HAN PHI - N G l / d l KE THlTA VA HOAN THIEN TU T U " 6 N G T R I NLTCJC CUA CAC PHAP GIA TIEN BOI
NGUYfiN H U t r F H i r d C '''
Tom tat: Han Pki dadc biet den ta "Tap dai thanh" cita triet hoc Trung Hoa thin ky co dai. Tu tuong phdp tn ciia ong dime trinh bay rat ro trong sdch ''Hdn Phi Til", ddng thdi dong vai trb quan trong trong buoi ddu thong nhdt todn Trung Hoa cung nhll thiet lap vd eung co nhd nUdc phong kien trung uang tdp quyen dUdi thdi Tdn Thiiy Hodng Bdi viet gop phdn ldm ro vai tro cua Hdn Phi trong viec xdy dung dUdng loi tri niidc tren ca sd ke thita td tudng cdc Phdp gia tiin boi trong thdc tiin xd hdi Trung Hoa thin Chien Quo'c.
Td khoa: Hdn Phi, Phdp gia: tU tudng phdp tn
Abstract: Han Phi uias known as au encyclopedia of ancient Chinese philosophy His philosophy ofa country ruled by lav: was clearly presented in his book Han Phi Tu. This philosophy also played an important role in the early union days of China, as well as in the establishment and development ofthe centralized feudal government under Tan Thuy Hoang. This article also highlighted Han Phi's role in developing a governing policy by inheriting from preceding law makers during war time.
Keywords: Han Phi: "rule by law"philosophy.
Ngdy nhan bdi. 15 1112015: Ngdy duyet dang bdi: IB 1312015.
1. Phac hoa than t h i , sfl n g h i e p cua lin viei thu dang Un can vua Han, nhUng '^'»" ' • ' " vua Han khdng dUng"'". Ndi ve sU hoc cua
Han Phi (khoang 280 - 233 Tr.CN), ong Han Phi, SU liy viet: •'...thich cdi hoc '"hinh xuat than la cdng tu vUOng tha't nudc Han, danh", "phdp thuaC. Goc cua hoc thuyit cung thdi v6i Ly Tu (tudng quoc nudc Tdn) nay la d Hoang de, Lao Tu"'. them vao do hoc dao Nho tfl thSy Tuan Khanh (tdc vfo la hoc trd cda Nho gia n f o Han Phi cd l u a n Tu). Ly Tu tu cho minh la ngudi duOc he thfog ly luan chat che. Tuy nhien, kem Han Ph."'. TU nho Han Ph. da no, Han Phi cd t a t ndi ngong, n f o fog khdng Ueng thong mmh, hoc rdng, bidt nhifo. t h i bien ludn nhifo, vi t h e fog da dfo tam Nhung khac VOi cac cao do d a Nho gia, lUc vao viec vie't sach. B t o g tfog k i t ly Han Phi ghet nhuiig nguOi tri nudc ma luan d a cac P h a p gia t . f o bdi, vdi biet tai khong chiu trau do, lam sang ro phap che, cda ban than, Han Phi da cho ra ddi cufo chi muon dung cai the cua minh i i che sich Han Phi Tit.
ngu be tdi; khong lo wdc nudc giau, binh manh b j n g each dung ngudi hifo, trai lai,
c h u y e n d u n g n h i i n g k e t h a m n h i i n g , d a m " ThS NCS IChoa Tnet hoc, Hoc .ien Khoa hoc XS Icin, sau mot, dat chiing d dia vi cao hon "°T f ™ " ''!""'™.e"ye''"l®e"">il.~n>
„ l , f l n „ n „ , r t i „ • - , " H Vl c a o liOn " Tu Ma Th,en, s i * , - . Phan Ngoc dich, Nxb. Thii, dai, niiUiig nguOi CO coiig lao va thiic tai, Vi Hi Nai, 2010, tr.302.
the. khi thay dat mldc bat on "Phi m/i\, !! !!''"'''''''«"• S'<'*J. Phan Ngoc dich, Sdd, tr,302.
, rni may " Tu Ma ThiSn, s i *y, Phan Ngoc (dich). Sdd, tr 302.
Q NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XAHOI
Slt3-201S
NGUYEN HOtr PHU6C Tu tufog H t o Phi duoc t h i liifo xuft
s4e trong tac p h i m Hin Phi Tit. Theo Han thu, Nghi vdn chi cua Ban (31 cd ghi 55 thien sdch H d n PM Ti:, dUdc p h t a chia 20 quyln, k h o t o g mdt van chfl. M i c d i cdn nhieu y k i l n khac n h a u ve tfnh "chto, gia"
e i a n h i l u t h i f o trong sach, t h a m ehl cd y kifo cho rang sdch ehi ed 5 thidn 14 d t o g tin efty: ffidn hgc, Ngu dd. Nan thi, Quy sii, Lifc phdn. Van biSn"'. Tdc gia Vfl Kim Dung sau khi khdo cflu eae cdng trtnh nghifo cflu v l cufo sdch da n h a n xet:
"...Theo ttdnh gid cua Bdch gia chu ti thi sdch cua Hin Phi den 9110 phdn li do dng Viet trudc khi din nudc Tdn, nhung cung cd dogn ghi nhOng ngdn ludn cua dng sau khi vio nudc Tdn, dd li do nguiti ddi sau gom gop vio nhu thiin "Tin Hin", cUng CO dogn chip nhiing ngdn lugn cia ngudi khac thim vio nhu "Sa kim Tdn", cdn hai thiin "Gidi ido", "Du lao" cUng c6 thi do ngudi ddi sau thlm"^". N h t o g ^ k i l n kh4c nhau khi bdn ludn v l cufo saeh la dilu r f t de h i l u bdi ngodi ydu to' Uch s i r a ddi d i n hdn 2000 ndm thi Hin Phi Tit 14 ddi tUdng n h f o dfldc sfl quan tdm e i a nliilu hoe gia, nhd nghidn cflu, trdn n h i l u Iinh vUc, khdng ehi d Trung Hoa m4 trdn t o t a t h i gidi, t h i ndn mdt ydu efa nghidm t i c v l tfnh c h t o thflc khoa hoc 14 h o t o t o t a hdp 1;^.
