76 TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA H O I SO 09(i33)-2009 Si; HQC-NIIAN H 0 C - N ( ; H I E N CLTU TON GIAO
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MOI TRl/dNG VA KIEN THUfC BAN D\A LIEN QUAN PHaONG THLfC KIEM SONG
CUA NOadl HRE 6 KONTUM
TRUONG VAN MON**' prz^i
TQM TAT
Nghien cuu mdi tnrdng sinh thai vd kiin thCrc ban dia lien quan din phuang thCrc kiim sing cua ngwdi Hre d Kontum eho thiy mdi quan he twang tac giua each Cmg xir cua ngudi Hre vdi mdi trudng tu nhidn trong qua trinh kiim sing; mdi quan he giCra he sinh thai tu nhien va xa hdi ngudi Hre; vu tru hpe va su nhan thCrc vi dit dai, khai thdc rCrng va xir ly ngudn nude cua cpng ding nay.
1. VAl NET VE NGU'Ql HRE Q THON KON KTAU TfNH KONTUM
Hre edn cd ten gpi khac la Cham Re, Chom Kre, Liiy, Cham Quang Ngai, Mpi Chdm, v.v. thudc nhdm ngdn ngu Mdn-Khmer, ed dan s l 94.259 ngudi, c u trii chu y l u d miln tay tinh Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh va mpt p h i n sinh song d Kon Ktau*^'. Trong chuyen khao nay, ehiing tdi ehi nghien cdu trudng hap ngudi Hre d thdn Kon Ktau (ViKtau), xa Po E, huyen Kon Plong, tinh Kontum.
Thdn Kon Ktau thanh lap sau nam 1975.
Day la nai tap hop nhdng ngudi Hre cd g l c ' ' Thac sT Nghien cifu sinh Dai hoc Malaya (Malaysia). Khoa Nhan hoc Trudng Oai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh.
t d Quang Ngai theo each mgng len Kontum trong C h i l n djch miia Xuan nam 1975. Sau ngay toan t h i n g , nhdm ngudi Hre da djnh c u d day'^'. Thdn Kon Ktau each trung tam huyen Po Klong (tinh Kontum) 34,4km v l phia Nam, cd dudng trang nhua n l i dai td trung tam huyen d i n tan d i u thdn. Thdn Kon Ktau n i m tren mdt d i i gd giua thung lung hinh Idng chap, bao bpc bdi niii xung quanh. Thdn Kon Ktau mang ten ddng suoi Ktau, con s u l i Idn n h i t tap hgp nude tu nhung khe niii xung quanh chay vao rudng thung lung ngudi Hre. Thdn Kon Ktau thudc cao nguyen Kontum cd dp cao so vdi mat b i l n khoang 900-1.000m. Q day nhilu thuc vat nguyen sinh, rdng cay xanh liip xiip, la rdng ( I m udt). Lugng mua trung binh hang nam 2.800mm, nhiet dp trung binh hang nam 20°C, nhiet dd tich luy trung binh hang nam < 7500°C. Miia mua b i t d i u t d thang 2 nhung chinh thdc mua t d thang 5 d i n thang 12, khdng ed miia khd khic nghiet, khdng khi ludn mat dju. O l t d day chii y l u la d i t dd Bazan I m udt, d i t nau vang (10YR 4/3) trong da g l c , d i t biin r i t it, d i t phii sa pha cat thuan Igi cho viee trong liia, ngd, s i n va cay edng nghiep nhu eao su, cafe'^'.
Dan s l Hre d thdn la Kontau 240 ngudi (nd 109, nam 131 - nam 2005), cd 68 hd, sing
TRUONG VAN MON -
MOI T R U Q N G V AKIEN
T H U CBAN DIA..
77 bing nghi tring liia nude, san bin, hailuam, chan nudi va khai thac rdng. Mdi hd cd khoang 5 sao rudng, 1 sao riy, 1-2 con trau, 1-3 con lan. Thu nhgp binh quan khoang 4 trieu dlng/1 hd, chii yeu td tring lua va phi bac ve rung. Q day, cac ca sd hg ting nhu dien, dudng, trudng hpe, trgm y t l duac Nha nude xay dung'"'.
