KHOn HOC - CONG N G H G VFl BOI M O I
^hfi nghiem phan ure - NPK nha cham
va chat g Ju am cho cay trong tai Tay Nguyen
N G U Y I N TH! PHl/CfNG, N G U Y I N HOANG, N G U Y I N CONG TRUC VA CQNG SJ V^n f^ma h?c V ^ t leu Lfng 4^14 V^n Han l^m Khaa hpc va Cdtiq n ^ Vigt Nan
Theo cac ngliign ciJu va danli gia g i n day cua cac nha l(hoa hoc tr£n Ih§'gi6i, lifting phSn bdn diT^c cay trSng ha'p thu ri\ thS'p: phSn dam chi 30%, phan lan va kali khoing 40%. SC con l^i hj tha't thoat do r&a trdi hodc phan huy (nhl|t, vi sinh, quang hoa). DSc biSt, liTqing phin bon bj rira trSi gay ra nhi^ng lhi§t hai dang k^ vg' c i kinh tS'va moi trudng. D^ glim thieu cac tac hai nay, vi$c nghien cifu di€u ch§' phin nha chSm va thii nghi§m dng dung cho cac lo^i cSy trfing cong nong nghi|p co y nghTa Idn v8 kinh te • xa hgi.
Bai vig't trinh bay mSt so'kS't qua thO nghi|m va higu qua kinh tg'thu dugic tren cay che, c3y hdp (tinh LSm Dfing), c3y ca phe (tinh DdkNong) va cSy hdng (tinh DdkLak) khi sir dung phdn ure - NPK nha ch§m kg't h^p chd't gid im.
Banh gia klia nang nha cham cua phan trang phong thi nghiem
D l danh gia khS nang nha chdm cDa phan NPK, Chung tdi tien hanh ngdm mSu trong nudc cat va danh gia khd nang bao phan nh4 cham, kha nang nhd ch§m theo thdi gian trong cung dllu kien nhu nhau. Xac djnh ham lupng nitd tdng theo phUdng phap Kieidatil, ham lupng P^O; tdng bdng phUOng phap so mliu (UV-Vis), ham lupng kali bang phUdng phap AAS.
L0i Icti cija vi$c s(? dijng phSn ntia ch$Fn
Khao nghiem chat gill am va phan nha cham NPK l a i Tay Nguyen
Muc tidu cua vide khac nghiem la danh gia hieu qua ndng hpe eija eac loai phdn ben cham tan k i t hpp chat giU am dd Vien Khoa hpc Vat lidu Lfng dung sdn xua't eho 3 loai cay (che, bSp va ca phe) trdn dja ban mot sd tinh Tay Nguydn. LUdng phdn bdn chdm tan dUdc sCf dung trdng cac khdo nghiem bang 100%, 80% va 70% so vdi phan bdn thdng thudng.
Tren c^y che
Khdo nghidm gdm 1 thi nghiem va 1 thCl nghldm, tren cac gidng che San ND 97, 8 nam tudi, mat dp 10.000 cdy/ha. Thi nghiem dupe bd tri thep kieu thi nghiem khdi day du (RCBD), 4 ian lap lai, didn tieh d thf nghiem 100 m^/o. ThCf nghiem dUdc be tri trdn d Idn khdng lap lai, didn tieh d thd nghiem la 1.000 m7d. Dja diem; xa Ldc Thanh, Tp Bdp Lpc, tinh Ldm Ddng. Thdi gian; tU thang 6.2012 d i n thang 3.2013.
Cac cdng thUc bdn phan thCl nghidm; CT1; bdn theo quy trinh cQa hd gia dinh; CT2; bdn theo quy trinh khuyen cao; c t s ; NPK 25-5-5 thdng thudng bdn theo lupng phan eCia CT2; CT4; NPK 25-5-5 nhd Cham bdn vdi lupng phan eua CT2; CT5; NPK 25- 5-5 nhd Cham ben vdi 70% lUdng phan cua CT2.