Song, dieu d t o g ndi d day 14 gid tri hifo thdi e i a tae phfai, cud'n Hin Phi Tit da ddp tog duoc nhu c f a thflc tifo 14 k i t thflc cue difo Chiln Qud'e, thu non sdng v l mdt mfl. L^ Tu da vdn dvmg tridt d l tinh t h t o phap tri trong sach c i a H t o Phi vdo nudc T t o thdi bSy gid giup T f a Vuong Doanh Chfnh thdng n h f t todn coi Trung Hoa v4o n t o l 221 tr.CN. K l tfl day, Trung Hoa e l dai da ehuyin tfl e h l dd p h t o sfs-ais
phong thj tdc sang thcS ky mdi - thdi k J nhd nudc phong kid'n t n m g Udng t£lp q u y t o (mot md hinh nhd nfldc kdo ddi h i n g nghin nam). Khdng d t o g lai d dd, tfl tfldng phdp trj eua H t o Phi da lan tda v4 fah hufog sau s4e trdn n h i l u phudng difo cua ddi sfog chfnh tri - xa hdi Trung Hoa v4 t h i gidi k l tfl khi r a ddi d f o nay, n h a nghidn cflu P h a n Ngoc n h t o xdt; "Sdi vdi van haa thi gidi Hdn Phi Ti li mdt tdc pham het sic ddc ifdo. Vi chinh tri, nd Id cdng trinh quan trgng nh& cia chinh tri hgc Trung Hoa vi mdt trong nhiing tdc pham lidu tiin cia the gidi. Vi tU tudng, no xdc tap tnidng phdi Phdp gia, mdt trong bdn tntdng phdi ldn nhdt cia tu tudng Trung Qudcl Vi vdn hgc, no li mdt cdng trinh cUc ky hdp ddn... dge cdi cdng trinh vict cdch ddy 2300 nim niy ai cUng gidt minh bdi tinh thdi sti cia nd"^\
Tuy nhidn, cudn sdch g f a Ufo vdi tdn t u l i H t o Phi ndy cflng tao r a td'n bi kjch cho chfnh tac gia, bdi vi, saeh Hin Phi Ti da d f o tay vua T f a T h i y Hotog, khi doc d i n hai thidn "Cd phSn" - NSi phdn ukt cua con ngudi cd ddc vk "Ngd <fd" - Nim logi sdu mgt, T f a Thuy Hoang da than phflc vd c t o g vd thoit len: "Ta dudc ldm bgn vdi ngudi ndy thi chet cdng khdng udng"<'^. Rdi vua ddi gap H t o Phi. Duoc y i t k i l n vua T t o dd vfla 14 thdi co, vfla 14 t h i thach ddi vdi Hdn Phi. ThM cd, 14 d l thflc hidn cho dude ly tudng dng mong mufi'n giup mfit minh qudn tri vi thidn ha;
thach thOc, 14 14m sao tim mpi each d l cflu
'" Ho Thich, Trung Quoi: triit hoc su: dai along Nxb Vfin hfia thSng tin, Hfi N6i, 2004, tr.527.
<» VS Kim Dung, Luin an ti&i si Tri& hfc, ViSn Trift h9c, Hfi Noi, 2003, tr.47.
» Hfin Phi', Han Phi Ti, Sdd, tr,5.
" Hfin Phi. Hin Phi Ti, Phan Ngoc dich, Nxb. Vfin hge, Hfi Noi. 2005, tr.8.
NHlN LUC KHOA HQC M H O I
HAN PHI - NGUOl KE THCTA V A HOAN THIEN TU TUdNG TEI NU6C...
nude H t a khdi hi T f a thdn tfnh theo nhidm vu vua H t a giao eho H t o Phi khi sang T t o . Dam nhidm sfl mdnh lich s i dd, khi gap duoc T t o T h i y Hotag, H t a Phi dtog vua Tfa bdi Bdo ton ntidc Hin, ddng thdi ra sfle t h u y l t phuc vua T t o khdng ndn danh H t o . Vi bai tau ly, H t o Phi da bj L^ Tu gidm pha vdi vua T t o , eho r t o g 14m nhu t h i 14 cd ldi eho nUdc H t o v4 ed hai cho Tto. K i t qua 14 H t o Phi bj Ly Tu d t o g t h i doan dp dng ufi'ng thufic ddc.
Trfldc khi chit, H t o Phi da vilt t h u giii tdi T t o vuong cd nhan de hdn ddu tien yit kiin vua Tdn d l bdy td y chi vd tdm nguydn cua minh, vua T t o doc xong v4 r f t cam kfch vdi n h t o g ldi trong thU v4 r a Idnh tha H t o Phi, nhiing Idnh ban r a thi H t o Phi da khdng edn nfla. Cho ndn, nhd nghien c t o Pham Qujnh mdi phac hpa H t o Phi bfag cdu ndi n i i tilng: "Hin Phi li chdn dung anh hiing bi kich"'".
2. Mdt s S noi d u n g tfl tfldng ctf b a n c i a cdc p h a p gia t i l n b o i vdi tfl c d c h t i l n d l ly lulLn c h o e a c h thflc t r i nflfic c i a H 4 n P h i
Ctog vdi Nho gia, M^c gia v4 Dao gia thi Phdp gia 14 mdt trong 4 hpe phdi tidu bilu thdi Trung Hoa c l dai cd toh hufog Ifo din xa hdi. Mac d i Phdp gia khdng cd mdt ngudi khdi tao nhu Nho, Dao hay Mac gia. Nhung khi nhac dfo hpc phai ndy ngudi ta khdng the nhac dfo cac Phap gia tiln bdi. Nhflng n h t o vdt, dai bilu c i a Phdp gia c l dai cd t h i chia thdnh bd'n phdi: Thdi Xuto Thu cd phdi trgng thitc gdm: Qufa Trpng, T i San, Ly Khdi, Ngd Khdi trong qua trinh thfle hdnh ehinh trj, h? dd td'ng k i t n h t o g kinh nghidm c i a bfa t h t o , ddng thdi vilt thdnh sdch tren CO sd khai quft thflc tifo. Sang thdi Chidii Qud'e, Phdp gia da hinh th4nh 3 he phai rd Q NHilNLin; KHOA HOC XAHtl
rdt 14: "trgng phdp" t i f o M&i c6 'Hiflting Ufog; "trgng thudlT rd n h f t 14 T h t o B t t Hai, "trgng tht dfldc b i l t < ^ 14 T h ^ Dao. Ngudi k l thfla "Bdch gia Chu TU";
td'ng hop v4 h o t o thifo hoc t h u y l t n i y chlnh 14 H t a Phi vdi c h i trUOng p h i p ttj;.
t u t u f o g phap trj c i a H t a P h i 14 sfl t i n g hpp h o t a hao gifla ba y l u td' "PAop"
"Thugf, "Thi' md ngudi t h i nghidm ttskeii cdng t r f o nudc T f a 14 Ly Tfl.
