TAP CHr K H Q A HCpC - S O 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || 67
DE TAI HA NOI IRONG SANG TAC CUA TO HOAI QUA CHUYEN CO HA NOI
Ta Diem My
Tru&ng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xd hpi vd Nhdn van - Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd Npi
Tom tdt: Td Hoai Id mot Idc gid l&n cua nin van hpc Viet Nam hien dgi. trong sic nghiep cdm but ciia minh, ong da de lgi hdng trdm tdc phdm thupc nhiiu the logi: truyen ngdn, truyin ddi, lieu thuyet. but ki, hoi ki.. V&i moi mdng sdng Idc, nhd vdn diu cd nhimg tdc phdm ghi dupe ddu dn dam net, song & the hoi id, "Chuyen cu Hd Npi" ndi len nhu mpt tru&ng hap dgc biet. Tdc phdm da khang dinh de tdi viet ve Hd Npi la nguon cdm hung xuyen sudt, dupe dinh hinh trong sudt su nghiep cdm but cita To Hoai. Tdc phdm khong chi the hien goc nhin da chieu cita ong nhu mpt nhd vdn, nhd nghien cieu vdn hda vi Hd Npi trong sudt chiiu ddi lich sic lie qud khu den hien tgi, md con cho thdy nhimg net noi bat ve phong cdch nghe ihugt To Hoai, dgc biet la & vdn de giao ihoa the logi.
Tir khda: To Hoai, Hd Npi. hdi ki, phdng su
Nhan bai ngay 10.7.2019; gui phan bien, chinh sda va duyet dang ngay 10.8.2019 Lien he tac gia: Ta Diem My; Email: [email protected]
LMdDAU
Tim Meu mang sang tac ve Ha Ndi cua Td Hoai, ttudc het hay Ian gid lai mdt bai bao cua Td Hoai tten bao Vdn nghi sd 41 (thang 10/1984), dng viit: "Ha Ngi hdu nhu la nai phat sinh nhung cau chuyen hay nhat ddi cdn ke lai cua dan tdc va dat nudc, M Mdi tmyen thuyet. NhiMg can chuyen dep ngoai nghin nam raa vdn cdn nguyen ten dat ten ngudi din t£in ngay nay. Mdt cgng ddng ngudi d mgt vung dat nudc chung due lai nhu M tmdc toi nay, nhat dirM lich sd va dac diem sau sac, dam net tdi ragi mat hdm nay". Va ttong sudt bai viet cua minh, Td Hoai mudn gdi gdm mdt Mdng diep cd vu sau sac tdi cac nha van hien dai, hay viit v i Ha Ndi - "mang d i tai quan ttgng trong toan bd cac de tai tten ca nudc" [1],
Td Hoai da "neu guong", radt su neu guong song dgng va tu nhien rMu hoi Md, vdi cac sang tac vd Ha Ndi xuyen suit ttong mach van va ddi van cda mirM. Sdng ddng, bdi Ha Ndi da gdn bd vdi dng nhu mau Mit. Ty tmyen, hdi kf v i H a N g i chiem mdt vi tti quan ttpng ttong su nghiep sang tac cua Td Hoai, Mi Men mgt net rieng cua nha van d mang sang tac ki, vdi "raudn chuyen dm Mudng" vd Ha Ngi qua ddi mat cua "ngudi ven thanh",
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NPI I Kl_ibji>iL3 •cjf^i rtt-Mi-t I n u rr-i M ki UC Mdi Mo, din kM la ngudi Manh Men hang hai budc vao cudc sdng mdi. Vdi cam quan Men Myc - lich su, Td Hoai viit vi Ha Ndi bdng cai nMn cua mdt phdng vien, nha ngMen cdu van hoa. 6ng timg viit, "Tdi khdng phai cM chara cham mch tai lieu de danh ve nha sang tac. Mdt nha van Phap ndi: Mudn thanh ngudi viit tiiu Muyit, mrdc nhat phai la mdt phdng vien" [2]. Vdi tara Mem dy, mdi sang tac cua Td Hoai diu la sy gM chep chi tiet va khuc chiit vi sy kien, tinh hudng dudi gdc nhin cua mdt "phdng vien".Tmdc hit phai khdng dinh Mem rdng, Td Hoai viit vi Ha Ndi bdng cai nhin da chieu, ket ndi td qua khu. Men tai, tuong lai. Nhin vao su nghiep sang tac cua Td Hoai, co Me May di tai vi Ha Ndi da xudt Men M cac tu tmyen tudi hai muoi cua dng. Nhung nam Mang du tho d mdt ngdi lang Ha Ndi ven dd dugc dng gM lai ttong Cd dgi, Mua hg din, miia xuan dl.. Nha ngMen cdu Van Thanh nhan xet nhung M tmyen nay cua dng mang
"gipng dieu ttam budn, ddi kM chua xdt" [3]. Quang ddi Mo du cua "Mdng cu Budi", mdt cau be que d ngoai MarM, Min lanh, nhut nhat, giau tirM cam, phai rdi lang ra Ke Chg, di a cho nha ngudi Man. Td que ra tinh, chdng kiin cudc sdng nao nhiet nhung ciing nMeu goc tdi noi Manh Mi, bao mau sac tir cudc ddi Muc va dap vao cam quan cua nhan vat, bien nhdng ki dc vd arM keo xdc, bac phu ttam, cd gai lam tien... My dugc md ta rat cham pha, nhung lai in sau vao kf uc ngudi dgc, dgng lai mdt ndi budn merM mdng ve kiep ngudi frdi ndi noi phd thi.
