TAP CHi CONG THOlfNG
XlT LY NUOfC THAI SINH HOAT TAI NHA BANG HO THUY SINH NUOI CAY LUC BINH
(EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES)
• oadNGTH! HUYEN
TOM TAT:
Hien nay, xff ly ntfdc thai Id vide can dtfdc chu trong bdi vd'n de d nhiem ngudn ntfdc cung nhtf khan hie'm ntfdc sach dang ngdy cang trd nen nghiem trong, De gidi quyet va'n de nay, cac nha khoa hoc da khdng ngffng nghien cffu va tim kie'm ra cac giai phap de xff ly ntfdc thdi.
Trong dd, xff ly ntfdc thai bang thtfc vat thuy sinh dtfdc bid't d6'n Id phtfdng phap ddn gian, it tdn kem, ban che sff dung hda chd't trong qua trinh xff ly ma chi sff dung cac loai thtfe vdt ed sdn trong ttf nhien. Qua cae ket qua nghien effu da cho tha'y cd the sff dung cay luc binh cho xff ly nffde thai sinh boat, thich hdp eho qui md vtfa vd nhd trong ede gia dinh vdi muc dieh xff ly ntfde thai smh boat, tai sff dung trong ttfdi, rffa tai nhd, vffa tao ve my quan, ddp ffng nhu cdu phat trien mdi trtfdng bdn vffng cua tinh Tra Vinh.
Tiif khda: Xff ly nffde thai, thtfc vat thuy sinh, hd thuy sinh, cay luc binh.
1. Dgit vS'n dS
Nffdc thdi sinh hoat (NTSH) tai cdc khu ddn ctf tdp trung, khu do thi, vung ven dd thi tai ede thdnh phd' Idn ndi chung va tai thanh phd' Tra Vinh ndi rieng hau nhtf chtfa dtfdc xff ly hay mdi chi dffde xff iy bdng he thd'ng ddn gian nhff be iff hoai,,,, cha'l Iffdng nffdc chtfa dat yeu cdu xa ra ngoai mdi trtfdng, day la ngudn gay 6 nhiem mdi trtfdng sd'ng, lay lan cdc dich benh.
Trong nhffng nam gan day, ngudn ntfdc cang trd nen khan hie'm, nen viec sff dung tiet kiSm nffdc la mot va'n de ra't dtfdc quan tam tren nhieu ntfdc tren the'gidi,
Vdi dieu kien kmh te cua Viet Nam ta ndi chung va tinh Tra Vinh ndi rieng, viec nghien etfu, ffng dung cdng nghe xff ly ntfdc thai bang phtfdng phdp ddn gidn, it td'n kem, tan dung
nhtfng dieu kien sCn cd vdn dam bao cac tieu ehud'n cua mdi trtfdng dang Id nhffng htfdng di hdp ly, Phtfdng phdp hd thuy sinh dtfdc bie't la mdt trong nhffng nhdm phtfdng phdp ttf nhien da va dang dtfdc ffng dung nhieu ndi tren the'gidi va khdng ehi xff ly NTSH md cdn ehe nffde thai cdng nghiep va trong nhieu linh vtfe khdc. Y nghia cua phtfdng phap nay, ngoai vec ddn gian, chi phi tha'p ma cdn cd the dem lai gia tri da dang sinh hoc, cai tao canh quan mdi trtfdn-^
sdng, sinh khdi thtfc vdt tao ra edn tao thanh eac san phdm cd gid tri kinh te. Phtfdng phap hd thuy smh dtfa tren cd sd sff dung cdc loai thtfc vdt thuy sinh bac cao ed kha nang lam sach cac cha't b^n trong nffdc thdi, tdc dung cd bdn cua thffc vat thuy sinh se tao ra mdi trtfdng giau oxy tao ra gia the cho cde loai vi sinh vdt hidu khi phdt
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HdA HOC-CONG NGHE THlfC PHAM
trien, thuc day qua trinh nitrat hda cac chd't hffu cd trong ntfdc. Vi vay, bai vie't gidi thi^u md hinh xu" ly nffde thai sinh hoat tai nha bang loai thtfc vdi thuy sinh quen thudc chie'm so' Itfdng ldn d dia phtfdng dae biet la cac tinh mien Tdy dd Id cay luc binh (beo tdy).