"tntdchstlkl^uan Trgng0-845Tr. W}:
Ong 14 tudng qud'e nfldc Te dfldi thdi Hoto Cdng, c f a g 14 ngudi d f a tien b t o viphdp n h u mfit each cai tri v4 c t o phai dfl^c ban b l mdt cdch rfing rai. Nfii dung phdp lu^t dUde bidn soan trong bfi "Qudn Ti' gdm 76 thidn (sdch do ngfldi ddi sau chdp Iji);
ghi chdp cac diln tfch v l t u tufog chlnh tri phap ehl, trong dd c6 n h i l u thidn v l phap lulit, nhfl "Bdn phdp", "Ldp phd^,
"Cdm phdp", "Trgng linh", "Phdp linh"*, nghia 14 thudt trj nudc c f a phai coi trpng Ludt, Linh, Hinh vi Chinh. Theo dng, Lugt 14 d l djnh phdn cho mdi ngfldi m4 d t o khdng tranh. Linh Id d l eho d t o bilt vide md 14m. Hinh d l t r t o g trj n h t o g ke trai lu^t, Ipnh da ban. Cd nam loji tdi hinh chfnh, dd 14: (pi chit, bi day co hgn, tdi giam, tdi day khdng co han vi tdi phgt tiin. Khi Ap dung phai tfly theo tfii danh, cd nhu vdy dan mdi khdng o t a , ke Mfo mdi khdng sp. Cdn Chinh 14 s i a cho d4n theo dufog ngay. Id phai.
^ Tilp d i n 14 Ti sdn (? - 522 Tr.CN) - nhd eai each kinh t l , xa hdi, chfnh trj quan trpng c i a nudc Trinh thdi X u t o Thu. D l
Pham Quynh, Bdck gia ckil ti (gidn tku$t), Nguyin Qu5i Thii djch, Nxb. Van h6a th6ng tin, HS NM, 2000, tr,653.
"' Nguyjn Hi& LS, Giin Chi, Hin Pki Ti, Nxb, Vta hda thfing tin, Hfi Nfli, 1994, tr.41.
KfMiH
NGUYEN HtJU PHU(3C Ifoi cho nudc manh, T i S f a da tifo hdnh
n h i l u cupc cai c4eh Ifo ve kinh t l , ehfnh tri, dac biet 14 phap Iy.
Nfo n h u Q u t o Trpng chu y dfo c f a t n i c cua phap ludt Oujt, hinh, lenh chlnh) d nudc T l thi T i S f a lai q u t a t a m nhifa hdn dfo cdng b l v4 thflc t h i phap Ifoh. T i S f a noi t i l n g vdi bfi Hinh thU. Day 14 loai saeh v l ludt hinh md nhflng difo khofa cua nd dUdc T i S f a cho khde t r f o dmh, cdng b l cho mpi ngudi d i u bilt. nhd dd h a n d i l dUde nhflng vide ldm sai trai, thay dli h f a tinh trang khdng cd chd dfla phap luft trudc dd. Vi t h i , cd ngudi tdn T i S f a 14 cha de c i a hpc phai Phdp gia. Cdng hifo phap luft dudi thdi T i S f a d nudc Trinh dUdc s i sach ca ngdi v4 T i S t o dude coi 14 mdt trong ba ngudi n i l t i l n g v l cai trj dudi thdi X u t o Thu - Chiln Quob: "Ti Sdn eai tri ddt Trinh, ddn khdng thi ddi";
Ti Tiin tri dot Ban Phu, ddn khdng nd ddi; Tdy Mdn Bdo tri ddt Nghiep, ddn khdng ddm ddi...""".
Vdi d f a dc thflc t l trong mpi hoat dfog kinh t l , chfnh trj, Ly Khdi (455 395 Tr.CN), cdn gpi 14 Lf Khac, ngudi nudc Ngyy. 6 n g nh|im chflc t l tudng dudi thdi Ngfly V t o H f a (thdi d f a Chifo Qudc). hy Khdi da t i l n hdnh nhflng eai each l t o eho nudo Nguy trdn t f t ea cdc miit: ehinh trj, kinh t l nhdm Idt dfi' e h l dd nd Id, ddng thdi cfag e l n f o thfog trj dang ldn. Ong de xuft nguydn t4c: Thflc hflu lao nhi lde hflu cdng, sd hflu n t o g nhi thufog tdt thdnh, phat t f t dUdng (ngudi thflc sfl 14m vide dUdc to, ngfldi thflc sfl ed edng dudc hufog; ngfldi sidng n t o g ldm vide ed sfl thufog phat thich dtog). Cac hpc gia cho rfag, L J Khdi v i l t bd sach "Phdp kinh", l i y phdp ludt ii bfa vd e h l dd sd h t o cua giai c i p dia c h i mdi r a ddi (tuy nhidn nay si3-2ns
da t h f t t r u y l n ) . Nhflng ehfnh sach bifo phap c i a Ly Khdi da 14m eho Nguy trd t h a n h mpt trong nhflng nfldc h t o g manh n h f t thdi C ^ f o Qudc.
Ngfldi d^y phai trgng thitc len dfo dinh eao 14 Ngd KhM (? - 381 Tr.CN), ngudi nudc Vd, nhflng 14m quan d nude Nguy dudi thdi Nguy V t o H f a , do hi t h i Ifle eu d nudc Nguy chdn dp, dng phai nhd cay v4o nude SS. N4m 382 Tr.CN, dupc sfl tin e f a c i a Sd Difo Vflong, fing da thi h4nh rpng r a i phudng phap cai trj nfldc Sd. Ong d l cao "minh phap nghiim linh" (phdp luft phai rd r t o g v4 Ifoh phai nghidm), ddng thdi thi hdnh rfing rai phap che c i a e h l dfi phong kUn, 14m cho nfldc Sd manh hon thifo ha, Tam T t o ( H t a , Trifo, Ngfly) v4 Te, Tfa, nude n4o eung kinh sp, vi t h i m4 nudc Sd thdi Sd Difo Vuong trj vi khdng nudc ndo dam dem qudn de'n danh. Tuy nhidn, do b i l n phdp dude thi hdnh mdt cdch manh me da 14m cho n h t o g ke vl ldi fch ridng c i a mmh da Udn k i t chong lai Ngd KhSi, khi Sd Didu Vuong chit, bon c h t o g da gilt Ngd Khdi ngay bdn thi t h i n h a vua.
