NOI NGUYEN CONG CAM QUAN VA CACH HANH VE THOI GIAN TRONG THO HAT

CAM QUAN VA CACH HANH XU* VE THOI GIAN TRONG THO HAT NOI NGUYEN CONG TRU*

TR4N THI THANH NH!

Tnrdng Dgi hgc suphgm - Dgi hgc Hue Tom tit: Nguyin Cong Tni la mpt tac gii cd vai tto dac biet ttong vin hoc Viet Nam. Su xuit hien cua dng di gop phin hoan thien vi lam phat ttien len din dinh cao thi Ioai hit ndi. Trong tha van cd dien, hiem cd tic gia nao c6 noi niem am anh khdn nguoi ve thai gian nhu Nguyen Cdng Tni. Tho hat noi cua ong thi hign sy cam nhan ve thai gian vu tru tuan hoan va sy ty ^ thiJc vl thdi gian hihi han kiep ngudi. Lap cdng danh, vui choi, hudng lac, song het minh, sang tao nghe thuat la nhung giii phap, each hinh xii ong de xuit cho con ngudi trong ddng thdi gian tuon chay. Cupc ddi dng nhu la mot minh chirng cho sy lam chii cao dp ve thdi gian de dat dugc nhihig ket qua cao nhit khong chi ttong cong danh, sy nghigp ma ca uong sing lao ngh?

thuat, luu danh thien co.

Thdi gian ngh^ thuit la mpt phin cau tao nen tic pham nghe thuit. Thdng qua cim nhgn vi each xiy dung thdi gian ciia tic gia ttong tac pham, ngudi dpc cd thg mot phin hieu duge nhiing thdng diep ngh? thuit tic gia mudn chuyen tii "thi hiin st^r cdm thu dgc ddo cua tdc gid vi phucmg thuc tdn lgi dgc ddo cita con ngudi trong thi gidf [2, tt.

323]. Nguyen Cdng Tni la mgt tic gia cd vai ttd die biet trong van hpc Viet Nam. Sy xuit hifn cua dng di gdp phin hoan thi^n v i lam phat trign dgn dinh cao thg loai hat ndi. Trong dja hat nay hdn tho dng nhu cinh dieu dugc bay lugn ttong biu ttdi xanh khoang dat, ty do. Khac vdi cac the loai tha trung dai khic thudng nham chd dao, hit ndi li thii vin chuang dugc viet ra nhim nhu ciu giii tti, nd thudng hudng din nhOng gia trj nhan sinh, hudng thy, ddi thudng. Trong tha vin cd dien, hiem cd tic gii nio cd ndi niem im inh khdn ngudi ve thai gian nhu Nguyin Cdng Tni. Cd Ig chinh sy y thirc sac nhpn ve thdi gian mi dng da cd mdt su nghiep liy limg khdng chi ttong chinh tti m i ci tiong nghg thuit nhu mdt each luu danh vdi ddi. Chinh vi the m i hdm nay chiing ta dugc biet din dng - Nguyen Cdng Tni - "0«g hoang tha hdt ndr (chiS dimg cua Nguygn Viet Ngoan).

1. SU" TUAN HOAN CUA THCJI GIAN VU TRU

Tha hit ndi Nguyen Cdng Tni mang cim thiic chung ve thai gian ttong tha ca trung dai nhu la sy de cao vj tri chu dao eua thdi gian thien nhien vii try bit bien tTnh tai. Trong cim nhin con ngudi, thdi gian vu try keo dai khdng cd kit thiic: Qua ngdy mai lai cd ngdy mai /Khen ai kheo kheo lo ddi (Thd say sua) *; Cdn xudn mai lgi cdn hoa (Thu ruffu thff). Vu try tuin hoan theo chu ki xuin sinh ha trudng thu Ulm ddng ting, khi miia ddng ret mudt ttdi qua, vu try md ra mdt vdng quay, chu ki mdi, con ngudi nhu Nhihig dan chimg tho hat noi Nguyen Cong TnJr dugc trich dan a bai nay ihi nam trong tai li?u: Do Bing Doan. Do Trong Hui (1994). Viet Nam Ca trii bien khao, NXB Thanh phi H6 Chi Minh Tap chi Khoa hoc \ a Giao due, Truong Dai hpc Su pham Hui

ISSN 1859-1612. S6 04(20)/2011: tr, 67-76

TRAN TH! THANH NHI

hda vao nhjp quay ciia vu try dg tin hudng niem vui va siic sdng mdi: Thdnh thai thda ddng qua xudn din /Ngdn hdn bdng timg phiin tan khdng / Co hoa dua mudn tia nghin hong (Ngdy xudn). Trong cii nhin vg thdi gian, mua ddng eiia tic gii dugm mau sic trilt hgc: Diim diim trong chirng linh sdu /Phut tin xudn dd he ddu cdnh /Danh hay dm cue duang sinh (Vinh miia dong). Nha tha nhin mua ddng i n ting ttong sy van dgng ngam ngim i m eye duang sinh.

Trong cam quan ve thdi gian vu try, con ngudi cim nhan thdi gian ay mdt di khdng trd lgi, chi nhu mui ten mdt chilu bay viit vg phia trudc "the gid nhu tuphii, bdt xd tru dg"

(Khdng Tu) (Djch nghTa: cir chdy mdi vdy thdi, bdt ki ngdy dem) khien cho con ngudi hien tai hoai ed, ngudng vpng ve qui khii va tiec nudi nhiing gii trj xua nay khdng cdn.

