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NUOC PHU NAI\/! VA HAU PHU NAIV!
LtrONG NINH*
1 - Ve viftfng quoc Phu Nam
Den nay, khdng cdn cin phai chdng minh sii xuat hien mdt nUdc Phu Nam tren vung chau thd sdng Me Kdng, sU phat trien td mdt vUdng qudc thanh mpt dequdc hdng hdi nda (td cua Wang Gung Wu).
Ca vi tri, ten gpi, tdc ngUdi, dja diem va ten gpi dung cua kinh dd ciing da dUdc xac dinh rd rang, chic chin (Xin xem LUdng Ninh - Vudng Qudc Phu Nam - DHQG HN 2009, in l i n 3)^^'; sdng ciing nen xic djnh lai vai diem cho ro rang va dung hdn:
1.1 - Mpt vai tac gia hinh nhU mudn nha'n manh r i n g cU dan cd Phu Nam la ngUdi ndi tieng Malayo - Polynesians, tdc la td bien vao, chd khdng phai ndi dia, de l i n vdi Khmer, nen mUdn dung mdt td cua L.Malleret, ngUdi Proto - Malais, hieu la Nguyen Md lai, ndi tieng Ma Lai(?).
Dieu dd khdng ddng. Malleret ndi ve nhan chung chd khdng phai ngdn ngd. Cd the tham khao mdt doan cua dng:
Sau doan md ta phan tich cua nha nhan chung hpc, ba Genet - Varcin, dng viet"
Chung tdi cdn nhan manh sii tUdng ddng ve hinh thai va hoa van trang tri dang dUdc nghien cdu, nhUng ngay gid day ciing tha'y khdng phai ngiu nhien ma phat hien nhdng tUdng quan gida cac hop sp nhd Melanesiens b Nouvelle Guinee vdi hang
tien sd Lang CUdm d Bac Ky. Nhdng dac diem chung cua cic c i the trong di chi b ban dao Ca Mau ma ba Genet - Varcin neu Ien la cd vdc dang trung binh, hop sp trdn vda, cd the cd vdm hpng cao hay trung binh, xUdng hoc m i t nhd, tran hdi vat, mat rpng, lUdng quyen cao, khoing each bdc m i t rpng, mui tet Toan bp nhdng dac diem dd cho phep dat chung nhdng c i the ngUdi Trdm Phd vdi nhdm Indonesiens hay Proto - Malais va thed Giad sU Vallois thi ciing da thay ca trong Tien sd Ddng Dudng ma nhiJng dai dien hien nay cua hp cd trong so' nhOng ngUdi ThUdng b Tay Nguyen - Viet Nam, ngUdi Kha Boloven b Lao, ngUdi Phnong, Pear hay Samre b Campuchia. Rdi ngUdi ta cung thay ca trong ngUdi Dayak b Bdrned, ngUdi Igorot b Philippin, ngUdi Batak b Sumatra, mpt vai nhdm ci Celebes hay Moluques... "Dang diu trung binh (mesocephalie) la dac diem phd bien cua p h i n Idn ngUdi Indonesiens luc dja, cdn gpi la Proto - Malais hay Proto Indochinois, da tha'y b Oc Eo, Samrong Sen, ma p h i n Idn Chung Vang, chung Indonesiens, cd dang d i u trdn (Brachycephalie), trong khi dang ddii ddi (Dolicocephalie) chiem Uu the trong chung Den " (L.MalIeret)<2).
Hieu sai, nhUng ly ciing khdng ddng:
NgUdi Malayo vao da't lien ching le la den
* G.S Luong Ninh, Vien KHXH Viet Nam
Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 10/200' \^
ndi da't hoang vu de lap nUdc?, chang le la di xam chiem? Thiic ra da cd bp lac ban dia, mdt bd Igc Proto Indochinois, gpi theo G. Olivier, nay gpi la Proto - Mdn, dung hdn, bi ky xUa kia gpi la Vnam, nay la ngUdi Mnong. Bp lac nay da cd mpt sU tien trien, da td chan ndi trUdng Sdn, xudng ddng bang, ra den bd bien, nhU ngUdi Cdn Gid, Trdm Phd, ddng thuyen di ra bien va thee truyen thuyet, de mdt nd vUdng ddng diu, gpi ten la Lieu Diep. Chinh ten gpi tpc ngUdi / bp lac nay da dem lai ten nUdc Phu Nam va ten tec - ddng tpc ngUdi Mien Ndi - vua tpc Ndi (Sailaraja) hay Kirivamsa (Nay la ten mdi cua tinh Takeo/ Kirivong), ndi cd kinh dd Phu Nam; chd khdng phai la mdt danh td chung khmer, chi vdt - Phnom: nui. Chd nen nghi nii vUdng "cdn t r i n trudng "ma coi la lac hau; thUc ra cd the cd rapt cai khd. "Phong tuc dan nUdc Phu Nam xUa vd'n b trudng, xoa tdc, khdng may q u i n ao
"... - LUdng thu 54, Liet truyen 48). Khdng phai cbl cd xUa ma den the ky XIX, tham chi den nay, mpt so' tdc v i n cdn giii nhU the, l i cang trpng, cang phai giii theo phong tuc.
Dudng nhien khdng the khdng cd mdt bd lac td ngoai bien vao, the hien b i n g
"Cd ngUdi ngdai coi ten la Hdn Dien, dupe t h i n bid mdng, cho cung ten vang, sai di thuyen den "- (LUdng thU)... Bd lac nay cd the ndi ngdn ngd Nam Dao hay Malayo - Polynesian, tuy khdng biet chic la hp ndi ngdn ngd gi. Su hien dien cua hp khdng the hien bang sii tUdng ddng suy doan vdi tdc nay, tdc np, ma b i n g phong cdch bien, boa trdn vdi dan ban dja tao nen mgt nin vdn hod bien:
md cang, giad lUu thudng xuyen, trao ddi hang h o i vat pham (kieu chd viet, m i u
tUdng thd tien trien theo nguyen m i u trdng nhieu t h e k y ) , manh kim loai k h i c hinh kieu An Dp, 120 con dau (trien), dd trang sdc thuy tinh mdu ma Dia Trung Hai; md cda, tiep nhan nhieu ngoai kieu den dinh cU, budn b i n va phat trien van boa, la dac trUng khdng the Idn dUdc cua cang bien, cua dan vd'n cd nghe di bien, budn b i n ven bien.
1.2- Ndi ve mpt vUdng qud'c Phu Nam tdn tai hdn 6 the ky ma khdng ndi tdi Vdn hod Phil Nam la vd nghia. Chinh vi khong hieu rd dieu nay ma nhieu hpc gia nudc ngoai djnh vi n h i m Phu Nam b chd khac, ha tha'p gia tri van h o i ban dia - mdt trung tam van h o i cua ca khu vUc.
1.3- Cupc khai quat khao cd hpc cua L.
Malleret nam 1944^^^ xac nhan dia ban ban d i u cua nUdc Phu Nam la mien Tay sdng Hau vdi true chinh la con kenh dai 100 km, nd'i hai d i u , d i u Nam la cang thi Oc Eo va d i u Bic la dd thanh Angco Borei, vdi vung dan cU hai ben bd kenh, td sdng Hau ra den bien, vdi trinh dp kinh te djnh mdc lam tieu chi cho ca qudc gia, ndi cd:
- Nghe ndng, trdng Ida nUdc quanh nam, - Nghe d i n h b i t hai s i n , tdm c i va cupc sd'ng phd bien tren song nUdc phan anh qua cic dd dung b i n g gdm: ndi, vd, am, hep cui.
- Nghe trdng mia, ep lay mat, lam dudng ma 2 true quay ep lam b i n g da cdn lai td xa xUa da dUdc tim tha'y.
- Nghe lam gdm dac sic - Gd'm 6c Eo - Phu Nam
- Nghe kim hoan lam dd trang sdc bing vang, bac, d i quy,
- Nghe lam dd thiec ma nha khao cd gpi la cd ca mdt nen ky nghe thiec.
Luang Ninh - Nuac Phii Nam vd hdu Phu Nam
- Nghe ren due kim loai, lam nhdng vat dung bac, ddng va ca s i t .
