LjCH SU" - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU
NHAN DIEN VAN HOA MI VA ANH HlTdNG CUA NO DEN cHfla Aa TRONG TH^I f>6i TOfiN cfia noe
TS. Nguyen Thj Huyen Sam Khoa Lich sir - Dai hoc Sir pham Ha Npi Khdng ai phu nhan sir ra ddi cua nudc phan img trai ngupc nhau trudc hien tupng MT. cac yeu td cua van hoa MT deu chju anh nay. Trong khudn khd bai viel nay, lixc gia hudng sau sac tir chau Au. Chinh nhflng khdng cd tham vpng lam id su phat trien cua ngirdi chau Au, di cu (chii yeu la ngudi Anh) van hoa MT ma chi gdp phan nhan dien nen trong cac the ky XVI1 - XVIII, da tao nen van hoa MT va anh huong cua nd ddi vdi cac cdng ddng cu dan ciia 13 ihudc dja Anh chau Au trong thdi dai toan cau hoa, qua dd tai ven bd Dai Tay Duong, la co' sd dau lien gdp phan xem xet cac \cii id tao nen sir anh dan den sir ra ddi ciia dan ldc MT. Va cung huong dd.
chinh sd luong Idn nhung ngudi nhap cu cd . r.-- « - u - ^/I-
• ° '^ ^ -^ 1. Dicn mao nen van hoa Ml ngudn gdc tir chau Au trong cac the ky XIX.
dau XX. da cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi sir phat trien ciia nudc MT. Anh huong cua van hoa chau Au thdng qua nhung ngirdi nhap cu ddi vdi MT la khdng the tranh khdi. dd la chua ke den anh hudng tir qua trinh cai trj ciia thuc dan Anh tai day. Tuy nhien, dd la cau chuyen cua the ky XIX, dau XX. fir sau Chien tranh the gidi thii Hai. dac biet d
I rude het phai khang djnh rang nen van hoa MT la nen van hoa da dang cua nhung ngudi nhap cu. Net ndi bai nay gan lien vdi Ijch sir ra ddi cua nudc MT. Nudc MT chinh thirc tuyen bd thanh lap nam 1776 tren co sd 13 thudc dja ciia Anh nam o ven bd Dai Tay Duong. Trong giai doan nay. ngoai ngirdi da dd ban dja (Indian) vdi sd lupng rat il. chu nhflng thap nien cuoi cung cua the ky XX y^'' '-i "liLrng ngudi da trang di cu Ifl- chau d^n nay. vdi sir gia tang ngay cang manh me Au va nhung ngudi da den dugc dua lu chau ciia xu the toan cau hoa, da xuat hien nhflng P'l' sang ban lam nd le. Vi vay ngay tu khi dau hieu cho thay su tac ddng ngupc trd lai mdi ra ddi. van hoa MT da mang tinh pha cua nan van hoa MT ddi vdi the gidi. trong dd trpn. da dang cua van hoa ban dja vdi van cd chau Au. Rat nhieu chinh khach. nha hoa ngoai lai tir chau Au va chau Phi. Dd la nghien ciru vSn hoa chau Au da cd nhung chua ke den su da dang ve ngudn gdc cua
36
NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°1 (1121.2010nhung ngudi di cu va nd le da den den tir nhung vung dat, qudc gia, mang nhung dac trung van hoa khac nhau. Chang han, chi tinh rieng ngudn gdc ciia nhung di dan va nhung ngudi nhap cu den tir chau Au da phan anh rd su da dang phiic lap dd. 6 thdi ky thudc dia. thanh phan dan tdc ciia ngudi dan di cu kha thuan nhat trong mpt thdi gian dai. Den nam 1790. ngudi Anh van chiem tdi 82% cu dan da trang d MT'. Ciing sinh sdng vdi ngudi Anh la ngirdi Ailen. Ha Lan. Due.