2. NOi dung
2.1. Bac diem sinh hoc ciia cay luc binh Theo tac gia Hoang Thi Thuy [9], eay lue binh ed dac diem phil hdp cho viec xff ly nffdc thai nhff sau:
- Cdy luc binh cd ten khda hgc la Eiehhomia crassipes (Solms), thudc ho Beo tdy (Pontederiaceae); nd con cd mot so' ten goi khdc nhffedy loc binh, cay phu binh, cdy beo tay hay cdy beo Nhat Ban. Nd la mot loai thffc vat thuy sinh than thao, thffdng sd'ng d tren nffdc nhffng cung cd thd sd'ng dffde tren can d nhffng ndi dd't am. Cay luc binh moc cao khoang 30 cm, la mau xanh, hinh trdn hdi cud'ng vao nhau nhff nhffng canh hoa, mat la nhan bdng. Cud'ng la phinh ra, trong cud'ng la cd xdp nd len nhff bong bdng giiip cay luc binh noi dffde tren mat ntfde. R6 beo dai de'n Im, cd mau den, trong nhtf Idng vu, budng ru xud'ng ntfdc.
- Rd cua thtfe vat ndy khdng bam vdo dd't ma Id lu'ng trong ntfdc, thdn va la cua nd phdt tnen tr6n mat nffdc. Nd trdi ndi tren mat ntfdc theo gid va ddng chay, loai dtfdc sff dung nhieu nha't Id beo tdy.
Trong xu' ly ntfde thai cay luc binh cd nhtfng vai tro sau:
- La eua cdy luc binh quang hdp vao ban ngay nen chung eung cd'p mdt Itfdng ldn 0 2 cho vung rd va viing be mat thffc da'y qud trinh phdn buy hid'u khi cdc hdp cha't hffu cd eung nhtf qud trinh nitdrat hoa cac hdp cha't nitd, viec tang DO (Dissloved oxygen - oxi hda tan) trong ntfde cdn thiic dd'y qua trinh lang dgng phoipho trong ntfde.
- Cay lue binh sinh san rd't nhanh trong moi trifdng ntfdc thai, do vay sau mdt thdi gian ngan chiing se tao thanh be mang cd tae dung giam anh sang mat trdi nen Idm giam stf phdt trie'n cua tao, ddng thdi 1dm giam tac ddng eua gid len be mat ao hd ddn den giam sdng va ddng chay;
Chung Cling cd tac dung lam giam stf xao trdn bdi nhiet gitfa cac tang ntfdc. Chinh nhffng dieu dd
- Cay luc binh ed dac diem Id cd bd rd ra't phat trien gdm rd't nhieu rd nhd liti, chung la gia the cho ra't nhieu vi sinh vat trong ntfde thai bam dinh, tao dieu kien td't nha't cho stf tie'p xuc gitfa cha't d nhidm vd vi sinh vai trong ntfdc thai, iffc la thuc dd'y qua trinh xff ly ntfdc thdi nhanh hdn,
- Bd rd cua beo lay cd dien tich be mat ra't ldn, do vdy nd cd kha nang hiit rd't nhieu eae chd't Id Iffng, lam trong ntfdc.
- Phia dtfdi eua ao hd xay ra qua trinh phan buy ki khi cac hdp chd't cua caebon va khff nitdrat, trong so'cac san pham tao ra la khi dgc vd ed miii khd chiu, nhffng do d phia tren cua ao hd cd beo nen cdc khi nay hi ha'p thu, do vay d nhffng vung xff ly dung quy each ehung ta se khdng phdt hidn dtfdc mui cffa nhffng khi nay.