Nam 2015, frong hdi Mao "Td Hoai - mot nhd vdn. mdt ddi ngudi" dien ra tai Ha Ngi nhan ki niem mdt nam ngay mat cua dng, nha phe binh Pham Xuan Nguyen cMa se:
"Rieng vdi Ha Ndi, su ngMep van chuong cua Td Hoai la mgt kho bau. Nhd dng, mgt ngudi chua biet Ha Ngi cM dgc rieng cac sach cua dng ve chin kirM MarM nay Mdi da du dd Meu Ha Ndi la gi va Me nao. Nhd dng, cac Me he mai sau mudn tim hiiu, mudn phuc dung, mudn lam lich sd, nghe Muat ve Ha Ngi diu cd M lieu cua mdt chdng nhan dang tm cay. Nhd dng, phan xac va phan hdn cua Ha Ngi hien tai khdng hi cdt lia vdi qua khd va nhung ai bidt dpc dng se Meu Ha Ndi han, ydu Ha Ngi hon, va bidt ddi xu vdi Ha Ndi co van hda hon".
2. NOI DUNG
2.1. Chuyin cii Hd Npi va van de giao thoa the loai
Ban vi thi loai cua Chuyin cd Hd Npi, cd ngudi gpi day la fruyen ngan, cung cd ngudi xem la tmyen lich sd, but ki, hdi kf, tu tiuyen... Vide nay cd Me dugc If giai bdi tfnh chdt giao Moa vi Mi loai ttong tac phdra nay. Theo ngudi nghien cdu, Chuyen cu Hd Npi cd su giao Moa gida the but ki va hdi ki, phdng su.
Trong giao ttinh Li ludn vdn hpc do Trdn Dinh Sd chu bien, but ki dugc dinh nghTa la
"mdt Mi loai phdng khoang, ty do raa ca ti'nh nghe si tivc tiep Mam gia vao dac diim Mi
TAP C H I K H O A H O C - SO 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 [ 69 loai". Ciing vdi viec tai Men ddi dao nhung cM tiet xac Myc ve con ngudi va su viec ma ngudi viet da ngMen cuu, tim hieu, but ki cung ghi lai rMimg cam ngM cua tac gia, Me Men each rMin, quan Mera cua nha van, vdi su xuat hien cua yeu td tru tinh. Chfnh vi vay, khdng nen iMan dinh Chuyen cii Hd Npi dudi gdc rMM cua the ty fruyen. Dieu nay lien quan den su phan bidt giua hai Me "hdi ki" va "M tmyen" ma d Chuyin cu Hd Npi, nhirng dac diim cua Me hdi ki ndi bat va rd net hon han. Trong Tu dien Vdn hpc (bd mdi). Do Ddc Hiiu phan biet: "Hdi kf cd Me cM ghi lai rMiing sy kien ve mdt Mdi ki lich sd, cdn tu tmyen ke chuyen cai "tdi" tac gia. Tu fruyen khdng phai mgt tap hgp nhtmg ki niera tan man, ma dugc bd tti nhu mdt fruyen, radt tieu Muyet". Nhu vay, gida hdi ki va ty tmyen diu di cap den nhirng gi Mudc ve qua khd. Co che cua ngudi viet hdi ki va M tmyen diu hudng ve di vang, deu cd cam hdng tdng ket va If giai, deu dugc viet ra cho ngudi khac dgc de bdc bach cai tdi, cMa se kinh nghiem ca nhan. Xet ve ban chat, tu truyen raang dac trung ciia tmyen, giau tinh mieu ta, chu y den nghe thuat ke, cdn hdi kf mang dac trung cua b', nang ve tinh su kien, tinh xac Myc.
