NGHIEN ClTU HIEU QUA DOANH THU, KY THUAT VA PHAN B 6 CUA NUOI TOM
THE CHAN TRANG THAM CANH TAI TINH QUANG NGAI
Le Kim Long Tru&ng Dai hoc Nha Trang Email- [email protected]
N g a y n h a n . 13/5/2019 Ngay nh^n ban sua. 14/6/2019 Ngay duyet dang 05/12/2019
Tom tat:
Bdi hdo tdm lirae nen tdng ly thuyet kinh te hoc ve cdc chi sd hieu qud doanh thu, ky thudt, phdn bd vd dp dung phucmg phdp phi tham sd de tinh todn cdc chi sd ndy cho nghe nudi ldm the chdn trang thdm canh tal linh Qudng Ngdi. Kel qud cho thdy gid tn binh qudn ciia hieu qud doanh thu, ky thudt vd phdn bd ciia cdc ho nuoi ldn luat Id 85%, 91% vd 94% cho ndm sdn xudt 2014. De hu&ng den mgt nghe nudi ben vicng, cdc chinh sdch ve ddt cho nghe nudi, ddc biet cdc chinh sdch phdt trien nghe nudi tdm the thdm canh theo hu&ng doanh nghiep hda nhic cho thue/chuyen nhieang de tich luddlvd cdp gidy phep nudi trdng de md rong quy md sdn xudt, la rdt quan trgng. Ke tiep, tiep tuc day manh trien khai tdp hudn ky thudt nudi VielGap v&i khuyen cdo nen nudi v&i mdt dd viea phdi Id rdt cdn thiet Cudi cung, thdng tin vd tiep can ihi ti-ir&ng ddu ra cho ndng hg nuoi tdm cdng cdn dieac chu trong
Tir khoa: Hieu qua doanh thu, hieu qua phan bd, hieu qua ky thuat, nudi tdra the tham canh.
Ma JEL: Q22, QOl. Ml I, DI3
Studying revenue, technical and allocative efficiency of intensive white-leg shrimp farming in Quang Ngai province
Abstract-
The paper gives a brief presentation of the theoretical economic background for revenue, technical allocative efficiency indices and adopts non-parametric method to calculate these for the intensive while-leg shrimp farming in Quang Ngai. The results show that the mean of revenue, techniccd and allocative efficiency indices are 85%. 91% and 94% in the production year of 2014, respectively In order to aim at a su.stainable farming policies on land for shrimp farming especially policies for developing intensive shrimp farming at enterprise level such as lease/transfer for land accumulation and aquaculture licensing to expand production scale, is veiy important Next, continue to promote technical training for VietGap farming with the recommendation for moderate density aquaculture is very necessaiy Finally output information and market access for.shrimp fanners are also should be focused.
Keywords: Revenue efficency allocat.ve efficiency iechnied efficiency. uHe„..ive white-leg
snnnip Jarnihig. ' ^ JEL code.'.- Q22. QOl. Mil. Dli
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1i»Ui'i»n
I. Gidi thif u
Thd gidi dang phai ddi mat vdi thach thirc nghiem trpng vd cung luong thuc dap img su gia tang dan sd toan cau, dugc du bao se dat 9,6 ty ngudi vao nam 2050. Yeu cau gia tang san lugng san xudt luong thuc dang va se dign ra trong bdi canh cac ngudn luc tai nguygn thign nhign can thigt cho san xudt, nhu dat va nudc, ngay cang trd nen khan higm trong mdt thd gidi dang trd nen ddng diic hon (Kobayashi &
cdng su, 2015). Do d6, lam thd nao dg gia tang san lugng dau ra trong san xuat lucmg thuc ma khdng phai sii dung nhieu hon cac ngudn luc tai nguyen dau vao cua san xuat la rapt trong nhirng radi quan tam chinh nhara cung luong thirc ben viing cho su gia tang dan sd tren thd gidi.
Nudi trdng thiiy san da chimg kign sir tang trudng manh me tren toan the gidd trong bdn thap ky qua.