Mpt dai b i l u Uu t u c i a Phap gia dudi thdi Chiln Qudc 14 Thuang Vdng (? - 338 Tr.CN), dng dupc b i l t d i n 14 nh4 cai each chfnh trj, q u t o sfl, xa hdi; ngUdi ngUdi dUa hd thd'ng "Phdp - Thugt - Tht len d i n dinh cao thdi k J ndy, dac bidt r f t chu trpng bign phdp. ThUOng Ufog 14 ngudi nudc Vd, nguydn hp 14 Cdng Tdn, tdn Ufog. Sau khi dfo nudc T t o (nam 301 Tr.
CN), dng dUdc Tfa H i l u Cdng tin dflng, n h t o dupc cdng phong d da't ThUOng, cdn gpi 14 ThUdng Udng. Ong Id dai bilu xuft sac c i a Phap gia thdi k J dfa.
• Tu Ma Thifin. Siky, Phan Ngoc dich. Sdd, lr.709.
NHtN LUC KHOA HOC XiHOl ^
HAN PHI - NGUOl KE THtTA VA HOAN THIEN TU TUdNG TR; N o b c . . . Trong 18 n4m 14m Ta tudng nUde Tfa,
ThUdng Udng da tifo li4nh hai cupc dai bifo phdp giflp cho nudc T f a mau chdng t r i n f o h t o g manh, cho n f o ngfldi t a thflfog gpi dd la "ThUOng tfdng biin phdp".
Tfl tufog tri qudc c i a ThflOng Ufog dupc trtnh bdy c h i y l u trong "ThUOng Qudn Thif (Sdch ThUdng Ufog). Ndi dung c h i yen trong biln phap c i a Thfldng Udng 14 xoa bd c h i dd sd hflu c i a cdng xa ndng thdn, thfla nhdn quyfo sd hflu rufog dft, cdng n h f o vide mua b t o rudng dft. 6 n g c h i trUdng phd "tinh diin, bd coi" di md rpng trdng trpt, phat trifo ndng nghidp;
tog dung triet d l each t h u t h u l cua ndng d t o tfnh theo difo tfch trdng trpt nhu Qufa Trpng thflc hifo tren dft Te thdi Xuto Thu.
N h t o g cai each tdo bao ndy c i a ThUdng Udng da mS d f a eho sfl thUOng mai hda dft dai, 14m xuft hifo t f a g Ifo dja c h i vdi sfl gia tang khfing n g t o g v l s8 hflu rufog tu. Tuy nhidn, do Thuong Ufog ehfla bilt chiJ trpng d i n "Thuge' 14 mpt nghd thuat h i t sflc q u t a trpng trong oai trj, md chi d l cao vai trd c i a "Phdp" d i n mfle h4 khac, dfa din mft ldng ngfldi. Dd cung chfnh 14 IJ do dfa d i n cdi c h i t thfldng tdm c i a Thuong Ufog, bpn quJ tdc e h i nd da p h f a kfch, truy dull ThUOng Ufog khi Tfa Hilu Cdng qua ddi, bpn chung da "phanh thdy" dng - mdt hinh phat t t o khie do chfnh ThUdng Ufog d l ra.
Mdt dai bilu khde c h i truong ly khai
"dgo die", ehd'ng "Ld", d l eao "thugC trong phdp tri nudc dd Id T h t o Bft Hai. Ong sinh (khofag 401 - 337 Tr.CN), la ngUdi da't Kmh thudc nudc Trjnh, xud't t h t o tfl tfag ldp quy tdc mdi, chuyen hpc v l hinh danh (hpc thuylt c i a phdi Danh gia).
E 3 HHtNLVC KHOA H9CXA Htr
T h t o Bft Hai trfldc B u t m ^ ehflc q ^ ' nhd 6 nfldc Trinh, sau 14m; t d t a g quS^' nudc H t o dudi thdi Hto'CSiifo H f a .
V I phfldng each q u f a }f, T h t o M t f i f l f kjch lidt p h t o i& c h i dd pbin pii<i^,J p h t o ddi "ll tri", c h i trfldng t h i l t IJp n h i nfldc t r u n g fldng tdp quyln, ddng thM a l : eao "thudt cai trf nhfaa t h i h d n h phSg 1 luft vdi cdc t h i phap, mflu lisje, sdch Iflgd ' c i a ngudi e l m q u y l n chinh t h i (nha vua), Vi t h i , n e u Q u f a Trong, L J KhM, tfgd Khdi dudo eoi 14 nhflng nh4 Nho bife ; phap, thi T h t o Ba't Hai 14 Phap gia cd i tinh t h t o phap trj t r i ^ t d l n h f t . ' ' '
Thuft cai trj dd chfnh 14 sfl etog phu v4 nghp t h u f t bf h i l m eua n h 4 vua khdzig dupe Id cho b l tfii bilt, ngflpc I j i b l tdi" s i d l phdng, d l d t o g Ifla ddi b l trdn, lfa quyln v4 pham thupng. Theo dng, "thu^!' n h u cdi ludi ldn khdng gi cd t h i Ipt d l ^ . nhu t h i nhd vua vfla khdng mft cdng lao tdm khd' tfl suy nghi m4 b i l t dflpc, khdng vft va md lai trj dupe. Bdn canh dd, Thfa Bft Hai cdn dfla r a nguydn t i c flng x i '':
vide, ngudi gifl mdt ehflc Vfl ndo dd phai . 14m d t o g bfo phdn, ehflc trdch c i a minit ngodi chflc trach, b i n ph^n ra, eai gi bift c t o g khdng dupc ndi, khdng duoc 14m kdm : hode hon bfo phdn dd. Q u t a dilm n4y ' kha gidng t u t u f o g chtnh danh c i a Nho gia, cho nen trong Si ky, Tu Ma Thidn chdp: "Hpc thuyit cia Thdn Ti... ldy vitc hinh danh lim cAu"'"\
C t o g gid'ng nhfl Ngd Khdi v4 Thfldng Udng, T h t o Bft Hai t i l p tue chu truong vd die bdt quy' (ke t h i l u dflc khfing dang j hufog dja vj cao sang, ngfldi khfing cd tdi khdng dUdc ldm quan), ddng thdi d l xuft
" Tu Ma ThiSn, SiJ ty, Sdd, tr. 336.
ii»an
NGUYiN H U U P H U d C nguyfo t f a xdt cdng md ban piidc, tir^ t4i
md giao chflc. D i f a dd cho tMf T h t o Bift Hai da p h i djnh dftc q u y l n t h i t a p tfldc VI vd chflc vn nhd nudc c i a giai c f a quy tfic, n h f a i tho&t khoi sfl r d n g budc c i a e h l dp phong kifo dUdng thdi. G h i trudng dd e i a dng da v i p p h i i sfl p h f a d& q u y l t li#t cua Iflc Ifldng q u J tpc cu v4 vi t h i dg bi t h f t bai.
