NHA N i r 6 c THONG NHAT DAU TIEN BEN DONG SONG NILE NGAP NANG
Biii Thj Anh Van'
T O M T A T
Van minh Ai Cap ra d&i rdt s&m. Tir budi ban ddu. con nguai dd lim din chdu thd sdng Nile mdu ma di xdy dung cugc sdng Sau khi cdc "Ndm '• (Cong xa) & Thuong Ai Cgp vd Hg Ai Cap hgp nhdt vdo khodng nam 3200 tru&c CN, nhd nu&c ihdng nhdt dau liin cua cu ddn sdng Nile ra d&i. Nhd nu&c Ai Cap CO duac xdy dung theo thiit chi qudn chu chuyin chi. mdtrongdd. Pharaoh (vua) cd quyen luc ldi ihugng. Tir Idc ndy Ai Cdp dd trd thdnh idi sdn cd nhdn ciia nhd vua vd hodng gia. Khi ddt nu&c dn dinh cdc Pharaoh luon mudn nudi du&ng khdt vgng md rgng ldnh thd vd nhd nuac Ai Cap dugc gidi phdng vdo giira thien niin ky thu II truac cdng nguyin. DS qudn ly nhd nuac Ai Cap, Pharaoh da phdi su dung nhiiu biin phdp cai in. V&i quyin chuyin che. mgi dieu lugt deu xudt phdt tir nhd vua ihdn thdnh vd mgi menh lenh cua nhd vua diu Ird thdnh ludt phdp qudc gia.
Tir khda: Nhd nu&c. qudn chu chuyen chi. pharaoh, Ai Cap cS dgi
Nhdn hdi: 15/1/2020; Phdn biin vd sua chira: 18/1/2020; Duyet ddng: 5/2/2020 Abstract
Egyptian civilization started very early. From the beginning, people had come to the fertile Nile Delta to settle. After the Noms (Communes) in Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt merged around 3200 BC, the first unified state ofthe Nile inhabitants was formed there. The ancient Egyptian state was built under to an authoritarian monarchy, in which the pharaoh had supreme power. Since then, Egypt became the personal property of the king and the royal family. When the country was stable, Pharaohs always wanted to expand the territory and the Egyptian state was liberated in the middle ofthe second millennium BC. In order lo govern the Egyptian state, Pharaoh had to use various measures of ruling. With tyrannical authority, all laws ofthe divine king and orders became national laws.
1. NhCrng chii n h a n d a u tien d d o n g nhung ngudi Arab lai dugc xac dinh khong b a n g song Nile phai chii nhan cac gia tti van minh sdng Nile
Ngay tir thai dai da cu. con ngudi da biet tim d i n chau thd song Nile dinh cu. Mac dii c h i i m phan ldn ttong dan sd Ai Cap ngay nay.
CO. Nhieu cong trinh nghien cuu cho rang, lap nghiep dau lien d day la nhirng tho dan chau Phi. Ban ve nguon goc ngudi Ai Cap cd.
• Ti^n sT, Trucmg Daj hpc Khoa hpc xa hpi va Nhan vSn
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Nha nttdc ttiong nhat dau tien.^
Jacquerta Hawkes va Leonard Woolley cho r i n g : "Cac cu dan d i u lien hinh nhu cd cimg nguon gdc vdi nhirng cu dan d mien Dong Phi. von la td tien cua nhimg ngudi Bedjas Somalia nga\ nay"'. Tren ca sd hdn hgp rat nhieu bg lac, cac cdng ddng d i u tien dugc hinh thanh. Quan diem ciia Jacquetta Hawkes va Leonard Woolley dua ra dua tten ca sd nhimg hop sg co tim thay d Nagada; nhieu tac pham nghe thual - nhu: pho lugng thudc thdi ky Tao v u a n g quoc va cac buc ve ciia ngudi Ai Cap... Day chinh la nhirng minh chung sdng ddng.