Nam 1974, nudi trdng thuy san chi cung cdp 7%
tdng san lugng thuy san toan cdu, thi tdi nam 2015 ty ie nay da tang ldn 45%. Tdng san lugng nudi trdng thuy san da dat 106 trieu tan, tri gia 163 ty USD, trong do ddng vat giap xac, ddng vat than mem va cac ddng vat khdng phai ca khac chiem ty hpng mgt phdn ba trong nam 2015 (FAO, 2018) Hien nay, hau hgt cac ngudn lgi thuy san tu nhidn tren thg gidi deu da va dang bi khai can dg hoac qua miic, nudi trdng thiiy san du kien se vucft qua nghe danh bat tu nhien va ddng vai tro chinh trong trong viec cung cap thuc pham cho dan sd the gidi dang tang d tuong lai. Kobayashi & cgng su (2015) du doan rang tdng ngudn cung thiiy san toan cau se dat muc 186 trieu tan vao nam 2030, vdi mirc gia tang san lugng thiiy san chii yeu do nudi trdng ddng gdp Mirc tang trudng nudi trdng thuy san cao nhat dugc dirbao la nghe nudi ca rd phi va tdm.
Viet Nam da va dang la quoc gia xuat khau tdra hang dau cua the gidi. Tdra la mat hang chii luc ddng gdp chinh vao kim ngach xuat khau hang nam ciia Viet Nam vai gia tri 3,9 ty USD, chigra 50% kira ngach xuat khau thiiy san nara 2014 (xera Le Kim Long & cpng su, 2016). Tir nam 2001, tdm the chan trang da dan thay the tdm su va bat dau trd thanh ddi tupng nudi quan trpng d Viet Nam. Quang Ngai la mdt trong nhirng tinh dau tidn trong ca nudc phat trien nudi tdm the chan trang. Tir nara 2005 den nara 2011, dien tich nudi tdra chan trang gia tang nhanh chdng tir 190 ha len 450 ha va chiem 97,5% dien tich nudi trdng ciia toan tinh trong nam 2011. Den
nam 2014, tdng didn tich nudi tdm the chan ft-dng ciia Quang Ngai dat 1.029 ha Trong do, dien tich nudi tdm the chan trdng tham canh cua Quang Ngai dat 426 Ha (tinh theo vu nuoi) hay 193 ha tinh theo dien tich mat nudc nudi, vdi binh quan 2,2 \ai/'nam trong (Le Kim Long & cdng su, 2016). Trong nam 2014, gia trj xuat khau ciia tdm the chan trdng cua Viet Nam da dat 2,3 ty USD, chidm ty trgng 58,45%
trong tdng kim ngach xudt khdu tom. Sir phat U-idn dien tich nudi qua nhanh d pham vi ndng hd, thieu quy Hoach va khdng tuan thii cac quy dinh da lam bimg phat dich benh va gay thiet hai khdng nhd cho nghe nudi nay (Le Kim Long & cdng su, 2016). vdn de nay cung da xay ra vai nhidu nghg nudi cd su gia tang dien tich nhanh a tren thd gidi (xem Kobayashi
& cdngsu, 2015).
Vdi dieu kien dan so thd giai gia tang va cac ngudn tai nguygn thien nhign hiru han, nang cao Hieu qua sir dung cac ngudn luc tai nguygn trong san xudt luong thuc ddng vai trd cdt yeu de dam bao an ninh luong thuc nham hudng ddn phat trign bgn viing. Do vay, lara thg nao dg gia tang dau ra ina khdng phai su dung nhieu hon ydu td dau vao hien dang la mgt chu de dugc nhigu nha khoa hgc, nha hoach dinh chinh sach nghe nudi trdng thuy san trdn thg giai quan tam.