V I sau H t o P h i T i da phd p h f a T h t o Bft Hai 14 qua ehfl trpng dflng "thuOtT ma xem n h e "phdp", do dd khdng giflp dUdc H f a Chidu H f a lap ndn nghifo ba, hay ndi cich khae la v l IJ tufog thi T h t o Bft H?i Id d t o g , nhUng chua d i , vi cfo t h i l u mOt dilu kifo d l phap luft dupc thflc thi, ddia quyfo Iflc.
Dai b i l u cu£fi cflng xua't hifo trudc H t o Phi 14 Thgn Bdo (370 - 290 Tr.CN), dng 14 ngflffi dSu tidn b t o v l •"Thi' v4 d l cao sflc maah, tdc dflng cua quyln t h i trong lich s i F h i p gia. Than Ddo i nUdc Tridu, ndm thfl 18 vua T l Tuydn Vuong (342 - 323 Tr.CN) tflc khofag ndm 326 Tr.CN dng dflfle phong chfle "thuang dgi phu""'>.
Cung gifog n h u T h t o Bft Hai, fing efle Iflc da kfch chu trfldng nhdn tri c i a giai cfa quJ tdc cfl v4 cho r f a g , phai xay dflng mdt n & chfnh tej' dfla t r f o co sd phdp tri. Theo fing: "...phdp ludt khdng hoin hao cdng eSn han khdng co phip ludt, vi nd cd th4 th^ nh& diUfc limg ngude''">. Cdn La Ttfa Vu cho rfag: "Ldp trudng cdn bdn cao Th$n Bdo nhdt tn vdi Thdn Bdt Hgi, chi CO diiu tUdng dot tinh ti vd co phdn Wn bd han"'^".
Khi ndi v l sflc manh c i a "thi". 6 n g cho rfag, t h i 14 cai md khi phai dfla v4o dd thi ngfldi ta mdi t h i hifo dfldc sflc manh chfnh trj c i a minh ( t i e doat dupe quyfo s(f34ni
Ifle chmh tri) k h i f o ke dfldi phai phflc tflng. Thdm chi, khi ed t h i t h i ngfldi binh Uiflfog cung cd t h i cfai quyln edn ngudi tdi m4 khfing cd t h e t h i eung chfag t h i M f o dfldc quyfo uy gi. Theo fing, chan IJ phap l u ^ t 14 nguyfo tdc eao n h f t e i a chinh tri, nhflng n l u khfing cd quyfo t h i thi phap luft c t o g vo hifo, vi quyfo t h i djt r a p h a p luiit v4 d t o i bfa cho phap luft dflpc thi hanh. Ong eho r f a g ; "Ngudi hiin md phai khimt phuc ki hit hdng, do Id vi quyin minh nhe, dia vi minh thdp. NgUdi hu hong mdkhudt phuc duac ngudi hiin do IA vi quyin cao, dia vi cao. Nghiiu mi like tkdt phu thi khdng cai quan duac ba nM, cdn Kitt ldm thiin ti tM co thi logn thiin hg. Ta can ci odo do thi biit cdi thivd dia vi di di nhd cdy, cbn sU khdn ngoan, sdng suoi khdng di cho ta hdm mS"">.
Tdm lai, "thg" trong phdp trj nudc c i a T h f o Ddo 14 dja vj, quyfo hdnh e i a ngfldi cai trj, 14 sfle manh c i a dft nfldc, c i a d t o tog hfi m4 ndn. Tfl tflfog dd t h i hifo J chf gifldng eao uy quyfo, xdy dflng tap quyfo cfa t h i Iflc phong kiln, thupng tdn ludt phap. L4 ngudi kjch lidt p h f a dffi tU tufog Nho gido v l quyln uy e i a Trdi, cho r f a g
"Trdir sinh r a t h a n h h i l n d l t h i n g trj thufog d t o theo y chi e h i quan c i a "Thiin Tif. Tuy phat hifo va d l cao quyln Iflc c f a T h t o Dao dUde xem 14 budc tifo bd hdn T h t o Bft Hai, song dilm t h i l u sdt c i a T h t o Ddo 14 b chd khdng My "thudf 14m cd sd dam bfa quyln Iflc dupc b i n
"» La Trfii, Vu, i i c i a i ft, Ujng ckinh tri Tnmg Qu&,
odd, tr. 180. .D .» ,
= 1 " J ^ „ ^ ° ' ^ ' ' '^ " "^B chink tri Trung qu&, Sfla, tr. 182.
S d d i ^ ^ ° ' '''^ " * " " " ^ ^ ckink tri Tnmg Qudc, '"• Hfin Phi, Hin Pki Ti, Phan Ngoc djoh, Sdd, tr.467.
NHlN UfC KHOA HQC XAHtl R l
HAN PHI - NGUOl KE THUA VA HOAN THI$N TU TUANG T § N M O . . vflng, them v4o dd tU tufog c i a fing cung
chfla cd sfl k i t ndi gifla "th^ v4 "phdp", cho nfo khi dp dung v4o thfle tifo, hpe thuyet c i a fog bj t h f t bai.
Nhfl vdy, quan dilm phap trj dflde binh thdnh v4 phat trifo khd sdm trong ljch s i tfl tufog Trung Hoa c l dai. Trai qua h t o g tram nam, tfl nhflng tifo b ^ n h u Q u t o Trpng, T i Sfa, Ly Khdi, Ngd K h i i - nhflng ngudi trang thilc, sang thdi Chifo Qudc da hlnh thdnh thdm ba hpc phai cd b f a khac, dd 14 "trgng thi" c i a T h t o Ddo, "trgng thud^ cua Thto Bft Hai v4 "trgng pkdp"
caa Thfldng Udng. Trong dd, mdi hd phdi cd mdt vj tri vd vai trd ridng v4 cung dat dUflc n h t o g thdnh cdng n h f t dinh giflp eac q u t o VUdng I n djnh mdt thdi. Tuy nhifo, do tu duy sidu hinh cfa cdc hpc gia, n f o n h t o g tu tfldng ndy chi dilng lai 14 cac q u t a dilm t h u f a tfly bi$t ldp, do dd nd chua ddp tog dflpc ydu cfa thflc tifo diit ra 14 tim dflpc mdt ldi giai cho sfl nghipp thing nhft Trung Hoa. Ngudi thflc hifo sfl mfoh ljch s i dd chfnh 14 H t o Phi - nh4 trilt hpc, ehfnh trj hoc... "tdp dai thdnh cia tu tudng Phdp gia", ngfldi da tfch hdp ca ba ylu tg'Phdp • Thudt - Tht tao ndn mdt sflc manh t i n g hflp giup cac q u t o vUOng trj nudc.