Qui khii i y cd thg la mpt thdi dai, ehl dp cu cdn ttong hdi uc, cdn luu lai mdt chiit vit dau ttong hien tgi: Hoa thdo ky kinh xudn dgi tg / Giang san trdm tiiu co hung virang / Tranh thien nhien rieng mgt birc tang thuang /...Dd mdy do sao ddi vdi ddi /Ndo virang cung di miiu ddu ndo (Trudng An hoai cd) (Djch nghia: Cd hoa tdn tg da trdi bao nhiiu xudn / Giang san cudi thdm cugc hung vong xua). Nhin vao ddng chay ciia thdi gian v i nhung bien chuygn thing tram ciia cudc ddi khdng the ttinh cim giic dau ldng, nudi tiec: Bdng quang dm ndo da mdy muai / Md non nude xui nen ldng cdm kich (Vinh hau Xich Bich). Ciing cd khi do la sy nudi tile ve cai dep khdng cdn hien dign ttong hien tgi; Huang Heu Nam quoc mi nhdn tdn / Odn nhap ddng phong phuang thdo da (Tdy Ho hoai cd) (Djch nghTa: Hucmg tdn ngudi dep phuang nam hit/ Budn thdy gid ddng thdi vdo cd tham nhiiu).

Khi con ngudi dit minh ttong ddng chay thai gian hien tai, thudng cd sy ngudng vpng vl qui khii ngudi xua ttong su so sinh, ddi chilu: Ngd kim nhdi iga tgi chi dia / Cd nhdn tdng tien ngd tga chi /Nghin mudn ndm du cung thi ni /Ai hay hdtmd ai hay nghe hdt (Ngdy thdng thanh nhdn). Chd m i hdm nay ngudi hien tai dang ngdi thi ngudi xua ciing da ngdi d dd. Khdng biet liic dd ngudi xua kia cd nghT den ngudi xua ciia ngudi xua va cd nghT din ngudi se ngdi ttong tuang lai khdng? Khoinh khac nhu viy da tao nen mpt sy kit dinh tiidi gian vl qua khii den hien tai va tuang lai.

Thdi gian i y cung la thdi gian tuin hoan bdn miia lap di lap lgi theo chu ki, chiy ttdi mpt cich thd a, dilm nhign vdi sy ngin ngui, gidi ban ciia thdi gian con ngudi. Con ngudi dau khd khi dugc y thiic trudc thyc tg mdi tic, thg yeu va su bit lyc cua mmh.

Tha ca phin Idn ndi din cii hun ban, cii ddn dau, cai nhd be ciia kiep ngudi. Phgm trii thdi gian chi dugc xac nhin ttong cae khoing cich Idn: kim - cd, xua - nay, eic khoing cich nghm nim, vgn nim dii rpng tdn tgi mai mai ddi lip vdi cai khoanh khac tram nim, ban hep cua thdi gian con ngudi. Vi the, thoat xuit hien, hien dien ttong ddng thdi gian vd tin, eon ngudi be nhd udc ao dugc ghi mdt diu i n nao dd cua minh, gim lai vio ddng tudn chiy thdi gian. Mdt ttong nhung khao kbit con ngudi vii try mudn la tgo nen mdt sy ddi sinh vdi tign nhan, lgi vira de lai tigng tham cho hau nhin bang danh tigng:

Tiii kinh ludn tir trudc din nghin sau / Han nhau mot tiing cdng hdu (Trin vi nu&c du&i Vl nhd), bing tim long son: Nhdn sinh tu co thuy vd tu / Luu thii dan tdm chiiu hdn thanh (Chi nam nhi) nhung ciing cd khi ldi hen i y khdng mang gii trj vi hen thi dii

CAM QUAN VA CACH HANH X l / VE lUdl GIAN TRONG THO HAT NOI...

sao cung khdng chic thyc hien dugc vi thi, con ngudi chi biet ddt hgt minh cho khoinh khic hien tai: Ba vgn sdu nghin ngdy thdm thoat / Tit trdng rang din thua bgc ddu...

Nay phut chdc kim rdi lgi cd/Cd hen gi sau chdng bdng nay (Kiip nhan sinh).

Gin vdi thdi gian vii try ta thudng thiy xuit hien cap ddi ciia nhung bigu tugng ung chigu vdi thdi gian nhu hoa. Id. cd, cdy, chim bao sy tuan hoan ciia dit trdi. Nhiing bieu tugng mdy, niii vd nude la nhirng hmh anh hay di vdi nhau thudng dugc diing bieu tugng cho sy vuih hing ty tai cua van vit. Nd van ddng theo quy lugt nio do, nhirag la vd tim, vd y.

Nude mudn ddi \^n chiy mii vl ddng vi ngan xa may trang van limg la trgn niii xanh nhu ngan xua, mac cho sy ndi ttdi cua con ngudi, cho bao thin§ trim ciia the sy. Con ngudi cd ging hda nhap mmh vio thien nhien vu try chinh la mudn dya cii hdn diy xao ddng, xdn xao diy due vgng, lgi danh dg tim kiem su tTnh lang, an nhien cua thign nhign miy niii: Gid trdng chira mgt thuyin ddy / Ciia kho vd tdn biit ngdy ndo vai / ...Trdng chinh chich ddu non mdi Id / Thuyen mgt Id xong ngang ghinh bach Ig /Budng cheo hoa len ldi giira san cucmg /...Ddnh hay ddt trdi danh cho / Hai kho phong nguyit nghin thu hdy cdn / Cdn trdi cdn nude cdn non (Vinh tien Xich Bich).

