So 10 (264)-2017 N G 6 N N G C & B(n S 6 N G 97^
INGON NGU- VA VAN CHlf(»JGl
NIL^N DIEN HANH DQNG N H A N XET QUA LC« THO^I NHAN V^T TRONG TIEU THUYET MA VAN KHANG Ttr CAC PHU*aNG TIEN CHI DAN HIEU U/C 6 LCH
D ^ G T H J T H U *
T 6 M T A T : Tft If thuylt hdnh dOng ngdn ngft, bdi viet chi ra nhftng ddu hi§u nhgn di^n hdnh dOng nhgn xet qua Idi tiioai nbSn vgt trong tilu thuyit Ma VSn Khdng. Cdc phuong ti^n chi din hi^u lyc d Icri nhu: kit cdu so sdnh chuyfin dyng, cac tft ngfi ehuySn dyng (tl hgp tinh thdi chu quan, tinh tft ket hgip vdi cac pho tft chi mfte dO, cdc trg tft...) gdp phdn nbgn di§n mOt bilu thftc ngft vi nhgn x6t
T C KHOA: hdnh dgng; nhgn x6t; phucmg ti?n chi ddn.
NHAN B A I : 25/7/2017. B I £ N T A P - C H I N H SCTA-DUYBT D A N G : 25/9/2017
l . S ^ t v d n d l
Mdt hdnh dOng ngon ngft dugc nbgn di$n chft ylu nhd vdo bilu thftc ngft vi. Bieu thftc ngft vi chinh Id cdeh t l chfte kit cdu phdt ngon cfta nhdn vgt khi thyc hiSn hdnh dOng ngdn ngft n6i chung. Theo Searlr trong [5], mSi bilu thftc ngft vi dugc danh ddu bdi nhftng ddu hi^u chi dan hiSu lyc d Idi hay edn ggi Id cdc phuong ti$n cW dSn hi$u lyc d Idi (illocutionaiy force in dicating devices; IFIDs). Nhd nhftng ddu hi§u ndy md cde bilu thftc ngft vi dugc phdn bi§t vdi nbau tft do ngudi dpe de dang nhgn di^n dugc hdnh d$ng ngdn ngft.
Hdnh d$ng nhan xet Id bdnh dgng ngdn ngft md ngudi n6i dua ra nhftng nhgn dinh mang tfnh chft quan ciia cd nhdn v l gid trj eiia mOt dli tugng ndo dd cd the Id con ngudi, con vgt, mgt van de ve xd hOi, v l thiSn nhi€n, ve khi hgu,... ton tgi trong thye t l khdeh quan. Cdc ^ kiln xem x^t vd ddnh gid nay dugc ehia thdnh cdc thang d$ vd mfte dg khdc nhau. D l nhgn di^n bieu thftc ngft vi nhan xet, chung toi dya vdo cdc ddu hi^u chi dan hi?u lyc d ldi nhu: DOng tft ngft vi, kit ciu chuyen dyng, cdc tft ngft chuySn dyng tiong bilu thftc ngft vi nhgn xet. Trong khu6n khi bdi viit ndy, cbung tdi khdo sdt 1034 Id! thogi ed chfta hdnh dOng nbgn x^t trong 5 cuin tilu thuylt cfta Ma van Khdng dugc kl hiSu Id: I, U, IU. IV. V (xem Nguon din Ii$u).
