mac ca thii ldi". Dd Id mpt kieu "dpng lue chinh trj" tat yeu bupc Cdng td vien vd Thdm phdn phdi diing ve phia "Ipi ich cdng cpng". Ben cgnh dd, Cdng id vien vd Thdm phdn ciing ihudng dupc ciing cd lap trudng ndy bdi vdi vai ttd Id ben "budc tdi", hp diing ve phia ngn nhan vdi quan diem: "Tpi pham phdi dupc nhdn hinh phat tuong xiing vdi hdnh vi vd Idi ciia minh".
Vi nhung dpng lyc nay, Cdng Id vien vd Thdm phdn se ludn cdn nhde nhiing gi ma hp cho rang Id mpt hinh phat xiing ddng/ tuong xiing vd hgn che tdi da cdi gpi Id "Ipi ich" ma ngudi phgm tdi cd the dupc hudng ttong "mac ed thii tdi". Tdt nhien, sy do ludng ve mire dp tuong xiing ciia hinh phat Id khde nhau tuy vdo tiing bang, timg thdi diem, tirag Thdm phdn hoac Cdng to vien, hoge timg trudng hpp.
Tuy nhien, ed mpt diem chung Id Cdng td vien va Tham phdn ludn cd xu hudng thien ve cdc bdn an vdi hinh phgt cao hon Id cae ban an vdi hinh phgt thdp. Vd hp chi dimg lgi d miic hinh phat md hp danh gia la "tuong xiing" vdi hdnh vi pham tdi cua bj edo, d miie gpi Id hodn todn xiing ddng (actually deserves).
Tuy nhien, tten thyc te, khdng phdi liic ndo cung cd the tuyen bj edo vdi miic hinh phat "hodn todn tuong xiing" vdi danh gid eiia Cdng td vien \a Thdm phdn. Va dgc biet, khi cdn nhac cac Ipi ieh chung, tdng the ciia tu phap hinh su vd ddu ttanh phdng chdng tpi phgm. ma khdng xet rieng tung trudng hpp vu an rieng le, thi
"mac cd thu tdi" Iai dupe lya chpn vd
dupc danh gid Id giiip "tdi da hda gid tn eiia hinh phgt ttong hp thdng tu phdp" boi eac ly do sau:
- Cae Cdng td vien vd Thdm phdn sdn sdng ddnh ddi mpt sd hinh phat ximg ddng ttong cac trudng hpp ea nhdn de tdi da hda cdc hinh phgt md hp ed the ddm bdo. Hp phdi thyc hipn sy danh ddi ndy vi ngudn lye ciia hp hgn che. Cdng vipe ket an theo thu tyc xet xu cd Bdi thdm dodn ddi hdi rat nhieu ngudn iyc so vdi dp dyng thu tyc
"mac cd thii tpi".
- Khi dp dyng "mac cd thd tdi", cd bai ben trong vy dn hinh sy (VAHS) deu cd dpng CO vi hp cd the ttdnh dupc khd nang xdy ra kipn tung sau xet xu.
- Cdng td vien vd Tham phdn cd thi ludn CO gang tun kiem hinh phat xiing ddng tdi da, nhung hau het cdc bj cdo cung se yeu cau xet xii bdi tham dodn. Va khi dd, ed hai ben deu rdt tdn thdi gian, cdng sire de cd dupe mpt kit qud khdng chdc chdn. Trong trudng hpp do, Cdng td vien va Thdm phdn tdi da hda hinh phat bdng each md rpng mdt sd khoan hdng cho nhimg ldi nhdn tdi. Va kit qua dgt dupc Id: Hp cd dupe mdt ban dn vdi mpt hinh phgt "hpp ly" ttong vu an (da gdn nhu chdc chan, bj edo se khdng kien tyng) vd tiet kiem dupc thdi gian.