2. TINH NGAN NGUI, PHU DU CUA THCJI GIAN KIEP NGUdi

Vdi nhiing con ngudi cd y thuc sau sic vg cudc sdng thi thdi gian la mot niem khic khoai: Trdm ndm Id ngdn mgt ngdy ddi ghi (Tin Di), Ngdy vui ngdn chdng ldy gang (Nguygn Du), Ddt dudc chai dim keo tiic xudn (Nguyin Trai)... Nguyin Cdng Tni la mpt ttong nhung nhi tha cd ndi am inh Idn ve thdi gian. Nguygn Cdng Tni dimg nhigu hinh tupng dg vi vg thdi gian nhung die biet nhat la ddng nude: Hoa khai xudn hi diep lgc thdu / Ngdy thdng di ddng nuac chdy mau / Ldn lira mdi ding bgc ddu trdng si (Choi xuan kio hit xuan di). Tic gii da liy cii ttdi chiy huu hinh cua ddng nude de migu ta sy chiy ttdi vd hinh ciia thdi gian. Mdt mat, ddng nude thdi gian iy dem den sy sdng, vg tdt tuai ciia hoa thim Hoa khai xudn hi nhung mat khic, sy chiy tidi ay lgi liy di sy sdng, tudi tre, mang den su tin phai rai rung, gii nua, la vang khi thu den (diep lgc thdu) va eon ngudi gia di theo nam thing (bgc ddu trdng si).

Trong sy thiic nhin ciia tic gii ve thdi gian con ngudi ttong sy ddi sanh vdi vii try thi thdi gian con ngudi that ngin ngiii, huu hgn, mong manh. Trong ddng chiy vd cimg vd tin ciia vu try thi con ngudi that be nhd chi la mpt con ech nhiy vao vang tiing nude xao (Ao cii / Con ich nhdy vdo / Vang Hing nuac xao - Tha Haiku). Con ngudi din vdi cdi ddi niy nhu mgt ngudi khich d trp ttin gian: Coi trdn thi nhdn sinh Id khdch cd / Ng phong luu ke gid cd ngudi vay (Nff phong luu), kiep nhin sinh ngan ngiii va mong manh, dl tan bien nhudng bao: Oi nhdn sinh Id thi dy /Nhu bdng den, nhu mdy ndi, nhu gid thdi. nhu chiim bao / Ba muai ndm hudng thy biet chimg ndo / Vira tinh gidc ndi ki vira chin (Chffi Id ldi). Cim thiic vl ddi nhu mdt gidc chiem bao dua lai mdt cai nhin dugm mau chua chit. Giic chiem bao kia khdng chi cd ngin ngiii (ngin tya chiem bao) mi cdn cd tinh phi thuc, dudng nhu nhihig gi con ngudi tranh diu, sdng tren c6i ddi niy deu vd nghTa.

TRAN THI THANH NHI

Trong tim tudng tiha tha, thdi gian quy gia biet bao nhieu, nhat l i khoing thdi gian mdi tte thi cang quy hon, diu la ving ciing khd mua, khd ddi. Ta bat gap ttong nhieu bii tha hat ndi, Nguyin Cdng Trii ndi ve miia xuan, tudi tre, tinh yen nhu l i nhiing khoinh khic thdi gian dep nhit. Miia xuin l i miia khdi diu ciing la mua dep nhit, giiu siic song nhat ttong nim, li thdi gian cua vii try nhung dugc tic gii mugn de chi thdi gian xuan sac, cing ndng siic sdng cua con ngudi. Nguyin Cdng Tru hay ndi den "chai xudn keo hit xudn df khdng chi gip cii tim trgng tile xuan phai cim dudc chai dem nhu Nguyin Trai ma la mpt nghTa bdng diy i n du vl su tan hudng liic cdn dang xuan thi, mdi tre, mit khac ciing cd thi higu l i chai liic mpi thii dang cdn xuin.

Tudi tte l i miia xuin cua con ngudi (day la giai doan da qua nidn thilu cdn non ndt cung chua din thdi gia nua, khd cgn) m i budc vao thdi ki trudng thanh, sung man, cang ttin: Tre ngdy tha. gid tudi tac linh md chi / Giira trdn gian quang cdnh bdy nhiiu thi (Thd nguyit hoa). Nhung tudi tte con ngudi lai dl ding qua mau: Bdng quang dm thdm thodt vut qua / Kiip phii sinh chirng mdt gidc Nam Kha /...Hdo tiit hoan ngu dd di mdy / Trdm ndm nhdn cdnh Id nhudng dy / Mgt khdc xudn Hiu ddng mdy chdng (Chir nhdn).