2. Khao sat cu the 2.1. Dpng tft ngS" vi
Qua Idido sdt Idi thogi nhan vgt trong tilu thuyet nhd vdn Ma Vdn Khang, chftng tdi nhgn tiidy, cdc dOng tft ngft vi dung de till hi$n hdnh dOng nhgn x6t ciia nhdn vgt gom: nhgn x€t, khen, tdn tiianh, nghT, bilt, bieu, hieu bilt, muon, thdy, xem, trdng, tin, tin tudng, sg, v.v. Vf dy:
(1) Lugn dgt cd hai tay len bdn, mat ngdi ve thdng minh: Con ldm bdo, di nhieu nai, con cd nhpn xit nhu thi ndy: Nhirng ndm gin day, ngudi ta cd khi^nh hudng trd vi quy tu vdi gia dinh, gia tgc. [II, tr.57]
(2) Mgt chd be hit choit d bdn ddu dung phit dpy, rdt rdnh mgch: Thua thiy, - Chiing em hiiu tat cd ldi thay ndi. Iftc ndy, tit cd chting em dang trong tdm trgng phdn vdn. Chung em muin nghe ;^ kiin eda thdy....\iX\, tr.385]
(3) Kha ndi: Ong Thong hdm qua xuat vipn, ve qui rii Tu g. Vdn chua ndi dugc. Nhimg, nhipm vu cim chfta ciia cdi bpnh vipn ddnh cho hgng ngudi xodng^ nhu chdng ta din ddy la het Tuy vgy, theo td nghi, vdn cdn cd thi hi vgng. Ddngy cd cdi huyen bi ciia nd. Cd the, ddi song tdm linh con ngudi van cdn Id vimg chua day bi in. [Ill, ti.720]
(4) Ong Binh nghin ci: Hdm nay phdi cd ldi khen dng ding chi Ddng. Rd Id khong ho danh mgt trang nam nhi bit chap eudng quyin thgt! Cdn bay gid, tii nay ldm bSa chdo cd hay chdo
* ThS-NCS; Dgi hgc Vinh; Email: thu^[email protected]
98 N G 6 N N G f & B(n S 6 N G S6 10 (264)-2017
cdc day? Noi Id chdo ede ngon ldm bi ldm md dd th^y dng cho anh em thudng thuc bao gid, ong Dong! iy,tr. 69)
(5) Chdu thdy. dd la con n^rdl thi khdng thi sing bdi bdc, tuy tipn. Dd Id con ngudi thi it nhit cUng phdi cd cdi gi di tdn thd chu. [I. tr.50]
(6) Gigng da chinh chodng, dng hog sT cdn nghieng ngd ngd mdt dng gido: Tdi xem bdc tudng mgo, khi sdc cdn vugng, nghta la bdc cdn phit ve hdu vdn day. bdc Cdn g, bdc dftng c6 bi quan.[i, Tr.80]
Kit qud khdo sdt cho thdy, nha vdn Ma Vdn Khdng dd sft dyng d0ng tft ngft vi trong bilu thftc ngft vi nhgn x6t vdi s6 lugng tuong dli nhllu: cd 229 ldi thogi cd chfta dOng tft ngft vi ( 23%).
2.2. Kit ciu chuyin d^ng so sdnh A + tft so sdnh + B
Ben canh dSng tft ngft vi dugc xem Id mOt phuong ti§n chl din quan tigng de nhgn dien hanh dOng nbgn x6t, ket cdu chuy6n dyng so sdnh dugc xem Id mgt chi dan nhgn di^n khdng thi thilu tiong bilu thftc ngft vi nhan x^t. Chiin luge giao tiip ndy dugc xudt phdt tft mgt co sd Id con n g i ^ chung ta ludn mong mi^n nhihig ^ mtnh ndi ra cd tmh thuylt phyc cao, tao cho ngucn nghe mOt niem tin vdo nhftng gi mlnh noi, vf dy:
(7) Mpt hdm con d nhd mgt minh thi chu Quynh vdo. Chti ay bdo: cho chd xem edi gdc xep mgt ti. Rdi chu ay treo lin. Xong, chd dy xoa tay, bdo: Sau ngy chd vd m? chdu hgp tdc sdn xuat ling cao su, cdi gdc xep ngy dimg ldm kho chua thi tha hd tipn. Con bdo: Khdng duge ddu. Thu vipn cua bi chdu guv gip trdm ldn ung cao su eda ehu iy chft! [Ill, tr.605]
(8) Ong Ddng gdng: Hu, ki tiiu nhdn lin mgt bude da thdng lung, len hai bude dd ngudy dau, lin ba bude dd mda tay trong bf! Trong khi ngudi qudn tft ay d, len mgt bude thi khom lung, len hai bude thi cut ddu, lin ba bude thi vin tudng md di Ida! [V, tr.69]
(9) Ong hog st cM ddu, cdi cdm ti tren ng^cc dgy dgy; Md tdi thay chdu Trgng nd cUng y hpt anh. Ndi anh tha ldi. True tinh, ndng nii qud. Chdu nd dd ba muoi chuc^ [I. tr.82]
Nhgn xdt:
6 vf dy (7), A: tiiu vi^n cfta B I vd B Id ung cao su cua chft ay de roi dua ra mgt nhan x6t ve thu vi^n cua bo (A) quj gdp tiam ldn ftng cao su cfta chft dy (B) thiSn ve khen A.