Phap... Tir nam 1790 den nam 1830. dan sd MT tang nhanh do su gia tang tu nhien.
nhung tir nam 1830 den 1860. sir gia tang do sd lupng Idn nhflng ngudi nhap cu den tir khu vuc Bac Au gan lien vcii qua trinh md rdng lanh thd. Tir cudi the ky XIX den nay, cung tdc dp gia tang dan sd lu nhien kha nhanh, mpt bieu hien rat quan trpng la cdng ddng ngudi nhap cu trong dan sd MT cung tang manh va ngudn gdc cua hp cflng khac trude. Nhfl'ng ngudi di cu den tu' Tay Au, Bac Au giam xudng. thay vao dd la nhflng ngirdi den tir Ddng va Nam Au. Ngoai ra, ludng di cu tir chau A den MT cflng xuat hien va phat trien manh. Chinh sir thay ddi ve lanh thd, dan sd chu yeu do sd lupng ngirdi nhap cu da tao nen mpt nen van hoa het sire da dang.
KaMCMCKaH I . llo:iiimuHecKa>i Kymiypa CHIA.
IV1':)MM(). 1993, N" 4. c.66.
Mac du ndn van hoa MT mang tinh da dang, pha trpn ciia nhiTng ngirdi nhap cu den lir nhung vung dat, qudc gia khac nhau d hau khap thd gidi, nhung cd the khang djnh rang.
van hoa chii dao cua nudc MT thuc chat la van hoa chau Au dugc di thuc. Dac trung nay cflng gan vdi Ijch su lap qudc cua nudc MT, trong dd cd vai trd quan trpng ciia nhung ngudi chau Au di cu, hg mang theo toan bd nhung quan niem, gia trj vat chat, tinh than chau Au, tao nen cdng ddng dan tdc MT tham dam chat chau Au.
Mpt trong nhflng gia trj van hoa dugc ngudi MT ludn lu hao tir thdi lap qudc den na\ dd chinh la quan niem ve cac chuan mirc hoat ddng ciia cac thiet che chinh trj va viec xay dung cac thiet che dd. Cac quan niem nay dupc hinh thanh tren co sd cac truyen thdng dupc nhflng ngudi dan di cu dau tien chu yeu den tir Anh. Cac tu tudng ve che do cai trj, ve quyen tdi cao ciia luat phap, ve cai tdi, ve quyen sd hfl-u, ve truyen thdng tu do cflng nhu cac tap quan sinh hoat khac cua ngudi Anh da xam nhap va bam re vao nen van hoa MT. Tren thuc te, khi dat chan den Bac MT, nhflng ngudi Anh di cu vdi mong mudn cd mpt cudc sdng tu do da de dang chap nhan nhflng qui djnh ve quyen khai thac cac viing dat mdi ciia vua Anh. Cd le, vdi truyen thdng y thirc ciia minh hp cho rang, nhflng qui djnh dd la luat phap ma khdng phai chi de xac djnh khu vuc khai thac cua cac ca nhan hay cac td chiic thuang mai... a Bac MT ma budc tat ca mgi ngudi, kk
fyOiiin dien otin hda Mi... ' f ?
ca thdng ddc. chinh quyen thudc dja deu phai cac nudc chau Au duong thdi dd la sir bien tuan theo va la co' sd de bao ve quyen Ipi cua the d mirc dp cao han. frong thdi diem d hp. Dudi sir chi dao cua vua Anh. lai thudc thudc dja xuat hien che dp bau cu phd thdng dja dau tien thiet lap a Bac MT la Virginia. thi d chinh qudc chua xuat hien bao gid.