v l ddi sing van hda, ngudi Hre vin cdn luu giu phcng tue tap quan rieng. Hp vin d nha san, mac ao vay truyin thing, deo trang sdc bing ding, bgc, hgt cudm; phu nu Idn tuoi deo vdng eo, vdng tay, vdng chan va hoa tai. Tuy nhien Idp tre hien nay diu mac trang phuc hien dgi nhu quin tay, ao sa mi hoac quin jean ao thun. Cac l l hdi dugc t l chdc hang nam nhu Tareo Po (ll dam trau), Tareo Mau (ll giec mg vap thang 3), Tareo Mahua (ll clu hdn), Tareo Penh Pia (ciu an ehe em be), Tareo Chah (Ciing tim cay lam nha). Ngudi Hre cdn luu giu nhung truyen co tich nhu truyen Co Va Mangay (Chd va ngudi), truyen Pu Thia Va Pu Tdddn (Chang Pu Thia va Pu Teddn), truyen Hy Cau Hy U (Nang Hy Cau vd Hy
0) V.V.; nhung lan dieu dan ca nhu Kaldu, Acheo (dan ca), Kachoi (hat dii) va nhung nhge cu nhu sao, ken va cing chieng*^'.
2. TRI THl>C B A N D|A Wt MQI TRU'QNG LltN QUAN PHU'ONG THl>C KI^M S Q N G
CUA NGU'Ql HRE
Ben cgnh lam rudng nude d thung lung la chinh, ngudi Hre cdn lam riy d sudn doi, chan nudi gia siic va mdt phin vin cdn gid tap quan san bit va hai lugm. Trai qua bao ddi, sing vdi niii rdng, ngudi Hre ed mdt kho tang tri thdc ban dja lien quan quan din phuang thdc kilm sing tren nhilu ITnh vuc nhu each nhgn bilt v l chu ky thdi tilt, each
san bin, hai luam, each xd ly rdng, dit va nude trong mdi trudng sinh sing ciia minh.
2.1. Cach nhgn bilt v l chu ky thdi tilt Kinh nghiem sing va san xuit trong diiu kien mdi sinh ddi nui, thung lung vdi nghi lam riy, tring liia nude va chan nudi, ngudi Hre nhgn bilt thdi gian (ndng Ijch) qua ehu ky thdi tilt nhu sau.
- Con ve keu la bao hieu thang 1, dan lang chuin bj tu sda ndng cu chuin bi cay d y . - Con ong dit bay len bay xudng la thang 2, dan lang bit diu cule, bda rudng.
- cay sim nd hoa la thang 3, miia giec mg.
- tch keu lae dae d suli la thang 4, miia phat riy, d y liia.
- Chim Pa Ray {kak kaik) xuit hien la thang 5, miia dan iang dit riy, trong tia.
- B I U trdi xuit hien chim se bay tdng dan la thang 6, miia liia, bIp ra hoa.
- tc\\ keu op ep lien tue la thang 7, bao hieu thdi tilt tot, lua tu bdng, duac miia.
- Cay loan bru mpc d rdng la thang 8, liia bit diu chin rd.
- Lua chin vang hit ding la thang 9-10, miia gat hai.
- Chau chiu xuit hien tdng dan, giu lam to tren cay an hgt de la thang 11, thang ndng
nhan. -^ [;^r; * , - . . , • . . - cay ren atraong ra hoa la thang 12, miia
dan iang lam nha, dan lat, lam cdng cu san xuit va san bit.
Nhin vao thi^'i tilt, cay ed, hoa la, ddng thuc vat, ngudi Hre bilt duac chu ky thdi gian (ndng Ijeh) d l san xuit va sinh hcgt.
2.2. each khai thac va xd ly rung
Sinh ra d rdng, song d rdng, va khi chit lai trd v l vdi rdng nen rdng gin chat vdi ddi
78 TRUONG VAN MON - M 6 | T R U Q N G VA KIEN THl^/C B A N DjA..
sing cac dan tdc thilu s l d Tay Nguyen ndi chung va ngudi Hre ndi rieng (Henri Maitre, 200; Georges Condominas, 2008). Vi vgy ngudi Hre khdng pha rdng, khdng chat cay, hoac phat riy d rung d i u nguon va dinh nui eao. Nlu chat cay to thi phai ciing ga cho thin rung. Lam viee nay, ngudi Hre muon linh thieng hda nhung diiu elm ky, nhim han ehl va ran de eon ngudi pha rdng.
Ngudi Hre quan niem "khi nim ma thiy cay da la tit, cudc sing sum se; cdn nim ma thiy cay nga de la xlu"'^'. Day la mdt logi hinh tin ngudng sa khai g i n vdi y thdc giu rung eiia ngudi Hre.