d vf dy (8) till vai ndi dd dung 1 kit cdu so sdnh giua k6 tilu nhdn vd ngudi qudn tft qua d6 dl cao ngudi qudn tft, xem thudng ke tilu nhdn.
6 vf dy (9), dl tiiuc hiSn hdnh dOng nhgn x6t ve Trgng, dng hga sT dk so sdnh Trgng vdi 6ng cdn tft d6 thyc hi|n nOi dung nhan xdt Id Trgng y h§t dng Can ve tfnh each tiiien ve che.
Kit qud khdo sdt cho thay, trong tilu thuyet cfta Ma Van Khdng, so lugng bilu thftc ngft vi nhan x6t sft dung kit cdu so sdnh c6 din 128 ldi tiioai tiSn ting s6 1034 Idi tiioai c6 chfta hanh dOng nhgn xdt, chiem ti Ie 13%.
2.3. Diing cdc tft ngft chuyin dgng trong biiu thftc ngd- vi nhgn xit 2.3.1. Diing ti hgp tu tinh thdi chu quan
^ Trong tilu thuylt ciia nhd vdn Ma Van Khdng co cdc to hgp tft tinh thdi chu quan chuyen dung cho bieu tiiftc ngft vi nhan xdt nhu: theo tdi, vdi tdi, dii vdi tdi, tdi eho Id, tdi cho rdng, tdl cdng nhdn, tdi ndi thpt... Vf dy:.
(10) Ong Img si bat cudi; Toi eho rJn^ qud Id cd mgt cdi ^ddndd bin ngodi, nd dung tren tdt cd cdc quy lugt: fait ce que doit advienne ce que pourra. dd. Muu sif tgi nhdn, thdnh su tgi thiin. No Id thi ddy, chii cdn gi. Anh Cdn g, d gifta cdi thdi buii doi kem, khin khi nay, v^ md vdn cd ldi thodt. Anh Cdn. si anh cdn vugng, tdi tin Id nhu thil [I, ti-.SO]
2.3.2. Diing tft ngu chimin dimg
Nhdm tft ngft chuySn dCing khdc thudng xudt hi?n tiong bieu tiiftc ngft vi nhgn xdt qua ldi tiiogi nhan vgt ti^ng tilu tiiuyet Ma Vdn Khdng nhu: cd thi, cd thi Id, khdng thi, cd ve. cd le Id, xem ra, hinh nhu, hai qud...\i dy:
So IQ (264)-2017 N G 6 N N G f & B d l S 6 N G 99^
(11) Ong dy khdng ldm vipe ci dfnh d mgt nai ndo. Tit nghipp Cao ding mi thudt thdi Phdp.