Trong bdi phdn tich ciia minh (da ddn ehimg tren), GS. Scott Idy vi dy minh hpa cho khdng djnh: "Mac cd thu tpi" ludn mang Iai hieu qua tdi da cho hinh phat xet trong ed hp thdng lu phap hinh sy My d cac phuong dien sau:
- Gid sir cd mpt VAHS, trong dd Cdng to vien thuong lupng khdng chi vi ede Tap chi
KIEM S.AT _
THONC TIN KHOA HOC
cdo bupc vd tuyen an md cdn ve hinh phgt cy thi ciia bdn an thuc ti vd Thdm phan cd quyen phu quyet. Gid sii mdt Cdng id vien dang thy ly 06 vu cudp cd vii khi di truy td. Cd da ndi chuyen vdi 06 Lugl su bao chiia vd ket Iuan rang mdi trudng hpp cd 10% CO hdi dupc tha bdng, nhung 90%
la dii chiing cir ket tdi vdi ban an xet xu theo thil tyc bdi tham dodn Id 15 nam hi.
Thgm chi tdi da cd the la 20 ndm vd khdng dp dung yeu cdu tuydn dn tdi thiiu bdt bupc. Cd kel luan rang moi trudng hpp se cdn 06 gid de xet xir bdi thdm dodn vd 01 gid trong phien tda de xet xii cd tpi.
Trong khodng thdi gian 06 gid dd, Cdng to vien cd the thir mdl vy dn vd by vpng 90% se dan den m^t bdn dn 15 nam. Ddng Ihdi, 05 bi cdo khde se phdi de lai sau (tiic khdng the truy td ciing thdi gian 06 gid dd). Ddng nghia vdi viec, thdi gian de gidi quyet vy an la cd hgn, thi ttong 06 gid dd, neu Cdng td vien ddnh de xet xu 01 vy dn cd Bdi tham doan, 05 vy dn khde se khdng bj truy td (hoac da dieu tra nhung phdi dung/ ket thuc vi bet hgn va khdng truy td dupc).
Cling bdi cdnh dd, nhung vdi phuang dn dp dyng "mac ca thii tdi", thi ttong 06 gid, Cdng Id vien cd the tien hanh 06 phien xet xir cd tpi vdi ldi mac ca da dupc thda thudn. Gid sir rdng Cdng td vien thda thugn dupc vd 2 ben ciing chap nhan ldi mgc cd (Idy vi dy Id 05 nam tu/ 01 bj cao).
Vgy, lya chpn ndo phyc vy tdt hon Ipi ich cpng ddng trong viec trimg phgt tdi pham?
Rd rang, 06 ldi mac cd thii tpi la tdt ban kha ndng 90% ciia mpt ban dn 15 ndm.
Myc tieu ciia vipe tdi da hda cdc hinh phat
khi dp dyng "mac cd thii tpi", xet ttong cd he thdng tu phdp, dupc ddnh gia la cd Ipi hon nam d diem nay.
Hieu qud ciia viec tdi da hda hinh phgt ttong "mac ed thu tdi" tten thyc ti edn Idn hon nhieu so vdi gia thuyet nay. Phien tda xet xu trung binh ddi hdi hon 06 gid ddng hd vd ciing bao gdm mpt sd phien xet xii trudc khi xet xii chinh thiic vd nhiiu thdi gian chudn bj hon ciia Cdng td vien.