Cic thd thu cdng tap trung vda s i n xuat, vda budn bin, tao nen canh sdng ddng ddc nhpn nhip. Phai chang canh sdng ngay bom nay "Phd tren kenh, Chd tren song" b Nam Can va b Kien Giang phu hdp mdi sinh, la hinh anh cdn lUu gid cua mpt thdi xa xUa?. Ndi nay cdn tu hpp ca ngoai kieu den lam an budn b i n ma hinh anh hp cdn dUdc thay tren hien vat gdm, thiec. DUdng nhu mpt luc nao dd, mpt dai dien xua't sac cua so' ngoai kieu nay, chu yeu la ngUdi An Dp cd the dudc tin nhiem nhan chdc vu cao nhat trong bp may chinh quyen?
1.4- LUdng thu chep "Hdn Dien lay Lilu Diep lam vd, sinh con trai, phan cho lam vua bay a'p^'\ Sau, con(?) la Hdn Ban Huong thu phuc lai dUdc, phan chia con chiu cai tri cac ap hieu la Tieu vUdng. Cai quan 7 dp": cic cupc khai quat khao cd hpc tiep theo, nam 1975 - 1995 va 1995 - 2005 tuy khong triic tiep khang dinh 7 ap nay, cung da cho thay cd the nhan dien khoang 7 -SThita- Tieu viing:
- O Kien Giang la Nin Chua hay cdn gpi la Thnal Moray, Trdm Phd';
- 6 Ca Mau la Nin Vua hay Ta Keo, hay Tiin cdng;
- d An Giang la 6c Eo/Ba The, cung la Cdng thi chinh, cd the la Samudrapura - caa Bien;
- 6 Long An la Gd Don, Go Binh Td...
- 6 Ddng T h i p la Go Thdp, - 6 C i n Thd la Nhdn Nghia,
- 6 Vinh Long la Gd Thdnh Mdi, Luu ca, Trung Diin,
- 6 Tien Giang la Gd Thdnh.
- 0 Tay Ninh la Binh Thgnh, Thanh Diin, Tien Thudn.
- O Ddng Nai la Bien Hod.
0 mdi Tinh hien dai cd ten rieng di hen 1 - 3 dia danh la ten nhdng di chi khao cd hpc ndi tieng, da di vao danh muc khao cd hpc the gidi, ndi da p h i t hien ra it nha't mpt phe tich kie'n true gach, mdt hay mpt sd tUdng Phat hay Visnu, rat nhieu gom 6c Eo, rapt so' vat dung bang ddng, cho thdy cd the da tdng la mpt Ap, mdt vung dan cU cua nudc Phu Nam xUa.
Cd nhiing ndi cho thay ro dau vet ngUdi thdi sau da lay gach cua thdi trUdc xay den tren nen cii, nhU b Gd Thanh, Gd Thanh mdi, Binh Thanh v.v. Ca hai l i n trudc, sau, nay da sup dd thanh phe tich, di tich.
Cd nhdng ndi rat phong phu ve hien vat, nha't la tUdng thd; Gd Thap cd rat nhieu, tdi 15 pho tUdng Phat bing gd trara va vai pho Visnu bang d i , la ndi cd mdt phdc he kien true gach cua nhieu thdi, ndi tim tha'y bia ky Prasat Pram Loven (bia Phu nam 1), xdng dang la mdt tieu Vung quan trpng bac nhat.
Tay Ninh ciing khdng kem, nhieu di tich kien true gach ma den nay ciing chUa phan dinh dUdc ro quy rad, dien mao va thdi gian. NhUng Trung Diin (nay la Trung Hieu, buyen Viing Liem, tinh Vinh Long) ndi tieng the gidi ve nhdm tUdng Phat va Visnu b rapt ngdi den, chua nae dd, nay da khdng cdn, nhUng tUdng thi dUdc coi la dep, tieu bieu cho phong each nghe thuat tUdng Phii Nam 3. Pho tUdng Gd T h i p phat hien nam 1998 cung thupc phong cich nay.
Trong dd, ndi bat hdn la Cang thj 6c Ed. Dudng nhien, day khdng phai la mdt Ap binh thudng ma la rapt dd thj cd, cd
Nghien ciai Ddng Nam A 10/2009
nhieu t i n g nen kie'n trdc b i n g gach, d i , nhieu tUpng thupc nhdng phong cich khic nhau, radt lUdng Idn dd gd'm va manh gdm, nhieu leai dd trang sdc. Cang tbi cdn la bd mat, tiep sue vdi ben ngoai nen cdn cd rat nhieu hien vat ngoai, nhap cang nhu n h i n mat ngpc An Dp, gUdng ddng Trung Qudc, huy chUdng vang Rdma, nhdng vdng chudi hat thuy tinh cd ngudn gdc Dia Trung Hai.
Nhung phdng phu, hoanh t r i n g nhat v i n la kinh dd Angco Borei, rapt cich gpi chuyen am rat mudn cua ten chd Phan - Nagara - pura - Qud'c dd, cdn diidc gpi la vUng Kirivong / Girivamsa - ddng Vua Nui cua Phu Nam. Kinh dd cd dau tich nen cung dien, thanh luy bang gach, da, va cd ca mdt khu den chua thd cdng d rapt ngpn ndi nho ben canh, Phnom Da, ndi sau nay, nha khao cd phat hien trong hang ndi, mdt kho tUdng khdng Id, khoing 50 pho, tUdng Phat, Visnu, td cd nhat, the ky V, den mudn nha't, the ky VII, cd du tieu ban cua 5 phong each nghe thuat tUdng Phu Nara, cd nhu raoi tieu vdng tac tUdng phai lay day lam mau, hay radi ndi phai raang rapt tieu ban ve bieu den kinh dd "de bdo cdo".
Kho tUdng dUdc phat hien trong hang da Phnora Da, cd le, ngUdi ta da cat dau nhdng vat thd hnh thieng, quy bau trUdc khi chay giac ngeai xara Chan Lap(3).
Tat ca nhdng di tich, tUdng va hien vat ndi tren deu dUdc dinh nien dai td the ky II den the ky VII, thupc nien dgi Phu Nam, deu cd sU tUdng ddng ve tinh chat, kieu cich cua cac loai hinh, phdng cich.
Xem nhu the, dudng nhU cd sU tUdng ddng, thd'ng nhdt giaa cdc tieu viing ve trinh dp cupc sd'ng, each sd'ng, qua dd gdra, ve dd dung va dd trang sdc, nhat la ve van boa, qua tdn giio, tUdng thd.
Tuy nhien, cung phai xac nhan la cac nen kien true Idn khdng hoan toan gidng nhau ve binh dd, kieu cich, gida cac phe tich b 6 c Eo, Gd Thap va Gd Minh Su (Ddng Thap), Luu Cd va Gd Thanh radi (Vinh Long), Gd Thanh (Tien Giang)...
hay dd la gid lai sU da dang trong thd'ng nhat cua mdt vUdng qudc cd?
2 - Vv^ctog quoc va cac ap/Tieu quoc LUdng tha da chep cho con "lam vua 7 dp", sau lai ndi "hieu la tieu vUdng.Nhvl the cd le cic soan gia da dich dung td ngd Raja, gpi theo An Dp, la ngUdi ddng dau cua rapt vung/xd nhat dinh; nhdng vung nay lai cd quan he raat thiet vdi nhau trdng cung rapt lanh thd, do rapt tpc trudng cai quan, xUng la Dgi vUdng - Maharaja, hay Pu po tana Raya - Chua te
Todn the gian hay Hodn vUdng vdi ngUdi Chara, hay Kamrateng an Phdai Karom, cung nghia, b ngUdi Khmer. Quan he treng dd nhU thUdng thay trong cac xa hpi phUdng Ddng cd xUa vda chat che vda long leo, luc chat, luc Idng, nhU quan he cha - con, vua - tdi, be tdi vdi ton chu. Cac nha nghien cdu Au My thUdng khd hieu dudc dieu niy.
Mdt sd' nha nghien cdu, ca trong va ngoai nUdc g i n day deu hpc theo W.