& lgi thdnh phi dfch tgm chiim. Ve qudng cdo. Ldy vg nhd giiu. Ndm 1954, vg bd di Nam, nghe ddu vua rdi lgi ch<^ sang Phdp. Tu do, dng 4v ldm du cdc nghi: ve truyin thdn, chup dnh, tiim thuoc thue, chgy hdng... Hii ndy thdnh phi cd phong trdo di guic cao; dng ay lgi deo guic. Md Trgng g, con cd vi mpt mdi ldm rii day. [I, tr.60]
(12) Tudi tre bay gid cd thi Id chin sdm han. [I, tr.82]
(13) Ngudi be nhd dgt xdu bdnh len cdi td nhd.Anh cd nhiiu bgn qu^ thdt day. Mdi anh mgt vi mdxem ra dng ndo cSng tdm huyet. Nghe hg ndi cfn^n thdy ddi vdn d§p ldm. Anh dn di. [I, tr.236]
Dgc biet cd nhiiu trudng hgp, ngay trong mgt Idi thogi chfta bdnh d^ng nhan xdt, chu ngon vfta sft dyng cac to hgp tft tinh thdi chft quan, vfta sft dyng nhdm tft ngft chuydn dung khac dh thyc hi^n hdnh ddng nhan xdt cua minh nhdm nhdn mgnh tb8m mgt mdu sdc ri6ng mang dgm tfnh chu quan cua vai ndi. Vi dy:
(14) 7^60 tdi. day la mgt hipn tugng tiin bg, co nghia la hgp quy lugt. Tdi ndi thi, co le Id vi theo tdi Idu ncry chung ta nhieu liic dd quin nhdng diiu quan trgng ndy: Con ngudi ta chi Id dich thuc, khi nd la mgt cd nhdn, anh g. [V, tt. 102]
2.3.3. Diing tinh tft
Khdo sdt ldi thoai cua nhan vgt trong tilu thuyet nha v5n Ma Van Khang, chung toi thdy, so lugng cdc nhom tfnh tft xudt bi^n trong ldi thogi cfta nhan vgt rdt nhllu, cd den 867 lugt dung tinh tft de vai ndi tiiyc hi$n hdnh dgng nhgn xdt. Chftng tdi thing ke kit qud khdo sat cac nb6m tinh tft trong bieu thftc ngft vi nhgn xdt qua bdng sau:
Bang 1. Thdng ki si lugng cdc nhdm tinh tic TT
1 2 3 4
TIfiUNHdM
Tinh tft chi tinh chit, pham chat Tinh tiJr chi trang thii Tinh tft chi kich thu6c, so lu(;mg Tinh tft chi miu sic Tong
SO LirONG 462 268 127 10 867
a.Nhdm tinh tft chi tinh chdt - phdm chdt: Id nhftng tinh tft dftng d l ddnh gid phdm chdt ciia su vat. Ddy Id nhdm tfnh tft dugc dung nhieu nhdt trong Idi thogi nhdn vgt cd chfta hdnh ddng nhan xdt trong tilu thuylt cfta nhd vdn Ma Van Khdng. Ket qud khdo sat cho thdy co den 462 Idi thogi sft dyng nhdm tfnh tft thugc pham ehdt - tfnh chdt dl vai n6i thyc hi^n hJUih dgng nbgn xdt cua minh. Cac tfnh tft dd la: tit, d^p, chung thify, khdn ngoan, dgc sdc, dung ddn, mgnh mi, nhgy ben, kin ddo. ti nhi, thdm thiiy, sang, gidu, hu don, xdu, tdm thudng, ngu, diu, hdn hdo, hen, hen hg, gianxdo.tinh qudi, nhieus^c, tham lam, khd, limdn, v.v. Vi dy:
(15) Tham die vipe phdn phdi lip xe md buin. Con ngudi vi cdi lgi vgt chdt dang hin di, tam thudng di. Hoi minh mai dl dgy hgc, mgt bica dn cam d Ty gido due thi cd mdy em nft sinh vdo thdm. Chiing kiu lin: "di, thdy dn cam vdi rau mudng!". Vdi hgc trd, dng thiy la siiu nhdn. Id ngudi li tudng. Hdm rii, dng thu ki vdn phdng trudng minh ndi mpt cdu rit hay: Cdi gi md rdi khoi linh thi Id tdm thudng ngay. Ong gido, nhdn vdl khdng dugc phip deo cdi lip xe nhu thi n<7v/[III,_tt.400-401]
(16) dng cin cdm cuin sdeh quay lgi: Kho the day! Nhimg ngudi tit thudng khong gap may.