3. Vai t r d c i a H a n P h i t r o n g v i i c xfty dflng vd h o a n t h i d n tfl t f l i n g p h d p t r i c u a P h d p gia
Khde vdi eac nhd thflc h4nh ehfnh trj nhu Qufa Trpng, T i Sfa, LJ JQidi, Ngd Khdi v4 n h t o g nhd Mfo tao ndn ba hoc phai "37ie" - "Thudt' - "Phdp" (Thdn Dao, T h t o Ba't Hai, Thuong Ufog), H t o Phi cho rfag, Sfl t i n g hop gifla "Phdp",
"Thude' v4 "TAd" 14 cfa t h i l t cho Sfl cai tri e i a d l vuong.
g | NHM L ^ KHOA Hpc XAHOJ
TrUdc t i t a 14 p h ^ u n f i A "jPft^^, l^^i H t o P h i "phdp" 14 n h i h i f .IBlu4uJI; i i f e Idnh, tao t h a n h khufoinill%.fod phsim i^' vide trflng p h a t v A k l i e n ifliBiSi^ T»KB®
chfldng "Binh Phdp" e i a ' sfah " H t o ^ Tff", dng vilt: "..JPhdp tMi m U^ 1^
cua cdng sd du^ biin, c f t ^ ede sdi ^itfete tidt nai quan phi, t^ittOtkh^ tram h0i'^' do li diiu bdy tdi phdi tudn theo... '^t vua mi khdng cdphdp luat IM d tr^ bf che ddy, bi tdi md khdng cd pAt^ luSt^
cdi logn sinh ra d rfi^'^^. N f o "bopl^..
ludt mi diing cdi tdm di tri, Sd H^hMi' cdng khdng the chitih d ^ m^:nudc.:.t^
vua bdc trung gii phdp ludt Jtht ldp i^
cdng donA""". Eo r t o g , ttt t i A i g "dil cao phdp tao t h d n h thi 14 sfl k l thfla k h t e n g o t a c i a H t o phi tfl b ^ t i l n b S . M f o Dao. Tuy nhidn, H t o PM dS. s i djji^
chlnh phdp si tao ra tfnh nghjfai a d d s v4 binh d f a g c i a l u f t ph4p, d l l i n i i ' d i ^ dilu dd, dng cho r f a g : "Phap ludt khir^
hita theo ngudi sang... khi phdp bt^idS^
thi hinh thi ke khdn cung khdng ddm tranh. Tring tri cdi sai khdng trdnh 0 daithdn, thudng cdi dung khdng bd ^M thdtphu""".
Nhu vdy, theo H t o PM M 'JiMpf ed ba dilm chinh: Mdt Id, phap Ifoh nOi c i a quan ban r a cdng k h a i v i mpi ngfldi did phai t u t o theo; Hai Id, nfii dung cWnh c i a
"phdp" 14 t h u f o g va p h j t ; Ba li, "phd^ vl n h u t f a i guong od t h i soi t h f a t4 I^EE^
nhu can c t o dam bfa cho IS cfing b S ^ Nghia 14, trong tfl t u f o g H t o PM p / i ^ j cd hai mat c h i ylu: thi nhdt, "phdp" Si likt vdi cSin ndn chi cd thfldng v4 phft; thi ''»HinPhi,fl&iP*iJl^Sd4tr.478-479.
• " Hfin Phi, Hdn PAi J ^ aid, tr.13.
" • Hfin Phi, Hdn P « J ^ Sdd, lr.«2.
NGUYEN HffU PHUOC kai. "phdp" de data bfa quyfo ldi, su bmh
d f a g eho con ngudi dfldi a n h s t o g c i a phdp luft.
Cfing lao c i a H t o PM khfing phai i chd phat Mfo r a "phdp" vdi tfl each d l phdng ngfla, n h t o g cai quy djnh s f a , n f o pham vdo d i l u e l m n f o tM x i theo hlnh phat ly, n g U a 14 "phdp" trd thdnh cfing cu ddc lue cho ke thong tri. Vi vdi ngUa ndy, t u tufog "phdp" e i a Hdn PM khdng khac gi cSc t i l n n h t o . Tuy nMdn, kM dng coi
"phdp" 14 d l dfai bfa quyln ldi chinh i f a g cho ngudi d t o , tao r a mfit xa hdi cdng b f a g dudi dnh s f a g c i a phdp luft thi dd 14 gid trj d f a g dupc bfa tdn khdng ehi cho xa hfii duong thdi md 14 mpt di s f a quJ bau eho c h t o g ta kM xdy dflng mdt xa hdi Mfo dai.
KM IJ giai vl sao k h t o g t h i d t o g ll tri m4 phai t h a y dm sang phdp tri. H t o PM eho rfag, do sfl b i l n d l i c i a xa hdi nen vi$c trj nfldc khdng t h i "hoii cS", tflc phai xuft phat tfl thflc t l . Khdng cM dflng lai sfl t h i Mfo quan d i l m trdi ngupc vdi Nho gia gifog n h u Ngd Khdi, T h t o Bft Hai, Thfti Ddo... H t o P H cdn phe p h t o v l tinh tMlu thflc t l e i a hpc t h u y l t ndy, fing vilt:
"Trgng Ni li bgc thdnh nhdn trong thiin ha. dng trau ddi bdn thdn minh, di chu du khap thiin hg. Nhiing ngiidi trong thiin hg ehudng chi nghta cia ong ta di theo hdu hg dng ta chi co bdy muai ngiidi.
Nhu the cho thdy nhing ke quy trgng chi nhdn rdt it, nhing ke lim duac chi nhdn cing hiim""". NgMa 14, tfnh thfle t l bfag con dufog eai trj d t o g li trong thdi eudc 14 tMlu kha tM v4 dd 14 IJ do khdng t h i ao vpng, hodi cd'. Cho ndn, "cai tri khong co gi la cddinh, chi cd lay phdp ludt mi cai tri.