S6 ,2 nam 2014 ^ A B r ' S r S S ^ S r ^ ' CONG NGHE VIET N M t
KHOfl HOC - CONG NGHG VH BOI MOI
CH06 100 kq/ha, bon cung lan bon t h i l den t h a n g 7 2 0 1 3 . C a c c o n g thUe t h i n g h i e m : CT1:
C h a t g i i l a m
nhat (40 kg chat giO am va 60 kg m i i n cua ap dung vdi nhQng cong thifc co phan nha cham).
bon dudi d a n g p h a n d o n t h e o nen (ddi c h i i n g ) ; CT2;
N P K t h o n g t h a d n g ; C T 3 ; N P K n h a c h a m = 100%
theo n e n ; C T 4 : N P K nha c h a m = 7 0 % theo nen;
C T 5 ; bon dUdi d a n g p h a n ddn t h e o nen (nhung sCl d u n g p h a n ure d a n g nha c h a m ) . Men N P K cho bap
= 170 kg N + 80 kg P j O , + 160 kg K^O/ha/vu.
Vildn che thil nghiem p/ian nha cham NPK
Tren cay cd phe
Khao nghiem g o m 1 thi nghiem va 1 thC/ nghiem, tren cac gio'ng ca phe che Arabica, mat dp 4 450 cay/ha, Thi nghiem dugc bo tri theo kieu R C B D , 4 lan lap iai. dien tich 6 thi nghiem 20 cay/6. Thi!f nghiem duoc bo tri tren 6 idn I<h6ng lap lai, dien tich 6 thCf nghiem la 100 cay/6. Dia diem- xa O a k H a , huyen D a k G l o n g , tinh D a k N 6 n g , Thoi gian; vu 1 (thang 7 - thang 10 2012), vy 2. bon phan lan 1 ngay 17.12.2012, bon phan lan 2 ngay 9.4.2013, bon phan lan 3 ngay 10.7.2013, bon phan lan 4 ngay 12.8.2013. Cac c6ng thijc bon phan khao n g h i e m . C T 1 - bon theo quy trinh cija nong dan bang phan don (doi chL/ng 1), C T 2 : bon theo NPK thdng thadng (doi c h i i n g 2); C T 3 : bon theo NPK c h a m tan, C T 4 : bon vdi lUdng = 8 0 % cija C T 3 , CT5 bon vdi iuong - 7 0 % c i j a CT3 Chat giQ a m ' C H 0 6 100 kg/ha.
Vudn ca phe thu nghiem phan nha cham NPK
Tren cay bdp
Khao nghiem gom 1 thi nghiem va 1 thij' n g h i e m , tren giong lai C P 8 8 8 cua Cong ty C P giong Viet N a m . Thi nghiem d u d c bo' tri theo kieu R C B D , 4 ian lap lai, dien tich 6 thi nghiem 150 cay/6 T h u nghiem dupe bo tri tren 6 Idn [<h6ng lap lai, dien tich 6 thu"
n g h i e m ia 1 000 mVo. Dia die'm: xa Ldc T h a n h , thi xa Bao Lpc, tinh Lam D o n g , Thoi gian t u thang 3
W0^
Vildn bSp thi! nghiem phan nha cham NPK
Tren cay bong vai Khao n g h i e m gom 1 thi n g h i e m va 1 t h i j
n g h i e m , tren gio'ng -», ^^^_ ^^ - b o n g vai V N 0 1 - 2 T h i ^ J j T ^ ^ * ^ ^ ' ^ ^ " ^ n g h i e m d d d c bo tri r ^ = * ^ » J a -
theo kieu R C B D , 4 lan lap lai, dien tich 6 th! n g h i e m 10 cay/6.