Anh Nam, ba nhd anh ay rii, mpt con ngudi manh mi. cd bdn linh. Cd ldn, anh ay hoi bay nghia cdu thdnh ngic Phdp: Xin ngdi dftnt^, di qud cdi mSigidy eda ngdi. [I, tt.59]
Nhu vgy, khi thyc hi$n hdnh d^ng nhan xdt, vai nhgn xet chu ddng sft dung cdc tfnh tft chl phdm chdt - tfnh chat vdi so lugng nhiiu vdi edch vgn dyng phong phu, linh hoat dl dua ra nhftng ldi ddtib gid, nhgn djnh phu hgp vdi dfch ngdn trung. Nhd vdn Ma VSn Khdng thudng dl
100 NGON N G f & PQfl S 6 N G S l 10 (264)-2017
cho nhdn vgt cua minh neu ldn nhftng nhgn xdt ve nhftng van de nhdn smh, cdeh ftng xft cua con ngudi, vl nhftng quan ni^m cugc song, vl xd hOi, cdc mii quan h§ lien nhdn.
b. Nhdm tinh tft chi trgng thdi: Id nhdm tfnh tft dftng d l ehi trgng thdi nhdt djnh eda sy vgt khi hogt dOng: c6 268 bilu thftc ngft vi nhgn xdt chfta nhdm tinh tft nay. Tr6n thyc t l dl thyc hi§n hdnh d$ng nhan xdt, vai ndi thudng bOc Ig quan dilm, nhin nhgn cfta mlnh vl tinh trgng cua s^r vat, con ngudi, xd hgi,... Nhdm tinh tft ndy gIm: buin, vui, diin dien, dgi dgi, yen 6n, dang hodng, lu ti, khde, yiu, cong, thdng, tang thuang. phdy phdy, rgn rdng, run rdy, bpp chgp, ndng ndy, ngdn nga, riu rt, cdng thdng,lgn xgn, leu ldng, ngp nghinh, vung ve, nhanh, chpm, hip t^^
, khiipsg... Vidy:
(il) Bd vira di le ve d? Chd, trdng bd phdv phdv. khio cuoi ndm cd Loan lgi cd em bi. p, tr.l55]
(18) Ngimg mgt ldt, vdt miing bd trdu di, bd ldi tiip: Bdt tin bi nd thi me biit rii. Ldng m?
nhieu liic cSng ngdn nga, rduri ldm. Dung md, m? chi muon khuyen con : dung co tin hdn veto qui bdi, con g. ft, thi cd luc cd ngudi bdi dung. Nhung chinh m? thay d chiia Bd Danh ddn la thieng ldm, cd chf di xin thi ba ldn, ba ldn qui bdo Id chong dd hi sinh d ngodi mat trgn. Diing ddng mdi, ddnh phdi tin, de di bude nOa. Ndo ngd dung cdi hom ldm cudi tdi gid, thi ching deo 6o-/dv^... [IV.ti.ll]
c. Nhdm tinh tft ehi kieh thude, sd licgng:lk nhiing tfnh tft dung dc chi kich thude s l luong cua sy vgt. Th6ng thudng, khi thyc hi?n hdnh d^ng nhgn xdt, vai ndi thudng ddnh gid vl sy vgt hi?n tugng thong qua kfch thude, s l lugng cfta nd. Qua khdo sdt, chftng toi nhgn tiidy, sl lugt xuat hien trong ldi thoai nhdn vgt cd chfta bdnh dgng nbgn xdt efta nhdm tinh tft ndy la 127. Nh6m tinh tft chi kich thude s l lugng xudt hi§n trong cdc bilu thftc ngft vi nhan xdt nhu: to, nhd, vua, ddi, ngdn, cao, thdp, it, nhiiu,lim, ddng tdng xa, gdn...Vi dy:
(19) Li thd ddnh Ihugt.Gdm phi xd ddng qud. Md cdi gi cUng ldng gid. K?o, tdm mitai ddng mgt cdn. Gd sing thiin, trdm nidi rii. Thpt Id dn tien, dn tiin! Chit thdi. Tiin! Tiin! Tien Id tren hit! \\i,tr.ie]