Thdi gian sau nay. khi chau tho sdng Nile dugc bdi dap rgng them, cugc song con ngudi ngay cang dugc dam bao. Su ttii phii d day da thu hilt luc lugng dan nhap cu tii nhimg khu
\TJC lan can. Trong giai doan sau, tat yeu da dien ra su giao liru, tiep bien manh me giira ngudi ban dia \'iing Dong Phi (dac biet d vucmg qudc P u n r ) vdi dan nhap cu. Dieu do the hien d "su gan giii ciia ngon ngir Ai Cap vdi ngdn ngu ciia cac dan tdc Gallia va Somalia"^. Phan thung liing sdng Nile d phia Nam Asyut va vimg Idng chao Falj'um la nai ma ngudi Libya va Nubia di cu vao Ai Cap sinh song. Khao cuu cac tu lieu ve nhan chiing hgc va khao co hgc cho thay. day la hai trung tam dinh cu ldn - c a sd hinh thanh hai lieu qudc dau tien ciia Ai Cap: Thugng va Ha Ai Cap. Tai viing Ha Ai Cap, khoang nua sau ihien nien k\ IV ttudc CN. xuat hien mgi dgt di cu mdi cua ngudi Semit den tir chau A^.
Sy nhap cu cua ddng ngudi ngoai qudc vao Ai Cap nga>- cang nhieu da hinh thanh nen nhimg diem tu cu mdi. Sy pha ttdn ve chiing tgc va van hoa dien ra ngay cang sau sac.
Ngudi ban dia co mdi quan he mai thiet vdi nhimg bd lac tdi tir Libya, Cac tac gia cuon
"Lich su van minh the gi&F cho rang: ''Thai cd dgi. cu ddn a ddy la ngu&i Libi, ngu&i da den va CO the cd ed ngu&i Semit di cu tir chdu A"'.
Binh luan ve chii nhan cua van minh sdng Nile, da xuat hien nhimg y kien trai chieu \ e
"ngudn gdc chau A cua ngudi Ai Cup"""- N"hieu nha nghien cuu cho rang, rat co the ngudi Hamit tir Tay A da xam nhap mien ha luu sdng Nile. Su ddng hda timg b u d c theo thdi gian da hinh thanh nen mdt bg tdc mdi - sau nay ggi chung la ngudi Ai Cap.
NTiimg thdng tin tten cho thay, ngay tir thdi CO dai. thanh phan cu dan song Nile tuong doi phirc tap, ngoai ngudi ban dja cdn co sy du nhap va phat ttien cua cgng dong dan nhap cu.
De bao ve quan diem nay, hgc gia Edward James da dan giai den chiec g a y ' dung de di dao cua Tutankhamun (khoang nam 1332- 1323 trudc CN). Phan can gay cua ngai cd hinh anh hai ngudi dan ong ndi vao nhau: mgt ngudi Syria va ngudi cdn lai la Ethiopia. Day dugc coi la hinh anh dai dien cho hai dan tdc chap nhan than phuc hoang de Ai Cap.
Mdt dieu ma cac nha nghien cuu con ban khoan. lieu ngudi chau Phi da den co phai mgt thanh phan cu dan ban dia d chau thd sdng Nile? Gia dinh nay cd ve hgp ly khi khai thac mang van hgc truyen mieng ciia ngudi Ai Cap. Cac cau chuyen than thoai d sdng Nile cho thay, nir than Isis la mgt phu nu co n u d c da den-hoi do. Day la c a sd cho suy luan riing, than dan ciia Isis han la se mang mau da nay.
Trong thanh phan dan s i hien nay ciia Ai Cap, ngudi Arab chiim s i dong. Trong lich su, dat nude kim ty thap limg chiu khuat phuc vuang q u i c Arab (khoang nam 640/641 969). Tiing Arab dugc ngudi Ai Cap diing ngay cang p h i b i l n va d i n nam 706 thi ttd thanh ngon ngii chinh thuc ciia ngudi dan.