Nhirag ngay thing tuai dep dl cd dugc miy. Chinh cai ap luc vi su gidi ban iy mi tic gia khuygn khich con ngudi sdng d ddi: Ndng ddc ki thdi khai khdu tiiu / Ca chu hoan phy thii quang dm / Ng phong luu nhu rua ldi rdi / Nghin vdng chudc lay Iran cudi (Thu nguyit hoa). Khi nio vui dugc, cudi dugc cim nhin dugc hgnh phiic hay biit md long, mim cudi ddn nhan, diing chin chir, dan do suy tinh khi ngiy thing chiy ttdi. Tic gia nhilu lin nhic den cum tir chi thdi gian tudi tre nhu "do thiiu niin": Mat tdi linh duang dp thiiu nien (Chffi xudn keo hit xudn di), "thi": Cugc cdm thi phd mgcdirffng thi (Chffi xudn kio het xudn di) Dg tte tnmg i y cac giic quan con ngudi tinh tl, nhay cim de cd thg tin hudng, cam nhin dgn tan dp nhirng niem vui va trai nghiem eiia ddi:

Sdng toan tim. loan tri, sdng toan hon / Sdng loan thdn vd thirc nhgn gidc quan (Xuan Dieu). Mpt ttong nhOng xiic cam dugc nhi tha nhac din niiilu la "hdnh lgc". Dd cd thg la cim ki thi tiiu: Cdm, ki. thi. tuu khdch /...Tha mot liii gieo vdn tha Dd Li/Rugu lung bdu rdt chen Luu Linh / Ddn Bd Nha gdy khuc tinh lang linh / Cd Di Thich di vi xe phdo md (Con nhiiu hudng thu), cd khi l i su trii nghiem ve xuc giac, nhye thg: E den khi hoa riia trdng tdn /Xudn nhdt khdc. di, nghin vdng khdn doi chdc / Ti suy vgt li tu hdnh lgc / Hd dung phii danh bgn thir nhdn /...Cugc hdnh lgc bao nhieu Id ldi bdy (Chai xudn keo hit xudn di). Vdi tic gii thi 5 o vgn sdu nghin ngdy thdm thodt (Kiip nhan sinh); dng trdi that "keo kiet": Dd sinh ngudi lgi hen lay nam /...Hgn lay tudi di md chai ldy (Choi xudn keo hit xudn di) nhung ttong han ba van ngiy iy, khdng phai con ngudi dugc hudng trpn ven hgt ma cdn phai trir hao ra cua "tre ngdy thd", "gid tudi tdc", "khi binh tdt", "liic u sdu" de ma chat lgc, ed dac lai nhirng giiy phiit dep dg nhit eiia "hdo tiit hoan ngu", cua khoanh khac xuin dang gia nghin vang.

Trong sy cim nhin ve thdi gian con ngudi, cd mpt khoing thdi gian dang dugc luu tim la sy tdn tai cua cii dep d tten ddi. Nhit la cai dep i y dang d giai dogn, thdi ki duang ip u, phong nhyy ciia "Hoa xudn ng cdn phong ndn nhi / Nguyit thu kia chua he hdn quang / Hdng Idu cdn khda then suang / Thdm khue cdn rdm miii huang khuynh thdnh"

(Cung odn ngdm khdc - Nguyin Gia Thilu), Nguyin Cdng Tni ttin tigng, dl cao cii

CAM QUAN VA CACH HANH X l / VE THOI GIAN TRONG THO HAT NOI..

khoanh khic ay: Khi chua xudn khep nip dung ben tirang/ Cdn phong nhi dgi Bdng Hoang vi cdng ddng (Yeu hoa). Khoanh khac iy cung li liic con ngudi cdn xuan thi, la sy tdn tai eua sac dep, eai dep cua hdng nhan tten ddi. Trong su van ddng cda thdi gian, hoa, la, nhan sic, mdi tre, xuin thi ddu chay ttdi, nhi tho mudn niu Igi nhung gi d?p nhit: Xin cho trdi ddt Idu ddi / Hdng nhan phdi gidng d dai mai du (Led tiiu thiip tu tinh). Cd sy tuong ddng ttong cim thiic ciia Nguygn Cdng Trii va Nguyen Du: Hong nhan tu cd nhu danh tudng /Bdt khdng nhdn gian kiin bach ddu. Cii chgt va su gii nua ludn theo dudi tir phia sau: Ldo true thiiu lai ung bdt phdng /Nhuc tiiy vinh hgu djnh tu qudn / Ld dm duang san si binh phdn / Con Tgo hda cdm qudn nhiim nhdt / Mdi do dinh mdy cdn ngdn ngdi /Phut ddu mdi tuyit dd phau phau (Cdi gid theo dudi). Hdng nhan, nhan sic khdng the dai lau d ddi, chinh vi the nd cang quy gii v i dang ttin trpng han. Cii dep thudng gin vdi ndi budn la mdt cam tiuic chung cua nhan loai.

Trong cupc ddi moi ngudi, tinh yeu la mpt ttong nhiing trgng thai dem Igi nhigu khoanh khic diy xiic cim. Quy gia va ding tran trgng biit bao nbifng khoanh khic quy gia eiia sy hpi ngd cua nhinig cip liia xiing ddi, Ii nhirng thanh im, man sac cd sy tuang hgp ciia ddi: Trai arih himg ggp gdi thuyin quyen / Trong nhdt kiin tinh duyen nhu dd /...Duyen chi thdm bdng ddn ddn dua lgi /Ddu nghin dgm Bdng san Qui hdi / Dd tinh duyen xe lgi ciing nin gdn (Duyen jggp gd). Dilu nay cang dl xiy ra vdi nhiing ke Ii

"gidng da tinh": Da tinh Id na / Mdc miu vdo do gd cho ra {Chd' tinh). Tinh ygu biln con ngudi tiiinh ke si va ngdc nghich: "Cdng tdi tinh cdng ngdc cdng si / Chir tinh Id chii- chi chf {Chu tinh).