Farrell (1957) la rapt trong nhiing nguoi dau tiendg cap mdt each cd he thdng vd ly thuyet do ludng hieu qua doanh thu, hieu qua ky thuat va hieu qua phan bo - tiic hieu qua san xuat theo dinh hudng dau ra (productive efficiency with output orientation), trgn ca sd Ham san xuat ciia kinh te hpc vi md. Cai thien cac chi sd hieu qua nay se giiip cac don vi san xuat gia tang san lupng va doanh thu cac san pham san xuat raa khdng phai gia tang cac ygu td dau vao vdi cdng nghe san xuat Hien tai va gia thi trudng cho trudc (Bogetoft & Otto, 2010). Do vay, muc rieu chinh cua bai viet la: (i) tinh toan va xem xet mdi quan he ciia cac chi so Hieu qua doanh thu, ky thuat vaphan bd theo each Hep can cua Farrell (1957) cho nghd nuoi tdm the chan trang tai Quang Ngai; va (ii) xem xet moi quan he cua cac cht sd hieu qua nay vdi hai dac diem san xuat quan trgng cua nghg nudi thara canh tdra the chan trang la quy md trang trai va mat dp nuoi nham de xuat mpt sd khuyen nghi cho chinh quydn va cac hd nudi dd timg budc hudng den mgt nghe nudi tdm phat trien bdn viing.
2. Cff Sff ly thuyet va phuong phap nghien cuii 2.1. Cff sff ly thuyet ve hieu qud doanh thu, ky
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thudt vd phan bd trong .sdn xudt
Theo ly thuyet irinh te hpc vi md, tap cdng nghe san xuat la tap Hgp cac kha nang san xuat kha thi vdi mdt cdng nghe cho truac dd bien ddi cac ydu td dau vao ciia san xuat thanh hang hda va dich vu d dau ra (Varian & Repcheck, 2010). Gia sir rdng cac don vi san xudt {decision making unit, DMU) sir dung cac ydu to ddu vao X = (X|,x,, ..., x^) E K\ de san xuat ra cac dau ra Y = (y,,y,. ..,y,^) G R^,„, thi tap cdng nghe san xuat (Z) dugc dinh nghia nhu sau (xem Bogetoft & Otto, 2010):
Z={(X.Y)eR\^xR\^^ \ Xcd Ihi san xudt ra Y] (1) Hinh 1 md ta tap cdng nghe san xuat (Z) vai trudng hgp mdt dau ra (y) va mdt dau vao (x). Tap cdng nghe san xuat, vdi trudng hgp mgt dau vao va mdt dau ra, la vimg dugc gidi han bdi dudng gidi han kha nang san xuat ciia mdt cdng nghe cho trudc va true hoanh. Tat ca cac trang thai ket hgp cua dau vao va dau ra nam trong tap cdng nghe san xuat deu la cac kg hoach san xuat kha thi vdi mdt cdng nghe cho trudc (xem chi tiet d Lg Kim Long, 2017). Gia sir don VI san xuat B (DMU^^) trong Hinh ve 1 sir dung lugng dau vao la x de san xuat dau ra v Do DMUj, thudc tap cdng nghe san xuat nen ke hoach san xuat nay la kha thi vdi cdng nghe hien cd Tuy nhien, chung ta cung dd dang nhan thay don vi san xuat B' (DMUu) nam trgn bien gidi han chi cdn lugng dau vao tuong tu (x '== .\-) nhung san xudt dugc dau ra v'lon Hon;'vdi cdng nghe hien tai. Viec dich chuyen tir B dgn B' la mdt su dich chuygn dat hieu
qua Pareto (Varian & Repcheck, zuiij).