thdng ddc - dai dien cua nha Vua da hpp dan Cudc each mang tu san Anh bung nd. da gdp cu de nghj tien hanh bau cir co quan lap phap phan cung cd u\ tin. niem tin vao sire manh tai thudc dja. Tren co' sd. dd co quan lap cua co quan lap phap o thupc dja. Vdi viec phap dau lien cua Bac MT la Vien Lap phap liep ihu truyen thdng ciia che dp Nghj vien Virginia da td chirc cudc hpp dau tien vao Anh va tu luong ve nha nudc dan quyen cua ngay 9 ihang 8 nam 1619'. Co quan na\ nha tu luong ngudi .\n\\ .1. Locke (1632- dugc td chiic theo hinh thirc bau cu phd 1704)"'. nhung ngudi dan di cu o thudc dja thdng theo khu dan cu. moi khu dan cu dugc cho rang cudc dau tranh chdng lai vua Anh la bau hai dai bieu. Lrong mot ihdi gian dai. hinh thirc chinh dang de bao vc cac qu>cn chinh quyen thudc dja Virginia nam trong cua minh. Va chinh cudc each mang gianh tay Hdi dong bao gom cac dai dja chu. qui ddc lap da gdp phan phai trien dang ke y tdc giau cd. uy tin nhiit d day do vua Anh bd thirc chinh trj cua cu dan va dan chu hoa the nhiem va Ihdng doc - dai dien cho nha vua che chinh tri. 1 Ion niTa. trong bdi canh sir ddi (^k^ tir chinh qudc. Dicni dang ndi a da\ la. lap cua thudc dja vdi chinh qudc, cu dan 13 .\cl dudi gdc dp van hoa, nCn chinh trj mdi thudc dja da lira chpn ihc che cdng hoa lien dugc thanh lap d thudc dja da tha hien y ihiic bang. The che na\ da dupc hgp phap hoa chinh trj cua cac cu dan, dd la viec tham gia bang Hien phap 1787\ the hien rat rd viec ap bau cir ra CO quan lap phap ma sir tan ddng dung mot each triet dc ngu\C-n tac phan hoac phan ddi cua co quan nay cd y nghTa qu\en theo thuyet "tam quyen phan lap"" cua quan trpng, can thiCt cho Thdng ddc va Hdi S. Montesquieu'' trong vice id chirc bd may ddng dua ra mirc danh thue va cac dao luat
mdi. Dac biet, cha dd bau cir cho tat ca moi ' i- i^'^l^^' ^h" I'^ng nha nuoc duoc lap ra la dc bao ye
nhung c|u\cn lu nhiC-n cua con nguoi. ong da phac cdng dan da d u g c duy tri O Virginia c h o tdi \\xao ra IhusOl phan qu>(3n; quyen lap phap. hanh phap
, , _ „ ! r . - . . I .^ , - \a lien minh \ a c h o rangquven lap phap la qu\en lire
tan nam 1670 . Ro rang, so sanh giua he ^.^„ .^.^^,,, .h^ ,,,,Vc.
Ihdnu chinh tri o thudc dia vdi chinh qudc va ' iloi nghi lap hi6n duoc uieu tap nga\ I4/5'I787 lai
I'hiladenphia dc thao ra ban llicn phap l.icn bang. Cac bang da cu (i^ doan dai bieu iham dir. nhirng co 10 ' Carl l.olus 15eckcr. Beginnings of the .Imcrican doan khong den. I rong .^5 doan dai bieu du hoi nghi.
people. I'rcss Cambridge. MassachuseUs. I ISA. 2007. chi co 36 doan ki vao ban Mien phap ngin 17/9/1787.
p 147 IliOn phap mi) da duoc eiic bang phe chuan va thong
Cac dao lual nam 1670 \a 1684 qui dinh che do biiu qua nam 1789. , cu theo lai .san ehi dai dia chu. qui loc va moi so " S. Montesquieu ( 1689-I77.S). lii mot dai dien xuiit
Imrng khong nho eae chu trai nho moi co qu>en biiu site eua Iriio liru Triet hoc Khai sang I'hap the k>
f.^ " .\\ III. dong gop Ion nhat cua ong lit hoiin thien tir
NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU • EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l (112).2010
nha nudc. Theo dd. co sd bao dam cho nan dan chii ciia nudc MT da dugc xac lap.