Phdp ludt phdi chuyin bien theo thdi the siuns
thi mdi tdt, cai tri cd theo thdi the thi mdi hieu qua... thdi the tioi md phep cai tri khdng doi thi se logn, cdm linh khdng ddi thi se suy kem"™.
Ldp luan vi sao phai d t o g v4 bien phap, dudi eon m a t thflc t l c i a mpt Phdp gia, H t o PM cho rfag, b f a chft con ngfldi 14 Ipi ky vd dng d f a r a hdng loat minh chitog: "Thdy thudc kheo hut mu vit thUOng, ngdm mdu ngiidi ta khdng phdi vi tinh thuang cdt nhtic mi ldm the chang qua li vi lai. Ngii^ tiong xe xong mong ngiidi ta giau sang, ngudi dong quan mong ngiidi ta tho yiu. Ngudi thd ddng xe khdng phdi vi cd ldng nhdn, ngudi dong quan khdng phdi ghet ngiidi to, md t^ cd vi cdi lai^^^K Tham cM, "cha me ddi vdi con ctii, d^ con giai thi vui ming, con gdi thi mudn gigt di. Nhing con cdi diu do bio thai sinh ra cd, nhiing con giai thi dugc vui ming, con gdi lgi mudn gigt di, dd Id lo vi sau niy phdi sam sia cho con gdi (khi no vi nhd chong) vi ttnh din cdi lai Idu dii cua mtnh. Cha me vdi con cbn ttnh todn nhu the, huong chi khdng cd dn nghia cha con thi cdn tinh toin din ddu?'""; ngupc lai, cha me yiu con cung khdng di didgy con, thi ndo cung phdi ddng hinh phat cua Chdu - Qudn mdi duac. Ddn ching ngu duac chieu ehudng se sinh kieu cing, nhung nghe theo uy Itid'"^. Cho ndn, bfo vua s t o g tM phai d t o g phdp.
P h a m trfl "Thudf theo H t o PM 14 each thflc, t h i thuft, mini lupc trong viec d t o g ngudi, giao viec, xet d o t o sfl vft, sfl vide
»•> Hfin Phi, Han Pki Ti, Sdd, tr.645 ' " Hfin Phi. Hin Pki Ti, Sdd. tr.588.
'"' Hfin Phi, Hon Pki Ti, Sdd, tr.150.
" L a TrSk Vi, Lick si til tudng chtnh tri Tnmg Quoi, Sua, tr,2a3,
• " Han Phi, Han Pki Ti, Sdd. tr.S47.
NHiN L ^ KHOA HOC XiH^I g ]
1 siacil
HAN PHI - NGUOl K^ THUA VA HOAN TmgN TU TUONG S a a md nhd dd phap ludt cd thi thflc Mfo v4nhd vua cd thi tri qudc, binh thifo ha.
Hto PM da ed ly kM eoi "thudt yk "phdp"
cd vai trd nhu nhau tiong tri nfldi^ cM khde nhau b chd, "phdp" 14 dl trj dta, edn
"thugt 14 dl nh4 vua kilm soat thudc ha.
Thdm cM "Vi vua sdng hieu ro cdi thudt lim cho ntidc mgnh, ddn gidu thi co thi dgi ditgc diiu minh mong mudk"*^, ngMa 14 "thudt 14 ylu t l khfing t h i tMlu dfldc trong dao trj nude.
Khfog dtog lai 5 khai nipm "thudt", Hto PM edn fi vdo ldm ro nfii K&m khai nifoi n4y. Theo Hto Phi, fa chfla bdn trong "thudt" eo ea "kji thudt lto "tdm thudt, ddng thdi xdc dinh efa chfl trpng ca hai phfldng difo n4y. Trong dfi, "*ji thugt" ed: thutit tri quan lai, thulit trfl gita (gita thfa), thu^t dtog ngfldi v4 thuft thufog phat. C!fo "tdm thugt" 14 thu^t dffl nhto x i thi, 14 mdt Ioai ngh$
thu|lt tfl duy, 14 ^ xio dl x i IJ mfi quan
•h$ vua - tdi. Ddng thdi, Hto PM cung cU ra phfldng phip dl dtog "tdm thugt dd 14 bdc thdnh minh cai tri phai "cdch tdc nhi hit thdng, chu mdt nhi bdt hiin"
(ngto eich dflng thdng nhau, kfn dio dtog Id Ulu) v4 gifa ky tinh cfai ghdt thuong. Mufo thlnh4 vua phai sing each bi$t vdi qufa thfa, dflng dl hp thiy ci chi cia minh m4 doto bilt J djnh chto chinh cua minh, thfl nfla 14 phai gifa kfn nhtog bilu Mfo vl sd tMeh, ham mufo khdng bilu 16 ra ngodi. Hta PM da k l thfla xuft sfa tu tufog cia Thto Bft Hai, eho rfag "cdi sdng sudt cia ngudi trin mi Id ra thi ngudi ta dg phdng nhi vua. CM khdng sang sudt cua nJia vua mi Id ra thi ngudi ta Iia nhd vua.., nin ta khong dtla ufo cd! gi di biit duac sti viec, chi dUa B l NRlNUft KHOA HtCXl Hil
vdo cdi vd vi M^%^'Si£^^j^^iab*'^.-'tfS dam bfa qajfa'lifa <6^<^ dSi e&a n d ^ H t a PM ctog kUuj^ii ngudi 14m A i ^ khfing nfo. tfta nMItt ke khic din mie cho mudn qujfoi da kfafog tin' m J r ' M phai d i i « ngfldi dho nfo phai cd thu^t iA khfog c h i ngfldi b l i ^ nhflng phap Ifob^v khat khe, kMfo cho ngfldi ta k h i ^ 9d'.s$||
cui dfa khul^t phue. ^ Pham trfl "Thg; Hto PM cho r4ng d i ? ^
"quy^ bic tdi thuangf, nd quan trong d&|i mflc cd t h i thay fliI cho vai trd cia b$o • Mfa nhto. Si dl ngflM hfl hfag vfa khuftl phue dfl^ ngfldi Mfa lit da quyln, iMa vii!
cia minh cao. Gdn Mri Uidng cd t h i tiong tay tM chfag 14m dfldb ^ Hdn PM dfa ldi ^ Thfo Ddo nhfl sau: "Con rdng bay cUdi mdy, con rdn luan trong sUdng mi. Mdy tan mil tanh, thi con rdng, con ran cdng chdng khdo gi can giun, kiin vi da mift chd
* * " » . Thi ndn, "Nghiiu Id ki tMIt phu | tht khdng thi tri dttdc ba ngudi, lOit lim 3 thiSn ti thi ad thi lim logn cd thiin Ao""'. ^ Do dd, "thg- vk "phdp" 14 hai th4nh t l ' l khfing thi tdch rcfi nhau. Bfo 14m chfla thi j phai nim 'iiAdp" trong tay dl tao "tiUt i ehfl khfing thi dtog die, bSi Id "Cilj nhi \ nghiim khac thi khdng ed ddy td hung dS, 4 nhiing bdmg kUn ti Med diu con hif". 3
Trong tfl tudng cia Hto PM, quyln lilc % 14 tuy$t dli, b dd -^Ad" 14 trpng sfl cfldng i ehl, dua v4o uy thil dl cai tr} a i t e h?, ' liy " t h r 14m chd dfla dl sai Hiifo qufa thfa, cd quyfo t h i thi ed Bfl t t a kinh wk ngfljc lai. Vi vdy, n h i vua nhltdjahpha
»« Hfin Phi, ifdn PW 2^S Sdd, tr.620.