Khi chat cay lam nha nhu tre nda, v.v.
ngudi Hre chat sau ngay trang non, khoang ngay 25 trong thang 2-4 trd di d l khdi bi mii mpt an. Vi ngay 25 trpng thang la thdi dilm trang gia vd thang 2-4 trpng nam la miia khd, cho nen than cay da phat triln on djnh, cdng cap, ehing dugc mii, mpt an.
Nguge Igi, nlu chat cay vac miia mua thang 11-12 hpgc trudc ngay 25 trd di thi than cay dang trcng thdi ky phat triln mgnh, cay hiit nhilu nude, mgch trcng than md d l vgn chuyin nude vd chit dinh dudng d l hinh thanh t l bac. Vl vgy than cay cdn non, chua edng, khi chat v l d l bj mii mpt an.
Ngudi Hre khdng phat triln cdng cu chgt pha rdng. Nhung cdng cu dan gian nhu riu hinh rang trau (ludi dai khoang 10cm x rdng 5em), oi-a (ludi dai khoang 0,5m), va dao nhd d l chat cay, gd chi dii sdc d l khai thac nhdng cay gd logi nhd d viing rdng thip d l dap dng nhu d u sd dung tgi ehd.
2.3. Kiln thdc ban d\a lien quan d i n hai lugm va san bit
2.3.1. Hdi lugm
Ngudi Hre td ra than thien vdi mdi trudng va khai thac mdi trudng mpt each hgp ly nhu hai mpt s l rau va trai cay rung d l du an, khdng ban hcac de lam thuoc chua benh cho ngudi va gia siic. Nhung logi rau va cii rung nhu:
- PH kchu: Cay cd cu mau dd mpc d bia rung, than cay trdn, la nhpn mau xanh. Cii khdng sau ma mpc nhd len mgt dit, eii chua chin ed v6 mau do, khi chin vd mau tring, nhan ben trong mau vang. Logi cgy ngy cd t h i an sing, khi di rung ngudi Hre ddi cd t h i an trd cam. Tre em vd ngudi cd thai thich an sing. Tuy nhien, ai chua an quen trai nay ed t h i an bj cao bung.
- Chih hatuen gung (Cih kan gung): Cay cd r l chiim, la mau xanh nhd, mpc d bia rung, nai cd suli nude. La non ciia cay nau canh ca hoac xao vdi thjt heo.
- Chih nhuch: Cay re diim, than mau dd, mpc d khe suli cd nude. Than hogc la nen diing nlu canh vdi ca, cua, I c hcgc thjt heo rit ngon.
- Chih minh: CSy bgc ha, r l chiim, la hinh trai tim, cd gan, than cSy mau xanh, mpc d bia n>ng, khe suli. Ld cay dn Igt, khong cd mili vj. Than Ipt v6 n l u canh rit ngon.
Nhdm cSy chua benh khdp nhu cSy tunh hi hech, cay loan ha trucca, cay tunh ka ninh, cay gran ka tern (cang cua), r l cay hah pa de ( r l cay chum da de), cay ka nhah loan ha chim (v6 cay chim chim),
Nhdm cay chua benh te liet nhu cay loan ka pang (cay mit nai), cay loan pa de (chum de), cay tunh ba rai, cay hah loan ha truk ea, hah loan ga hiang.
Nhdm cay la chua benh khac nhu cu cSy pli ehu an t i t cho ngudi phu nu cd thai, rau cih min, nlu canh chua an tri benh sot ret.
TRUONG
V A N M O N- MOI
T R U Q N G VAKIEN
T H U CBAN DIA.. 79
gdng {mangan) ngudi Hre thudng trong d rupng va nuang r i y d l xua dudi sau bp pha hpgi miia mang. Vi sau bp r i t ky miii gung, cay sicha diing d l t h u i c ca, chua benh ghe che trau, la cay hala yaok, hala ve... trau an cd t h i chua benh giun, benh eiim, cay loan kasa yong (cay de) diing d l lam keo nhua b i t chim...
2.3.2. Sdn bit
Ngudi Hre san b i t chii y l u nhdng logi vat ed hgi eho cudc s i n g nhu nai, mang, heo rung, chim chudt, v.v. Ngudi Hre san ccn mang, vi ccn mang thudng la b i l u tuang che cai x i u dem tai hpa ehp dan lang. A R i m k l : khi ccn mang ehgy vac lang la bao hieu trong iang ed ngudi c h i t hoac cd tai ngn, vi eon mang la hda than kilp thd bay ciia con ma. N l u gap trudng hap nay thi chii iang cung, diing la cay rdng gpi la qudn ph d i n ben s u l i , e l m la qudn ph {hala ptrech) dpe kinh " c i u cho eon quy ma theo ngudi c h i t v l nai an nghi, ddng theo ngudi s i n g nua", sau dd t h i y cung tha la dd trdi theo s u l i la dan iang h i t tai hpa'^*.