T h i i nghiem diidc bo
tri tren 6 Idn k h o n g lap lai, d i e n ti'ch 6 thu" nghiem la 100 cay/6 Dia d i e m ; xa E a w e r , huyen Buon D o n , tinh O a k L a k . T h d i gian; \\i t h a n g 7 den thang 12.2013. Cac c o n g \\\\SQ. k h a o n g h i e m : C T 1 : bon theo quy trinh phan d d n (doi chi:fng 1); CT2; NPK th6ng t h a d n g (doi c h i / n g 2); C T 3 ; N P K nha cham;
C T 4 : N P K nha c h a m = 8 0 % C T 3 ; C T 5 ; NPK nha c h a m = 7 0 % C T 3 ; C T 6 ; bon dUdi d a n g phan ddn ( n e n g p h a n ure sQ d u n g d a n g n h a c h a m ) . Bdn chat giO am C H 0 6 100 k g / h a (40 kg c h a t giO am va 60 i<g m u n cua), bon c u n g lan bon thCf nhat (ap dung vdi nhQng c o n g thi^c co p h a n c h a m tan).
K e t q u a v a t h a o l u a n
Kha nang nha cham phan tren nen dat bazan Khao sat kha n a n g nha c h a m c u a cac loai phan nha c h a m cho thay; t r o n g m6i t r u d n g dat bazan trong 10 ngay dau k h o a n g 3 0 - 4 0 % lUdng nitd, hdn 4 0 % iLfdng p h a n kali va p h o t p h a t dUdc nha ra tif m a n g bao boc tinh b 6 t / P V A . S a u 90 ngay, lUPng phan nha ra d a o d p n g 7 0 - 8 0 % t i j y v a o loai phan
TgpdTi
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KHOn HOC - CONG NGHE VA 901 MOI
boc trong mang.
ThCr nghidm phSn nha ch$m kS't hpp chUt gi&
im
TrSn cSy che: ket qu^ thCf nghiem tren c^y che cho thay, khi sCf dung phan nhii cham co the giam iL/dng ph§n bon dang k^, cu the: khi s\S dung phan NPK 25-5-5 nh& chSm bon bang 70% li/dng phan NPK 25-5-5 tren thj tradng theo quy trinh bon cua hp gia dinh (doi chifng, CT1) thi nang suat che tUdi v i n cao hdn doi chijfng 22,34% va giup ngudi trong che tang them thu nh§p 23.939.000 d6ng/ha/9 lan thu hoach so vdi d6'i chCfng. K^t quk cung cho thay, nang suat va iQii nhuan td cac cong thCfc sCf dung phan nhk ch§m NPK 25-5-5 (CT4 va 5) cGng cao hdn cong thijfc s^ dung ph§n NPK 25-5-5 thong thadng (CT3) dadc san xuat va bon theo quy trinh cCia nhom thi/c hien de tai. N^u bon phan NPK 25- 5-5 nhS cham (015) bang 100% ladng phan NPK 25-5-5 tren thj tradng theo quy trinh bon cua hd gia dinh (doi chang, CT1) thi cho nang suat cao hdn doi chufng 32,94% va giup ngudi trdng che tang them thu nhap 32.806.000 d6ng/ha/9 lan thu hoach. Ket qu& cung cho thS'y, nang su&'t va idi nhuan tCr cac cdng thijfc s& dung phan nha cham cao hdn quy trinh sO dgng phan theo khuyen cao cOa cay che kinh doanh (tong luqng NPK 240 kg N + 120 kg P2Og+200kgK3O/ha).
Tren cay bap: k§'t qu& thCf nghiem tren cay bap tai Lam D6ng cho thay, bon 100% cija nen (CT1 va CT2, 170 kg N + 80 kg P^O^ + 160 kg K^O/ha/
vy) bang ure cham tan, lan nung chay va K^SO^
(CT5) thi giup tang nang suat bap 22,02% so vdi doi chu'ng va giup nong dSn tang them thu nhap 2.325.000 d6ng/ha/vu.