Ngudi Macedonia cung ehilm mdt p h i n ttong thanh phan cu dan sdng Nile. Hg x u i t hien nhieu d quoc gia nay tir thdi ky Ai Cap thudc Hy Lap vdi m i c khdi d i u la cugc chinh phuc cua Alexandres Dai d l nam 332 trudc
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CN. Trong thdi ky Hy Lap hda, ngudi Macedonia nim giir quyen ehinh tri va quan su cao nhat ttong cliinh quyen trung ucmg va chinh quyen dia phuang^. Ngoai ra, d thanh phd Alexandria cdn cd ngudi Do Thai. Thanh phan cu dan nay ndi tieng Hy Lap va su dung kinh Do Thai van ban tieng Hy Lap^.
2. Nha nud'c dau tien cua ngudi Ai Cap cl Khoang nam 3200 trudc CN, nha nudc Ai Cap dau tien dugc thanh lap. Mac dii ban dau chua hoan chinh, nhung sy ra ddi ciia nha nudc la mgt trgng nhiing dau hieu chiing td cu dan ban dia da budc vao thdi dai van minh.
Tuy cdn nhieu net sa khai, no da mang nhieu dac diem ciia mgt nha nudc quan chu chuyen che trung uang tap quyen phuang Ddng.
Trong che do nay, hoang de cd quyen lyc sanh ngang vdi than thanh va dieu hanh mgt bg may quan lieu cong kenh. "Quan chii la ngudi nam giiJ quyen lyc toi cao va phai dimg tdi mgt bd may quan lieu phiic tap tu trung uang tdi dia phucmg de cai tri dit nudc"'"-
Budc sang thdi ky Tao vuang quoc, hai miin Thugng va Ha Ai Cap da hgp lai thanh mdt quic gia. Ngudi dan ban dia da co nhieu dilu kien thuan lgi trong qua trinh lien ket cac lien minh bg lac dl tao dyng nha nudc. Nhimg td chirc diu tien cua hg dugc ggi la "cong xa".
Theo thdi gian, cu dan ngay cang phat trien, ttinh do san xuit dugc nang cao da khien xa hdi Ai Cap cd nhiing biln dgng bdi su phan chia giai cip. Mgt thiit chl chinh tri dau tien cua ngudi Ai Cap cl xuit hien trudc khi nha nudc hinh thanh, thay thi cho cac cdng xa thi tgc - dd la "chau": "Vao khoang nua sau thien nien ky IV trudc CN, do sy phat ttien ciia lyc lugng san xuit va sy phan hoa giau ngheo, cac cong xa ndng thdn da lien hiep lai thanh nhimg nha nudc nho diu tien ggi la c/zaw""- Va sau, do nhimg ddi hoi ciia cugc sdng, cac
chau da hgp lai thanh Thugng Ai Cap va Ha Ai Cap.
Do song d luu vyc song, viec tri thuy ttd thanh nhiem \TJ ciia tat ca cac cong dan dai nudc kim tu thap. Cong viec nay doi hoi sy chung tay ciia nhieu cdng xa. Moi lien ket nay dua den sy ra ddi cua cac to chuc lien minh cong xa tai Ai Cap va dugc ggi la "Ndm"
(chau). "Moi Nom co mgt N6m-mac-ca dung dau"'^. Ngudi dan song Nile phai chuan hi mgi thu ddi phd vdi ddng nudc lu, bao ve sinh mang, cua cai va cugc song ciia minh. Do do, yeu cau thong nhat hoat dgng quan ly luon dugc dat len hang dau de sao cho cdng tac thuy lgi dien ra dong bg. Vi le nay, sy gin ket cac Nom khien cho mgi hoat dgng trudc, trong va sau miia 10 dgc theo sdng Nile trd nen thuan lgi ban.
Dong thdi, nhieu cudc tranh chap dai dai va thdn linh lan nhau da dua den sy quy phuc cua cac Ndm yeu hon vao nhimg Nom manh.