Nhu vay, do B' ndm tren bien gidi han kha nang cua san xudt nen v' chinh la lugng dau ra ldn nhat co the san xuat ra dugc vdi lugng dau vao x ciia cong nghe hien cd. NghTa la, DMU^ la don vi san xuat dat hieu qua con DMU^ hoat ddng chua hidu qua vdi cdng nghe cho trudc. Liic do, chi sd hieu qua ky thuat theo dinh hudng ddu ra {technical efficiency with output orientation, TE"), hic tdi da hda dau ra vdi dau vao khdng ddi va cong nghe san xuat hien tai, ciia DMU^^ se la y/ y' va cd gia tri nam trong khoang hi 0 tdi 1 (Bogetoft & Otto, 20 i 0). Khi TE^
= I nghTa la don vi san xuat dang van hanh trdn duong bien gidi han kha nang san xuat va dat hieu qua ky thuat 100%. Liic nay, l/TE" - 1 hay (y '-y)/y, cho chiing ta biet mirc gia tang san lugng dau ra ldn nhat cd the dat dugc vdi cac dau vao cua san xuat khdng ddi va cdng nghe hidn cd Vi du, ndu TE" = 0,80 thi l/TE" - I chinh bdng 0,25 (hay 25%), tire ia don vi san xuat nay hien chua dat hieu qua ky thuat (TE"^ < 1), va san lugng dau ra ciia don vi san xuat nay c6 thg gia tang tdi da la 25% so vai san lugng san xuat hien tai vdi dau vao va cdng nghe cho trudc. Q phan kg tiep, chiing ta se trinh bay khai niem hieu qua doanh thu, ky thuat va phan bd ciing nbu mdi lidn he giiia cac chi sd nay thong qua Hinh ve 2 vdl trudng hgp san xuat don gian gdm 2 dau ra va mdt dau vao nhu sau.
Vdl dau vao va cdng nghe san xuat cho truoc, tap cdng nghg dupc dmh nghia d tren cd thd dugc viet lai thanh tap ddu ra L(x) = {y:(x,y)eZ}. Vdi ddu vao X = x,^ khdng ddi va cdng nghe san xuat cho trudc Hinh 1: Tap cong nghe san xu5t \m mot dku vao \
Dau ra
I mot dau ra
Tap cdng nghe
Dau vao Ngudn: Dieu chmh tir Varian & Repcheck (2010)
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l^iiililcJiiillmi
Hinh 2: Hieu qua doanh thu, ky thuat va phan b6
yiF.yu- yiK yig
Nguon: Dieu chinh tu Bogetoft & Otto (2010)
thi tap dau ra (hay con ggi la viing san xuat kha thi) chinh la phan bdn trai cua dudng bidn gidi han kha nang san xuat va gidi Han bai hai true cda he tga dp d Hinh ve 2. Tat ca cac kd hoach san xuat phdi Hgp hai dau ra, y^ va _v„ nam trong tap cong nghe deu la cac trang thai san xuat kha thi cd the vai mirc dau vao khdng ddi x,^ vai cdng nghe hien tai (Varian &
Repcheck, 2010).
Hieu qua doanh thu (tire Id hieu qud ve khia canh doanh thu), dugc de cap ddu den bdi Farrell (1957), lien quan den viec lira chpn ty le phdi Hgp san xuat cac dau ra sao cho doanh thu ldn nhat vdi lugng dau vao sii dung, cdng nghe san xuat va gia cua cac dau ra cho trudc Gia su rang gia cua dau ra v^ va v, lan lugt la/?^ va;;,. Luc dd, MN la dudng dang thu, tiic cac ke hoach san xuat kdt hop;', vay, nam trgn dudng MT^deu cd ciing mdt mirc doanh thu, R,^. Day
!a dudng thang cd he sd gdc chinh la ty trgng ve gia thi trudng ciia hai dau ra (p/pf, nhu sau (Varian &
Repcheck, 2010):
^0 Pi
P2 PI
Vdi mirc gia thi trudng p^ va p, cho trudc, cac dutmg dang thu se dich chuyen song song va cang xa gdc tga do neu cac mirc doanh thu cang ldn. Nhu vay, vdi dau vao x^^, cdng nghe va gia cac dau ra cho
trudc thi trang thai san xuat mang lai doanh thu cue dai la tai Qiy^g, y,^), diem ma dudng dang thu {MN) tiep tuydn vdi dudng bien gidi han kha nang cua san xuat trgn Hinh 2.