Ngudi Hre edn san b i t hec rdng, chim, chudt vi day la nhung Icgi sinh san nhanh vd pha hpgi miia mang. Hp chi b i t ca b i n g tay, b i n g dam dd, b i t chim b i n g Icgi kep nhua e h l t d cay rdng. ChIng hgn, cudc san b i t chim b i n g kec nhua rdng ciia A Ru va A Triic b i n g kec nhya rdng mdt ngay d rdng thdn Ken Ktau chi b i t dugc 10 ccn chim se'^'. Ong Dinh Quang O i u di b i y chudt b i n g cgm ciia ngudi Hre (acap) ca dem cung chi dugc 10-20 ccn*®'. Cach san b i t nhu t h i khdng anh hudng gi d i i vdi sdc sinh san eua Icai chim, chudt, pha hogi liia b I p eiia ngudi Hre. Cdn Y Trao, Y Canh va Y Doa, A Bray cung vgy, khi di b i t ca chi diing tay va vgt d l b i t hoac diing cay rdng
(cay shicha gia nhd bd vao suoi) de thuic ca, nhung ehi lam eho ea say, roi diing vgt vdt ca. Cdn nhung con ca cdn sdt lai khdng bat h i t thi khdng lau sau dd da tinh Igi do thuic khdng ddc d l lam cho ca chit hang logt nhu each b i t hien dgi bing ludi eao, bing dien l e quy'®'. Viec san b i t eiia ngudi Hre mdt mat n h i m tim thdc an cai thien ddi s i n g , mdt mat d l tieu khiln trong miia ndng nhan, t d dd ma tgo duge s u can bing mdi trudng sinh thai.
2.4. each khai x d ly d i t
Ngudi Hre bilt s d dung eae logi d i t d moi dja hinh nai minh sinh s i n g de trong cay.
o l t doi, dinh d i i d l trong rdng; d i t sudn d i i diing lam r i y trdng cay hoa mau; d i t giap giua chan ddi va rudng diing lam ddng cd d l nudi trau; d i t bgc thang thung lung diing lam rudng liia nude. 6' day, ngudi Hre cd tap quan canh tac riy dang ehii y. Vi r i y g i n liin vdi rdng d i u nguon va cdn la nai t i l p giap vdi rudng liia, nen ho r i t y thdc v l phat ray va each d i t riy. Ngudi Hre khdng d i t r i y d l pha rdng nhu mdt s l bai bao ed neu. Hp khdng lam riy tren niii cao d l pha nhung loai cay to ma chi chon d i t lam r i y nai sudn d i i thip. Khi d i t riy, hp ludn lam ehu duac ngpn Ida. Trudc khi dit, ngudi Hre thudng phai dpn sgch cay cci xung quanh dudng bien, nai t i l p giap giua r i y va n>ng khoang 5m n h i m each ly giua dien tich d i t r i y va rdng d l khdng chay lan.
Khi d i t riy, hp ddt t d dudi gid len n h i m giam t i e dd chay cua Ida, nhd dd ma Ida khdng chay lan qua rung khac. Viee ddt riy cdn tgo ra dp ndng cho d i t phan huy chit huu ca, tieu diet sau bp, tgp ra chit miin lam cho d i t tuai x i p , gid duac dd am d l trong trot. Ngay xua, ngudi Hre khdng canh tac lien tuc nhilu nam tren mdt milng dit.
80 TRUONG V A N M O N - MOI T R U Q N G VA KIEN T H U C BAN DjA.
Vi lam nhu vgy dit se suy theai, bgc mau.
Hp chi canh tae thee ehu ky 3-5 nam mdt lin, ed nghTa la ehi trong mpt nam roi bo hoang, khoang 3-5 nam sau mdi quay Igi canh tac tiep'^°'. Day la ky thugt canh tae dit cd hieu qua d l phuc hdi dp mau md ciia dit, giiip cho hoa mau tang tnj-dng nhanh tren viing dit mdi phat quang hoac sau mdt thdi gian dai duac bd hoang ma khdng d n bdn phan hda hpe.