(20) dng Chdnh gdi gdy: Gdm bgn be dng ^ lam qud. Chi khdng thay con gdi. Ong ndy fe' phu na /iqv sao! Lg thpt! Ong Nam nghipp bd diy, md sao ipn dpn dd mgi be? [I, tt. 100]
Qua khao sdt Idi thogi efta nhdn vgt ttong tieu thuylt cua nha vdn Ma V3n Khang, chung toi nhan thdy, vai nhgn xdt khdng chl sft dyng mgt nhdm tinh tft d l thyc hi?n hdnh dgng nhgn xdt ma con sft dung hai vd thgm chl ed ba nhdm tinh tft tson% mOt bilu thfte ngft vi nhgn xdt. Vf dy:
(21) Dg, anh Ddng anh dy bdo: Nhan sdc dp nhdt phu nhdn mang linh hiiu dPng ldm vui mdt ngudi. Thim nUa, cd ddng vugng phu ich tft, nhdn hinh dipn mgo ^p, mpt edch ddn hgu ma oca vp, lgi thim hdnh xd tude bg, tue ddng di eda ddn bd cao sang: hai con rii md vdn lung git chU cu, vti loi cha tdm, l^e vu viea to vua nhgn md khdng chay si. dep rdt chuan g. [V, tt.56]
d. Dimg tinh tft kit hgp vdi tft chi muc dp: Khi thyc hl^n mOt hdnh dgng nhgn xdt, vai nhgn xdt khdng chi sft dyng tii logi Id tfnh tii md edn vgn dyng rdt linh hogt khd ndng kit hgp cfta tfnh tft vdi^cdc phd tft chi mfte dO de till hi?n rd hon dfch ngdn domg Id nhgn xdt. Cdc phd tii ehi miic do xuat hi$n ttong cdc bilu thftc ngft vi nhgn xdt tiiudng g§p dd Id: qud, nhiiu, lam, gip trdm ldn, dpnhdt, ghegdm, raphit... Vfdy:
(22) Bd^ mat tron nghen ci. cao gigng: Chu bay gid sudnequd. khong dn nghio ggi khi. di sinh ra mat gdc, phdn ddn^ ldm bd g. Tdi ndi the cd phdi khdng cdc bd. [IV, tt. 47]
(23) Cd Quyin ggt tdc mai, ci thodt ra khoi thiin kiin, buin riu: Sau ndy thi ndo thi khong biit. Chft bdy gid hg su&ne eiu trdm ldn ta, bd g. [IV, tt. 42]
(24) Ly cudi ndc ne. Ldo ndy nam chuc edi xudn xanh, chua vg. xau nhu ma, gidu ^itgpm, nhung lgi cu hay ken ket nguyen tie rdm. Tao bdo ldo: "Ong ai, dng phdi biit njnh ngt qudn cua
So 10 (264)-2017 NGON N G C A B 6 B S 6 N G 101
ong. phdi biit ra lenh lgi phdi biit bung phcr cho hg xai. Doi phdi biit nwig ngt. cung chiiu nhau chic. Ninh cOng tu}/ chd mdi Id xdu. Chir vg chSng ninh nhau. chiiu chugng nhau thi xdu &
chd ndo? Gid ldo Trudngphdng la thdn ninh. Luc nao cSng "Co Ly thdn min". "Co Ly thdn quy". A. ldo thii thi. cSng cd duyin ra phit. Nhung dng ai. tao bdo ldo. phdi giit khodng each day nhe. Toi. gdi cd chdng rdi. cic cdp ke nay di cong tdc vdi dng. mai di chgy hdng v&i dng, iMng giic gin thi tam bia mifng cho thien hg ddy. Ldo nghe, mgt cic due ra. [II, tr.37]
Cau true cfta kiiu ket hop nay thudng li: "TT + l4m, q u i , nhllu" hoic "qui, llm + TT".
Day l i nhftng kiiu kit ht^p quen thuOc, xuat hi^n nhieu 6 cic bilu thftc ngft vi nh§n x ^ cua nhin v^t trong tilu thuylt Ma Van Khing. Ket qui khio sit cho thiy c6 din 326 lori tho?i chfta hinh d$ng nhin x£t sft dyng kiiu kit hi^p niy, ehilm ti ie %.