Vdi miic dau vao khdng ddi x^, cdng nghe san xuat va gia cac dau ra cho trudc, thi hieu qua doanh thu dugc dmh nghTa chinh bang mirc doanh thu thuc tg chia cho mirc doanh thu toi da tai Q (Farrell, 1957). Do vay, hieu qua doanh thu ciia DMU^ la:
RE^ = doanh thu thuc te tai E/doanh thu tai Q. Do Q va K ciing nam tren dudng dang thu ndn mirc doanh thu tai QvaKXa nhu nhau nen RE^^ = doanh thu thuc te tai E/doanh thu tai K. Vi OfAT thang hang ngn ty le phdi hgp san xuat cac dau ra tai £ va A^ la nhu nhau,
^^ O'y/v^f) = iyJy2K) = «' hay y^^ = ay,^ va y,^ = ay,,,. Llic do:
P\y\E + p2y2E _ yiEia-Vi + vz) _ yze (3) PiViK + viViK yzK{<^vi + Pa) yiK Tigp theo, hieu qua doanh thu, RE, dugc phan ra thanh cac chi sd hieu qua thanh phan la hieu qua ky thuat va hieu qua phan bd theo dinh huong dau ra nhu sau.
Hieu qua ky thuat theo djnh Hudng dau ra (TE"y.
Nhu dmh nghTa d trdn, vdi mirc dau vao x^ cho trudc va cdng nghe san xudt Hien tai, Hinh ve 2 cho thay don vi san xudt F ndm tren dudng bign gidi han kha nang san xudt nen dat hieu qua ky thuat; E thudc
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viing kha thi nhung khdng ndm trdn duong bien gidi ban ndn chua dat Hieu qua ky thuat; va OEF thang hang. Farrell (1957) dd xudt mpt chi so tdng hgp do lucmg hieu qua ky thuat hucmg tam (nghTa la tat ca cac ddu ra cd thd gia tang cimg mdt ty le) ciia DMU^
chinh la:
TE",. = OE/OF = y,/y,^ = yjy,^ (4) Nhu vay, y^^ va y.,,. la mirc cac yeu td dau ra ldn nhat (voi ty le phdi hgp cac yeu td ddu ra la khdng ddi, tiic y,Jy,^ = y^^y.p) ma DMU,, co the san xuat dugc vdl dau vao x = x,^ vdi cdng nghe san xuat hien tai.
Hieu qua phan bd theo dinh hudng dau ra (Allocative efficiency with output orientation, AE"):
La chi sd danh gia trinh do lua chpn ty le phdi hgp cac dau ra ciia san xudt (y/y, tdi uu) nliam toi da hda doanh thu vai gia ciia cac dau ra eho trudc.
Theo Hinh ve 2, F \a trang thai dat hieu qua ky thuat nhung F chua phai la trang thai dat doanh thu Idn nhat cd the dat dugc tii' viec su dung miic dau vao x^ vdi cdng nghe san xuat hien tai, nghia la ty le phdi hgp cac dau my^/y,^. chua tdi uu vdi cac miic gia thi trudng cho trudc. Trang thai cho doanh thu
lon nhat cd the vdi dau vao x^ va cdng nghe hien co chinh la Q, do dd, ty Id phoi hap cac dau ra.v,^V_,g radi la tdi uu vdi cac mirc gia cho trudc. Nbu vay, hidu qua phan bd ciia Z)A/C/^ ky hieu la AE"^ chinh la miic doanh thu tai F chia cho rairc doanh thu tai Q. Do 2 va AT cimg ndm tren ducoig dang thu, nen AE"p se bdng doanh thu tai F chia cho doanh thu tai K. Hon niia, v i > ' , ^ , ^ = > ' , ^ , ^ nen Hieu qua phan bd ciia DMU^ la AE"^ se bdng vdi AE"^. Do OFK thdng hang ndn ty le phdi hgp san xuat cac dau ra tai F va K la nhu nhau, tiic (y,/y^p) = (j,/>'^,;^) = «' hay y,^ - ay,,,vay,f,= ay,^. Liic dd:
_ '•iTif+^ayaF _ JiFJ^r^ +^2) VIF _ OF' (5)
Ket qua (5) cho thdy 0 < AE" < 1 . Thir nhdt, AE"
= I ham y rdng DMU da lua chpn dugc ty Id phdi hgp cac dau ra tdi uu vdi cac miic gia dau ra cho trudc de tdi da hda doanh thu vdi raiic dau vao sir dung cho trudc. Tidp theo, AE" < 1 nghTa la DMU chua dat hieu qua phan bd, tiic hien dang san xuat d miic ty Id phdi hgp cac dau ra chua tdi uu.