Din giira thien nien ky IV trudc CN, vucmg quic Ha Ai Cap da ra ddi bdi sy thong nhat ciia nhiing Nom miin Bac; cdn d mien Nam, hinh thanh vorong quoc Thugng Ai Cap. Hai vuang quoc nay ludn xay ra xung dot. Cac nha khoa hgc da tim thay mot phien da tren be mat cd mieu ta canh vua Narmer (khoang tir nam 3273-2987 ttvdc CN) dang chi lay len diu ke thil va ben canh hinh ve la dong chii:
"Vua da bit tir dit nudc Ho Garpuna sau nghin tii binh"'^. Tuy nhien, sau thdi gian dai xung dot, hai vucmg quoc da hgp thanh nha nudc Ai Cap thdng nhat nam 3200 trudc CN vdi vai ttd ndi bat ciia vua Menes (Thugng Ai Cap). Nha nudc Ai Cap thong nhit trong thdi ky Tao vuong quoc (khoang 3200 - 3000 tnrdc CN), dat nin mdng cho sy ra ddi ciia chl do chiim him nd le hinh thanh thdi Cd vuong qudc.
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Trong thdi ky tri \i ciia cac pharaoh sau Mcnes, thudc \'uang ttieu 1 va II. giira Ai Cap va nhimg bd lac d mien Sinai da xay ra nhieu lan xung dot. Sau mdi lan thang tran. quan vien chinh lai mang ve nudc nhieu kim loai dong va sy sd him cac md ddng tai da>. Su phdn thinh thdi Trung va Tan \"ucmg qudc, da khien qudc gia nay ttd thanh mgt de che vdi mdt lanh thd rgng ldn. bao gom vimg Bac Phi keo dai sang khu vyc Trung Dong. Nam A.
Ai Cap dugc nhan dinh la qudc gia xay dyng nha nudc sdm nhat tten the gidi va dat dugc nhieu thanh tyu van minh rye rd. Tu Pharaoh dau tien den nir hoang Cleopart (Khoang 51-30 trudc CN), Ai Cap ttai qua 31 vucmg ttieu tri vi. Trong cudn Lich suAi Cap, hgc gia Manelho (song d the ky III trudc CN) cho rang, lich sii Ai Cap cd dai dugc chia thanh 5 thdi ky: Tao vucmg quoc (khoang 3200-3000 ttvdc CN), Cl vucmg quoc (3000- 2200 trudc CN), Trung vucmg qudc (2200- 1570 ttirdc CN), Tan vucmg quic (1570-1100 trudc CN) va Hau ky vucmg qudc (the ky X-I tt^dc CN)'^
Trong sudt thai Co vuang quoc, thiet che nha nudc Ai Cap limg budc hoan thien them.
Lyc lugng quan dgi ngay cang dugc tang cudng, dap iing yeu cau cho cac cudc vien chinh xam luge ciing nhu dan ap va boc lot nhan dan ttong nudc. Sy hoan chinh ciia bd may nha nudc da giup ngudi dimg dau vuong ttieu phat hu\' dugc quyen lyc ciia minh.
2. Quyen lire toi thuong ciia Pharaoh chuyen che
Ngudi diing dau bd may nha nudc Ai Cap dugc ggi la Pharaoh ("Ngdi nha vT dai", "Cung dien". "Ngai ngu ttong cung dien"), la tudc hieu chi cac \'\ Niia cua .Ai Cap co dai. Nghien cuu cua cac nha su hgc Beck Roger B; Black, Linda: Krieger. Larry S.: Naylor. Phillip C;
Shabala. Dahia Ibo; Dodson. Aidan va Hilton, Dyan...'^ cho rSng, tudc hieu "Pharaoh" chi dugc su dung chinh thiic tir thdi ky Tan vucmg qudc (nhat la xTTcmg trieu XVIII), nhung da ttd nen thdng dung ttong viec dimg de chi cac vua Ai Cap cd dai.
Khao ciiu thin thoai Ai Cap se thay, rat nhiiu hoang de la ket qua cua quan he tinh ai giira hoang hau vdi than Unh. Theo dd, vi pharaoh khi mdi ra ddi da mang menh "Thanh
\arcmg" (pharaoh than-nhan). Ngay ca thin thoai Hy Lap ciing co mgt cau chuyen day mau sac hu ao ve xuat than cua Alexandres Dai de.