Tuong ty nhu vgy, phien diiu trdn nhgn tpi (ttong thu tyc "mac cd thu tpi") trung binh ddi hdi phdi ed tdi thieu 01 gid de chudn bj. Vdi nhiing gia djnh dupc phdn tich tten cho thdy, vdi mpt khodng thdi gian va ngudn lyc cd hgn, vi$c hp thdng tu phap dp dung "mac cd thii tpi" se dua ra dupe mpt tdng hinh phgt ludn ludn cd hi$u qud gdp ddi so vdi bdt ky kel qud hinh phgt nao cd the xdy ra trong phien tda xet xii theo thii tyc thdng thudng. Sy khde biet ve cai gpi la "hipu qud cua hinh phgt"
se ldng theo cdp sd nhdn neu ehiing ta sir dyng cdc gid djnh thuc te hon,
Gia thuyet nay ciing cho thdy rang viec dp dung "mac ed thii tdi" thudng se tdi da hda cdc hinh phgt cua Bdi thdm dodn ngay ca khi Cdng td vien khdng theo dudi ban dn cao nhat (ma dang le Cdng td vien cd dupc niu dua them Idi bien hd). Hodc cd trudng hpp Cdng id vien dp dung su khoan hdng khdng cdn thidt, thdm chi neu Cdng td vien eye doan ttong "mac cd thii tdi" thi van khdng lam giam hieu qua tdi da cua hinh phat ttong mac ca so vdi hieu qua hinh phgt trong xet xii thdng Ihudng.
"Mac cd thil tdi" ludn tgo ra dupc nhieu gia ttj eua hinh phat hon nhung khdng Tap chi Sd 13/2020 \_KIE.M SAT 4 9
phai iheo nghTa la trimg trj ndng hon' hay Irimg trj thich ddng ddi vdi tirag trudng hpp bj edo don le, md theo nghla: Cd nhieu vy dn dupc gidi quyet vd nhieu bj cao "dong y" chju hinh phgt vdi cac ldi md minh dd pham phdi hon \et %e dien rpng cd hp thdng lu phdp.
Do dd. "mac cd thu tpi" giiip he thdng tu phdp hinh sy vgn hanh theo each tao ra nhieu vy dn dupc giai quyet vd nhieu hinh phat dupe ttr nguypn thi hdnh hon Id viec theo dudi quy trinh xet xii thdng thudng.
Sy khde nhau giua cdc bj cao vd Cdng td vien ttong vipe phdn phdi "su khoan hdng" thdng qua "mac cd thii tpi" ciing se khdng dnh hudng den kel qud ciia "hieu qud tdi uu hinh phgt" ndy. 6 nghTa, gid sii, thay vi truy td mdi hi edo 05 nam, Cdng td vien de ngh; 02 trong sd hp 09 nam, hai ngudi khde 05 nam, va hai ngudi eudi eiing chi 01 nam, vd tdt cd deu chap nhgn thda thudn dd. Sy phan phdi khoan hdng nay cd the xudt hi?n sy bdt hpp ly nhai djnh trong mpi sd Irudng hop. Tuy nhien, ket qud ciia lya chpn "mac cd thu tdi" van cd ve hpp Iy hon ket qud eua viee lya chpn xet xir, trong dd. tdt ca cac binh phgt se thupc ve mdt bi cao (xet ttong cimg mpt khung ihdi gian han che Id 6 gid vdi cdc ngudn lyc gidi ban \c nhdn lyc vd tai chinh eho sy van hdnh cua td tyng).
Vd nhu vgy, dii \et d gdc dp nao, "mac ed thii tpi" ^ an dgt dupe myc dich ldi da hda hinh phat hon Id xet xii ihdng thudng.
1.2. Tdi da hoa cdc chi phi ca hpi trong tuphdp hinh su
Cdc lugn eir chiing minh sy cdn thiet vd tdi da hda chi phi co hpi ciia \ \ec dp dung
"mac cd thii tpi" ttong qud ttinh id tyng:
- Xet xu thdng thudng vdi Bdi thdm dodn, cdc VAHS rd rang, it tranh cai lgi gdy ra nhiing sai ldm nghiem trpng do cac phien tda ngdn, Boi thdm dodn su dyng quyin phii quyit, vd Thdm phdn khdng pbai Id ngudi trong eupc de cd the hidu ve vu an vdi miic dp cd the "thuong lupng"
dupc vdi bj cdo.