Phdng su lai la dang Mdc phan arM hidn thyc trong cudc sdng cd tfrM chat "luong hgp", nam d mien giao Moa giua van hgc va bao chf. Phdng sy phan arM nhung sy kien, sy viec, van de dang dien ra ttong Men Muc khach quan cd lien quan den boat dgng va sd phan cua mdt hay nMeu ngudi, ddi kM la ca van dd cd y nghia chinh tti, xa hdi cua mgt Mdi dai bdng vide mieu ta hay ty Muat kit hgp vdi nghi Man. Phdng su cung cd nhiMg dac tiamg Mi loai nhdt dinh, Mudng phan anh ngudi Mat, viec that mang tfnh Mdi su. Vdi phdng sy, vide cung cap cho cdng chung nhiing tti Mdc phong phu, day du, chfnh xac de ngudi dpc cd nhiMg nhan Muc, danh gia dung ngudi, dung viec ma hg dang quan tam, theo ddi la quan trpng nhdt. Tmh xac Myc cua Mdng tin ddi hdi ngudi viet phai Mat sy hieu biet vi vdn di dinh viet. Thd hai, vi nghe thuat, phdng sy thudng sd dung but phap mieu ta, tirdng Muat kit hgp vdi nghi Man. Yiu ti mieu ta vda giup cung cap Mdng tm mdt each cM tiet, ddy du, vda tao uyin chuyin ttong diln dat. Do dd, ngoai thdng tin sy kien, phdng sy cdn cd kha nang dua Mdng tin li le cung Mdng tin tham my. Khdng don gian la ghi chep, cac tac gia cdn dua Mem nhung danh gia, nhan dinh dung ddn, dinh hudng ngudi dpc. Thu ba, phdng sy ngdn ngu phdng sy tao da gipng dieu cua cai "tdi" ttan Muat. Ket hgp each dien dat sinh ddng, nd gdp phan tang chat "van hgc" cho Me loai nay.
Ban ve vdn dd giao Moa Mi loai, ttong cuin Ngudi bgn dpc dy, chfnh Td Hoai dua ra nhan xet: "Tmdc kia, nhdng tix diin van hpc phan cMa phdng su tin cM ttinh bay su viec, blit ki till cd nhung Idi binh phdm cua ngudi viit. Bay gid, ta cd Me dpc mgt bai but ki ttong dd khdng tiiiiu nhimg doan viit theo Idi phdng su idn hdi ki, cd khi ca tmyen ngan.
Do do, su phan biet cac tiiu loai cM cd tinh chat Mong ddi" [3].
Trong Nghe thugt vd phuong phdp viit vdn, Td Hoai cho rdng: "Nha van la Mu ki cua thdi dai" [3]. Trach nhiem va vinh du dy danh cho nhdng ngdi but chan chinh, nhat nhimg
70 II T R U T L . ^ ^ ^^. r n y - . • n u i ^ u • ^^jSi ngudi viet cac Me loai ki: phdng su, My but, ki sy, but ki. Suy ngM rMu Mi chdng td To Hoai danh gia cao vai frd di dau cua ngudi viet kf va cac Me loai kf.
Td Hoai cd quan mem rieng vi hdi kf. Ddi vdi dng hdi ki la mdt Mi loai rat can den su sang tao cua ngudi nghe sT. Viet hdi ki khdng don Mudn la viec gM chep lai mdt each may mdc khd khan nhirng dieu da xay ra frong qua khu Mdng qua su hdi Mdng cua ngudi viet ma tmdc tien phai viet cho hay, cho hap dan ngudi dpc. Nghia la ngudi viet phai biet chpn Igc va nhao nan cac su kien, biin cd dk didn ta dugc nMiu nhdt M Mdng va suy nghi cua miiM. Va d dd, su giao Moa gida hdi ki va but ki, phdng sy da frd nen ro rang hon.
Td Hoai cd mdt sdc sang tao manh me, dai hoi, bin bi va lien tuc. 0 mang sang tac nao, dng cung cd rMimg MaiM cdng va gM dugc dau an rieng. Vdi Chuyen cd Hd Npi cung nhimg ddng gdp cho Me loai hdi kf, phdng sy, dng da khang dirM dugc tai nang va sue sang tao manh Het ciia minh. Td Hoai y Mdc dugc rdng nghe viet van la nghe het sdc ngMem Mc. Ong da xac dinh, "Nghe viet la nghe phai hpc sudt ddi" va "se khdng Me viet dugc gi neu khdng cd mdt triiM dp tu tudng va Meu ddi mgt each sau xa" va "neu iMat sg nhu nhugc, chu quan, cM quarM quan gam nhara dam ba suy nghi cu, da san ttong dau, khdng chiu tiep xuc va ngMen cdu ddi sdng, khdng Me MarM cudc sdng, khdng xdng dang cam but".
2.2. ^^Chuyen cii Hd Npf - Birc tranh ve mot xa hoi 6.6 thi hoa gap gap Chuyin cii Hd Npi dugc xudt ban tu nam 1986, gdm bdn muoi tmyen. Den lan tai ban (2004) la 114 tmyen vdi tmyen md dau Phd mdi va ket Muc la Cvea Thiin. Vdi Chuyen cii Hd Npi, bdng nhiing net ki hga, Td Hoai da ve lai bdc ttarM cudc sdng cua mdt Manh phd nghm Mdi dang do thi hda gdp gap. Buc ttanh xa hdi dugc nhM tix cu ly gan nen hien ra raudn mau, mudn ve nhung cung bac khac nhau. Hoai Mem ve mdt cudc sdng ddi Mudng khdng tMiu ve lam lu, nhich nhac, ca cue, mdt xa hgi Mu nhd, phuc tap va ttgn ven.