- Trong qud trinh sd'ng, beo ed nhu eau sff dung cae dtfdng cha't can thid't nhtf dam, ldn, cac ehd't vi Itfdng nhtf kim loai ndng. Do dd, chinh beo lay eung tham gia trtfc tiep vao viec xff ly cac chd't d nhiem trong nffdc thai.
- Beo cdi tao cdnh quan sinh thdi cua khu vffc, nen trang tri beo tren mat ntfdc tao ra cdc kieu dang dep mat va cd the ke't hdp vdi mdt so' loai thtfc vdt thuy sinh khac nhtf sen, sung...
- Khi thu hoach beo ed the lam phdn htfu cd, tao khi biogas, lam thtfc an cho gia sue gia cam, Idm do thu cdng my nghe.
Hinh I; Cay luc binh (Eiehhomia crassipes)
TAP CHi GONG THirONG
2.2. Ccf che lam sach nUdc cua cdy luc binh Theo tdc gia Pham Khdnh Huy, Nguydn Pham Hdng Lien, Dd Cao Ctfdng, Nguydn Mai Hoa [4], va tdc gia Hodng Thi Thuy [9], Cd che lam sach ntfdc eua cay luc binh !d.
- Loa i bd chd't hdu co cd khd ndng phdn huy smh hoc- do stf tiep nhdn bdi thtfc vat, loai bd COD (nhu cau oxy hda hoe), BOD (nhu cau oxy sinh hda) nhd cdc vi smh vdt hidu khi, ky khi bdm tren phan than, la vd re ngdp ntfdc eua thtfc vdt;
- Loai bo chd't ran: dtfa tren cd che lang trong Itfc;
- Loai bd Nito: bdi 3 qua trinh chinh la qua trinh Nitfat hda (bang viec oxy hda NH3, NH4+ thanh NO2- va NO3-, dtfdc xdy ra theo hai giai doan nitrit hda vdi stf tham gia ciia cac vi khua'n nitrit hda nhtf Nitrosomonas, Nitrococcus cystis, Nitrogloea, Nitrospira... vd giai doan nitrat hda vdi stf tham gia cua vi khuan nitrat hda nhtf Nitrobaeter). Qud trinh denitrat hda (qud trinh trao ddi cha't trong dieu kien thieu oxy cua vi khua'n tf'ong mdi irtfdng cd it hoac khdng cd oxy, qua trinh nay cd chffe nang cung cd'p day du Caebon de tdng hdp te bao, phu thudc vao nhiet do, dd pH trung tinh, dien tich be mat, kha ndng thoat khi N7).
6NO3- + SCHgO'H -^ 5CO2 + 3N2 + 7H2O + 60H- Stf bay hdi ciia amoniac NH4. chuyen sang
dang NH3 va bay hdi vdo khdng khi, tidp de'n la do stf ha'p thu cua thtfc vdt;
- Loai bo Photpho: bdi qua trinh ha'p thu cua thffc vdt va ddng hod cua vi khua'n, tao phffc vd hd'p phu len be mdt hat ran hay cde ehd't hffu ed de ket tua va lang theo thdi gian idp tram tich dd dffde nao vet va xa bd;
- Loai bo kim loai ndng: cdc kim loai nang hda tan trong nffdc thai khi ebay qua hd thd'ng xff ly ttf nhien, chung ciing dtfdc loai bo bSi cac cd che ket tua va lang d dang hydroxit hoae sunfur kim loai khdng tan trong vung hie'u khi vd yem khi. Mot phandtfdcha'p thu vdo te bao cua thifc vat thuy sinh cung nhtf eac vi khuan tiep nhan hoac cung vdi chat ran, thtfc vat chet lang dgng vdo tram tich. Khi Itfdng bun chffa kim loai ndng cung nhtf chd't hffu cd dat tdi gidi ban thi can loai bd khoi he thdng trdnh hda tan ngffdc trd lai bang viee nao vet.