2.3.4. Dimg trg tir
Kit qui khio sat cho thay c6 din 365 161 tho^i c6 chfta hinh dOng n h ^ x6t di sft dyng trg tft dl nhan m$nh v i thi hi$n thai dO dinh gii cua vai n6i (chiim 35%). Trong cic bieu thftc ngft vi nhin x^t qua lcri tho^i nhin v^t trong tilu thuylt cfta nhi vin Ma Vin Khing, chung ta bit g^p cic tn? tft thi hi^n thdi d§ nhin x6t, dinh gii khic nhau nhu.- Nhitng. cd. ngay cd, chi, cd, vdn, lgi cdn, ra Id... VI dy:
(25) Duong tiep: Ngudi ta khen ddng chi nhiiu. N^av cd ddng chi phd gidm doc sd cdng an tin Id Tudn. trude Id hgc trd cita ddng chi. mdt ngudi rdt nghiem khdc. ciing phdi cdng nhgn ddng chi Id mgt gido vien gidi. cd tu cdeh. Cudi cimg chi cgm lgi may vifc md ngudi la cho rdng cd vdn di tdn nghi. Mot Id vg hoa hogn. Hai la viec dong chi ddnh dap da man con mgt ddng chi Cifpil)'. [nl,tr.700-76l]
(26) Mat Ly thdn nhien Roi d^l nhien, mdt chdp chop lien hdi, nhOng sgi mi cong hat lin nhu nhOng tia mdt vd chi bgt tiing reo: A, hoa! Ndm nay hoa ddt ldm, co g. Cdnh ddo gdy cdm todn hoa mdn khai md gdn trdm bgc. Hom qua chinh m^t mlnh nhin thdy mdt thdng gid tgng mgt con chanh cdm mudi bdng hong, mdi bdng gid nhiing ndm chlfC. [II, tr. 18]
(27) dng hog st cudi nggo mgn: Chdu cdn tri, chdu chua tttng trdi, chua nim dii chua cay, ddngchdt, chua hiiu ddi ddu. Bdygid. d trin bdn thd cht cd ddng tiin thdi. Trgngd. [I, tr.51]
BSn canh d6, vai n6i cdn sft dyng cic trj tft thi hi?n thii do khing dinh cao hojc l i Bil hi^n fliii do ding tinh, difta nhan cfta vai nhjn xdt nhu: qud Id, thdt la, dung Id, diu Id, qud that, chinh, cUng. rdi... VI dy:
(28) Anh qud la n0l con ngudi dgc nhiiu vi c6 tri nhd tdt. [I. tr. 121)
(29) Li quay ra. ngdi xuon^ trude bip ndu bdnh. budng mgt cdu thgt ggn: Tdt cd nhitng dua ldy chdng Idc hai muoi tudi diu Id dgi. Id ngu hit Cd tdi cUng vdy, cungngu, cung dgi..\n. tr.41)
Ngoai ra, vai n6i con sft dyng cic trg tft c<S y nghla nhin manh nh|m ting thii d6 chft quan eiia minh trude nOi dung nhjn xft, cy thi l i cic trg til: thi. md, Id, md vdn...\i dy:
(30) Bum! Id hi no idnh dgp ddi xic dd man. dim Id ldm thdn trdu ngifa cho nd thgt. Dung md bag: dong luang nd trd Id dSng luang chit ddi tM khdng ding ldm ddu. Tdi ndi di cdc bdc nghe nhi. Luang thg dit nhu tdi, mdt ngay mua dugc ba kl ggo. Cd hoi luang cdng nhgt mgt ngdy mgt hdo hai. Md cam ddu ghi cd xu mgt bita. Mgt con vit mdt hdo. Ndm xu dugc m^t gdi ii dr. hgt sen tudng. [IV.tr.47]
Dl dat dugc myc dich nh$n xft, vai nh|n xft dS sft dyng khong chi mgt nhdm tn? tft trong lcri thoai cua minh m i c6n sft dyng tit c i cic nhrSm to? tft ngay trong mpt bilu thftc ngft vi nhin xft.