2.5. each khai xd ly eae Icai gidng cay trdng va luu trd liia trcng khp
o l chdng sau riy, tang sdc d l khang cho liia, bIp, biu, bi, ngudi Hre chpn gidng cho cay trong rit ky. Khi chpn gidng, phai chpn giing (liia bIp, blu hpgc bi) tit, chin gia, diu nhau. Sau dd edt vap milng vai thanh bd tree len gian khdi bIp mdt thdi gian it nhit td 3 thang d i n 1 nam mdi liy xulng giep tring. O l giu lua khdng bj I m moc, hu hgi trong diiu kien mua nhilu, nhiet dp Ignh, dp I m cao nhu d Kontum, ngudi Hre chda giing, thdc trong kho, nha san nhd lam bing tre, go, Igp tranh, gin rudng hpgc d bia rdng. Khi cin liia an, hp din khp dd liy ra tdng giii, phai khd, diing chan dgp liia d l tach hgt vdi liia, sau dd mang liia v l nha, diing eoi de gia thanh ggo an. Liia chda trong kho g i n rudng kilu nha san eao rao bao dam thdng thoang, tranh bj I m mic, tilt kiem dugc edng sue van chuyin, phdng ngda chay nha, lu lut, bao quan tlt'^^'.
2.6. each khai thac va xd ly ngudn nude Ngudi Hre ed each sd dung t i i da nguon nude d l sinh hogt va san xuit. Nguon nude ngudi Hre su dung chii ylu la nhung con suoi chay td khe niii vao thung lung. Q day, nude chay quanh nam rit thuan Igi eho viee lam dit, ngam dit d l dit tai ra
biin, thich hap vdi rudng lua nude. Ngudi Hre khdng d n su dung nhilu nude eho riy ma chi Igi dung miia mua d l liy nude trong hoa mau; cdn miia khd d i t riy khdng cin nhilu nude ma ehi d n mdt it nude chay ra td r l cay ciia n>ng d l giu dp i m ciia dit.
Hinh thdc d i n nude d mdng, ngpai nhung con suli nhd, nhung con muang nhd dip dit (rdng khoang 40 cm), ngudi Hre edn diing nhung dng tre va mang gd din nude len Idi khip canh dong. Giua nhung dam rudng cd nhung Id thdng nhau bang "Id trd"
{pah mau) de nude chay td dam rudng nay d i n dam rudng khac, rdi do ra suli, nudi sing sinh vat'^^'.
3. SU* THAY OQl MOI TRU'CXNG TU"
NHIEN VA PHU'QNG THl/C KI^M S 6 N G
CUA NGU'Ql HRE DLfQl SU" T A C O O N G
QUA VAN H Q A V A N O N G L A M NGHIEP HIEN OAI
Su kit nli giua con ngudi va mdi tnj-dng tu nhien eua ngudi Hre d thdn Kon Ktau rit chat che. Nai djnh cu ciia ngudi Hre la mpt chudi lien hoan dugc d u tgo nhu mdt phirc he hoan chinh bao gIm: dinh doi (tring rung), sudn doi (lam riy), chan dii (ding cd chan nudi), thung lung (lam liia nude), sdng suoi (diing nude tudi tieu, sinh hogt va ngudn thye phim). Odia nhung phin kep kin, khcng t h i tach rdi dii vdi mdi trudng va ddi song ciia ngudi Hre td bao ddi nay.
Ngay xua, sing trong thung lung, njng nui bao quanh, chua cd dudng giao thdng, mdi trudng edn nguyen sinh dii nudi sing dugc han 200 ngudi Hre d iang Kon Ktau. Ngay nay, Nha nude cd nhilu chinh sach d l phat triln viing dong bao Hre. Td dd giao thdng rdng md, len Idi d i n tan iang ngudi Hre;
keo theo la van hda ben ngoai bit d i u xam
TRUONG VAN MON - MOI T R U Q N G VA KIEN T H U C BAN DIA... 81 nhgp vac ddi s i n g Hre; dae biet nhdm di
dan len Tay Nguyen x u i t hien hien tugng tranh gianh khdng gian sinh s i n g , pha rdng, xam hgi nhilu d i n mdi trudng. D l dang nhgn thiy, quanh iang Kon Ktau eua ngudi Hre la trudng hpe, tru s d Uy ban Nhan dan, buu dien, trgm xa, cdn cd 2 hd ngudi Kinh sinh s i n g chuyen b i n g n g h i ban quan (ban tgp hda) d iang nay mua nhilu d i t r i y ciia ngudi Hre. Ngay nay hang hda cung x u i t hien nhilu d viing ngudi Hre do ngudi Kinh mang d i n . Hang hda ngudi Kinh ban d day chii y l u la thjt, ea, cac logi rau nhu b I p su, cai va ca tgp hda nhu mi tdm, thuic la, muli, m i m , dudng, bpt ngpt, banh keo, rugu, cafe v.v.'"'. Mat khac, phuang tien van hda hien dgi nhu tivi, karaoke, xe g i n may cung vao iang Hre. S u x u i t hien dudng giao thdng, kinh t l hang hda-tiln te, phuang tien van hda hien dgi, dgc biet van hda tdc ngudi khac dang hang ngay lam biln d i i mdi trudng va van hda truyin thing cua ngudi Hre.