" " Hfin Phi, Hdn PAi 7 4 Sdd, tr.377.
•^ Hfin Phi, Hdn PA> J 4 Sdd, ljt,4e7.
• ^ HSn Phi, Hdn PAi Ttt a i d . t B « 7 .
• " Hfin Phi, Hdn PSi 3 % M i ' ^ B J : ' '
' « M i i
NGUYEN HtJU PHUOC gia v4 dflng -ag; ',Mti uy khdng thgcho
"^Mn, edi ihg khdiig (hi ddng chung vdi
« § « * AAoc-w. H t o PM coi e i i - ^ A d - c i a Mia vua n h u g t o d t c f a con ngfldi, ik M u kifo d l vua sinh t i n , nd nhtf ngudn nUdc d l nudi sd'ng cd, chim mufog, cfai t h u phai cd rflng.
H t o PM cho rfag, cfing cu d l dfai bfa quydn t h i 14 d t o g bifo p h i p thufog - phat, ddng thdi dua r a nguydn t i e thufog tM khdng ^ b f a g thudng h i u , phat tM Mldng gj b f a g ngMem khfa. Cdng Mpu cua thufog phat 14 vfla khuyfa kMch, vfla thj uy d t o c h t o g , hdn nfla dd edn 14 each thflc dflng hinh p h a t d l loai bd hinh phat.
Nhu v4y, "thg' trong t u t u f a g H t o PM 14 mdt trong n h t o g nguydn t i c eo b f a trong dao tri nudc c i a mfit e h l dfi chuydn ehl, 14 chd dua khfing t h i t M l u dfldc c i a mdt fing vua trong thfle Mfo quyln iflc v4 ndu cao uy quyln c i a minh. Dilu Mfo d l cd "tht khfing gi b f a g dflng thufog - phat.
NgMa 14, "the vim 14 mue dfch, vfla 14 phflong phap ehfnh trj h t o g d f a c i a nhd nudc phong Mfo t r u n g uong t i p quyln.
Danh ngMa 'Tdp dgi thinh tU tudng Phdp gia" cua H t o PM duOe ngudi ddi tdn vinh chinh 14 b sfl t i n g hdp n h u f a nhj gifia ba th4nh t l "phdp" "tht • "thudt.
Trong phdp tri nude, ba n h t o t l n4y ed quan hd m f t tMIt vdi n h a u ca v l ndi dung iSn U n h thfle. Trong dd, "phdp" 14 ndi dung c i a chlnh s i c h eai tri, cdn "^Ac",
"thudt Ik phfldng tifo edng eu d l dat muc dfch dd. Ca "pAdp" - "the" "thudt dfo 14 cdng cu c i a d l vudng.
Tdm lgi, ndi mdt cich khach quan v4 edng b f a g tM t u tufog P h i p gia 14 sfa p h i m c i a Uch s i . Hpe t h u y l t p h i p tri cMlm uu t h i trong thdi CMfo Qudc bdi nfii dung tfl tufog eua nd do H t o PM t i n g
t6tmt
bap vk l i 4 n chflng s i u sdc, fo dd dap tog dflpc n h u e l u thdi dai. Sd di H t o PM trd t h i n h vi dai 14 vi dng da b i l t n t o g hpc thuyft p h a p trj Ifo thdnh h e tfl tfldng nhd cho fing ed mdt hpc v f a Nho giio h i t s i e uyfo b i c v4 sfl am M l u Lao gido r f t sau s i c "i dd Nho Id vdt liiu, Phdp Id bdn thiit ke, Lao Id ky thudt thi cfing»«>. Mac dfl ngfii nh4 dpc d i o c f a P h i p gia do H t o PM tMIt k l v4 x i y dflng da dat d f o t f a i eao c f a khoa hpc chinh trj thdi ky n i y nhflng d l Mdn thflc hda th4nh cfing hpc t h u y l t n4y v4o q u f a IJ x i hfii lai ddi hdi r f t eao v i o nang Iflc van dung c i a ke c i m q u y l a Mmh chflng Uch s i 14 T f a T h i y Hotog do Sfl i p dung hpc t h u y l t n i y mdt cich cflc doan, khdng chu trong d f o vai trd e i a cae hpc t h u y l t chinh trj - xa hdi k h i e cho ndn xa hfii m i fing eai tri q u i e h i trong dfo t r t o g phat, l i m mft ldng d t o d f a d i n sfl dipt vong c i a n h i T f a cM sau 15 n i m thong n h f t Trung Hoa.
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O 1. Tu Ma TMen, Si ky, Phan Ngpc (djch), Nxb. Thdi dai, H4 Npi, 2010.
2. Hd TMeh, Trung Qudc trigt hge si dgi cuang, Nxb. V t o hda thdng tin, H4 Ndi, 2004.
3. Vu K m Dung, Lugn dn tign st Trigt hgc, Vifo T r i l t hpc, H4 Ndi, 2008.
4. H t o PM, Hdn Phi Ti, Phan Ngpc djch, Nxb. V t o hpe. H i Ndi, 2005.
5. Pham Quynh, Bdch gia chu ti (giin thugt), Nguyfa Quoi Thai djch, Nxb. V t a hda thdng tin, H i Nfii, 2000.
6. Nguyen Hiln Le, Gifa CM, Hin Phi Ti, Nxb. V t a hda thfing tin, H4 Nfii, 1994.
' H i n Phi, Hdn Pki Ti, Sdd, lr.l43
• Hfin Phi. H i n PAi Ttt, Sdd, tr. 17.
NHlNLtn KHOA HOG XiHOl Q |