Wolters, nghi r i n g the che chinh quyen Phu Nam gidng nhU the che Ngdn hd, hay
"manh, mui" rai dng gpi la Mandala, tiic la nd rdi rac, quan he Idng led, khdng ra mdt qud'c gia cd td chdc. NgUdi ddng d i u khdng thuc la vua, ma chi la rapt kieu thu linh, ngUdi cam quyen (chief/ruler), luc xic dinh dUdc, luc khong. M. Vickery tham chi cdn phu nhan hoan toan khi tha'y cd it nha't hai Ian rapt dao si An Dp dUdc ddn den "lam vua" Phu Nam. Cd le
Luang Ninh - Nudc Phu Nam vd hdu Phu Nam
W. Wolters khdng hieu sic thai, tinh chat mpt xa hdi phUdng Dong, ndi raa tap hdp nhiing thdn, Ap, khdng bao gid thUc sU thdng nhdt chat che, cung nhU khdng bao gid hodn todn tdn quyin dUdi mgt ngdi vi
thd linh phUdng Ddng. M. Vickery thi lai khdng hieu rapt xa hdi thUdng mai, ndi cd nhieu nhdm ngoai kieu khac nhau, nbflng sac tpc khac nhau, thU tjch cd ndi cd tdi hang nghin, ndi ngUdi dan sd'ng hudng ra bien, budn bin, d i n h ci, thi rapt ngUdi gdc xd ngoai, cd tai, cd ddc, dam bao dUdc cupc sdng, phUdng thdc sdng chinh cua hp, cd the dupe tdn "lam vua". Tdi da thao luan, phe binh hdn mpt lan y kie'n cua hai dng.
ThUc te ddi sd'ng hien nay tren the gidi ban la cd the dem lai nhieu bai hpc cho viec nghien cdu.
Den day, thdi gian nay, hdan toan khdng cd dau vet Khmer, bdi vi cung chUa cd ca Khmer va Chan Lap - Bhavapura, cai ma L. Malleret gpi la Vdn hod Tiin Khmer.
Theo sach cd, khoang the ky III, vua Phu Nam la Pham Su Man danh cac nUde lang gieng, bat than phuc, lai ddng tau to, vUdt bien Idn, chinh phuc dUdc hdn 10 nUdc cdi ngoai, den xd Kim Lan. Nhiing nude ling gieng va ngoai bien bj chinh phuc cd that khdng? La b dau?
Cupc khai quat khao cd hpc trong nhiJng nam 90 tren dat Thii Lan. tren ha lUu Me Nam -Chao Phraya va binh nguyen Khorat da dem lai nhieu hieu biet ly thd.
Ben tren da trinh bay sii phat trien cua VUdng qud'c Phu Nam nhd ket q u i nghien cdu kbid cd hpc; cac nUde lang gieng phai t h i n phuc Phu Nara l i vung luu viic sdng Se Mun tren binh nguyen Kherat, ndi sinh sd'ng cua mdt sd'bd lac Mdn cd. Mdt so' qua sU sue tac cua chinh Phd Nam ma
tiep can van h o i An Dp va dang tren dudng p h i t trien, dang b giai doan Tien Nha nUdc, ddng trUdc ngUdng cda cua viec lap Nude. Mdt trong so nay la bd lac cU trd b nga ba sdng Se Mun - Me Kdng, ndi se xuat hien nUdc Bhavapura - Chan Lap.
NhUng ndi ma Phu Nam quan tam nhieu hdn la dia vi diu md'i thUdng mai cua minh, la cdn dUdng thdng thUdng Ddng - Tay, Trung Qud'c va An Dp, nen vua Pham Su Man ddng tau, vUdt bien, chinh phuc hdn 10 nUdc, tat ca deu t h i n phuc. Tuy nhien, khi ke cu the, sach cd chi cho biet cic ten nUdc nhu Cdu Tri, Dien Tdn, Lang Nha Tu Gia, Ban Ban, Xich Thd va Don Ton. Viec nghien cdu va thao luan may chuc nam qua cua gidi sd hpc the gidi mdi di den xac djnh, cac nUde nay deu nam tren ban dao Malaya, an ngd dudng budn ban Ddng - Tay va gdm hai nhdm nUdc: 5 nUdc nhd gdp lai thanh mpt nhdm, gpi chung la Xich Thd n i m d phia Nam ban did, 5 nddc khac d phia Bic ban dao, gdra ca ha lUu Me Nam, gdp thanh mdt nhdm, gpi chung la Don Tdn. Cac cupc khai quat khao cd hpc d U - Thong, Khu Bua, Ban Don Taphet, Lop Buri, Chansen cho tha'y ndi day, xUa kia kha phat trien vdi nhiing nen kien true gach cua cac den dai, cung dien, thanh luy, tUdng Phat, Visnu b i n g da de thd, nhieu vat gd'm, dd trang sdc, cho thay rd quan he giao luu van boa, kinh te mat thiet vdi Phu Nara, tham chi quan he t h i n thupc Phd Nam. O U Thong cdn phat hien dUdc hdn 20 ddng tien bac Phu Nam.
Xem nhu the, sU p h i t trien that heanh trang, nhUng Nha Nudc Phu Nara da cai quan Vudng qud'c cua rainh nhu the nae?
Rat tiec. sd sach cd eho biet ve cupc sd'ng phong tuc, tham chi vUdng gia cua nhdng
Nghien cOu Ddng Nam A 10/2009
ngUdi quyen quy, trinh dp van h d i cad cua nUdc da cd tUdng Phat raang tang vua Trung Qudc va c i rapt dan nhac, ca mua, sang lUu dien b Trung Qudc, nhUng lai khdng cho cho biet gi ve bd m i y Nha nUdc. Cho nen, b day, cd nhieu p h i n phai suy doin. Trudc bet hang ndi ve dd'i ndi.
Phu Nam cd 7 ap; vay ap la gi? Day la nhat ky cua Khang Thai d i n d i u phai bd cua nha Ngd den Phu Nam khoing nam 230 C L . Mdt trudng hdp khic, sd nha H i n ghi nam 190 C.L., dan huyen TUdng Lam khdi nghia t h i n g Idi, lap Lam Ap.
Huyen dudi qudn (Nhat Nam) ; ap dUdi huyen, nhUng ap d day khdng phai la huyen Iy, tri sd, vi cdn cd TUdng Phd, phd cua huyen Tudng Lam, cd le day mdi la huyen ly. Hdi r i c rdi nen cic nha nghien cdu nddc ngoai, ngUdi thi djch ap la xdm (hamlet), ngUdi thi djch la Xd (commune).
Td ap trong sich nha Han dUde dung g i n cung thdi vdi sach nha Ngd, chi each nhau chdng 30 nam, khai niem cd the khdng khic nhau lim. Thu linh Lam Ap la Khu Lien se trd thanh vua. Sau khi Nude dinh hinh hay md rpng, dUdc gpi ten chinh thdc la Champa, gpi du la Champa - pura, ngudi Han phien am la Chiem - bd,
dich la Chiem Thdnh (4) Trong ca hai trudng hdp, ap b i n la mdt Viing lanh thd, cd the cd trung tam, thUdng la trung tara van hda/ tdn giid, n i m giuta cdng ddng cU dan, lam ndng nghiep, d i n h ci, nghe thu cong va trao ddi.Ben tren, khi sach cd viet ve Phu Nam, "lam vua 7 ap, xUng la Tieu vUdng b i n la cd y nghia mdt vdng, mdt tieu qudc. Khdng tha'y ro vai trd cua bd may quan Iy, nhung chic r i n g khdng cd sU biet lap giiia cic ap - Viing; bdi sii ddng dang van hoa, nhU cac vat gd'm dac trUng cua dan sdng nudc, xUdng gd'm cd 3 Idp, van sdng nUdc tren than gd'm, cic hinh
tupng Phat b i n g gd, d i , tUdng Visnu bang d i cung dUdc qui chuan tho'ng nha't vdi nhau den mdc kinh ngac, gida tat ca cac Vung. Cd le tap q u i n lam an, sinh sd'ng tu bao dam ddi sd'ng cua gia dinh minh cd td thdi cdng xa cd xUa v i n dUdc tiep tuc duy tri cd hieu qua trong dieu kien mdi. Chi cd mpt viec vUdt ra khdi pham vi tU quan cua cdng ddng la nghia vu ddng gdp vdi Nha nddc va cd sd tdn giao. Cd le qua thdi gian, ngUdi ta da quen vdi mdc ddng gdp, rapt mdc vda phai ma hien nay khdng cd tai lieu n i o cho biet, raa trai qua hang the ky cung khdng tha'y cd dieu gi gay can xay ra.
Viec ddng gdp de xay den chua, tac tUdng, 1 - 2 ngdi ddi vdi rapt ap, cd the da trd thanh mdt viec lam tU nguyen, tham chi la thich thu, khdng phai c i n den sii can thiep cua chinh quyen.
Hdn nda, vdi mdt qud'c gia thUdng mai, mpt cing thi qudc te, lai san xua't va ban dd trang sdc cung vat dung vang bac thi ngUdi dan binh thudng, ndng dan, ngU dan, khdng den ndi phai ddng gdp nang ne ma vua chua v i n cd the an b i n g b i t vang, b i t bac va thu thue b i n g vang, bac.