- Sy thiiu hyt vi lyc lupng Thdm phdn, Cdng td vien vd cbi phi cung khdng phdi Id dpng lyc chinh eiia viec dp dyng "mgc ed thil tdi" mac dii sy thieu hyt ndy thiic ddy sy phd bien ciia "mgc cd thii tpi".
Dpng lye chinh Id Cdng td vien, Thdm phdn, Ludt su bdo chua va bj edo - cd ddng CO de thiic ddy "mac cd thu tpi", vi cbi phi thdp vd hipu qud hon nhieu so vdi phien tda ed Bdi tham dodn. Hem nua,
"eudc choi" nay lai chdc chdn ve ket qud ma hai ben deu dy tinh dupc vd chdp nhdn dupe. Do dd, cdc ben thudng vdn mudn mac cd vd lya chpn mac cd, vi nd cd Ipi cho tat ca cac ben tham gia. Nhd nude, Ipi ich edng thi cd the "thua thipt" trong tung vy an cu the (do thuong Iupng hon la gidi quyet bang xet xii).
- Ly thuyet tdi da hda ehi phi co hpi bdng viec dp dyng "mac cd thii tdi" gid djnh rdng ehi phi xet xir va chi phi cua
"mac ca Ihii tpi" dupc thir nghiem dua ra ket Iuan: Bdng viec dp dyng "mac cd thii tdi", viee mac cd gidm dn cho timg trudng hpp cy the khdng ehi mang Iai "Ipi ich"
cho timg bi cdo vd Cdng td vien, Thdm phdn, ma ddm bdo cho tdi cd cdc bi cdo da pham tpi (xet tren dien rpng) diu nhan dupc mirc an ttrong ximg tdi da nhat vdi Tap chi
50 KIEM S.\T_
THONC TIN KHOA HOC
hdnh vi phgm tpi md minh da thyc hien tren thyc t i .
1.3. Bam bdo cong bdng cho ngudi bi kit an
Mdc dii Ipi ich (ciing Id mye tieu) ehinh cua "mac cd thii tpi" la vi tdi da hda hieu qud cua hinh phgt doi vdi toan bd he t h i n g tu phdp, phye vy Ipi ich cdng cdng ttong vi$c trimg phgt tpi phgm vdi mirc ehi phi hpp ly nhdt, thi vdn cd y kien eho rdng nd khdng ddm bao edng bang giiia bj cdo dupc "mgc ca tbu tdi" vd bj cdo khdng chap nhgn "mac cd thu tpi". Lgp ludn nay cd Iy khi cho rang, mac dii bi cao dupe thye hipn "mac ca thii tpi" la do thye hipn quyen tu phdp hien djnh, va phyc vy cho Ipi ich tdi da ciia viec dp dyng hinh phgt cua todn bp hp thdng tu phdp, phue vu Ipi ich edng cpng ttong viec tnumg phat tpi phgm vdi miie ehi phi hpp ly nhdt, tuy nhien, ro rang, binh phgt ma anh dupc hudng thdng qua "mac cd thii tpi" Id "mot mdn hdi" vd nd thdp hon hdn so vdi miic hinh phat ma "dang le" bj cdo dd se "cd nguy CO cao" pbai gdnh chiu neu theo ttinh ty xet xii bdi tham dodn. O nghTa nay, ro rdng "mac ca thii tdi" dua den mdt ban dn cd Ipi eho bj cao, vd vi vay, bdn dn sau "mac ca thii tpi" (bargained sentences) ttd nen "bdt edng" so vdi cdc ban an sau phien tda (post-ttial sentences).