3. CACH HANH XU" VCil QUY T H Q I GIAN HAN HEP

Khi Nguygn Cdng Tni ndi vl sy ngin ngiii ciia thdi gian con ngudi cung la mpt cich dg dng dinh tiiiic su ty y ciia minh va ngudi khac vl tiiyc tl: Ldo true thiiu lai ung bdt phdng / Mdi do dinh mdy cdn ngdn ngdt / Phut ddu mdi tuyit da phau phau" (Can cdn tgo hda). Con ngudi khdng thg vugt ra ngoai ttong khdng gian v i thdi gian, nd khdng the vugt ra ngoai quy lugt eiia sy tdn tai. Tinh phu sinh ay lim con ngudi xdt xa, bg bing, dau khd nhung khdng till vi till ma chdi bd, phii nhgn cupc ddi niy ma cing phii tim ra mdt ldi sdng hanh phiic, vui ve.

Tic gia nhic den tiidi gian mdt each chinh xic, chi tilt nhu ngdy xudn chin chyc. ba vgn sdu nghin ngdy... nhu nhic nhii con ngudi vl sy ton tai tdi da tren cdi ddi vi tir dd cd each sip xIp, ling xu vdi quy tiidi gian, lim chu nd vi biit khai tiiac triet dl nhihig tiim ning ban thin. Trong tha hit ndi cua dng thudng xuit hien nhiing ldi quylt tam, hen udc tiong hrcmg lai vdi giang son vg mdt su nghiep nrc rd, diy ddng gdp: Quyit tang bdng cho phi chi truong phu / Dd sinh ra a trong phii thi / Ng trdn ai quyit se tinh xong /... Thanh vdn trdng dd md coi (Cd chi thi nin); Thien dia sinh ngd nguyen hiru v/Dd thj giang san chung tii khi / Qud nhiin ddi cdc xudt danh c6ng/...Ng lam giai quyit si trd xong / Trdn ai ai di biit ai (Trdn ai ai di biit ai). Ldi hd h?n va su quylt tim iy da dugc minh chinig bing chinh cudc ddi cua dng. Tir nhinig hoii bao ttidi tt^, tiiyc tiln cupc song, nhimg hieu biit vl Nho - Phat - Lao, dng di din viec xiy dyng chuang ttinh ddi sdng cho ngudi nam nhi ttong xa hpi xua mi din nay ehiing ta van ed till tiiam khio:

TRAN THI THANH NHI

" Thai hdi tdng song nai long xd, giu cuang thudng, nudi chinh khi, vui cdnh ngd, phii thi gidi. cdm chinh dgo. Thdi hien dgt dem tdi luang ddng lap cdng nghiip di luu phuang bdch thi, trd ng vU try. Thdi nhdn ddt sau khi cong danh dd thdnh thi nil lui, Hiu dao san thiiy. hudng thu cdm ky thi tuu. Nguyin Cdng Trir da dimg nen mdi mdu ke sT "vdn vo kiem loan ", ddu dc kinh ludn han tdi thi phu, liic xir thi thi giir hgnh rdt cao, liic xudt thi phuc vu rdt hiing. di rdi sau hit cdng thdnh danh logi, coi gidu sang nhu cdi dip rach.

nim di md lui vi vdi cugc sdng Idm luyin" [3, tt. 226].

Mpt mau thuan dat ra l i lim each nao con ngudi vira cd the sdng, cdng hiln cho cpng ddng lai vira cd the phat trign ty do eon ngudi ca nhin minh, nhu mdt nhin each ddc lap, rieng biet, rieng tu va ty do? Lam the nio dg cho hai nhinh i y ttgn mdt ciy ddi cd the cimg phit trign, sinh trudng, khdng nhanh nao phii bj lep, bj hi sinh hogc triet tieu?

Lam thg nio de tao nen sy hai hda, can bang? Tir nhanh cay ddi, tir ngudn npi lyc bim sinh ciia Nguyin Cdng Tni tiet ra mdt ddng ning lugng chiit tda vio hai nhanh cay, dh nhinh nao cung sum sg, tda bdng. Mdt con ngudi ca nhin ty do, phong luu nhin lac ciing xuat hien dTnh dac, hign ngang khdng kem eon ngudi lip cdng, lap danh ttd thinh quan niem nghe thuit ve con ngudi ttong tha hit ndi Nguyin Cdng Tni. N I U lip cdng danh mang lgi cho ngudi quin tii niem vinh hanh ddng gdp eho ddi, mdt cich luu lai diu in vg su tdn tai tten the gian thi cdn cd nhirng hoat ddng khac nhu ngao du, nhin tin, cim nhin cudc sdng, sing tgo nghe thuat dg cd nhirng ttai nghiem thim m j chinh la mgt each quan trpng dg nudi dudng tim hdn tao ngn su phat trign can ddi giua the xic v i tim hdn.

Vg con ngudi Igp cdng danh dg luu diu bin thg da dugc nhigu nha nghign cuu ban den vi the chiing tdi chi de cgp din "ngudi ham chaf (chir diing cua Hoing Phu Ngpc Tudng) ttong tha hit ndi Nguyen Cdng Tni. Choi - vdi tic gia ciing li mdt cich hanh xir vdi thdi gian. Trong tu duy vin hda trung dai, cic bac tao nhan mac khach thudng chpn cho minh thii vui nhu cim, ki, thi, hpa, tihi... tieu dao son thiiy. Cich chai hudng thy ciia tie gia ciing nam ttong mach ngudn truyin thdng do nhung cung cd net vugt ra ngoii tmygn thdng d viec cdng khai thua nhan yeu td than xac, nhuc thg ciia: Khi ddcy mdt di mdy Igi/Du thien thien, thap thap them ndng {Yeu hoa).