- Loai bo VI sinh vdt gdy benh; dffde loai bd nhd ede qua trinh vat ly nhff dinh ket, lang, lgc, hd'p thu cung ddn de'n stf tieu didt vi khuan, vi rut, do ton tai trong dieu kien mdi trifdng khdng thudn ldi vdi thdi gian dai bdi tdc ddng eua eac ydu to' ly-hda cua mdi trtfdng ttf nhien nhff nhiet do. Trong tff nhien, bd rd cua mdt sd' loai thffc vdt ngap nffdc cd the sinh ra mdt sd' chd't ddc biet co the sinh ra eha'l khana sinh.
Hinh 2: Sd 60 chuyen hoa Nita irong he thong xd ly tif nhien
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2.3. Cdc nghien cvtu ve M ich mang lai cua xiC ly niidc thdi bang cay luc binh
Ngay nay, viee xff ly ntfde thai sinh boat bang phffdng phdp sinh hge da cd nhieu nghi6n effu dat hidu qua, vdi Pham Le Hoang Duy [1], tdc gid dd nghien cffu ffng dung cdng nghe xff ly nffdc thai sinh boat bang md hinh thi nghiem hie'u khi va hie'm khi; tdc gia Dang Thi Phtfdng Hd [2] da nghidn effu ffng dung cua mffdng oxy hda trong viee xff ly nffdc thai sinh boat d TP.
Da Nang; tae gia Deo Bdo Lgc, Ddng Ha [3] dd nghien cffu xff ly ntfde thai bang thie't Idp mo hinh Swim-bed quy md phdng thi nghidm bang gia the md phdng hinh dang cua gia the Biofringe, Nhat Ban gid thanh eao, tae gia Pham Hffdng Quynh [8] da diing gia thd vi sinh di ddng la thffdng pha'm dffde che' tao tff nhtfa HDPE de nghien cffu xff ly nffde thai sinh hoat. Ben canh do. Cling cd nhieu nghien cffu vd ldi ich eua eay luc binh trong xff ly nffdc thai thanh cdng, mang lai nhieu y nghia thie't thffc trong ddi sdng cu the ta cac nghien cffu sau:
Theo Pham Khdnh Huy, Nguyin Pham Hdng Lien, Dd Cao Ctfdng, Nguyin Mai Hoa, 2012 [4], cac tdc gia dd xdy dtfng md hinh thi nghiem hd thuy smh dd xu: ly ntfde thai sinh boat nhtf sau:
Wn/) 3; Mo hinh thi nghiem thifc te
Cac tac gia da tinh toan vd xay dtfng md hinh thi nghiem hd thuy sinh (Hinh 3) de xff ly nffdc thai sinh boat nhtf sau:
+ Kich thtfdc hd Cd ti le chieu dai*chieu rdng la 3:1; Dien tich bd mat: S = 1,08 m-, the tich phan ngap nffdc: V = 5401.
+ Hieu qua xff ly: Ho thuy sinh trdng cdy luc binh vdi Itfu Iffdng nffdc xff ly la 501/ngay, ffng vdi thdi gian lffu trong he thdng la 18 ngay.
Vdi md hinh nay, tae gia da mang lai hieu qua khd cao trong viec xff ly nffdc thai sinh hoat. Cu the la cdc chi tieu cua ntfdc sau khi xff ly dat theo QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT [10]: chat ran Id Iffng giam 92,4%, ham Iffdng COD, BOD, tdng Nitd giam 63%, tdng photpho gidm 64,4%.
Theo LS Hodng Viet, Nguyen Xudn Hoang [5], cac tac gia da van dung khd nang xff ly ntfdc thai cua cdy luc binh de xff ly ntfdc thai tff ham biogas, ntfdc tai tff chuong nudi beo. Ket qua xff ly ntfdc thai trong nghien cffu cua tdc gid rd't eao, cu thd la ham Iffdng BOD gidm 93%, ham Iffdng COD giam 96%.