Dd la dd'i vdi dan cua minh, cdn dd'i vdi cic nudc phu thupc thi sao? Cd the tin rapt each chic c h i n cd raay binh thdc sau day:
a - Hang qua cang thj chic phai nop mdt khoan thue, tuy khdng cd ghi chep nao cho biet mdc thue bao nhieu.
b - San phdm cua cic nUdc neu cd gia tri cao thi tdn chu dupc raua Uu tien vdi gia re, thudng la dUdc nop thue bing chinh s i n pham dd. Dd la trUdng hdp thiec dac s i n cua Xich Thd (Malaixia ngay nay) xuat hien kha nhieu tren da't Phu Nam, tren cang 6 c Eo.
Luang Ninh - Nudc Pliii Nam vd hdu Phii Nam
c - Nude le thupc b i t budc phai nop mdt khoan phd cdng dang ke. Cho nen khi vung Ien gianh diioc quyen tU chu thi cic vua Chan Lap td bay niem "kieu hanh vi da gidt ddt dUdc sdi giay xieng xich cua sii cdng nap "(bia Baksei Chamkrong).
d - Hdn niia, nudc phu thupc phii chju sU kiera soat chat che, khdng dUdc cd quan he vdi nUdc ngodi, nhU vdi Trung Qud'c ching ban. Cho nen chi den khi Phu Nara hi suy vong (giiJa the ky VII), nhiJng vung le thupc trudc kia radi tU chu, lap qud'c gia, cd sd t h i n sang Trung Hoa va nhan sd gia den, mdi thay dUde ghi chep, dUdc biet cd sU xua't hien cua cic nUdc nhU Chan Lap, Xich Thd va Dpa La B i t De (Dvaravati) thay the chd cua Ddn Tdn.
Khdng the khdng de y, sach sd cd khdng he coi / gpi cac di chi/ phe tich hoanh trang b ha luu Me Nara nhu U Thong, Khu Bua, ca Chan Sen, la nhdng qud'c gia hay tieu qud'c, bdi mdt le ddn gian, ta't ca dd chi la Don Ton ma Ddn Tdn chi la thupc qudc cua Phu Nam. Sau khi Phu Nam suy vong, khdng kiem soat nda, cac xd nay mdi tu chu, tii gpi la Dvaravati - Cda ngd.
Day la dieu ma nhieu nha nghien cdu, ca J.Boiselier da tdng n h i m lan.
Cho nen Wang Gung Wu (1990)(^) mdi md d i u gpi Phu Nam la Maritime Empire, sau dd nhieu hpc gia Anh, Phap mdi gpi theo. Empire cd ngUdi djch la de che, khdng sai, nhUng de Idn khai niem trdu tUdng, nhu de che d i u boa, de che truyen thdng. Tdi gpi theo ddng thiic chat cua nd, la mpt he thd'ng cai quan, cd kiem soat, la dequdc trong khu vUc Ddng Nam A.
3 - Hau Phu Nam - Chan Lap - Tien Angco Phu Nam da cd dau hieu hi suy thoai td the ky VI, do sU chuyen ddi dudng giao
thUdng tren bien ra xa bd.Thuyen be it di ven bd, hoac qua canh eo Kra (Ddn Ton ngay trddc), khdng cap cang 6c Eo ma di vdng qua eo Malacca, Sunda den Bien Ddng, gin va thuan tien hdn, nhUng cung do phUdng tien di bien la tau thuyen tien bd hdn. Budn b i n giam sdt, thu nhap kem di, nhieu thUdng lai la nhdng ngUdi cd tai, cd van h d i cao, bd di ndi khic lam an.
Nhan cd hdi nay, mpt bd lac cU tru b ha lUu Se Mun da vUdn len lap nUdc, gpi ten nudc theo ten vua la Bhavapura, tdng budc t i n cdng xam chiem lai Phu Nam, nude tdn chu cu cua nd, cU sd t h i n sang Trung Hoa va dUdc ghi nhan vdi cai ten cua rapt qudc gia mdi xuat hien la Chan Lgp (Chen La) ma den nay, khdng ai biet do dau ma cd ten gpi nay.
Dan Phu Nam, nhiing ndng dan, ngU phu, cd le da qua 5 - 6 the ky cham chi gieo trdng gat hai, ra khdi, cic thUdng nhan, thd thu cong budn ban kiem Idi, nha nUdc lo thu du thue, ddi sd'ng phong tue, khdng ed ke thu tranh gianh, khdng cd dau hieu ban tam lo de phdng chien tranh, nen ngd dau cd luc sa sut de khdng phdng bj ke t h i n thupc quay lai danh minh.
Bhavapura - Chan Lgp hinh thanh cudi the ky VI, ciing la thdi diem hinh thanh tdc ngUdi Khmer va van boa Khmer, da vUdn Ien tien cdng Phd Nam td diu den giiia the VII thi chinh phuc dUdc.
Cac sach cd va ca van bia cua ke chien t h i n g Cling chi tha'y khee sdc manh,
"quan di bui rau ", ma khdng thay ndi den Iiic lUdng, giad chien, khang cii. Cd le Phu Nam da khdng chuan bj gi, khdng cd liic lupng, Vua phu Nam phai bd chay ra bien, cd le den Java.
Cd the nhu van bia ndi, ndi len de gianh quyen tU chu, de thoat khdi ach
10 Nghien cim Ddng Nam A 10/2009 cdng nap, nbUng sich giio khoa Lich sd
bac Tieu hpc cua Xingapo thi k h i n g dinh Chan Lap tham cua cii giiu cd cua Phu Nam radi dera quan d i n h chiem.
3.1 - T h e k y VII (600 - 690 CL.) la the ky chuyen bien sau sic:
Khdng de dang danh t h i n g ngay:
nhdng nam cudi the ky VI - d i u the ky VII la thdi gian thd sdc, tan cdng kinh dd Phu Nam b Angkor - Borei; tiep theo, phai mat may chuc nam gian khd nda, d i n quan "vUdt kenh lach sau bang chieu cad Cdn vdi", tien Ien den tan dinh ndi", mdi d i n h chiem dUdc Phu Nam (khding nam 649 C L.). Day la thdi gian thuan Idi de Chan Lap rad rpng quyen lUc ve phia ddng, den ha luu sdng Me Kdng, den ca cang - thi 6c Eo, neu raudn. NhUng ngUdi ta lai tha'y mpt hien tUdng ngUdc lai, la co ve da't ban bd b trung luu song Me Kdng, cd le dd hp ehua quen tiep xuc vdi bien va chUa quen trdng Ida tren rudng ngap nudc, cho den the ky XX (B.P. Groslier, 1973)(<5). Cd le nhd the raa the ky VII, Chan Lap tap trung sdc thiic hien dUdc 3 viec, ba thanh tUu Idn, rat cd y nghia: 1/
Sing tae va sd dung chd viet mdi, chii Khd me cd; 2/ xay diJng kinh dd mdi Isanapura tren luu viic StUng Sen, nay la Kompong Thom, bd ddng - bic Bien hd, g i n sdng Me Kdng. 3/ Xay diing van h d i Chan Lap sd ky, thudng dUdc gpi la Vdn hod Tiin Ang - co (611 - 802).
Viec 1:
Chac da dUdc chuan bi td khi lap nUdc va bat d i u tien danh kinh dd Phu Nara (nara 598) de cd bia cha Khmer d i u tien nam 611, dung d chinh tren dat Angkor Borei. Sau dd cd kheang 5 bia, viet nda Khmer, nda Sanskrit, deu b g i n vdng kinh dd (Ta Keo, nam 639 cd 5 cau skr va
24 ddng Khmer cd, cd ten vua Bhavavarraan nhUng khdng ro lai lich, Prasat Prathat, b Prey Veng, nara 655 cd 9 ddng khraer, Ang Chumnik, b Prey Veng, nara 667, ke thd tU cic vua, cd 26 cau Sanskrit, khdng cd Khmer; Prah Kuha Luong, hang Karapot, nam 674 cd 9 ddng Khmer. D i n g chd y, tren dat cu Phu Nam, cd 4 bia: Angco Borei, Ta Keo (ke tren), Dong Thdp Mudi, 10 ddng Khmer cd, nien diem 713, ke ten rapt n h a n vat la, Puskara, tudc V K A (vua?) va xa nhat ve phia nam la bia Phu Hau (Sa Dec), nien diem 639 cd 3 cau skr. va 25 ddng Khraer, ndi ve viec lap den, cdng rudng, thd thin.NhU the, trdng the ky VII, dau tich xa nha't cua Chan Lap tren dat Phu Nam la 4 ndi dd va cung la rat g i n vdi dat Chan Lap, g i n nhU la vung giip ranh ngay nay.