Mdt ttong nhiing thii chai dugc tic gii nhac den la: Cdm (am nhac). Nguyen Cdng Tni viia li nhi nghe sT sing tgo ra dieu hat cung dan va l i ngudi ngdi nghe thudng lam. Am nhac vdn xuit phat tir tam hdn con ngudi ma ra: "gid khdng phdi Id vgt chdt md Id khi, Ire Id vgt chdt nhung khdng cd tdm, bdi thi tre thu ldy gid vd tgo ra dm thanh" (Ngd Thi Lin). Khi gid (khi) dgn, tre se phat ra am thanh, gid di, am thanh eua tte cung ngimg, am nhac dugc tao ra tir gid chu khdng phai tir tte hay chinh cai khi cua con ngudi la thu tao ra im nhac. Am nhgc cung la cich con ngudi tim kigm, ket giao tri am tri ki: Ai hay hdt md ai hay nghe hdt (Vinh fr ba). Vdn xuit phat tir tim ldng ngn tieng nhac, ldi hat bat ra tir trai tim ciing l i mgt cich giai bay tam sy, khi khdng cd ke tri im thi: Khiic ddn nay biit gdy ciing ai (Vinh ty bd).

Con ngudi cam nhan nh&ng xiic cim ttong long minh va hda nd vio giai dieu cua vii try de sing tgo ngn nhihig giai dieu. Giai dieu ay dugc cat Ign ghi lai diu in khoanh khic

CAM QUAN VA CACH HANH XC VE TH61 GIAN TRONG THO HAT NOI..

tim hdn con ngudi, de mdt phiit giiy ttong qui khii tudng chimg nhu ttdi qua se tdn tgi mai mii. Bing am nhac, con ngudi dugc sdng, tin hudng nhung phiit giiy trpn ven, tan dp, die y ciia thdi khic hign tai: Vdt chdn ngdi vdi bgn khdch cdm ca / ...Can ddc y thimg thimg ddi ding trdng (Thu thanh nhdn).

Thi (Tha ca): Ngudi xua cd eho ring d ddi cd ba dieu lam cho bat hii la: Igp cdng (cdng nghiep ve vang ttong bdn cdi), lap diic (diic hgnh truyin dgn mudn ddi), lip ngdn (ngdn luin van chuang), dugc mdt ttong ba dilu da khd, hudng chi la ca ba. Nhung Nguyin Cdng Tni la mdt ttong nhiing ngudi !im dugc dieu nay. Nlu lip cdng danh de tri ng hda cdng, luu edng danh tiuen cd thi sing tic tiia ca la mdt cich tra mdn ng phong luu vdi ddi. Mdt bai tha li mdt sy sing tao khien cho: Thi thdnh nhdt bdc thien san tich/ Cd hgc hoanh giang luac tiiu chu" (Vinh hga Xich Bich) (Djch nghTa: Bdi tha Idm xong nghin niii im ldng /Ngang sdng mgt con chim hgc bay qua chiic thuyin con), Nguygn Cdng Tni tim din tho ca nhu la cich luu diu lai nhirng ttai nghiem da cd vira li mdt each tao ra nigm vui de hudng nhiing ttii nghiem mdi. Thg gidi nghg thuit cua ngudi nghe sT chinh l i thi gidi cua mgng ma, mdng ma la trgng thii sang tao cho ngudi sing tgo va ngudi thudng tiiiic. Theo quan niem ciia Freud, thuc sy sing tgo van hgc Ii giic ma tinh thiie ciia nha van, nhung huygn tudng, nhung udc mudn dugc phdng chieu, duiyc ciu tnic hda thinh thi gidi hinh tugng nghe thuit ciia van hpc. Qua trinh sang tao nghg thuit ciia nha vin gin vdi giai tda nhixng an uc, i n khuat ttong tam hdn. Nha van kdo bgn dpc ra khdi thg gidi thyc di vao thg gidi eua tudng tugng, mdng ao. Trong thg gidi ay, nhiing khat vpng, dam me, them mudn, hoan lac khdng dgt dugc d the gidi thyc diu ttd thinh hien thyc bing tudng tugng.

Vdi dng, tim Idem cai dep v i ty bien minh ttd thanh mpt phan cua eai dep la each lim day ddc dao vi tinh tl ciia con ngudi ling xir lai sy phu du ngin ngiii ciia thdi gian. Con ngudi ttd thinh mdt nghe sT sing tao: "Nghi chai ciing Idm cdng phu", su sing tao ttong cic ttd chai cam Id thi tiiu. Trong mdi ITnh vuc iy deu in dim diu an ca thg cua tic gii. Day ciing la mdt each dg khang djnh su tdn tgi vdi ddi. Trong su thing hoa ciia sang tao con ngudi se cd cim giic sinh ngang tim thugng de, tao hda. Vi khdng chi cd thugng dg, tgo hda mdi cd quygn tao dung, con ngudi cung cd quyln tao dyng. Bang sy sang tao, con ngudi cd thg vuat qua dugc gidi han cua ban than vi Thi thdnh thdo thu giai thiin cd (Nguyin Du). Bing sing tgo con ngudi ed thg sdng mudn ddi.

Khdng nhung thi, qua tho ca con ngudi cd thi vugt qua eii cim giic h&u ban vd nghia ciia minh trudc cudc ddi. Bing sy trii nghiem qua tha ca, ca nhan cd the tun thiy nilm vui dich thyc trong giiy phiit nay, giiy phiit cua hign tai, mat khac nd ciing la eich vugt thdi gian, trd ve qui khd ddi thogi vdi tien nhin, vugt dgn tuang lai vdi l^u nhan. Nhu the, con ngudi phong luu, eon ngudi tha ca cd thg vugt qua nhOng gidi han ttdi bupc.