Theo Md Thi Kim Phtfdng [6], tac gia da nghien cffu sff dung than lue binh phdi khd lam gia thd dinh bam ket hdp cdng nghe bun hoat tinh trong xff ly ntfdc thai Cdng ty TNHH Gid'y AFC xa Vinh Lgc B, huyen Binh Chdnh TP. Hd Chi Minh. Hieu qua mang lai khi tac gid diing than edy luc binh khd lam gia the ke't hdp thi ham Itfdng COD giam 72%, chi tieu SS dao ddng 1.100 - 2,000 mg/lit giam hdn so vdi md hinh bun hoat tinh khdng ke't hdp gia thd ehi sd SS dao ddng 1,200-2.200 mg/lit.
Theo nhdm cac tae gia Chau Minh Khdi, Nguydn Vdn Chi Dung, Chau Thi Nhien [7], cay luc binh khdng nhtfng xff ly dffde cde loai nffdc thai sinh hoat, ntfdc thai tif ham biogas, chudng nudi, ma nd edn xff ly cd d nhidm dam, Idn hffu cd hda tan trong ntfdc thai ao nudi ca tra.
Cay luc binh cd kha nang lam gidm 97% ham Itfdng N, P hffu
TAP CHi CONG THIftfNG
khi so sdnh vdi mdi trtfdng dd'i chffng khdng trdng luc binh chi lam giam 11,6% ham Itfdng Nva 8,4%
ham Itfdng P htfu cd hda tan.
Vdi nhtfng ket qud nghien cffu tren, eho tha'y vai tro cua edy lue binh trong xff ly nffdc thai la rd't Idn. Cay luc binh cd kha nang 1dm gidm ham Iffdng COD, BOD, cha't ran Id Iffng, Nitd va Phdt pho hffu cd hda tan trong nffdc thai ma khdng phdi sff dung them ba't ky hda cha't nao khac, gdp phan lam giam thieu sff d nhiem cua mdi trffdng ntfdc.
Ban than nhdn thd'y sif phu hdp vdi md hinh xff ly ntfdc thai sinh hoat cd the thtfc hien tai nha cua mdi gia dinh vdn Id nghien cffu eua tae gid Pham Khanh Huy, Nguyen Pham Hong Lien, Dd Cao Ctfdng, Nguyen Mai Hoa [4]. Tinh tfu viet cua nghien etfu nay Id md hinh dang vtfa va nhd de thidtkdtainha,ehiphilapddt, van hanh tha'p, cac loai cay thuy smh sff dung (luc binh va sdy) phong
phu, quen thudc, de tim d dia phtfdng Trd Vinh ehung ta, hieu qua ntfdc sau khi xff ly bang md hinh nay dat tieu ehud'n ehd't Iffdng Viet Nam va cd the tai sff dung cho viec ttfdi ti6u vd mdt sd' muc dich khdc trong gia dinh.
3. Kg't luan
Xff ly ntfdc thai bang cay luc binh la mdt giai phap eho lgc va xff ly nffde thai hieu qua, thdn thien, re lien, phu hdp vdi dieu kien cua tinh Tra Vinh ndi rieng vd Vidt Nam ndi chung, cd the dp dung md hinh nay cho eac hd, cum hd gia dinh hay cde khu vtfe dan cff ven thdnh phd', cac diem du lich sinh thai, lang nghe, trang trai. Tuy nhien, can ehu y tdi cac dieu kien thtfc te' nhtf ihdi tie't, nhiet do, dnh sang cho cay luc binh sinh trtfdng vd phdt trien, Itfu ltfdng, thdi gian Itfu ntfdc cua he thd'ng dd kha ndng xff Iy ludn dtfdc duy tri vd dat hieu qua cao •
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
7, Pham U Hodng Duy, (2012). Nghien cdu ling dung cong nghe xik ly nUdc thai sinh hoat bang phuong phdp gid the sinh hgc di dong (MBBR). De tai nghien ciiu khoa hoc. TrUdng Dai hoc Bdch khoa - DH Qud'c gia TP. Ho Chi Minh.