Sau ddy Id 02 Iuan diem chiing minh cho quan diem: "Mac ca thu tdi" van ddm bdo dua ra duoc mpt ban an vdi hinh phat hrong xiing vdi hdnh vi pham tpi va nd khdng ldm ebo cdc "bdn dn sau phien tda khdng mgc cd" trd nen nghiem khae ban hay bdt cdng hon:
- "Mac cd thii tdi" gidi quyet cdu hdi:
Chap nhdn ldi bude tpi (chdp nhdn thii tdi) va ddi Igi, dupc thuong lupng de gidm nhe hinh phgt. Trong khi phien Ida xel xii giai quyet vdn de: Tranh tyng, ddi chdt chiing cii vd ddi tyng den cung de ket lugn cd tpi hay khdng ed tdi va hinh phgt tuong ximg cho hdnh vi dd Id bao nhieu?
Nhu vgy, cd the cd cdng thiic dinh lupng: Mac cd thii tdi = a x b. Trong do, a la bdn dn dy kien; b la xdc sudt tha bdng (dupc tuyen vd tpi).
Theo do, cdc bdn dn sau khi xet xir (post- trial sentences) se khdng mang hinh phat xel xii. Sy khde biet giira bdn dn mgc cd (bargained sentences) vd ban an sau phien Ida (post-trial sentences) se dupc gidi thich khdng phdi bdi viee tii bd so vdi thyc thi quyen xet xu, md bang khd ndng so vdi khd nang tha bdng (dupc myen vd tpi) bj mat.
- Hinh phat ciia cdc bdn dn sau khi xet xu nhu la hinh phgt tuong xiing vdi hdnh vi phgm tdi; cdn hinh phgt ciia "mac cd thil tdi" Id hinh phgt dupc dp dyng chinh sdch khoan hdng, dupe tuyen khi chua
"xet xir" va bi cdo chdp nhdn Idi thii tpi (chdp nhan Id ed tdi ma khdng phdi qua qua trinh chung minh tgi Tda an).
2. Nhuffc diem cua " m a c ca thii tpi"
t r o n g md fainh t r a n h tyng cua Hoa Ky Cdc nghien ciiu tir nam 1960 ddn nam 2010 vd ca hien nay tgi My ciing nhu mdl sd nude dp dung thu tue "mac ca thu tdi"
da phan tieh rat nhieu den cdc nhupc diem ciia "mac ca thii tdi". Trong bai viit nay, ehiing tdi chi tdng hop Igi 03 yeu diem Idn nhdt ciia "mac ca thii tpi" da dupe thdng nhat. thua nhdn rdng rai:
Tap chi _KIEM SAT I 5 1
- Nguy CO bj cdo bi ep hoac ty nguyen nhdn tpi de dupe hudng dn gidm nhp; nguy ca an oan, sai do bj cdo diing trudc "edm do" vi mpt tiiu Uic don gidn nen cd tdm ly nhdn tpi. Bj cdo chdp nhdn mpt hinh phgt nhp, chdp nhdn nhdn tpi de ttdnh tiiii tyc xei xii, tmy td rudm rd va dgc biet la trdnh mdt bdn dn nang ne ed nguy co bj tuyen neu phien Ida roi vdo the bat Ipi cho bj cdo.
- Nguy CO Mnh phgt khdng chinh xdc, khdng edng bdng: Mdt trong nhiing nhupc diem lam cho "mac cd thii tpi" thudng khdng chinh xdc vd edng bang Id do qud trinh "mac cd tiiu tpi" Id thii tyc xii ly rieng tu, thudng khdng ed sy tham gia ciia ben thii ba tnmg lgp hoac khdng cd y kien tryc tiep tir ngn nhdn. Bien bdn "mde ed thu tpi" hiem khi dupc viet hoge ghi lgi trong bat ky van bdn chinh Ihlic ndo. Vipe thieu hd so vd thieu minh bgeh tiiudng la ly do chinh ddn din quan nggi ve sy "khdng cdng bdng" trong cae tiiuong Iupng, mac cd thii tpi.