Rieng Phu Hau, ghi nien diem 639 nhUng khdng ndi tdi mdt dng vua nao (theo qui t i c thudng phai cd), viet 25 ddng Khmer cd, dai, ndi nhieu ve viec lap den, cdng rupng... (bia trUng bay trdng Bao tang Tp Hd Chi Minh), phai chang la rapt bieu hien phan tan, Iy khai?
Viec 2:
Sau khi d i n h thang, chinh phuc dUdc Phu Nara, vUdng trieu 1 cua Chan Lap, VUdng trieu Bhavapura lap (khoang 600 - 680) gdm bd'n^^) ddi vua. Cic vua cd ve dia ban cua minh, b lUu viic sdng Stung Sen, ddng bic Bien Hd, nay la tinh Kompong Thom. Cd t i c gia cho day l i que hUdng cua ddng vua nay, nhUng khdng thay c6 can cd nao. Dieu chac c h i n hdn la nd b vao khding giiia ha luu - dja ban mdi rad - vdi trung luu, g i n Se Mun, dat gdc cua cua ca tec ngUdi. 6 day, hp tien hanh xay dUng kinh dd, tren dja diera gpi la Sambor Prei Kuk va dupe gpi theo ten vua la
Lucmg Ninh - Nudc Phit Nam vd hdu Phii Nam 11 Isanapura, la rapt nhdra gdra 5 cum kien
true den t h i p ggch, hoanh trang, ciu ky, dep; nay tuy da hi sup dd thanh phe tich, nhUng v i n cdn cho thay binh dd, dang ve, cung vdi tUdng t h i n cua nd. Va cd the, 1 - 2 vua niJa khong chic chin, theo dudi xu hudng CO cura ve vung dat ddng Bien Hd - trung lUu sdng Me Kdng, xay kinh dd va dung bia chd Phan d day. Viet bia chd Phan trong khi b i t d i u cd chd Khraer rieng, dUdng nhU raudn chdng td v i n la sii tiep ndi van boa va da cd trinh dp cao^^.
Cung vdi viec xay diing kinh dd, thiic te la 5 cura den t h i p gach, thd t h i n , ndi trung tara cua qud'c gia, cac vua Chan Lap cdn cho viet, khic bia ke ve than the sU nghiep diing dat b ngay va g i n cac den thap Sambor Prei Kuk.
Viec 3:
Nam cum den thdp Sambor Prei Kuk cung la sU tiep nd'i va sang tao cua kien true den t h i p gach: vdn la nhdng binh dd vudng vdc thu nho Ien cao dan; do dd cd the nghi r i n g binh dd kien true Phu Nara cd the dupe luu gid it nhieu b Sambor Prei Kuk? Ngoai ra cdn cd cac yeu to':
- Nhdng Hoa vdn trang tri tren tUdng ggch kha phong phd, la m i t ;
- Cd them mi caa (linteau), bdng da, tac hinh hoa la cich dieu, bien ddi theo phong each, thdi gian;
- Dd rai cda la hai cot nho colonnette), cung b i n g da, luc ddu hinh try, trdn, cd ba vdng n h i n va hinh trang tri b hai diu, ve sau cot trd nen ciu ky hdn, hinh sau canh, boa tiet trang tri rara rap hdn;
Bdu ciia dd cd Id de l i p cinh cda, ddi khi b i n g gd; cd bac cda, hai - ba bac bing d i , bac tha'p nhat rpng hdn, cd hinh ddu gdp (accolade^^K
- 6 kinh dd Sambor Prei Kuk, cd may pho tUdng thd bing d i , van la "Visnu dgi mil tru, mac do ddi kieu Phu. Nam" song da cd doi chut cai tien, cii mii tru d i n cao hdn, ddi cho cdn gid mai tdc tet thanh dai bang tren diu. Thanh ngang gid tay bien thanh vdng cung vutng chic b Phnom Da da mat di din.Dd la gia tri cua van boa - nghe thuat Phu Nam cdn dUdc giiJ lai va cai tien. Cho nen, tuy cac nha nghien cdu nddc ngdai gpi day la thdi "Tiin Ang - co", nhung ve van boa, thiJc chat la Hdu Phii Nam, ke tiep Phii Nam, tuy da bat d i u budc sang thdi ky van boa Khmer.
The ky VII la thdi gian khdng khd de thuc hien cupc di dan xuo'ng phUdng Nam, neu cd nhu cau va kha nang. Cd the nhan biet sU cd mat cua cU dan mdi hay khdng va la mpt tieu chi hoan toan xac dang la d ndi dd cd dau An sinh boat cua cU dan mdi, dac biet la dd dung, dd gd'm, cd den, chua, bi ky hay khdng? chd viet nao? dau An cua van hoi nao? NgUdi ta da phat hien dUdc 2 ngdi den deu kha Idn, 1, b chinh dd thanh cii cua Phu Nara, gpi la den Angkor Borei; b day cd bia viet chd Khraer cd, nien diem 611 C.L., la bia viet chd Khmer dau tien dUdc phat hien chd den nay va cung la nien diem md d i u van h o i Khmer, thdi ky Khmer. Bia ke day la mdt ngoi den thd than, cd 22 nhac cdng va ca cdng (phuc vu li nghi Hindu giao), 22 ngUdi phuc vu, 56 nd le lam rudng cung vdi 100 bd va 20 trau. Cd cUdng dieu hay khong thi khdng biet, nhUng de chdng td tu the cua ke chien t h i n g thi b i n la cd.
Va 2, Den va bia Phu HUu b Sa Dec (Ddng Thap), tren bd sdng Tien; den nhd hdn, bia viet 3 cau Sanskrit va 25 ddng Khmer cd, ghi nien diem 639 (trUng bay d Bao tang Tp Hd Chi Minh ). Khdng thay ghi
12 Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 10/2009 ten vua raa le ra thUdng phai cd. Nam
trung vdi bia Ta Keo, cd ten rapt dng vua Bhavavarraan, nhUng cdn chUa rd lai Ijch. Mdt ngdi chua nda, gpi la Vat Sre Ben tdc la 6 Lam d Chau Ddc, ndi ve mpt ngdi chua, khdng cd nien dai, mdt ten ngudi, Baladitya, rat md nhat, khdng bieu la ai, cd vai trd gi? The ky 7 tat c i chi cd the, vai ba diera, deu la ndi khdng the cU tru dn djnh lau dai (Ankor Borei la dinh nui). Tat ca deu la nhdng dja diera giap ranh.
Td day, the ky VII, cd the gpi la thdi Hdu Phu Nam, cung la Tiin Angkor, tuy nhien, khdng phai la keo dai trien raien, ma cd djnh thdi gian va ndi dung cu the.
Npi dung dd la sii hinh thanh vUdng trieu sd ky Chan Lap - Bhavapura, sii hinh thanh van h o i Khmer, chu yeu chd Khmer, cung la sii tiep nd'i hpc theo Phu Nam, chu yeu hinh tUdng Visnu va van Sanskrit; dd cung la sii sing tao radi, chu yeu la cac loai hinh gia co' trang tri b i n g d i tren thap gach.Cho nen, mdt sd'tac gii gpi la Vdn hod Tien Angkor. Thdi gian dd la td nam 611 (bia chd Khmer d i u tien) den 680 (nam qua ddi cua Jayavarman I), vua cud'i cua vUdng trieu Bhavapura, md diu sU khung hding, chia re. Neu cd ked dai cung khdng the qua nam 802, nam cham ddt Vdn hod Tiin Angkor.
3.2 • T h e ky VIII
Nhu da ndi d tren, the ky VII, Chan Lap eo cum tren dat cua minh, d vung quanh Bien Hd Tdnle Sap. Hp xay trdec tien, hai cum den thap Vat Eng Khna (620 AD) d Battambang va Tuoi Baset (640) nhu mdt sii tham dd, thi diem (?), rdi den xay tap trung tren luu viic Stung Sen (Kompong Thom), lap dung kinh dd Isanapura, vdi cac cum den t h i p Sambor
Prei Kuk (giiia the ky VII), Prei Khmeng va Prasat Andet (nda sau the VII).