2. Ddng Thi PhUOng Ha, (2010) Nghien cdu khd ndng dp ditng cdng nghe muang oxy hda trong viec xd ly nUdc thdi sinh hogt d TP. Dd Ndng. De tdi nghien ciiu khoa hqc, Phdng KHKT - Sd GTVTDd Ndng.
3. Ddng Hq, Ddo VTnh Lgc, (2014). Nghien cdu xH ly nude thdi sinh hoqt bdng cong nghe Swim-Bed. Bdn tin Khoa hoc vd Gido due, Trudng Dai hqc YerSin Dd Lat.
4. Phgm Khdnh Huy, Nguyin Pham Hong Lien. Dd Cao Cudng, NguySn Mai Hoa, (2012). NghiSn citu xd ly nudc thdi sinh hoqt bdng md hinh ho thuy sinh nudi beo luc binh. Tap chi KTKT. Dai hoc Mo - Dia chd't so 40/10-2012,16-22.
5. Le Hodng Viet, Nguyen Xudn Hodng. Xi( ly nudc thai bang luc binh. Tap chi NCKH 2004:2 91- 95 TrUdng Dai hoc cdn Tha.
6. Md Thi Kim Phuong, (2013). Nghien ciiu su: dung thdn cdy luc binh lam gid the dinh bdm ke'l hap cdng nghe bun hoqt linh trong xu! ly nude thdi Cdng ty TNHH Gid'y AFC, xd Vinh Loc B. huyen Binh Chdnh. TP H6 Chi Minh De dn tdt nghiip Viin Khoa hoc ling dung. TrUdng Dai hoc Cong nghi TP. Ho Chi Minh.
7. Chdu Minh Khoi. Nguyin Vdn CM Dung. Chdu Thi Nhien, (2012). Khd ndng xH ly 3 nhiim dam ldn hdu ah' tan trong nUdc thai ao nudi cd tra cua luc binh vd co vetiver. Tgp chi Khoa hoc 2012:21b 151-160 TrUdriP R 'h CanThO. ' S ai gc 8. Pham Huang Quynh, (2013) Nghien ciiu xd ly nudc thdi sinh hoat bang gid the vi .mih di dor >• Tan cl ' KI I vd Cong nghe 107 (07), 143-147 '"' '' ' ^ " ' " " ' ^ ^ 9. Hodng Thi Thuy, (2010). Nghiin cduxUly nudc thdi sinh hoat bang bdi lgc ngdm trdng ca\ ddng chdy nea " O"' tdi nghien ciiu klioa hgc, Trudng Dai hgc Ddn lap Hdi Phong. " *
10. Thdng tusd'47/2011/TT- BTNMTngdy 28/12/201! cuaBo Tdi nguyin - Mdi trudng Viet nam
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Ngay nh^n bai: 14/3/2019
Ngay phan bi6n danh gia va si5'a chffa: 24/3/2019 Ngay chap nhan dang bai: 3/4/2019
Thong tin tdc gid:
Cuf nhan DUCfNG THI HUYEN B0 mon Hoa - Sinh, Khoa Khoa hpc Cd ban Tru'dng D^i hoc Tra Vinh
TREATING SEWAGE AT HOME BY USING WATER HYACINTHS (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES)
• DUONG THI HUYEN Department of Chemistry - Biology,
Faculty of Fundamental Sciences Tra Vinh University
ABSTRACT:
Recently, the sewage treatment is a matter of concern because the water pollution as well as the lack of clean water resources are getting more and more serious. In order to solve the problem of sewage, scientists have been constantly researching to fmd out sewage treatment solutions.
Among current sewage treatment solutions, using aquatic plant for sewage treattnent is known as a simple and economical method which limits the use of chemicals in treating sewage. This study shows that it is possible to use the water hyacinths (Eiehhomia crassipes) to treat sewage. The water hyacinths can be used to treat sewage at medium and small scale such as the sewage of families, meeting the demand of the sustainable environment development of Tra Vinh province.
Keywords: Wastewater treatment, aquatic plants, aquarium, eiehhomia crassipes.