cac gia trj tdn giao ciia MT cung bat ngudn chu yau tir dao Tin Lanh cd ngudn gdc chau Au. Trong thap nidn 20. 30 cua the ky XVII, vdi chinh sach tdn giao khac nghiet cua cua vuong trieu Stuart, cd tdi hon 20.000 tin dd Thanh giao da phai rdi bd nude Anh sang Bac MT. Trong thdi ky chien tranh gianh ddc lap. cd tdi 3/4 cu dan thudc dja la tin dd Thanh giao. trong sd 1/4 cdn lai. cd tdi hon mpt nira la tin do Tin lanh Calvin cdn tin dd Co' ddc chi chiam khoang 1% dan sd''.
Luc nay tdn giao dugc coi la nan tang cua ky cirong trong .xa hdi, la hien than cua diau thien va phiic Igi .xa hdi va mang tinh cdng ddng rd net. Tu sau khi nude MT ra ddi, cung vdi sir da dang cua ddng ngudi nhap cu dan tir cac qudc gia, chau luc khac nhau, van hoa tdn giao cua MT lai them sir da dang vdi su xuat hien cua dao Do Thai, cac tdn giao phuong Ddng... Vj tri ciia tdn giao ddi vdi ddi sdng xa hdi cflng da thay ddi theo. Tdn giao khdng cdn la van da ciia cdng ddng ma da trd thanh viec ciia ca nhan. Cho du cd su thay ddi nhu vay van khdng tha phu nhan
ludng phiin qu>en trong \d\ dung bo mav nha nuoc nham dam bao linh diin chu voi \'iec dua ra ihuNct
•"tam qu)en phiin lap". Tir tuong chii dao cua thu>et nay lii phiin tach ba ITnh vuc lap phap. hiinh phap \ ii tu phap cua quan ly nha nuoc thuoc ve ba co quan khac nhau nam giir voi moi quan he kiem che lan nhau dc han che vice tap trung quyc'n luc va tinh chat chuyen quNcn. doc doan.
' KaMCiiCKaH I . llo.iumu^ecKafi Kyimypa CIIJ.I.
M')MM(). 1993.N"4. e. 69.
dupc UU tha ciia dao Tin lanh va Co ddc giao vdi sd lugng tin dd ddng nhat trong sd cac tdn giao tdn tai d MT hien nay .
Khi ndi ddn van hoa MT khdng the khdng da cap den chii nghTa ca nhan bdi vi nd dugc coi la la cdl ldi ciia van hoa MT. Cd le dac diam nay cung khdng nam ngoai Ijch sir hinh thanh cua nudc MT. Ci the ky XVII den XIX, khu vuc Bac MT dugc ngudi chau All biat dan vdi tu each ciia viing dat mdi tu do. hp di cu ddn dd vdi biet bao hoai bao ve lu do. binh dang, su giau cd... Viec djnh cu d Bac MT ddi vdi ngudi chau Au bay gid deu chu yau lian quan den chu nghTa ca nhan.
Tinh chat chu nghTa ca nhan ngay cang tham dam trong nen van hoa ML Sau khi gianh ddc lap. MT van la dat nudc ciia nhflng ngudi nhap cu tir khap noi tran the gidi. Ngudi MT quan niem rang, mpt ca nhan chi cd the phuc VII xa hdi khi la ngudi ddc lap. tu do trong xa hdi dd. va ca nhan dd chi cd thd dat dugc cac gia trj sdng khi sdng tach biet vdi mgi ngirdi trong xa hdi. Chinh vi vay. theo quan niem cua ngirdi MT. chii nghTa ca nhan khdng ddng nghTa vdi si.r ich ky ma mang tinh tich cue ro net. Vdi y nghTa dd. chii nghTa ca nhan dugc coi la net van hoa dac trung va dugc nggi ca trong cac tac pham van hgc. dien anh ma de tai xuydn sudt chinh la anh hung ca nhan ludn mpt minh dting ra dau tranh de bao ve cdng li. Tran thuc te, net van hoa nay da bdc
Diio lluy Ngoe. Ilap chimg quoc lloa Ky. N.\b Chinh iri quoc gia. Ila Noi. 1994. ir.lOI.