Vidy: , (31) Ong thg ve bgt cudi: Sdng chet Id do Chia, Id cd sd cd, dnh Cdn ai. ha sd anh tUjihu
tdi dd ndi dingjacdn rdt vugng. [I. tr.l62]
NGON N G C & D 6 I S 6 N G S6 10 (264)-2017
(32) Bd trudngphdng quay vdo, di din bdn Phugng, lau bdu: Thdt qud trdu cdy! Gidm die, lucmg chi bdng anh trudngphdng Sd, md trdm lgi dd vdo ddu. Hit vgt tu lgi thuang nghipp, lgi cdng an din gap. /Ta cUng ngdn cong vipe d ddy ldm rii, Phugng g. Nhung, ldo ay bdo td: thdi ci giup anh cho tdi luc anh vi htru. Chic khdng l& ve ldm rugng cho no nh? ng. Cgu thiy ddy, trinh dp td thi cd hgn thdi. Nhung cdng vipe hdnh chinh nd phue lap ldm, khdng cd nhimg ngu&i cftngtay ldi Id hdng./\Yi, tt.217-218].
Bang 2. Si lugng lugt xudt hipn cdc phucmg tien chi ddn hipu luc a ldi TT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Fhuvng tifn chi dan Ket ciu so sanh Dpng tft ngft vi To hgp tinh thii chu quan TInhti
Tinh tft ket hgp v6i pho tft chi muc dg Trg tft
S l lugng 128 229 114 867 326 365 3. Kit luan
D I nh^in difn hanh dgng nhan xft qua loi tho^i nhan v§t tiong tilu thuyet Ma Vin Khing, Mi viit di chi la cic dau hifu chi dan hifu luc il loi nhu: dOng tft ngft vi, kit can so sinh ehuyen dyng, cic tft ngft chuy6n dung (to h(?p tinh thii chu quan, tinh tft kit hgp vdi cic ph6 tft chi muc do, cic trg tft...). Ldp tft ngft xult hifn trong hinh dgng nhan x6t cua nhan v^t trong tilu thuyet Ma van Khang mang n6t dac trung, the hifn sic thii chft quan cua vai ndi. Tft dd de dang nhan difn bieu thftc ngft vi nh^n xft trong ldi thoai nhan v§t.
TAI L i f u THAM KHAO
1. D§ HOu Chiu (2001), Bgi cuang ngdn ngit hgc (Ngft dyng hgc), tip 2, Nxb Giio dye Ha Ngi.
2. Nguyen Dftc Din (2000), NgU dvng hgc, tap 1, Nxb Giao dye.
3. D 5 Thi Kim Li6n (2005), Gido trinh ngit dung hgc, Nxb D?! hgc Quic gia Hi Ngi.
4. Dl Thi Kim Lien (2002), NgU phdp tiing Viit, Nxb Giio dye. H i N6i.
5. J.R Searle (1969), Speech acts, Cambridge University Frees, Cambridge.
6. Hoang Phe (chu biSn) (1998), Tic dlin tiing Viit, Nxb Khoa hgc XS hgi. H i Nfi.
7.Nguyen Nhu 'i (chft bien) (1996), Tic diin gidi thich thudt ngit ngdn ngU hgc, Nxb Giio dye. Hi Ngi.
NGUON DAN Lifu I. Ma Vin Khing (1982), Mua miia hg, Nxb Hgi Nhi vin. Hi Ngi.
II. Ma Vin Khing (2003), Miia Id rung trong vudn, Nxb HOi Nhi vin. H i Ngi.
III. Ma van Khing (2003), Bdm cudi khdng cd gidy gid thi. Nxb Hgi N h i van, Ha NOi.
rv. MaVanKhing(1989),C(iicurgi8acdnA^!>/, Nxb Vin hgc. Hi NOi.
V. Ma Vin Khing (2010), Mgt minh mpt ngua, Nxb Phy nft. H i Ngi.
Abstract: Based on speech act theories, the paper points out signs signs that help to indicate the act of commenting flirough characters' dialogs in Ma Van Khang novel. Such illocutionaiy force indicating devices (IFIDs) as specialized comparison structores, specialized words (forms of subjective modality, adjectives combined with adverbs of degree, auxiliary, etc) help to identify the performative hypothesis for commenting.
Key words: action; comment; illocutionary force.