Ca the ky VIII, ciing chi cd thera ba cura den t h i p b vdng quanh kinh do : Trapeng Phong, Korapong Prah va Phum Prasat. Prei Khmeng dUdc coi la lam dd, tuy nhien, ciing da k h i diy du, keo dai td cudi the ky VII den d i u the ky VIII, nen trd thanh mdt tieu chi ve phong each va nien dai Van h o i Tien Angkor. Dac biet, b day cd cii rai cda d i k h i c tac hinh Brahma ddn sinh gidng mi cda Mi Sdn E
1 nhu "sinh ddi".
Sau hdn nda the ky hinh thanh va md raang (td nam 600 den 680, Chan Lap rdi vad khung hoang trieu chinh raa trUdc dd da cd nhdng dau hieu tan quyen. Nam 680, vua Jayavarman I qua ddi, b i t diu xuat hien nhdng vua chua dia phUdng, khdng cd lai lich rd rang, Cd 3 tam bia nhd va xau k h i c ten rapt ngUdi la l i m la Puskara hay Puskaraksa, 2 tira thay b Ddng T h i p va 1 d Kratie. Sd nha DUdng b i t d i u chep Chan Lap phan chia thanh Chan Lap Dat va Chan Lap Nudc. Chan Lap Dat b tren cao, dat ban bd cua hp, cl nga ba Se Mun - Me Kdng, phia bic Dangrek, chd khdng phai b nddc Carapuchia ngay nay, cdn Thuy Chan Lap ciing khdng phai toan Ddng b i n g sdng Cdu Long, toan Nara Bp ngay nay, raa chu yeu la co ve vung trung lUu sdng Me Kdng, quanh kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap la Sarabor, b Korapdng Cham. Phe tich kien true va ndi tim thay bi ky xic nhan dieu nay, dieu raa cic nha chuyen radn d trong va ngoai nUdc da ndi td lau rdi. Nara 610 - 649 (39 nara), ca Phu Nam va Chan Lap deu cd sd t h i n sang nha Tuy. Kinh dd Phu Nam da bj chiem, vua chay ve Naravaranagara, tdi doan la d ndi Ba The
Luang Ninh - Nudc Phu Nam vd hdu Phii Nam 13 - 6c Ed, vua van cii sd than rieng sang
nha Tuy cung luc vdi Chan Lap, sau dd, bj d i n h l i n niJa mdi thdi. Tuy nhien, Chan Lap chi di cdng den nam 617 rdi cung ddt ban. Chan lap Dat v i n ddng rieng, di sd rieng vai l i n nda vao cic nam 753, 771 va 779. The la td 617 - 753 (136 nara) Chan Lap khdng cd quan he ngoai giao vdi ben ngoai; ngudi ta khdng hieu bien ddng gi ma Chan Lap di den chd nhU the. Va neu tinh td khi Jayavarman I qua ddi, nam 680 - den 802, Jayavarman II len ngdi, 122 nam thi cd tdi 258 nara, ngUdi ta khdng he dupe biet ten met vi vua nad, rapt VUdng trieu nad cua Chan Lap. Thiic te ciing khdng cd mdt dau hieu nao cua sU cai quan cua trung Udng hay dja phUdng, mdt van ban hay mdt hanh dpng nao. Sd Trung Quo'c ciing khdng viet dUdc gi, vi hp cd sang dau ma biet.
Tuy nhien, nhu the khdng phai se dien ra canh Ion xdn, lung tung. Lang xdm hinh thanh td xa xUa gdm nhdng ngUdi dan cung sd'ng tren mdt dia vUc, lam cung mpt nghe, chu yeu la nghe ndng, d i n h c i va diing nha gd la. Td dd hinh thanh nhUng cdng ddng tU quan n h i m dira bao cupc sd'ng gian dj, binh lang, tU cap, tU tdc p h i n Idn, raien la khdng cd ai khuay ddng hp. Cupc sd'ng cua hp khdng phai ep xat nhieu, cho den ngay nay v i n the. Rudng da't rpng, ngudi thUa. NgUdi Phap da tdng k h i i q u i t ddi sd'ng cua ngUdi Khraer - "Hp chiera hdu rudng dat bing ludi cay" va lara ndng nghiep b i n g nUdc tudi tU nhien, tdc la nudc mUa, khi du lam da't trdng, gieo hat thi chiy tran bd xudng sdng, khdng phai vat va lam thuy Idi, tudi - tieu, Su dura bpc gidp nhau thi cd nhUng sU hdp tac trong s i n xuat chUa that cin (cd the tham khao B.P. Groslier - 1973«^>. Neu
khong cd bien ddng chinh tri thi cd nhU the, lang le tiep dien, nhUng van boa thi khdng ddng yen, nd tham nhap va i n h hUdng den ddi sd'ng ; cd the khdng cin ai chi huy, ra lenh, cdng ddng cU dan hpp nhau ban, tU ddng gdp, td chdc, xay den thap gach.
Den the ky VIII, Chan Lap trd thanh rapt thdi chia re va tao loan, khdng cdn vua chua, trieu dinh, ro rang la tinh hinh da khac rat nhieu:
Vua chua khdng cdn, ngoai xara hoanh hanh, dan cd the lUu tan tira chd yen dn de sinh sd'ng. NgUdi vdn cd the d lai chd'n cii, nhung van hoi thi cd the khdng n i m yen, nha't la nhdng yeu to' gia cd kien true bing da, mdi la, dep va viing chic. Cd ngUdi dan thi cdn cd sd nguyen thd t h i n thanh, xay den va b dd nhUng yeu td' kien true vdn hod Tiin Ang - co lai cd dip xuat hien.
O Lop Buri, trung luu sdng Me Nam, nay van cdn ddng met nhdm 4 thap gach, xay khdi dac giat cap kieu Phum Prasat, tuy da xieu veo rat nhieu va van cdn dUdc gpi la "thdp Khmer", tuy nhien, khdng chac gi la da cd sii cai quan Khmer, vi met tam bia viet Sanskrit phat hien d day, nien diem 937 ndi ten ngUdi ddng d i u va hoang tu rat khac la.Tren da't Nam bd Viet Nara ciing cd mdt sd' dau tich den thap gach.Hien nay, chi duy nhat thap Binh Thgnh (Tay Ninh) cdn ddng, tuy da dUdc xay lai tren nen cii va cd the ca vat lieu cu.
Ding chd y la thap nay cdn gid mdt mi cda da hinh canh la khum cong nhe, mera mai, kieu Tiin Angkor the ky VIII. Nhieu ndi khdng cdn nhan ra hinh dang, lai cd dau vet xay den thap mdi de len tren cii cii da sup dd, tham chi lay gach cU de xay den mdi, nhan dUdc kha rd.; tuy nhien, vi the, khd tach bdc, phan biet hai Idp kien true,
14 Nghien cvtu Ddng Nam A 10/2009 hai ruen dai. NgUdi Phap lam mdt cupc
kiem ke - H. Parmentier (1909 (7) cho biet cdn cd dau tich nen kie'n true b Phudc Hung, Hara Ninh Ha, Chdt Mat, Thanh Dien, Tien Thuan, Rdng Diu, deu b Tay Ninh, xay gach nhUng tat ca cung da trd thanh phe tich. Tuy nhien Laksmi Tien Thuan, ddi cot d i va mi cda d i Tien Thuan (Tay Ninh) cung cd nien dai cud'i the ky VIII. Ngoai ra, cic cupc khai quat kbid cd hpc nhdng nam qua da p h i t hien ddi cot va linteau, cd khi khdng hoan toan du, chi la loai cot trdn, cd 3 vdng trang tri d Thanh Dien, Tien Thuan (Tay Ninh), Gd Xoai, Gd Ddn, Gd Binh Ta (Long An), Gd Thap (Ddng Thip). NhU the, rapt sd di tich, di vat chju anh hudng vdn hod Tiin Ang - co md nhat, tap trung chu yeu b vdng giap ranh, b Tay Ninh, Gd Thip. 6 day, dieu kien sinh sd'ng, san xua't thuan Idi, cd the cd rapt nhdra dan di cU td trung luu sdng Me Kdng xud'ng, sdng canh/ chen vdi dan ban dia, Phu Nara - Bnam - Mndng. Ta't ca chi c6 the, tren nhdng dia diem ban hep nhu the. Vi la anh hUdng van hoa nen v i n cd the cd sii "trdi dat" den rapt dia diem nio khic, rapt thdi gian xa hdn, song dd chi la c i biet, hiem cd va md nhat, ching ban b Gd Thap, Gd Xoai, Gd Ddn (Long An)
"trdi dat "tham chi den ca Ben Tre; ma khao cd hpc thi cd nhieu vi du ve "hien vat - van hoi trdi dat" (drifting ware), do mang den, raua ve, ddi chac. Su cd raat cua mdt sd'ye'u tdkien true Tiin Angkor khdng nha't thiet di lien sU di cU ddng dio cua ngUdi Khmer. Viec tac d i thanh mi cda, cot chd'ng, khong the la viec cua bat ky ndng dan, ngU dan nao, ma phai la nhdng thd d i chuyen nghiep, ca nhdng nghe nhan, (ddi khi cdn cd tUdng thin). Nhdng hiep thd/nghe nhan da cd nhdng m i u raa quen thupc dUdc Ua chudng mpt thdi cd the
dUdc ddn den lam bet ndi nay den ndi khic, ma cdn cd gia thuyet hp la ngUdi goc An Dd/Ba Tu. TrUdng hdp b Cat Tien, vung ndi ddi ngUdi Ma rat cd the la nhu the.