Qua gdc nhm hdi tudng va nhirng gM chep cM tiet cd chat phdng sy ciia nha van, vdi Chuyin cu Hd Npi, khdng gian dugc md rdng, Mdi gian dugc gian dai, chuyen ddi, chuyen ngudi phong phu, da dang. Ca radt ndi tiii Ha Ndi dan ttai ttong tap sach: Bdm sdu phd phudng, Cdi tdu dien, Phd Moi, Phd Hdng Bdo, Phd Hdng Ngang, Phd Nghi, Hpi Tdy, Bd Ba (Be) Ty, Tiing rao dem. Cam ddu ghi, Chiec do ddi, Ong Hai Tdy, Cdy Ho Guom... Tu ten ggi cimg Mdy dugc su bleu Men da dang cda cai ndi Manh da doan. Phi Hang Dao vdi nhung "mg Hai" khinh khinh, vang ngpc day cd day tay, phi Hang Ngang vdi nhdng chu tay den Md Ign, chu Meu vai, sinh boat bf Mem song cung da tinh, Phd Moi cd nha cdm di Van Bao "lot da" dan ngheo, cd ca chg dua ngudi, mgt Md chg mdi gidi Mue mudn - ca mua ban - nhdng vu em, Mdng nhd, con sen, nhung Man phan ngheo hen dem Man lam nd bdc cho tiuen ha. Rdi cai tau dien leng keng, nhung ngay Hgi Tay ben bd Hd Guom, nhdng ta ao dai M Mud May vai va nhugra nau Ddng Ldm din ao La Muya sac sd mdt Mdi
TAP C H i K H O A H O C - S O 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || T\
ttang mdt Mdi...
Nhung Mnh arM rdt Myc cua cudc sdng cd dan cai vao nhau: Ha Ndi vdi Cdi tdu dien.
Phd moi, phd Hdng Ddo, phd Hdng Ngang, phd Nghi, Com ddu ghi, cdy Hd Guom vdi bao nhieu ky uc vi radt Mdi nhich nhac, kech cdm cua radt xa hdi dang ddn dd thi hoa... 0 ven dd, ta cdn bdt gap canh d Vpng, cdng Rong, chg Ma, bin chg ttau Ha Ddng, Cdu Gd, cdu Cudi... nhan rMan ngudi tan tat, an may. 6 dau cung "ai oan vang len tiing ndc nd tren mdi la cau ke khd xM an". Cudc sdng cua "ngudi ven MarM" am vang nhung tiing ttdng giuc nop Mue M ^ lien hdi. Mua suu Mui, phi xa xdm lang oi a nang ni, ngdt ngat. Mdt Ha Ndi dang ddi mdi, each tan, cudc sdng dd thi hoa kMdn mpi Mu nhu nhdn nhip ban, ddng due hon, sam uat hon, nhung dd cung la luc ddng tiin len ngdi, "mang ngudi bd re", canh Mpng Muong tam day ray tmdc vdng xoay cua cudc sing dd Mi.
2.3. Nhan vat trong '^Chuyen cu Hd NoV - Nhirng ngirdi dan lao dong binh di Nhimg nhan vat xuat hidn ttong hdi kf, phdng sy thuong la nhung con ngudi cd Mat.