Nghien ciiu cua Re-Edition par Albin Michel'^
cho thay, ngudi diing dau vucmg trieu Plolemaios bao gid ciing dat them mdt "ten cimg", gan Hen vdi ten than Alexandres (ten Ai Cap cua Alexandres Dai de) hoac mgt sd vi than khac.
De quan ly chat che bd may quan lai cdng kenh tu trung uang den dia phucmg, pharaoh phai su dung nhieu bien phap. Vdi quyin chuyen che, mgi menh lenh ciia nha vua deu trd thanh phap luat. Pharaoh cd quyin bd nhiem, bai mien va trimg phat bat cir ai. Mgi quan Iai trong trieu deu nhan danh quoc vucmg ma hanh dgng. Trong vin dl xet xir, tham phan co quyen tli cao trong xet xir la nha vua, dudi ngai la hai tl tudng. Trong cuin
"Lich sir vdn minh nhdn logi ih&i tiin su", hai tac gia Jacquetta Hawkes va Leonard Woolley dua ra binh luan: "CJ Ai Cap la nai ngy tti mdt nha nudc thin quyin khac bin, mgi dieu luat deu xuit phat tir nha vua (pharaoh) than thanh va phu thudc vao y muon cua nha vua"".
Quic vucmg cua Ai Cap la ngudi sd hiru toi cao ve rugng dat va dugc coi nhu mgt vi thin sdng. Ngai chinh la co sd ihl hien duy nhit chan ly tgt ciing. Vucmg quyin va thin quyen deu hoa quyen va hgi tu chat che, theo
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mgt ttat ty quy dinh - ma ngudi Ai Cap ggi la Ma'at'^. Cd le vi t h i , ten ngai ciia n h i i u pharaoh Ai Cap cd gan ten chii: ciia than Ma"at. Vi nhu, Hatshepsut (hay Hatchepsut, khoang 1508-1458 ttardc CN) t h i hien sy tdn kinh vdi than M a ' a t nen da lay ten ngai ciia minh la Ma'atkare.
Khdng chi la ngudi dung dau ve chinh tri va con diing dau ve tdn giao, pharaoh co quyen lyc vd ciing ldn. Luc sinh thdi, vi pharaoh dugc gan cho nhimg nang luc sieu nhien, khien ngudi dan siing bai nhu mgt vi than. Theo than thoai Ai Cap, ngudi sang lap vucmg ttieu V chinh la trai nggt tinh yeu ciia mdt nii tu sT vdi than Ra. S u ra ddi ciia nii hoang Hatshepsut cting nhuom day mau sac huyen hoac'^. Ngudi ban dia cho rang than Amun^" mong muon Hatshepsut ttd thanh mdt hoang de ciia dat n u d c Al Cap. Va y nguyen ciia than da dugc khac tten cac cong ttinh cua Hatshepsut: "Chao mimg con gai yeu ciia ta, ngudi ta yeu thich, vi vua cua Thugng va Ha Ai Cap, Maatkare, Hatshepsut. Ngudi la pharaon, sd huu Hai viing Dat"'^'^. Va ciing bdi CO uy quyen Idn nhu vay nen cd the hieu vi sao nhiiu hoang d l Ai Cap trong thdi gian tri vi da ty xay cho minh nhiing kim ty thap hiing vl.
Sau khi T h u g n g va Ha Ai Cap thong nhat, giang scm da quy vao mgt moi. Tir liic nay, toan bg Ai Cap da trd thanh tai san ca nhan cua nha vua va hoang gia. Khi dat nudc dn dinh, cac pharaoh luon nudi dudng khat vgng m d rgng lanh thd. Ngudi Hyksos''^ bi danh dudi khoi Ai Cap vao giira thien nien ky II trudc CN, d i t n u d c dugc giai phong. "Tir luc nay Hoang d l khong nhung la mdt vi than linh tti vi dudi ttin gian, dng ta ciing la vi chi huy quan sy t l i cao va cac con ttai dng ta deu co ham tudng ttong nhtrng dao quan ma hg chi huy"^^ Viec giir gin bd cdi la mgt ttong nhiing mdi quan tam hang dau. De bao ve bien
gidi phia Nam va Syrie, ttilu dinh Ai Cap bugc phai duy tri mdt dgi quan thudng true manh, c a ddng.