Giao lUu van hoi, anh hddng van hoi thi rat cd the cd.
Mpt vai nhdm nhd cd the cd, td da't Chan Lap di cU xuo'ng, thUa thdt, tan mat, khdng dupe bd sung, td nam 802 - 1432, hdn 600 nam, da ban dia hoa hoan toan, cung vdi ngUdi Mndng, Stieng, khdng cdn dau vet rieng nao.
Nghi rang td sau nam 649, Chan Lap cai trj toan bd ha lUu sdng Cdu Long that khdng dung. Hp lap kinh dd Thuy Chan Lap b Sarabor tren bd trung lUu sdng Me Kdng, nay cdn di tich, nhUng khong thay cd bieu hien cai tri nhU the nao. Khong ndi xa ve phia ddng raa ngay tren da't ban bp, vdng quanh Sarabor, dau hieu quan Iy cung khdng thd'y rd va vi sao khdng cd dau hieu trd lai kinh dd cu b Kompong Thom, cd' dd Isanapura?
Trong bdi canh dd, ngUdi Java vao xam chiem lam cho tinh trang t r i m trpng hdn.
Ngudi Java tien d i n h nhieu ndi, ca ddng b i n g sdng Hdng, Champa va Chan Lap.
Den dau cung cUdp, p h i , dot, rdi rut ve, ca hai l i n , nam 774 va 787. Ddi vdi Chan Lap, hp ta'n cdng l i n 2 den kinh do Sarabor, tren bd ta ngan Me Kong, giet nhieu ngUdi, hinh nhu ca vua ba'y gid la Mahipati, cUdp cua cai va b i t rapt sd ngudi trong hoang gia, raang theo ve Java. Nhieu ngUdi nghi r i n g td 787 den 802, 15 nara, ngUdi Java cai tri triic tiep Chan Lap, nhUng ngUdi ta khdng dUdc biet gi ve cd hay khong che dp cai tri nay.
y nghi r i n g thdi dd cd rapt dUdng bien gidi, rapt che dp quan Iy td trung Udng den dia phUdng la khong thiic te vdi trinh dd thdi
Luang Ninh - Nudc Phi) Nam vd hdu Phii Nam 15 dd, ca thdi Chan Lap va Java. Khdng hdn
ddn, nhUng cung khong cd rapt che dp hanh cbinh rd rang.
4 - B^t dau thofi Ang-co
4.1 - Khoang nam 800, rapt trong nhdng ngUdi thupc hoang tpc Chan Lap bi bat sang Java trdn dupe ve, den Kompong Cham, hinh nhu la que dng va ciing g i n kinh do Thuy Chan Lap cu, Sambor, nhieu ngUdi ung hd di theo. Ong td chdc thanh rapt lUc ludng lam chd diia rdi tu tuyen bd' lam vua mdi, gpi ten la Jayavarman II (nam 802 - 850). Sau dd, dng bat d i u rapt qua trinh dai, djch chuyen ndi ddng dd, td phia ddng - nam Ien phia Bic Bien Hd, di qua 3 dia diem ma den nay chUa that ro nguyen do.
Chinh dng chUa chpn dia diem Ang-co ma ddi vua thd 4, c h i t dng, Yasovarraan 889 - 900) radi chpn Phnom Bakheng de xay den thap d i u tien, gpi ten kinh dd theo ten vua, Yasodharapura, chinh la Ang-co, tuy Ang-co dUdc gpi rat mudn, chuyen am cua td Phan Nagara, chi cd nghia la Qudc gia. Jayavarman II la ngUdi md diu ddng
hp, rad dau vUdng trieu nen thUdng dUdc coi la ngUdi md d i u thdi ky Ang-co keo dai td nam 802 den 1432 - 630 nam, rat dai, nhUng khdng lien tuc, nhieu ddt quang, nhieu vUdng trieu, tuy vdn b cung mdt chd va cd thdi gian tien len dinh eae cua nd.
Campuchia cd mpt nen kinh te ndng nghiep dn djnh, vUdn cay td't tUdi, gia sue phong phd, rapt cupc sd'ng day du, dn djnh.
Cho nen hp cd nhieu giai doan p h i t trien cUdng thinh; da cd nhdng dng vua chinh chien nhU Indravarman (877 - 889), con la Yasovarman (889 - 900), md dau xay diing Ang-co, rdi Rajendravarman II (944 - 968), ngudi thd'ng nhat lai vUdng qudc, mdi
len ngdi da d i n h Champa den Po Nagar, Suryavarraan II (1113 - 1150), "ngUdi chinh chien" va xay dUng AngkorVat, rdi Jayavarraan VII (1181 - sau 1200) "ngUdi anh hung da giai phdng dat nUdc khdi ich do hp Champa, da chien thang va cai tri lai Champa trong 2 nam, da xay dung Ang-co Thom va nhieu cdng trinh khac.
Cd mpt sd' dieu rdi cdn phai mat nhieu cdng nghien cdu, xem vi sao Yasovarman than thien vdi Dai Viet, ma Suryavarraan II thi hung hang gay chien nhieu lin, nhung Jayavarman VII lai rat than thien.
Hp cd the de dang di den Ddng b i n g sdng Cdu Long, nhUng sud't may the ky dd, khdng he thay dau vet ngUdi/ van boa Khraer tren da't nay. Hdn 10 hd dao khao cd tren 10 tinh, khdng he thay gd'm Khmer d cac Idp tren. Den thap thupc thdi gian nay, tuyet nhien khdng cd. Trong hd' khai quat Bdi Xdo (Sdc Trang), Idp tren cd may vat gd'm cd ve gidng gd'm Khmer, nhUng it qua, chUa cd nien dai cbinh xac, nen chUa the ket luan.
4.2 - Cd xem khi vua Ponhea Yat cung vdi trieu t h i n xud'ng thuyen rdi Angkor nam 1432, di ve Basan, gin Kompong Cham, gpi ten dd mdi la Srey Santhor, mdt thdi gian ngin lai chuyen ve Pursat, bd tay - nam Bien Hd, may nam sau chuyen den Lovek (1529 - 1595), rdi lai chuyen den Udong (1620 - 1867), den 1867 mdi chuyen ve Phnom Penh, chi each U Dong 20 kra ve phia Ddng. Day la chang cudi cung, nhUng 433 nam ddi dd den 5 lin.
Kinh thanh Angkor b Tay - bic Bien Hd (tinh Xiem Riep) b sud't 630 nam khdng thay ddi, ma nao cd phai cung dien nguy nga gi. Day chu yeu la den thd thin, vua quan diing n h i gd la de d (Chu Dat
16 Nghien cuu Ddng Nam A 10/2009 Quan - Chan Lgp phong thd ky : "Dinh
thu cua cic hoang than va quan Idn deu Idp tranh") ma dau cd yen h i n gi, da nhieu l i n bi danh, cUdp, ddt p h i , bj chiem ddng (Champa chiem ddng 4 nam, 1177 - 1181; Ayuthaya 5 nam, 1352 - 1357, lan nda 2 nam, 1394 - 1396 va chuan bj d i n h tiep nam 1430. Npi bp cung d i n h nhau, bd chay vai l i n . Cd radi l i n nhu the, lai quay ve sda cbda, diing hoang cung nha sin, b tiep.Tuy dung nha gd l i nhUng ciing phai d ben ngoai khudn vien tUdng thanh Ang-co Vat va Ang-co Thom, vi day la ndi thd than t h i n h , linh thieng.