QlhAn dien oiin /tda Mi...
39
Id ngay chinh trong nhung con ngudi dau tranh cho cac quyan cdng dan va trd ihanh ngudi hung ciia nudc MT trong nhu'ng giai doan Ijch sir nhat djnh nhu: G. Washington.
T. Jefferson. A. Lincoln...
2. Anh huong ciia van hoa MT ddi vol chau Au trong thoi dai toan cau hoa
fir sau Chian tranh tha gidi thu' Hai d nhieu nudc chau Au bat dau xuat hien lan sdng lo ngai ciia cac nha van hoa. chinh trj va su lan tran ciia van hoa MT. vc sir mat di ban sac ciia chau Au''. Hien tupng nay cho thay su xam nhap. anh hudng trd lai ciia nan van hoa MT ddi vdi cai ndi sinh ra nd. Dd la diau khd tranh khdi vdi thay ddi cua bdi canh the gidi, cua tinh hinh chau Au va nudc MT sau Chian tranh the gidi thir Hai.
Tha gidi budc ra khdi Chien tranh the gidi thii' Hai vdi nhiau bian ddi sau sac.
Trudc hdt phai ka den su phat Irian vuon lan manh me ciia MT ca vb kinh ta. chinh trj vdi tu each la mpt siau cudng, dirng dau tha gidi tu ban chu nghTa. Trong khi dd. cac nudc tu ban Tay Au lai suy ydu. Mpt trat tu tha gidi mdi dugc thiat lap. dd la trat tu hai cue do MT va Lien Xd chi phdi vdi su ddi dau ve he tu tudng. Da ngan chan anh hudng cua Lien Xd. MT da phat ddng Chien tranh Lanh (1947) va thuc hien ke hoach Marshall nham khdi phuc va khdng che cac nude Tay Au.
Ben canh dd. da mo rdng pham vi anh hudng. canh Iranh vdi Lian Xd. chinh quyen cflng bat dau chu truong thuc hien chinh sach "xuat khau van hoa"". phd bien van hoa MT ra phan cdn lai cua tha gidi. trong dd cd chau Au'". Chinh phu MT da thanh lap mpt sd id chirc va ehuong trinh van hoa nhu Cue Thdng tin Hoa ky. Chuong trinh trao ddi Fulbright ... NhiTng chu truong thuc day truyen ba thdng tin van hoa MT cua Chinh phu da thuc si.r hieu qim trong bdi canh the gidi dang van ddng theo xu hudng qudc ta hoa va loan cau hoa do tac ddng cua cudc each mang khoa hpc - cdng nghe hien dai ma MT lai la quoc gia di tien phong trong ITnh vuc na>.
Sir tac ddng cua van hoa MT ddi vdi cac nude chau Au ndi rieng va tha gidi ndi chung cd the thay rd nhat trong nan van hoa dai chung. 0 day. ncm van hoa dai chung dugc hiau la cac san pham van hoa mang tinh giai tri da giam bdi sir cang thang tam li khdng can thiat trudc hang loat cac thdng tin day dac. don gian hoa nhflng van da tri tue phirc tap. ve si.r kia chpn cua ca nhan ...
Ciing vdi su phat Irian ciia nen kinh te mang linh loan cau. nhflng trao ddi, lac ddng van hoa cung gia tang nhanh chdng va dang ngay cang hoa nhap vao thj trirdng kinh te.
Su lian bd cua he thong cdng nghe truyen
.Icssiea C.I'.Ciienow-IIechl. Chdu .lu nhin nhdn anh hin/ng cua vdn hod .\fi. Tap chi di9n lir eua Bo Ngoai giao I loa Ky. thang 2/2006.
'".Icssiea C.K.dienow-l Iccht. .sdd.
" Ja. liiera. Van hod dai chimg va ninrng chirc ndng .\d hoi CIUI nd. Vdn hod hoc vd vdn hod ihe ky .\X.