Viet ve Ha Ndi, Td Hoai darM nhieu tinh cam cho nhung manh ddi, nhiing con ngudi binh Mudng cua Ha Ndi. Hinh Mpng con ngudi ttong van Td Hoai khdng dugc td ve, con ngudi xuat Men ttong ttang van Td Hoai vdi nhiing gi ddi Mudng vdn cd, vdi nhimg budn vui rat Myc. Dd la nhung ngudi lao ddng birM Mudng, Mudc nMeu giai tang vdi rMieu dia vi nghe nghiep khac nhau ttong xa hdi. Td ke Mugng luu, ha luu, quan tay din nhung dng chu giang hd, dng dd day hpc, bac phu xe, ngudi dan ba dai raat con... Tat ca lara sdng lai mdt xa hdi Viet Nam nhung nam dau the kl XX, vdi rMimg mang sang tdi khac nhau. KM viet vd con ngudi, Td Hoai da chgn nhin Men Muc d mdt khoang each rat gan. Mdt chu Cat phu xe ttong dem giao Mua dinh raenh, chuyen nha van Tran di hat a dao va ket cue Muong tdm. Td Hoai viit vi con ngudi "la con ngudi ttan trui", vdi nhiing gdc khuat chan Muc iMat. Ha Ndi cua nhiing nam Mang do ciing day bon chen, xd bd va cam bay. Phd Mdi vdi nhung rau M ba mdi gidi ban ngudi nhu ban nhung mdn hang. Canh mua ban ngudi d Phd Mdi phdc tap lara sao, "Cac mu Tu Ba nhao nhac, tao tac chay den cu tan tinh chao hang, ndi Mach nga gia, ddi tiin Idt tay. Khach mua ngudi da dua ngudi di rdi den luc ngam lai tiiay cd diiu khdng ung, quay lai, tim mu, vdn con my ay. Me ma mu phdi ao cai phda khdng biit, khdng biit. Thi la mgt ttan xia xdi nhau lai um len". Khdng cM ndi tieng bdi chg mua ban ngudi, Phd Mdi cdn cd nha cam dd Van Bao chuyen cho vay nang lai, bdc lot dan ngheo. Tac gia mieu ta canh lam an cua chiing rat md am, den tdi, "Nha cam do Van Bao CO cai hem lii di con con cM vda mdt ngudi len vao, tiii den mdt cda mat cao May cai Id ttdn. Di tdi cdm td bien lai, kem vdi tiin chudc, tiin lai dat tmdc d cua. CM Mdy mdt ban tay gdy gua den rMu am khoi Muoc pMen Md ra lang le vo ca vao. Khac nao cac Mu dd cung dang dng ttdn tmh ttong Uiiyen Thach Sanh". Nhung cung cd nhimg cau chuyen ma d do, ngudi ta nhan Mdy nhdng net rat rieng cua "ngudi Ha Ngi", chuyen ddi ng Mud trong
72 II T R U C J N B B A I H O C T H U t j B H A j ^ S J
NhOng ngdy dp Tet, mdt kieu "ddi ng" Man tinh va cd chut gi dd cam canh, eo le ttong so phan cua ngudi raang ng idn ngudi di ddi ng: "6ng Phan cM bao ba tdi, Cu cho tdi mot ve tdu dien". Va dat each dng xd ay "Giua caiM chg chiiu cudi nam, tao tac, vdi va, chg bua iMu cudp giat", sy ddi lap giua hai cau chuyen dy nhu cai nhm da chidu va sau sac ve con ngudi va ddi sdng Ha Ndi nhimg nam Mang xua. Dudng nhu frong cai dao dien, xd bd va day cam bay ciia xa hdi, van cdn lai chut gl ddng cam ttong tirM ngudi Ha Ndi.
Nha van Td Hoai tdng ttai Idng: "Viit va nhd vi ngudi Ha Ndi xua, tdi cM mudn viet va nhd ve nhung ngudi lao ddng binh Mudng, dac biet la nhdng ngudi lao dgng Mdi Phap Mudc, bdi don gian Mdi, tdi cam dugc nhip sdng, tam sy cua hg va May nd hpp vdi cai
"tang" miiM. Tdi viet de nhac ngudi ta iMd rdng, di cd mdt Md dd phdn hoa, tap nap nhu ngay nay Mi cung da cd mdt Mdi ky Ha Ndi ldm Man" [3]. Nha van da cham den ddi sdng khdn khd cua Ha Ngi xua ma hau rMu ft nha van nao ndi din. Thud xua, ngudi ta mai miet di kiem an, kiem gan chang ra, phai bd ra xa, tan Dat do, Ddu Tiing ttong "sa ghenh" di khdng ve, nMeu lam". NMeu chi tiet, Mdng nhu nha van cM vd tinh ghi lai nhung dang xdt tan day long: "cac dng tay an tten ngdi ttdc, cdn tM ngudi ta bdi beo tim bg, sirM sdng tten lung nhau, nudi Idn nhau... That Meu di tira viec qua dera qua ngay". Trong cai iMin rat rieng, Mam Mam, nha van Td Hoai dac biet Me hien thanh cdng cudc sdng cua ngudi dan ven Manh Ha Ngi xua, M Mg cui, thg giay, lam Man bui bam, ddi khd, M canh cac lang que ven ndi chira ttong canh Tay doan bat mgu lau dan den Mam canh ngudi dan ngheo phai "di M mgu May de vg con d nha cd ngudi nudi" (Bdt rugu), den canh d Vgng, cdng Rong, chg Mo, ben chg frau Ha Ddng, Cau Gd, cau Cudi... Rdi nhung caiM trong Chit ddi,
"Hai ben bd sdng Td Lich Id dd di ra nhimg bg xuong ngudi lao dao, kheo khu, nhap nhd".
Bao kf dc am arM cd dan cai vao nhau, tao nen dong mach ngugc xudi cua cuoc ddi lam lii.
Cimg d noi day, ta cdn bat gap bao nMdu carM ddi khdn khd. Khdng Vdn Cu ca ddi lam md, khdng du an, quay ra lara ragi viec. "Anh Mdi ciing di lam raudn nhu nhieu ngudi ttai frong lang. Viec md cM dugc ddi kM la liem kiera raieng ngoai dinh, trong nha Mi Mdi.