- Thii tue khdng day dii, khdng dam bdo cdc quyen cua bj cdo: Ngoai viec thieu minh bach, vide dp dyng "mac ed thii tpi" ddi hdi cdc bj cdo phdi tir bd ede quyen Id tyng quan trpng dupc thiit ke di dam bdo ket qud cdng bdng vd ehinh xdc ciia td tung hinh su. nhu: Phdi thira nhgn phgm ldi, khudc tir quyen giii im lang, tir bd quyen ddi chdt vdi cac nhan ehiing, tir bd quyen xel xu cdng khai va tii bd quyin xet \ir cd Bdi thdm doan.
3. Miic dp phd bien ciia vifc dp dung
"mdc cd thu tpi"
"Mgc ca thu tdi" c6 nhiiu uu diim (theo quan diem ciia he thing tu phap binh sy Hoa Ky), ben canh dd ciing cd
nhieu nhupc diem ma ehinh M> ciing da thira nhdn qua cdc nghien ciiu ciing nhu bang eac chuang trinh dp dung thyc te co
"mac ca" vd "khdng mge ca" d mpt so bang ttong mdt sd nam nhdi djnh (theo cdc vi du da neu tten).
Tuy nhien, dieu ddng ndi Id, bdt chdp cdc nhupc diem dupe cdnh bdo vd da xdy ra tten thyc ti, thi eon so hon 90% cdc VAHS d Hoa Ky duoc gidi quyit thdng qua eon dudng "mac cd" ludn giii "dn dinh" sudt tu nhiing nam 1970 den nay.
Hon nua, nguyen tdc "mgc cd thii tpi" ndy cdn lan rpng vd phd bien ddi vdi bau het tat cd cdc nude theo he thdng "common law" va cd "civil law". Cy the:
- Tgi Anh vd xii Wales, theo nghien ciiu eiia GS. McEwan^, udc tinh cd den bon 70% ede VAHS cua Tda Crown (Tda dgi hinh) dupc gidi quyet bang "mac cd tbii tdi" (sd lieu cdng bd tten website chinh thiic cua Bp tu phdp Anh ndm 2012)*.
Trong mdt nghien ciiu ciia Herbert M.
Kritzer (hpc gid Hoa Ky) vi tinh hinh dp dung "mac ca thu tdi" d Anh va xii Wales^, sd vu an su dung Idi nhan t$i (ttong bien ban mac cd) nham xem xet di tuyen an tai Tda dn Vuong qudc da tdng
3. Ministry of justice, criminal justice statistics 2014:
England and Wales 13 (2014), https://www.gov.iiic/ gov- emment/uploads/syslem/uploads/atlachnient_data/fi[e/31 2 0 2 1 / c r i m i n a l - j u s t i c e - s t a t i s t i c s - 2 0 ] 3 p d f [https://perma.cc/6MP7-KQ8Y].
4, Ministry of justice, judicial and court statistics 2011, at 9 (2012), https.//www.govuk;govemment/uploads /systeni/uploads/attachinem_datayfile/2l7494/jyjj j I couit-stats-201I.pdf [https://peniiacc/2N'45.-rg^51
5. See Herbert M. Kritzer, Disappearing Trials? A Comparative Perspective, 1 J. Empincal legal stuH 7T<:
747-48 (2004) ' '•^^•
Tap chi 5 2 KIEMS\T_
THONG TIN KHOA ROC
manh tii ndm 1974 den ndm 1988, nhung sau dd da gidm ttd Igi den nam 2002, vd giir d i n nhiing ndm 2010s dgt ti le hon 70% nhu da phdn tich d tten.