Vien Thont; tin khoa hoc xii hoi. Ilii Noi. 2001. tr.2l3.
NGHIEN CGU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l (112).2010
thdng nhu vc tinh. bang dTa. he thdng truyan thanh. truyan hinh. dien thoai. ma> vi tinh cflng nhu cac phuong tien van tai hien dai da gdp phan truyen ba cac tac pham hdi hoa.
van chuong. dicn anh va Idi sdng tiau dung cua van hoa ML Cac nha kinh doanh MT va chau Au da biet su di.ing nhung lien bd kinh ta ciia nganh truyen thdng de bien cac san pham van hoa MT thanh nhflng hang hoa thuong mai xam nhap ihj trudng. Dac biet trong ITnh vuc dicn anh va truyan hinh. MT la nudc cd nhieu uu the ma cac nudc chau Au phat Irian cflng khd cd tha canh tranh. Khdng ai cd tha phu nhan rang LlolKwood khdng phai la kinh dd van hoa cua the gidi hien dai.
Chinh sir phat trien va ndi tieng cua nd da day cac trung tam van hoa ndi licng cua chau Au nhu Florence, Vienna. Paris tro thanh qua khir. Tir Hollywood, hang loat cac tac pham dien anh. ca nhac... ra ddi. dugc su hd trg cua cac cdng nghe truydn thdng. quang cao. nd da cd mat d hau khap tha gidi. Hien nay. phim MT chiam hon 80% Igi lire thu dupc d cac rap chieu phim tai chau Au'".
Khdng chi phim anh. ngay ca ldi sdng tiau dung MT cflng da va dang Iran ngap va xoa bd nhflng thdi quen rieng a cac nudc chau Au. Dd la sir xuat hien cua cac ciia hang Mc Donald, ciia khu vui choi giai tri Disneyland.
Tran ihirc ta, sd du khach den iham Disneyland d Paris ddng hon nhieu so vdi lugng du khach den thap Eiffel, cflng nhu
lugng khach dan tham quan bao tang Anh...
nhung dja danh van hoa du Ijch ndi tiang cua chau Au. "Ldi sdng MT" vc tieu dung, mirc sdng tdt hon va sir tang trudng kinh te da thuc su cd sire md hoac ddi vdi tha he thanh nien nhiau nudc chau Au.
Van da dupc dat ra la tai sao mpt khu vuc cd Ijch su. van hoa vdi be day nhu chau Au. la khu vuc cd trinh dp phat trian cao cua the gidi hien nay lai chiu anh hudng ciia nan van hoa MT chi mdi cd Ijch sir phat trien hon 200 nam? Cd le chinh net da dang ciia van hoa MT - sir kcl hgp cac phong each van hoa cua nhung ngudi nhap cu dan tir nhiau qudc gia. khu vi.rc ucn the gidi nan nd la la ma quen va khi lan toa dan dau dd. dac biet la dan chau Au. lai de dang dugc liep nhan.
Dieu na\ da dupe nha nghian cuu Ijch sir Richarch Pells khang dinh: "Vdn hod MT dura hao glir cam ihdy nd .xa la vdi ngudi nirdc ngodi. Vd il nhdl vdn hod MT dd bien cdi md nd Hep nhdn lir nhiing nen vdn hod khdc ihcinh mdi nen vdn hod md mpi ngudi.
mpi noi deu cd ihe chdp nhdn" '. Viec sir dung tieng Anh. ngdn ngu cd xu hudng sir di.ing tir ngu ngan gpn. da hiau. sue tich. vdi tu each la phuong tien giao tiap thdng dung la diau kien thuan Igi da van hoa MT de dang tham nhap vao chau Au. Tham vao dd. MT lai la qudc gia phat trien vao bac nhat thi; gidi.
di dau lrong cudc each mang khoa hpc - cdng nghe hien dai. Trong ITnh vuc van hoa. nhd
" Uich Ngoc. loan cdu hod vd vdn hod. I ap chi I ru\en thonti. \\\\\\.\ae.oru.\n
" Richard Pell. \c=/; vdn hod .\fi cd \tT" khdng '.