Cho nen, phai di lara lay cai an. AiM da hgc dugc keo tau, dap le, mgi viec dan dng ttong nghi gidy. Anh lara quan quat. ArM quay nudc an, nudc tau seo". Ba Viet gia ca ddi di khau va thue di kiim miing an cho qua ngay, tai san cua ba cM la cai ao bdng mdng va ddi dep ba mua tix Mdi cdn con gai. Ddi vdi con ngudi, sdng la mdt mim vui, Mim hanh phdc vay ma ddi vdi ba Viit cai chet mdi la dieu may man. "Dam ma ba Viit. Sao ba dy di nhanh Mi, nhu di ngu. Thdi, cimg may". Ong hai Tay biet viec idy dinh ddng vao mui la rdt nguy Mim song dng van phai lam vide dd mua vui cho ngudi nham kiim miing an.
Xem dng lam xiic, ngudi ta cho tiin iMu la cua bd thi cho mdt kd khdn cung, "Mdt chinh day. Rut dinh ra, rut ra. Ghe bd me!". Con ngudi ttong Chuyin cu Hd Npi ludn qudn quarM ttong cai ddi. Sy khdn cimg cua cai ddi da dugc Td Hoai phan aiM rdt chan Myc ttong tiiydn Chit ddi. Nan ddi nam 1945 da lam voi di nua sd dan cua lang NgMa Dd, "Chi
T A P C H I K H O A H O G - S d 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 il 73 Mang tirudc, Mang sau ma d cac ldp hgc tmyin ba quic ngu da van hdn. Hgc ttd tin ddi rac bd di dau het, hay la chet cimg khdng biet nda..."
Chuyin cU Hd Npi la buc kf hpa vdi nhdng net budn mong manh bdng hinh Mgng ngdn M sdng ddng. Nha Ha Ngi hgc Nguyln VMh Phuc timg ndi, "Ha Ndi Mat da dang kMin tdi yeu min. Tdi yeu mgt Ha Ngi sang frgng, tai hoa, Manh lich Idn mdt Ha Ndi ldm Man, ldm Im nMeu co cue. Mudn Miu vd Ha Ndi ban phai cd mdt tdm long vdi Ha Ndi"
[4]. Sinh ra va Idn len d Ha ndi, Td Hoai hdn la ngudi rdt Miu Ha Ngi, yeu Ha Ndi, cd tdm Idng vdi Ha Ndi nhu the.
2.4. ^'Chuyen cu Hd Npi''* - Tap khao ciru v i nip s6ng, phong tuc va thii choi cua ngudi Ha Noi
Chdt phdng sy frong Chuyin cu Hd Npi dugc Mi Men rd net qua nhung frang van viit vi nip song, phong Mc va Md choi cua ngudi Ha Ndi. Mdt mat Td Hoai khde hga biit bao canh lam Man dau khd cua dan ngheo phi thi bi bdc lot, ap buc; nhung mat khac tac gia ciing danh nhieu frang viet di sau vao ddi sdng van hoa am Mdm chay trdi voi bao phong Mc, tap quan, le hdi lam nen sac dien cda Ha Ndi xua - nhu tac gia M nhan, "la ty Muat ddi sdng tmh Man, vat chat va hoat dpng cua mdt dia phuang, la khoi ggi va xem xet Mdy dugc lich su moi vimg lam nen hinh arM ca nudc, ca dan tgc, cd ndi tiip va lau dai. Nd cimg la ky yeu ddi ngudi, bai hpc hdm nay va raai sau".
Chuyin cii Hd Npi la "mdt Mem hoai cuu raien man" ve mgt Manh phi ma d do ngudi ta May dugc buc ttanh dd thi hda cimg vol nep sdng, phong Mc cimg vdi net van hda dgc dao ve am Muc va Mu choi rieng. Mdt Ha Ndi xua cu vdi ngudi va canh, nip sing va phong tuc... Qua nhiMg ttang van, Td Hoai da dem lai cho ngudi dgc mdt lugng kien Mdc rat phong phu ve xa hgi hgc, dan tgc hgc va phong toe hpc. Gidng nhu mgt nha phdng sy, Td Hoai da cung cap cho ngudi dpc nhimg tti Mdc day du, phong phu, cM'nh xac ve van hoa, lich sd va con ngudi Ha Ndi. Tac gia Men len la mdt ngudi day am Mdng va Men biet ve xa hgi, khdng gian dugc md rgng cac vung que ven do den 36 phd phudng: lang Yen Thai, chg Budi, lang Vdng, lang Lang... Nhan vat dugc ndi den ttong Chuyin cd Hd Npi ciing cd ten Mdi iMdt dinh: ba Viit, bac Khan gda vg, cd Ba Ty len ddng... Cimg vdi viec chgn chu, dat cau, gan Igc cM tiet, sap xep tinh hudng qua gdc nhin hdi tudng cua Me hdi ki, va sy gM chep cM tidt cua mgt cay viit phdng sy tai ba, Td Hoai da tai Men bdc ttaiM ddi sdng, van hda cua mpt Manh phd nghin tudi dang dd Mi hda.