- Australia tbi lgi dp dyng mdt cdch khd Iinh boat nguyen tdc vd thii tyc "mac cd thii Ipi". Tay Uc Id khu vyc cd ti le tpi phgm va dn hinh sy thdp nhdt. Tuy nhien, so lipu thing ke cua Tay Uc ciing phdn dnh ddu bi^u cua xu budng ehung ciia todn nude lie. Trong 02 ndm 2013, 2014, cd 1.936 VAHS dupc dua len gidi quyit d cdc Tda dn cap tten, ttong dd cd 57% (1.104 vdn dk) dd dupe dua ra de tuyen dn vdi tbu tue
"m$c cd thii tpi" da dupc hodn tat trudc dd (xdt xii khdng cd Bdi thdm dodn). Trong sd 47% s i VAHS cdn lgi dupc dua ra de tuyen dn, mpt so Idi bipn hp cd tdi cd the la do sii dyng kit qud tir cdc cu0e dam phdn "mac cd thu tpi" trudc dd, tuy nhien nghien ciiu cua ODPP khdng chi ra sd lieu eu the^.
Theo cdc tdi lipu ma ehiing tdi tiep can dupe, chua cd tdi lieu ndo dua ra con sd thong ke ti le dp dyng mac cd ttong cdc VAHS nghiem ttpng tgi Australia la bao nhieu. Tuy nhien, ehiing tdi cd mpt bang ehiing thii vi ve quy djnh; Neu su dyng
"m§c cd thii tdi" de ket dn thi Cdng td vien ho$c Thdm phdn khdng dupc gidm qud 25% so vdi miic an hpp ly ma ddng le bj cdo phdi nhdn ttong ldi budc tdi ddu tien'.
6. ODPP - Annual report. See generally ofFBce of the dir of pub prosecutions for The state of W. Austi, 2013/2014 annual report 20,http://www.dpp.w3.gov.au/
_ f i l e s / O D P P _ A n n u a l _ R e p o r t _ 2 0 1 3 _ i 4 . p d f [https://penna.cc/3DCC-DS7S].
7 See Sentencing Act 1995 (WA) s 9AA (Austl.), Western Australia, section 9AA of the Sentencing Act 1995.
0 mpt SO qudc gia khde, theo thdng ke ciia bdi nghien eiiu ddng tren tgp chi dipn tii Ludt so sanh, sd thdng 12/2007, Stephen C. Thaman: "Ve mgc cd thii tpi, thda thudn nhgn tpi vd cdc thii tye xii ly ddng thudn ttong vy dn hinh sy"^ chi rd:
- Bulgaria da dupc dp dung thu tyc
"mac cd thii tdi" vdi khodng 36,6%
trudng hpp (thdng kd tu nam 2000 d i n ndm 2005).
- Tgi Guatemala, khodng 2 5 % tdng so tien an da dat dupc thdng qua thii tyc
"mac ca thii tpi" (thdng ke tir nam 1996 d i n ndm 1998).
- Trong mia dau nam 2000, 22% sd ngudi phgm tpi vd 52% ttpng tpi da dupc gidi quyet d linh Buenos Aires ciia Argentina bang cdch sii dyng thii tye "mgc ed thii tpi" (thdng ke nam 2000).
- Ci Tdy Ban Nha, ngudi ta da udc tinh rdng tii 15% d i n 30% ede trudng hpp dupc gidi quyet bdi thii tyc "mac cd thii tdi" vdi mdt mdn thii kha phd bien (nghien ciiu giai doan nam 2000 - 2005).
- Patteggiamento eiia Y, ti 1? dp dyng
"mac cd thii ldi" la tii 17% den 2 1 % cdc vu an tai cdc Tda dn (ddi vdi tdi nhe) va tir 34% d i n 4 2 % (ddi vdi tdi d cdp dp trung binh) (sd lieu thong ke trong nhiing ndm 1 9 9 0 - 1998).
- Trong phien tda xet xir chinh d tinh Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, so sdnh 55 vy
IXem tiSp trang 58)
S. Plea-Bargammg, Negotiatmg Confession and Consensual Resolution of Criminal Cases* Stephen C.
Thaman, Electronic Journal of Comparative Law, vol.
11,3 (December 2007), http://wviTv.ejcl.org, 2007
So 13/2020
Tap chi I
_KiEM s.vr 53