Ngoai ra edn cd nhilu to chdc nude ngoai quan tam d i n ddi s i n g ngudi Hre. Du an
"Hd trg ddn Idng qudn ly rung bin vung tai Tdy Nguyen" ciia Ca quan Hap tac QuIe t l Nhgt Ban (JICA) t u thang 5/2005 d i n nam 2008 p h i n nao cung giiip iang Kon Ktau bao ve rdng va phat triln kinh t l . Du an nay, n l u xet v l md hinh kinh t l hien dgi thi rit cdng phu bai ban'^"'. Tuy nhien md hinh nay thien v l ndng-lam nghiep hien dgi, khi ap dung vao dong bao dan tdc thilu s l d Kcntum, eg t h i la ngudi Hre thi chua hap ly dp chua nghien cdu ky va van dung cd hieu qua tri thdc ban dja eiia ngudi Hre d day. Vi du, ngudi Hre khdng bao gid diing cay d l cay rudng nhung Du an Igi cung c l p
cay cho ngudi Hre'^^'; ngudi Hre chi trdng liia gidng truyin thing 6 thang nhung Du an nhgp gidng liia lai n g i n ngay nhu DR2, X21, X23, liia lai Nhj Lfu 838''^'; ngudi Hre chi diing phan chuong de bdn rudng nhung Du an cung c i p phan hda hpe (phan Ure, NPK, Kali)'^''' va thudc trd sau (thudc diet ed Sofit 300ND, Sirius, Nomine, thudc sau riy Aetara, Sherpa, Basudin 10H, v.v.)*^®'; ngudi Hre ehi nudi trau truyin thong nhung Du an lai du nhgp giing trau lai, khang sinh y l u , sinh ra nhilu benh dich; ngudi Hre lam ehuing trau dan gian bing cay, gd, n i n d i t nhung Du an hudng d i n ba eon lam chuong trau b i n g n i n be tdng cd mai lap tdn, khdng thich hgp cho trau, v.v.''®'. Ciing vdi nhung tri thdc ndng-lam nghiep hien dgi cua Du an, x u i t hien d viing Hre nhdng logi cua may, binh I c quy, phan bdn-thuoc trd sau, v.v. Day la mdt trong nhung nhan t l lam b i l n doi mdi trudng va tae ddng d i n phuang thdc kilm song ciia ngudi Hre.
U'u d i l m ciia nhung chinh sach va du an budc d i u giiip ngudi Hre tilp can vdi khoa hpc-ky thugt, vdi l i i song hien dgi, md mang t i m nhin mdi. Tuy nhien, ed nhdng v i n d l n l i len dang chii y nhu: cua may dang gdp p h i n pha rdng; phan hda hoc, thuic tn> sau lam d nhiim rudng vudn;
binh I c quy dien dang huy diet ea, cua va nhung vi sinh vat khac d sdng, suoi. Nhu vgy, he sinh thai: niii rdng-dong rudng-sdng s u l i ciia ngudi Hre dang bj xam pham bdi s u tac ddng ciia n i n ndng-lam nghiep hien dgi. Du doan khdng lau, n l u chiing ta khdng ed bien phap khic phuc nhdng chinh sach, nhdng du an duang thdi dang ap dung thi sinh thai d day cd xu hudng bi pha vd va t d dd keo theo s u pha vd phuang
82 TRUONG VAN MON - MOI T R U Q N G V A KIEN T H U C BAN DjA..
thdc k i l m song va van hda truyin t h i n g eiia ngudi Hre.