Trong dieu kien khac nghiet ciia B i c Phi, ngudi Ai Cap da may man sd hiiu ddng bing song Nile mau md. Nhirng dilu kien tu nhien va xa hdi da khien nai day sdm hinh thanh nha nudc. Day la nha nudc co dai dau lien vdi thiet che quan chii chuyen che. Tir day, ben dong Nile ngap nang, mgt nen van minh co xua dugc xay dung vdi nhtrng thanh tyu vo ciing rye rd.
Chu thich:
1. Jacquetta Hawkes - Leonard Woolley (2001), Lich sir van minh nhdn loai. Thai lien sir, Ngucri dich: Nguyen Van Thirdng, Nxb Van hoa Thong tin.
Ha Npi, tr.460.
2. F£«777^ 9«oc/•«/?/(trong cac van ban CO cua Ai Cap ggi la Pwenei hoac Pwene). Hi?n chira co y kiln thong nhat ve vi tri chinh xac cua Punt. Tuy nhien, hau het cac hpc gia deu cho rang. Punt a phia dong nam Ai Cap (kha nang trong khu v\rc ven bien - ma nay thugc Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, dong bac Ethiopia va bd bien Do ciia Sudan)
3. Lu'cmg Ninh va cac cgng sir (2006), Lich sir the gi&i CO dai, Nxb Giao due. Ha Npi, tr.35.
4. Jacquetta Hawkes - Leonard Woolley (2001), Lich sir van minh nhdn loai thdi (ien sir, sdd, tr.460.
5. Vu Ducmg Ninh va cac cgng sir (2000), Lich sir van minh the gidi, Nxb Giao due. Ha Ngi, tr.l3.
6. Xem: V.I.Avdiep (1970), Lich sir phucmg Dongcd dai, Nxb Matxcova, tr.l37.
7. Edward James (2002), Chuyen ki ve nhirng nin vdn minh cd, Nxb The giai. Ha Ngi, tr. 106.
8. Re-Edition par Albin Michel (1926-1972),
•'L'imperialisme macedonien et rhellenisation de rOrient" Pierre Jouguet Editions " i a Renaissance du Livre" 1926- 1972, Paris, pp.330.
9. Grayzel, Solomon (1984), A History of the Jews. New York: Mentor, Penguin Book, pp.56-57.
10. Ellen Judy Wilson, Peter Hanns ReiJi (2004), Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, Facts on File Inc, New York, p. 1.
l i . Vu Duong Ninh va cac cpng sir (2000), Lich su vdn minh the gidi, sdd, tr. 13.
Tgp chi nghien ciru CHAU PHI & TRUNG DONG so 02(174) t h a n g 2/2020
12. Luang Ninh \a cac cpng su (2006). Lich sir the gi&l cd dai. sdd, tr.36.
13. Dan theo: Lucmg Ninh \ a cac cpng su (2006). Lich sic the gidi cd dgi, sdd, tT.37.
14. Nhung con so nay chi la tuong doi, vi nien dai dupc dua ra d tac pham cua cac nha sii hpc rat khac nhau.
15. Beck Roger B; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.; Naylor, Phillip C; Shabala, Dahia Ibo (1999), World History: Patterns of Intemation. Evanston.
IL: McDougal Littell. ISBN 0-3995-87274-x:
Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan (2004). Tlie Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames (& Hudson. ISBN 050005128-3.
16. Re-Edition par Albin Michel (1926-1972),
"L'impcrialisme macedonien et rhellenisation de I'Orient" Pierre Jouguet Editions "La Renaissance du Livre" 1926 - 1972. Paris. pp.302- 303.