Cupc kbid cdu va dad kbid cd cua Dpi Bao quan Ang-co eua Nhat Ban'^^ cho tha'y khdng cd dau vet nen xay nha gach hoac vet ehdn cot gd g i n cac den t h i p da.
Xem anh td 1 - 10, anh 3, 7, 10 la nhiing bai da't trdng va ten gpi (Royal Plaza and terrace of Elephants, anh 10: Area north side of Royal plaza...) cd the la ndi dung l i u gd la cho vua va hoang gia.Hd bdi t i m (Srah Srang) va cd le ca hoang cung nira b phia ddng - nam, gan vdi hd nUdc Mebon Ddng, each tudng thanh Ang-cd Vat va Ang-co Thom tdi 4 kra.
Anh hudng va sU cai quan cua vua Jayavarraan VII den Luong Phabang (Lao) va Champa (d Vijaya, Qui Nhdn thi rd hdn, vi b day cdn cd bia va dau An kien true Khmer. Day la thdi hai nUdc Champa va Cambd't d i n h nhau td.
Nhu the, thdi ay, rapt thiet che hien hdu hay khdng, the hien bing nhdng dau hieu van h o i cua nd, chd chUa cd van ban qui djnh cu the, cang chua cd viec "cira radc bien gidi". 6 Nam Bd Viet Nam hoan toan khdng cd dau ti'ch gi ve loai nay.
NgUdi dan chUa bd di tim dat sd'ng mdi vi cdn c i n phai g i n vdi kinh dd.
Khong phai chi cd kinh thanh, ca vung dan cU sd'ng lien ke b bd b i c Bien Hd cung vdi ca hoang gia va kinh thanh da g i n vdi he thd'ng ndng nghiep va thuy Idi hdp ly va chat che den mdc khdng the ddi xa^^''^
Kinh dd Angkor va vung dan cU gan lien vdi nd xay diing tren bd bic Bien Hd Tonle Sap, ndi da't nghieng 30°, lai b mpt vung cd 6 thang mUa t i r a ta hang ngay va 6 t h i n g mua khd, khdng cd rapt gipt mUa;
nudc mUa chi rapt budi la chay bet xuo'ng hd. Cic vua Carabd't td Yasovarman da nghi ra, tao nen mpt he thd'ng thuy Idi hdp ly, thdng minh, t r d dUdc nUdc trong mua mUa, du dung chd sinh hoat cua hoang gia va c i s i n xuat cua dan chdng trong sud't mua khd, dieu ma cic nha nghien cdu ngUdi P h i p gpi la "Chinh sdeh nUdc"
Xin xem them V.GoIoubew (1941)<ii\ Cd dieu, lam rapt l i n de dung sud't 600 nam, nay vdn cdn dd, nhUng da bet t i c dung;
tuy nhien, nd lai cung cd' them tap quan canh t i c chi dung nUdc tUdi tU nhien, mpt nam rapt vu.
5 - Thdi Hau Ang-co
Cho nen, neu sud't thdi Angcd, mac du manh me, chinh chien ma thay ca vua cbda, ngUdi dan khdng ddi xa que hUdng ban quan cua minh d bd Bdc Bien Hd Tonle Sap, thi cung khdng phai la dieu dang ngac nhien. NhUng tinh hinh da thay ddi td khoang nam 1432. Vua da chuyen thi dan cung chuyen theo... Vua tim den Lovek, rdi sau khi Lovek bj pha trui, thi lai den Udong, xay hoang cung mdi, nhUng dan thi tim den chd nao cd the lam ndng nghiep theo tap q u i n de sd'ng yen dn. Hp tim den chd nao khdng phai tranh chap, cp xit, bdi tiep dd may the ky, chinh vua cung cdn phai lao dao, long dong. ChUa ai quL
Luang Ninh - Nudc Phii Nam vd hdu Phii Nam 17
d i n h da't nao cua v u a nao, den dau; cung chUa cd v u a nao t h a t yen vj b ngdi. Hdn n d a , t h e o t a p q u i n g i n nghin n a m , canh t i c nong nghiep t r e n t h e m cad, d u n g nUdc tudi t u n h i e n thi cd t h e tira t h a y ndi dd la t h e m cao sdng Me Kdng b ca t r u n g luu va h a luu, n h d n g ddt giong, ma ngudi K h m e r gpi la Chamcar (dpc la chomca) (B.P.
Groslier: Bourrelet de berge). Bay gid ddng b a n g sdng C d u Long r a i rac v i n cd ngUdi sinh sdng, ngUdi Stieng, Md Ndng m a td tien xa cua hp chinh la ngUdi Bnam, da lap nudc P h u N a m , n h u n g cdn r a t thUa thdt, do p h a i t r i n h n h d n g v u n g d i m l i y , ngap lu, "dudi sdng s a u loi, t r e n gidng cpp um".
Che da't gidng nao cdn trdng thi hp den, d i n d i n , t d n g it mdt, vai gia dinh rdi t h u a n Idi thi r u t h e m , lap xdm, thdn.
N h d n g thdn xdm nay, hp gpi la sdc, viet srok, cdng ddng Idn hdn gpi la phum.
N h d n g t d nay b thdi Ang-co gpi la grama / sruk /. Thdi ay dUdc td chdc k h i qui cu, de c h u n g n h a u nUdc tudi, lang gpi thed t d cd, chd P h a n la Grama, viet trong cac van bia, nay h o a n c a n h mdi, grama khdng cdn thich hdp, gpi mdi la srok, chuyen a m t d sruk, t d cd, cd t d thdi Ang-co, nghia la rudng, ciing cd nghia la lang (viet trong v a n bia, cat sruk cd nghia la lap lang, cung vdi r u d n g de lara n g h i a vu vdi den.Cd t h e ndi c h i c r i n g ngddi K h m e r chi bude d i u va d a n d i n den Ddng b a n g sdng Cdu Long t d s a u n a m 1432, d u n g r a la lan chgy logn, sdng t r e n cac chamcar/gidng, b i t d i u t d Sdc T r a n g , T r a Vinh, Vinh Long, song cdn k h i thUa thdt. C h a y loan t i m da't sd'ng thi ndi nao sd'ng dUdc, ndi nao khdng bi ai cam d o i n t h i den.TrUdc nfla, thi nhU t r e n da ndi, n e u cd thi Id thd, l i e d i e , nhUng da k h o n g cd d a u vet gi sud't 630 n a m thdi Ang-co. Nhdm t i c gia T h a i ( J a m e s C M . Khoo - (2003)<'2) da r a t n h a m khi cho r i n g
ngUdi ndi tieng K h m e r den trude, gianh lay da't gidng, t h e m cao de sd'ng, cdn ngUdi Viet den s a u t h i lam r u d n g t h a p b ven song, (tr. 16). Van de la b cho tim ndi thich hdp vdi t a p q u i n c a n h tac, chd khdng p h a i la trUdc h a y sau.Tuy nhien, cung khdng nen vi t h e m a ndi "lay dUde" - "dat dai hoang vu, t o a n rvftig r a m , d a m liy"./.
C H U T H I C H
1. Ludng Ninh. VUdng quo'c Phii Nam - DHQG Ha Noi, in lan 3, 2009.
2. L.Malleret. L'Archeologie du delta du Mekong, ADM, tome 1 - 4, Paris 1960 - 1963.
3. P.Dupont. 1955, La Statuaire Preangkorienne, Paris, 1955.
4 - Ludng Ninh. Vudng qudc Champa, DHQG Ha Noi, 2005.
5 - Wang Gung Wu. The Nanhai Trade - The Early History of Chinese Tracts in the South China Sea, Singapore 1998.
6 - B.P. Groslier. Pour une Geographic his- torique du Cambodge, Presse Univ.
Phnom Penh 1973.
7 - H.Parmentier, Inventaire archeologique a Tay Ninh, BEFEO 1909.
8 - H. Parmentier, Art architectural hindou dans rinde et en Extreme - Orient, Paris 1948 9 - J a p a n e s e Government Team for
Safeguarding Angkor UNESCO ISA, Tokyo, Reports 1996 - 1999.
10 - LUdng Ninh. Quan he kinh te- xd hgi thdi Angco vd Hdu Angco, trong Lich sd Dong Nam A thdi cd, Vien Dong Nam a - Ha Noi, 1983, tr. 81 - 138.
11 - V. Goloubew. I'Hydraulique urbaine et agricole a V epoque des rois d'Angkor, B.E.I., Hanoi 1941.
12 - James C M . khoo - Arts& archaeology of Fu Nan S.A.C.S - Bangkok 2003.