Khdng thg phii nhan thgm mdt dieu nua l i con ngudi bj siic ep, bi can thiic bdi nhung ring bupc xa hdi cung se dugc giang thing canh, vuan vai sing khoii trong dja hat tiia ca, nghe thuit, thii vui: Dzf077gi3« choi mdi vi mdt hay / Ddn ndm cung reo rdt tinh tinh day/

Cd ddi nude rap rinh xe ngua do / Tha mgt tiii phdm di cdu nguyit Id (Cdm, ki, thi, tieu).

Tha ca la linh vuc ciia ciu tnic ngdn tir, cua y tudng khdi phat va bilu hien nd la thin

TR.AN THI THANH NH)

hirng, mang lgi nhiJng phiit giiy vui ve vi the ed thg coi day ciing Ii mgt tid chai. Han nira, ttong ttd chai tha ca lai bao ham dung ehiia, bieu hien nhieu ttd chai, ttd vui khac.

Tiru (RiKTu): Cim giic ve say giiip con ngudi vugt qua nhung rao can, ranh gidi \ dn bj nhiing dao dure, luat le xa hpi dit ra. Con ngudi trd vl vdi cam giac hdn nhien, thuin nhit, khdng phan biet diing sai, trang den, thieng tyc, cdi bd nhiing cung nhic gd bd.

Say la mdt trang thai Igch chuan. Cd nhigu trang thai va cai say khac nhau, d diy chiing tdi khdng Igm ban nhieu, chi dimg lai d cii say rugu.

Ciing nhu mii dep nhd miy, dai ngan huyen bi nhd cao nhan dj si, sdng thigng cd h i bi, cai hao sang, khi idiai ciia ngudi anh himg, lang tii dugc bpc Id mdt phin la nhd rugu.

Thudng till cd ba each udng rugu: tuc tuu, thudng tun, tien tihi. Tuc tuu la udng bet nhe, phdng ding, khdng lam chu dugc minh. Thudng tuu li udng cho vui thich, sing khoii, tien tuu la udng di dudng tinh than, ttg hung cho thi ca, nghe thuit. Trong vin hpc vi ttong Ijch sir thudng thiic rugu dgt den mpt canh gidi thudc vl thudng lim vin hda, nang len thanh "tiiu dgo". Ngudi xua ciu ki ttong viec thudng lam nhu rugu bd dio udng ttong chen ngpc dg quang lam rugu cd miu miu dd, rugu tnic diep thanh phai udng ttong chen duang chi bgch ngpc, udng rugu le hoa phai diing chen phi thiiy lim ting mau rugu xanh, rugu tiing udng bang chen siing trau dg chg ngy miii men, rugu bach thao mi tiru gdm 100 thii hoa cd tham udng bing chen tnic dl tham han. Trudc het, con ngudi ttong tha hat ndi Nguyin Cdng Trii khdng phii la con ngudi say sua bg tha, cd siiy cho viec udng rugu mic dii dng thuong ndi: Say sua say mdi thu /Hdi ldng say ai du ihii say /Mugn mdu hdo hirng ddm bdy / Thd gigngphong luu cudng dm (Thii say sua). Nhung ki thyc con ngudi tha din vdi rugu trudc hit nhu mdt sy trg hung khdi phit nghg thuit. Tic gii thudng xuygn ndi den trang thii rugu say sua di kem cae loai hinh nghe thugt khac, dgc biet l i tha ca va nhac: Thdnh thai tha tui rugu bdu (Chi nam nhi), Thdnh thai bdu rugu tiii tha (Naphong luu), Tho mdt tiii gieo vdn Do Ly /Rugu lung bdu rdt chen Luu Linh / Ddn Bd Nha gdy khiic Hnh tang tinh (Con nhiiu hirdng thu), Tranh thien nhiin mgt dng yin ba /Di khiin hung cdu ca chen rugu (Tdy hd hoai co), Cudc tinh say bdn nrgu chin trd / Can ddc y thimg thung ddi tiing trdng (Thu thanh nhdn). Khi cd rugu, con ngudi dl di vao trang thai thing hoa de sing tao, dat dgn do thda min, die y.

Say rugu dua din su tu do myet ddi, khdng vudng bin: Khi ca. khi tuu, khi cdc. khi tiing / Khdng Phdt, khdng tiin khdng virang tiic (Ngdt ngu&ng), Ddnh ba chin rugu khoanh tay gidc / Ngdm mot cdu tha vd bung cudi / Thu gi han thii dn chai (Hdnh tdng). Say sua giiip giai thoat khdi nhiing dilu tgp nhgp, phign toil hing ngiy: Cdm ki ihi tiru vdi giang san /Di mdy ke xudt Iran xudt thi (Ngdy thdng thanh nhdn).