17. Jacquetta Hawkes Leonard Woolley {200 \). Lfch sir vdn minh nhdn logi thai tien.sir, sdd, tr.601.
18. Maat hay Ma'at (tieng Ai Cap: m3U) la con gai cua than Ra, dupc coi la hien than cua trat tu.
cong ly vh chinh nghia. Ma'at da ciru ihe gidi khong bi nhan chim trong bien ca hon loan. Ngudi Ai C^p tin rang, vj hoang de cua hp la "Nhirng ngudi bao V? Ma'at" va duy Irl trat tu va cong ly trong xa hpi.
Cac pharaoh thudng mang theo mpt buc tupng nho cua Ma'at la the hi?n su cam ket do.
19. Joyce Tyldesley (1996), Hatchepsut: The Female pharaon. Penguin Books, p.99; Joyce Tyldesley (1996), Hatchepsut: The Female pharaon. Penguin Books, pp.120; Breasted, James
Henry, Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from tlie Earliest Times to the Persian Conquest, The University of Chicago Press, 1906, pp.116-117.
20. Aniun (ten khac Amon, Amen) - co nghTa la
"tang hinh" hay "ngudi an than". Ngai la 2 trong 8 vi than sa khai dau tien ttong ton giao Ai Cap co dai.
Amun dupc hicn thj la hinh anh mgt vj vua ngoi tren ngai vang. dpi vuong mien vai 2 chop long hoac dudi hinh dang mpt ngudi dan ong vdi cai dau cim ho^c nipt con cuu. Tuy nhien trong thai ky dau tien,
\ i than nay dupc bieu dat nhieu hinh hai khac nhau, nhu: ech. ran ho mang. ca sau hay khi. Ong co the tu tai sinh minh bang each bien thanh ran va lot da.
21. Breasted. James Henry {\906),Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the
Earliest Times lo the Persian Conquest. The L'ni\ersit\ of Chicago Press, pp.116-117.
22. Ngu&i Hyksos C^ac ong vua ngo^i quoc".
"cac \ i \'ua chan cuu") co the den tir Tay A. Hp dinh cu d phia dong dong bang chau tho song Nile (khoang thai gian trudc nam 1650 trudc CN).
23. Jacquetta Hawkes Leonard Woolley (2001). Lich suvdn minh nhdn logi thdi lien sir, sdd, tr.563.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Luang Ninh va cac cpng sir (2006), Lich sir thi gi&l CO dgi, Nxb Giao due. Ha Noi.
2. Vu Ducmg Ninh va cac cpng su (2000), Lich sir run minh the gi&i. Nxb Giao due. Ha Npi.
J A\'diep V.I. (1970), Lich sir phircmg Ddng cd dgi. Nxb Matxcova,
4. Beck Roger B.; Black, Linda; Krieger, Larry S.: Naslor, Phillip C; Shabala, Dahia Ibo (1999), World History. Patterns of Internal ion. Evanston, IL; McDougal Littell.
5. Breasted, James Henry (1906), Ancient Records of Egypt: Historical Documents from the Earliest Times lo the Persian Conquest. The University of Chicago Press.
6. Dodson, Aidan and Hilton, Dyan (2004), The Complele Royal Families of Ancient Egypt. Thames
& Hudson. ISBN 050005128-3.
7. Edw ard James (2002), Chuyen ki vi nhirng nen van minh co, Nxb The gidi. Ha Npi.
8. Ellen Judy Wilson, Peter Hanns Reill (2004), Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment, Facts on File Inc. New York.
9. Grayzel, Solomon (1984), A History of the Jews. New York: Mentor, Penguin Book.
10. Jacquetta Hawkes - Leonard Woolley (2001), Lich sir vdn minh nhdn logi, Thai tiin .sir, Ngudi dich: Nguyen Van Thudng, Nxb Van hoa Thong tin, Ha Npi.
11. Joyce Tyldesley (1996), Halchep.sul: The Female pharaon. Penguin Books.
12. Re-Edition par Albin Michel (1926-1972),
"L'imperialisme macedonien el Thellenisation de I'Orient" Pierre Jouguet Editions "la Renaissance du Livre". Paris.
34 Tgp chi nghien cicu CHAU PHI & T R I N G DONG SO 02(174) t h a n g 2/2020