4. K£T LUAN
T d phuang thdc san b i n , hai lugm, d i n canh tae nuang riy, rudng nude, thiiy Igi, chan nudi gia sue, gia d m , ngudi Hre d i u dya hpan tpan vao t y nhien va khai thac mdi trudng mdt each hgp ly. Vi vgy t d bac ddi nay, rung niii, ddng rudng, nai hp s i n g v i n xanh tuai trii phii, ddng s u l i v i n chay quanh nam nudi song dan iang. Ngay nay do tac ddng ciia nhilu y l u t l khac nhau, dae biet la ndng-iam nghiep hien dgi vdi nhung mat tieu cyc ciia nd dang gdp p h i n lam thay dci mdi trudng va phuang thdc k i l m s i n g eiia ngudi Hre.
Ngay nay, cd nhilu chinh sach va d y an gdp p h i n vao phat triln kinh t l , van hda, xa hdi m i l n niii; Tuy nhien v i n edn mdt s l t i n tgi c i n k h i c phuc'^°'.
"Tri thdc ban dja la p h i n khdng t h i t h i l u trong van hda va Ijeh s d cua cdng dong dja phuang. C i n thilt phai hpe hdi t d edng d i n g dja phuang de cd t h i thiie d i y s u phat triln. Trcng nghien cdu phat triln, md hinh mdi ehe s y phat triln nhu "td dudi len" hay "ndng dan la d i u tien", "phat triln tham du" thay t h i ehe md hinh "tren dudi"
da chdng minh tinh hieu qua ciia nd trcng cac chuang trinh phat triln. Nhung md hinh nghien cdu mdi nay ddi hdi phai ed nhung h i i u bilt t h i u dao b i i canh eiia nai t i l n hanh d y an, dgc biet la he t h i n g tri thdc truyin t h i n g , van hda tdc ngudi, phong tuc ciia cac edng dong dja phuang. Kinh nghiem cho t h i y phai l i y tri thdc ban dja eiia eae dan tdc t h i l u so lam n i n tang (ndi lye) k i t hap vdi md hinh kinh t l hien dgi d l phat triln thi mdi thanh edng.
Ngay nay trong xu t h i phat triln b i n vung ciia mdt q u I e gia, v i n d l mdi trudng-con ngudi-tri thdc ban dja la nhung y l u to quan trpng d n d u g c quan tam. V i n d l nay cang quan trpng han d i i vdi cac dan tdc Tay Nguyen, cu t h i la ngudi Hre d thdn Kon Ktau. D y an phat t r i l n viing dan tdc khdng nen ehgy theo md hinh phat triln kinh t l hien dgi ma bd qua y l u t l van hda truyin t h i n g va tri thdc ban dja. Phat triln b i n vung la vda phat t r i l n kinh t l , vda bao ton dugc ban s i c van hda tung tdc ngudi, tranh s y n h i t t h i hda trcng n i n kinh t l hien dgi, c u l i eiing lam thui ehpt va hda tan ban s i c van hda tdc ngudi trcng van hda tpan c i u ngay nay. •
CHUTHiCH
' " Nguyin Van Huy (Chu bien). 1997. Ngwdi Hre. Trong: BCrc tranh van hda cac dan tpc Viet Nam. Hd Noi: Nxb. Giao due, tr. 76-78. Xem them: "Dan toe Hre". Trong: Vi§n Dan tpc hoc.
1984. Cdc Ddn tpc it ngwdi d Viet Nam (Cac tinh phia Nam). Ha Noi: Nxb. Khoa hoc Xa hoi, tr 117-128; BuiOlnh. 1972. Dudng len xir Thuung.
Sai Gdn: Tii sach Thanh nien Cong hda, 80 Cdng dan vu xuat ban; Nguyen Due Cung.
1998. Lieh sir vung cao qua VQ Man tap luc.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Nxb. Nhat L§.
'^' Bao cao ciia Nguyin Van Hien, Phd Chu tich Oy ban Nhan dan xa Po E, huyen Kon Plong, tinh Kontum, ngay 12/03/2009.
'^' Theo so lieu trong Bao cao khdi ddng ve "Dy an ho tro dan lang quan ly rung tai Tay Nguyen"
cua Co quan hap tac Quoc t l Nhat Ban, Hi$p hoi Tu van Lam nghifep Hai ngoai Nhat Ban, thang 9/2005. Tu lieu do TS. Shine Toshihiko cung clp.
'"' Nguon: Bao cao ciia Oy ban Nhan dan xa Po E. Xem them so lieu trong Bao cao khdi ddng v l
"Du an hd tro dan iang quan ly rung tai Tdy Nguyen" ciia Ca quan hap tac Qudc t l Nhat
TRUONG V A N MON - MOI T R U Q N G VA KIEN T H U C BAN D I A . 83
Ban, Hifep hdi T u v i n Lam nghi$p Hai ngoai Nhat Ban, thang 9/2005.