D6i vdi cay cd phe Arabica: bdn cho cay ca ph§
Arabica vdi n^n (CT1 va CT2, 250 kg N + 120 kg PgOg + 204 kg KjO/ha/vu) bang cac phan NPK 15- 20-10, NPK 15-18-18, NPK 20-0-18 cham tan cho hieu li^c nong hoc va hieu qu§ kinh te cao nha't, giup tang nang suat ca phe nhan 26,69% va giup nong dan tang thdm thu nhap 21.876.000 dong/ha/vy.
Dd'i vdi cSy bdng vii: khi bon phan cho cay bong v&l b^ng ure cham tan, lan nung ch^y va K^SO^
(CT6) vdi n^n 125 kg N
H-97 kg P.O^ + 106 kg K,0/
ha cho nang su^it bong vai cao hdn doi chufng (CT1) 26,69% va mang Igi hieu qua kinh t§' cao nhat, giup ngUdi nong dan tang them thu nhap 54.320.000 dong/ha/vu so vdi dd'i chCfng bdn bang phan ddn.
Bdn vdi nen 125 kg N -i- 97 kg P^O^ + 106 kg K^O/ha bang NPK 10-20-5 cham tan, NPK 15-20-10 cham tan, NPK 15-18-18 cham tan, NPK 20-0-18 cham tan (CT3) giup tang nang suat bong vai 20,36%
va giup ndng dan tang them thu nhap 18.120.000 dong/ha/vu so vdi doi chiing bdn bang phan ddn (CT1).
Nha vay, viec sQ dung phan nha cham ket hdp chat giOf am giup gi&m lUdng phan bdn, tiet kiem nudc tadi, tang nang sua't cay trong va tang hidu qua kinh te cho viec canh tac mot so cay chu lac d vung Tay Nguyen. Tuy nhien, rat can co them nhOng nghien cOu kh&o nghiem de md rpng quy md Lfng dung va chuyen giao cong nghe cho cac tinh Tay Nguyen .ef
Tai liau tham khao Tai li$u tieng Vi$t
1. TS Nguyen Thanh Hong (2007). Cac phi/Ong phap pho trong hoa hpc hQu cd, NXB Khoa hgc va Ky thuat, tr. 71.
2. Bill Thanh HUdng, Nguyin Quang Ninh, Li/u Cam Lpc (2009). Nghien cQu kh^ nSng nhS cham khoang NPK trong phan hOu ca khoang trSn nen than mun. Tap chi Hoa hoc, tr. 25.
3. PGS.TS Nguyen Kim Phi Phyng (2005). Pho NMR sCf dgng trong phan tich hOu cd, Nha xuat blin Dai hpc Quoc gia TP Ho Chf Minh, tr.204-238.
Tai li$u tieng Anh
4. Gui-zhe Zhao, Ya-qing Liu, Yu Tian, You-yi Sun, Yang Cao. Preparation and properties of macromelecular slow-release fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, 2009, p.119-125.
5. Jeffery Earl Pack. Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer release characterization and its effects on potato (solanum tuberosum) production and soil nitrogen movement Innortheast florida, 2004, university of Flonda.
6. Kunai Das, Dipa Ray, N.R, Bandyopadhyay, Anirudhha Gupta, Suparna Sengupta, Saswata Sahoo. Amar Mohanty, and Manjusri Misra. Preparation and Characterization of Cross-Linked Starch/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Green Films with Low (yioisture Absorption, 2010, 49,p. 2176-2185.
7. Nilwala Kottegoda, Imalka Munaweera, Nadeesh (Vladusanka and Veraunaratne. A green, slow - release fertilizer composition based on ure - modified hydroxyapatite nanopartilicles encapsulated wood, 2011, pp.1 - 7, Research communication.
8. Xiaozhao Han, Sensen Chen, Xianguo Hu. Controlled release fertilizer encapsulated by starch/polyvinyl alcohol coating, 2008, pp 21-26.
o x - i o n ^ ^ o n - , ^ Tap ch-KHOfl HOC 17