Tap chi dicn tu cua Ho Ngoai giao lloa Kv. thanu 2/2006.
^tllitin dien oiin hda ./Hi... 41
vao su ho trg cua thiat bj ky thuat cao. cac phuong tien truyan thdng de quang ba san pham van hoa cua minh. Dac biel. dat lrong bdi canh loan cau hoa dang dien bian manh me. su hdi nhap sau rdng ciia cac qudc gia vao xu hudng nay sc dan dan mdi kat qua tat yau la su .xam nhap lan nhau giua cac nen van hoa..
1 rude su phat trian lan at cua van hoa dai chiing MT, tham chi nhiau nha nghian ciru van hoa chau Au cdn cho rang dd la nguy ca
"My hoa" . Day khdng phai la nhan djnh mdi, ngay tu' nam 1901, nha van ngudi Anh William Stead da canh bao nguy co n a y ' \ Tham chi trong cudc phdng van nam 1991.
cuu Bd trudng Van hoa Phap Jack Lang da kjch Met pha phan "da qudc van hoa MF""'.
Tren thuc ta. trong sd cac nudc thudc Lian minh Chau Au da cd nudc hoat ddng nham han cha su anh hudng cua van hoa dai chimg ML Chinh Lidn minh Chau Au da dua .sang kian cung cac qudc gia khac td chirc cac cudc hpp thudng nian ban vc nhung phuong phap huu hieu de giu gin ban sac van hoa dan tdc. Tai cudc hpp ihirdng nien thang
10/2002 tai Nam Phi. theo dd nghj cua cac nudc chau Au. cac qudc gia tham du da thao luan ve su thiet lap mpt cdng cu qudc ta da bao ve nan van hoa da dang.
Ben canh xu hudng chdng sir xam nhap ciia van hoa dai chune ML d chau Au cflns
xuat hien xu hudng ngupc lai la thich van hoa ML Dieu nay da dupe nha nghien ciru Ijch sir. van hoa .Jessica C.L. Gienow-Hecht chi ra: "Nghich ly ca han nhdl cua phong irdo hdi vdn hod MT do Id: Tcii hdi cd nu}l ihdi diem ncio. neu khdng co mat irdi cua vdn di'. lire Id neu khdng ci> sir yen thich vein hod MT. ihi nhiing ldi chi trich niiv chdng co y nghTa gi"^^.
3. Ket luan
Chinh si.r phat trien vuon len cua nen kinh te. chinh tri MT .sau Chien tranh the gidi thu I lai va vice trd thanh mot sieu cudng da lam xuat hien trong quan niem cua mot bd phan cu dan chau .Au. dac biet la gidi tre. cho rang nudc MT gan nhu tro thanh mpt thu
"chuan mirc"" can hudng tdi. Vdi dac diam ndi bat cua mot nen van hoa da dang, chju anh huong sau sac cua nhung yau td ban ngoai. biet kcl hpp su dung ddn bay cua nhung ndi lire, da lao ra san pham van hoa dai chiing MT mang tinh loan cau, nen de dang dugc nhiau qudc gia (it nhat cflng la mpt bd phan dan cu trong qudc gia dd) tiap nhan trong thdi dai phat trien cua khoa hpc - cdng nghe va qudc le hoa cao dp. NhiTng dac diam ciia van hoa ML cung vdi bdi canh toan cAu hoa cua tha gidi tfl' sau Chien tranh tha gidi thir Hai dan nay da phan nao ly giai nhflng anh huong cua van hoa MT den chinh cai ndi sinh ra nd la chau Au.
Mich Ngoc. sdd.
'M<iehaid i'cll. sdd.
"• Jessica C.li.(Jieno\\-l lechl. sdd.
.Icssiea C.li.Ciienow-llcchl. sdd.