'*' Xem t u lifeu SLfu tam cua Ha Thi Thiiy Nga va Truang Van Mon ghi am va dich, t u lieu chua xuat ban. NhUng c h u Hre trong bai nay do Ba Ha Thi Thuy Nga phien am. Xin chan thanh cam on.
'®' T u Ii6u dien da Truang Van Mdn. Ghi theo lo'i ke ciia A Bray, 68 tuoi va A R i m , 65 tudi tai nha lang thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huyen Kon Plong, Kontum vao toi ngay 21/3/2009.
''' T u lieu dien da cua Truang VSn Mdn. Ghi theo Idi ke cua A Bray, 68 tuoi, A R i m , 65 tuoi vao dem ngay 20/3/2009 tai tai thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huyen Kon Plong, tinh Kontum.
'*' T u lieu d i l n da Truang Van Mdn. Ghi lai trong ngay theo A Ru va A True di bay chim tai niii Wang R i g i m d dau iang thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huy^n Kon Plong, Kontum vao sang ngay 19/3/2009.
'®' T u lieu dien da Truang van Mdn, phdng van Dinh Quang Dau, 45 tuoi va A R i m , 65 tuoi tai thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huyen Kon Plong, Kontum vao ngay 20/3/2009.
'*' T u lieu dien da Truang Van Mdn, theo Y Trao, Y Canh va Y Doa di b i t ca vao sang ngay 19/3/2003 tai canh ddng thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huyfen Kon Plong, tinh Kontum.
''°' T u lieu dien da Truang Van Mdn, phdng v i n Dinh Quang Dau 45 tuoi, thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huy^n Kon Plong, Kontum vao ngay 18/3/2009. , ;„
' ' ' ' T u lieu dien da Truang Van Mdn, phdng v i n A Hien, 43 tuoi, tai thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huy$n Kon Plong, Kontum vao ngay 18/3/2009.
'"* T u lidu dien da Truang Van Mdn khao sat he nude cua ngudi Hre d thdn Kon Ktau iir ngay 17-26/3/2009.
''^' T u li$u dien da Tarong v a n Mdn, phdng van chii xe hang hda L6 Xuan L va Phung Thi L vao
sang ngay 18/3/2009 tai thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huyen Kon Plong, tinh Kontum.
''"' Tai lieu khuyin ndng cho cac hoat dong cai thien sinh k l cho ngudi dan d khu vyc Tay Nguyen, Sdd.
''^' T u lieu d i l n da cua Truang Van Mdn, phdng van A Ba, 72 tuoi va A R i m , 65 tuoi vao ngay 19/3/2009 tai thdn Kon Ktau, xa Po E, huyen Kon Plong, tinh Kontum
''^' Quy tnnh ky thuat mot s6 cay trdng vat nuoi phuc vung Dong Truvng Son, Trung tam Khuyen ndng tinh Kontum, nam 2005, tr. 20.
''^' Xem Tai lieu khuyin nong cho cdc hoat dong cai thien sinh ki cho ngudi dan a khu vuc Tay Nguyen, Sdd, tr. 13, Quy trinh ky thuat mot s6 cay trdng vat nuoi phuc viing Ddng Trudng San. Trung tam Khuyen ndng tinh Kontum, nam 2007, t r 22.
''^' Xem: Tdi lieu khuyin ndng cho cac hoat ddng cdi thien sinh ki cho ngudi dan o khu vuc
Tay Nguyen. Sdd. Theo tai lieu Quy trinh ky thudt mot s6 cdy tring vat nuoi phuc vung Dong Trudng Son. Trung tam Khuyin ndng tinh Kontum, nam 2007, tr. 23.
''®' Xem: Tdi lipu khuyin ndng cho cac hoat ddng cai thien sinh ke cho ngudi ddn & khu vuc Tdy Nguyin, Sdd, tr. 59-61.
'^°' Xem: Bao cao ve "Tinh hinh thuc hi6n cac nhiem vu kinh te-xa hpi- an ninh qudc phong nam 2008 va phuang hudng nhiem vu, kinh te- xa hdi-an ninh qudc phdng nam 2009, Sd 26/BC-UBND cua Uy ban Nhan dan xa Po E, ra ngay6/10/08, tr. 4.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Condominas, Georges. 2008. Chiing tdi an rirng. Ha Ndi: Nxb. T h i gidi.
2. Maitre, Henri. 2008. Rirng ngudi Thuong.
Ha Ndi: Nxb. Tri thdc.