Tic gia chju inh hudng cua tu tudng cdch vdt tri tri, tir sy chiem nghiem, suy tu ve cudc ddi, nhin thiy dng ttdi hay Tao hda that vd tinh va dpc ic biet bao khi gidi hgn cupc sdng con ngudi ttong mpt khoing thdi gian ngan ngiii: Ldo true, thiiu lai, img bdt phdng / Nhuc tiiy vinh hgu djnh tu qudn / Ld dm duang san se binh phdn / Cdn tgo hda dinh dinh rdt nhgt (Cdn can tgo hda). Thdi gian mpt diia-tre nam tudi hay thdi gian dng lao bay muoi, hay ba van siu ngin ngiy ciia ai di chang nira sdng den tram tudi cung

CAM QUAN VA CACH HANH XlT VE THCJl GIAN TRONG THO HAT NOI...

diu ngin ngiii ea. Dilu dang budn hon nu:a la cd nhigu ngudi cu de ngay thing cudc ddi ttdi qua mpt cich hoai phi, vd tam. Dang thuang hon niia li nhOng con ngudi bj ket vao vdng danh Igi vdi vinh nhuc, dii ngudi khac tim cich thuc tinh ciino u me: Ddi ke biit sao khdng tinh lgi /Ddu thien ho. vgn hoan ding u a /Xdt cho ta biit sao gid (Cdn can tgo hoa). Quan niem cua tic gii ve cupc ddi mang tinh trigt hpc, cupc ddi li mpt ttd chai ldn, ttong dd bao ham nhilu tiin chai, ttd choi, cupc chai nhd Ichic nhau. Khdng chi cim, ki, thi tihi la ttd ehai mi chinh trj, cdng danh cung li mdt ttd choi, chai cung la lam ma lim cimg l i chai, con ngudi tham du nhieu vai, dip ddi khdng giii nguyen, khdng liy lim hd then khi bi chuyen vi tri: "Khi thu khoa. khi tham tdn, khi tdng ddc dong / Gdm thao luac dd nin tay ngdt n^ir&n^" (Ngdt ngu&ng). Chinh Nguyen Cdng Tni cung tung ndi liic lam tudng khdng liy the lim vinh, liic bj day lim linh thu khdng vi thi ma thiy nhuc. C) mpi vj tti con ngudi deu tim dugc cho diing, gii trj, y nghTa cua minh.

Con ngudi ttong tho hit ndi Nguygn Cdng Tni la con ngudi dat dgn dd thing hoa ciia ttd chai, cupc chai, dat dgn trang thai say sua. Say sua la mdt cam giac me mai, duy tri cim hung ay ttong mgt ttgng thii khi liu dai, khdng bj chi phdi bdi cic ylu td xung quanh. "Tha tui. rugu bdu" mang lai sy ngit ngay, sing khoai cua men say vi ddi len huang va vj hdn ldn men. Nhung "nghi chai cung lam cdng phu". Ngudi tham dy ttd chai khdng phii mdt each mu md, mii quang ma phai chai nhu the nio cho dep, thanh nha, tai hoa, sanh sdi, lich duypt, nang Ign thanh nghe thuat thudng lim: "Chai cho Hch m&i la chai / Chai cho ddi cdc cho ngudi biit tay" {Chffi cho phi chi) nd vugt len sy dung tyc, tiid bi, tim tiiudng, ttic tang, bat mang. Chai ttd thinh mdt phin khdng till thieu cua cupc sdng, mgt phin tao nen y nghTa, mang gii trj nhan sinh: Nhdn sinh bdt hdnh lgc / Thien tui diic vi thuang (Djch nghTa: Con ngudi a ddi khdng hdnh lgc thi ddu sdng vgn ndm ding ddng thuang). Con ngudi dii cd tdn tai vgn nim nhu vu try nhung sdng mgt cich vd cam, tta li khdng bigt each hudng thy, cam nhin nhOng gia ttj cupc ddi thi ciing vd nghTa bigt bao.

Cim quan ve thdi gian vign mien cua vii try ddi lap vdi cai hiiu hgn ciia ddi ngudi da giiip Nguyen Cdng Tni xiy dyng mpt dl cuong cho cupc sdng vira phit ttiln cao dd con ngudi xi hpi vira di din tan cimg con ngudi ca nhin. Neu su nghiep cdng danh cua dng dg lai tigng vang ttong Ijch sir thi sy nghiep sang tac de lai diu in die biet trong nin van hgc nude nhi. Bang eich dd, Nguyin Cdng Tni tdn tai mai mai cung thdi gian, tiong ddng chiy vd tin.

TAI LI$U THAM KHAO

[1] Do Bing Doan, D6 Trpng Hui (1994). Viel Nam Ca irii biin khao. NXB TP Hd Chi Minh.

[2] Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh Sii, Nguyen Khic Phi (1999). Tir diin thudl ngir Vdn hgc.

NXB Dai hpc Qu6c gia. Ha N^i.

[3] Trin Nho Thin (2003). Nguyin Cdng Tru vi ldc gia vd ldc phdm. NXB Giao due.

TRAN THI THANH NHI

Title: THE FEELING AND BEHAVIOR WTTH TIME IN "HAT - NOI POEMS" OF NGUYEN CONG TRU

Abstract: Nguyen Cong Tru was a writer who took a very special play in Vietnamese Medieval Literature. He paticipated his effort to perfect and develope the category "hit noi" to its top. In classical literature, tiiere was rarely writer who had the obsession with time like Nguyen Cong Tru. His "song - says poems" showed his feeling about the circulation of the universe and the self-conscious about limited time for human life. Established the names, entertained, enjoyed his life and created art were the solutions and behavior that he proposed people in the flow of time. His own life was an evidence of the high master of time to achieve the best results not only in name, in career but also in creative arts. He left his name for eternity.

ThS. TRAN TH! THANH NHI

Khoa Ngu van, Trudng Dai hpc Su pham - Dai hpc Hui