Bdc ttanh Ha Ndi ttong Chuyen cu Hd Npi dugc phuc dung vdi hai raau sac chinh: Cai nhm chan Myc vi cuocg sing ciia ngudi dan nd id mat nudc va gdc nhin sau vao ddi sdng van hoa tinh Mdn cda ngudi dan, ve dep cua phong mc tap quan, le hdi, van hgc dan gian va sue manh tinh Mdn bin vdng. Chuyen cii Hd Npi co mdt raang ndi ve phong Mc, nhu
74 T R L f d N G OAI H O C T H U fcJQ HA r^OI dara raua su tii dem Rim Trung Thu d nhirng phi Hang Ngang, Hang Dudng, quang canh nhimg ngay gan tit d Ha Ndi... 6 ven dd la nhung carM hdi he, dMh dam, khao vgng, dam ma. Chuyin cu Hd Npi mang rd net ddu dn cua tap ki su vi van hda, phong tuc. Xet ve phuong dien van hoa tinh Mdn, tac phdm anh len nhdng net dep cua Id tit, phong Mc tap quan xua. Td gdc nhM chung cua van hoa Viet, Id hgi bao gid ciing tao nen mgt khdng gian sing Myc yen dm, no dd, hanh phuc ngay ca khi cudc sing cdn ddi khd cung cue,
"nha ngheo chay cai tet bd hoi tai" rMung vdn chudn bj cho ngay do vdi tdt ca tam hdn cho ngudi sdng va cho ca td tien dng ba "din hdm tdt nidn mdi md dugc ra chg mua mieng Mit Ign, nen huong, ggi cho la cd tet rMaf'. Net vM cua Tit lai Men len frong niim vui Mo tte vdi "barM phao tep", "mieng khe khd Ian mat gimg", "ddi gudc mdc radi"... Dd cdn la chuyen vd iMimg "ngay gid Td" nghe gidy, nghi Ma, dng cdng dng tao, cMeu ba muoi cung trd tich, le hoa vang, tet barM ttdi, barM chay, Mang nam tit Doan Ngp mimg hoa qua mdi. Sau le tet la den hdi he dirM dam, Lang Mgc Mang gieng vao hdi darM cd ngudi, Mang tam hpi den Ghenh, hdi mdc kieu bd d Din Trai, Thu Le, hgi lang Ddng, lang Hd mdc ve den Voi Phuc... ca mdt khdng gian rdn ra, vui tuai raang mau sdc tam linh dugc tai hien sdng ddng, ggi len net dep cua van hda kinh MarM.
Trong Chuyen cd Hd Npi, chiing ta cdn bat gap cai nMn cua Td Hoai iMu rapt nha phdng su kM khara pha van hda ara Myc Ha Manh. Nhdng cau chuydn vd ngudn gdc radn an cua Ha Ndi dugc ke lai ttan day mau sac va huong vi, sy May ddi cua mdn phd, M garM phd ngoai d den phd khdng ngudi lai, td phd vit, "Van phd nhung phd da May ddi nMeu, Meo Mdi gian va Meo Mdi Me... Gid day ttong phd lai cd Mem hai qua trdng ga, nda khoanh gid lya, mdt cue thit rage ttang heu". Nhimg mdn an phan arM ddi sdng cua ngudi dan qua mdi Mang ttam lich sd, "Con sau, cai kien va cMec banh cudn cung cd budc dudng ddi cua nd". Ke chuyen "an" rdi chuyen "mac" cua ngudi Ha Ndi, ttong truyen Chiic do ddi, Td Hoai cung cM ra su khac biet ttong ttang phuc cua cMec ao dai hdi ddu Mi ki XX "Ciing la ao dai nhung khdng phai cai nao cung gidng cai nao. Ci raoi vung, mdi tdng ldp may mac cimg khac nhau". Net dep cda con gai Ha Thanh cdn dugc Mi Men d nhiMg kiiu ao dai khac nhau Meo timg Mdi ki. Td Hoai cimg tim ve lich sd cua cMic ndn la, raieu ta sy khac biet giua "ndn cu li" va "ndn bai Ma". Ong danh nMdu ttang van di viit vi nhiing Mu choi cua ngudi Ha Ngi: choi sao, choi dieu, choi cd...
Vdi cai nMn nhan van chan Myc, nha van viet vi Ha Ngi nhu cai nhin vdn cd, khdng Mem, khdng bdt, khdng td ve. Ddi vdi nep sdng sinh boat van hda ddi Mudng, Td Hoai da lam sing day ca nhung ve dep mgt Mdi xua cu, tii cai an cai mac, nip nghT, each ddi nhan xd Mi, nhung phong Mc da mai mdt, nhiing ll hdi vdi tat ca net tinh khdi nguyen so tudng da mdt tix lau. Ben canh do, ttong ddng chay cua lich sd va tac ddng ciia nMiu yiu ti xa hdi, nha van ciing khdng ngan ngai cM ra sy tdn tai va ca nguy ca phat trien cua nhimg hu mc lac hau vi ma chay Miu M, gid chap... cung su nhd nhang hdn tap cua nin van hda
TAP C H i K H O A H O C - S O 3 3 / 2 0 1 3 || 75 dang hi ngoai lai. Qua do, Td Hoai the Men mong raudn bao ton, phat huy nhimg net dep Manh nha, tmdc su bung nd cua nhiing gi qua Myc dung.
Vdi dac tiimg cua the hdi ki, phdng su, khdng gian nghe Muat ttong Chuyen cu Hd Npi la khdng gian Men Myc, khdng gian Mi sy, sirM boat, ddi Mudng gdn vdi con ngudi lao ddng va cudc ddi tac gia. Thdi gian nghe thuat frong Chuyin cii Hd Ndi la Mdi gian cua qua khd, la Mdi gian cua ki dc lan tda, la Mdi gian cua cam xuc. Td Hoai mieu ta khdng gian Ha Ndi gdn liin vdi lich sd. Ong rMdn manh su khac xa cua khdng gian Ha Ndi Mdi nay, "Ha Ndi xua kia khdng cd cac huyen ngoai tharM. Len din Budi da la ngoai d. Ra Cdu Gidy, ndi day du la ra 6 Cdu Gidy la da het dia phan Manh phi". Dpc Chuyen cd Hd Npi ciia Td Hoai, ngudi dpc vdn cd cam giac gidng rMu xem mdt cudn pMm quay cham tix qua khd xa den gan va ttd ve hien tai.
3. KET LUAN
0 Chuyin cii Hd Npi, vdi su giao Moa cua Mi loai but ki, hdi ki, phdng su, Td Hoai da viet nen nhung ttang van vdi cam quan Men Muc - lich sd sau sdc, tai Men khdng gian van hda va ddi sdng cua ca mgt Mdi ki lich su tten marM dat ngan nam van hien. Dd la cam nhan rieng cua Td Hoai vd Thu do, trong dd chda dung nhiing quan mem va each cdt nghia rieng cua nha van ve cudc sdng va vi nghe Muat.
Chuyin cd Hd Npi xung dang la tap "Vu trung My but thdi Men dai", vda giau phong vi van hda - lich sd, vda lam hien len "mudn mat ddi thudng" cua mdt qua khd khdng xa cira Ha Ndi, ma nha van vdi tu each radt chung rMan. Tac pham la mgt bg sach quy nMn M phuong dien lich sd, van hoa, dan tdc, xa hdi... khien nhimg ngudi yeu Ha Ngi phai ngd ngang, xuc ddng tmdc buc ttanh sdng dgng giau chat lieu hien Myc ve mdt Ha Ndi cua ngay xua./.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Bao Vdn nghi, so 41, ngay 6-10-1984
2. To Hoai (2011), Chuyen cH Hd Npi, - Nxb Hgi Nha van.
3. To Hoai - Ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm (Van Thanh tuyin chgn, Phong Le gidi thieu), - Nxb Giao due, 2001.
4. Nhd Hd Npi hpc Nguyin Vinh Phuc - Mot tinh yiu Hd Npi, - Nguon:
http://hanoi.vietnamplus.vn/Utilities/PrintView.aspx?ID=827
5. Ha Minh Due (2010), To Hoai - Sice sdng tgo cua mpt d&i vdn, - Nxb Giao due Viet Nam.
6. Mai Thj Nhung (2005), "Phong each nghe Muat To Hoai", - Luan dn Tiin si Ngie vdn, Trudng Dai hgc Su pham Ha Ngi.
7 6 II TRUcJ?^t:> sAi H U U THiIl t i U H A N S l
THEME ON HANOI THROUGH OLD STORIES OF HANOI BY TO HOAI
Abstract: To Hoai is a great author of Vietnamese modern literature, in his writing career, he has lefi hundreds of works in many genres: short stories, long stories, novels, memoirs... With each piece of writing, he also had the remarkable works. In the memoir, Chuyen cu Ha Noi (Hanoi Old Stories) emerged as a special case. This work has affirmed that the topic of Hanoi is a source of inspiration, shaped during To Hoai's writing career.
It not only shows To Hoai's multidimensional perspective as a writer and a cultural researcher of Hanoi throughout the history, but also sJiows the highlights of To Hoai writing style, especially in the interference of literature 's genres.
Keywords: To Hoai, Ha Noi, memoir, reportage