Tir(3), (4) va(5), taco:
Bang 1. Thong ke md ta cac bien trong mo hinh tinh toan cac chi sd hieu qua Ten bien
Dien tich nuoi Mat do nuoi binli qitan Mo Ilinh ham san xu3t Sdn lu-o'ng ctau ra (y) Tom Ioai 1 (y/) Tom loai 2 ly,) Ddu vao (x) Giong (XI) Thirc an (.YJ) Lao dgng (xs) Chi phi bien doi khac (x^) Chi phi CO dmh {x;) Gia ban dau ra Tom loai 1 Tom loai 2
Nguon. Tinli loiin tic ba
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Do'n vi tinh
Ha/lio Con/m'/vu
Kg/ha Kg/ha Kg/ha
Ngan con/ha K-g/ha So gia/lia Ngan dong/ha Ngan dong/ha
Ngan d6ng/kg Ngan dong/kg du lieu dieu tra ciia Le K
76
^ " .3.
0,74 144
22.857 7.585 15 272
3.145 32.000
6.153 517.923 519.432
150 112 lm Long &
Do lech ehuan
0,54 60
8.580 8.335 8.226
1.455 12.555 3.160 261.717 150.085
11 13 cong sir (2016)
Nho nhal
0,2 67
8.000 0 0
1.200 10.000 1.200 94.286 190.000
130 85
t Lorn nhat
3 333
45.000 30.000 38.793
8.250 70.000 14.400 1 458.000
840.000
180 130
l^inliiy'liiiUricii
OE OE OF „ „
Kdt qua d (6) cho thdy 0 < TE" x AE" hay RE <
1(6)
Thir nhdt, RE hay TE" x AE" = 1 ngu y rdng DMU dang ddng thdi van hanh tren bien gidi han kha nang san xudt (dat hieu qua ky thuat 100%) va lua chgn dugc ty le phdi hgp cac dau ra tdi im (dat hieu qua phan bo 100%) vdi dau vao khdng ddi va gia cac ddu ra, cdng nghe san xuat cho trudc. Khi RE hay TE"
xAE"<l nghia la don vi san xuat chua dat Hieu qua doanh thu. Liic nay, (l/RE - 1) chinh la rairc doanh thu cd the gia tang ldn nhat vdi mtic dau vao khong ddi, cac miic gia dau ra va cdng nghe san xudt hien tai bang viec ddng thai dat ca hieu qua ky thuat va hieu qua phanbd.
2.2. Phuffng phdp nghien cihi 2.2.1. Die lieu nghien cuu
Mau nghien ciiu cho bai bao nay la 62 hd nudi tham canh tdm the chan trang cua tinh Quang Ngai, dugc xac dinh bdi phuong phap tinh toan cd mdu ciia Yamane (1967). Mau dugc khao sat cho nam san xuat 2014 tai cac huyen nudi trpng didm gdra Binh Son, Diic Phd va Md Diic, vdi ban ngach mau dupc xac dinh trudc (theo ty le % trong tdng the), cd tdng dien tieh la 45 ha, chidm 23%i tdng dien tich nudi tdm the chan trang tham canh toan rinh (xem Le Kim Long & edng su, 2016). Bd dii lieu thu thap cho nam san xuat 2014 nay ciing dugc Le Kim Long (2017) sir dung trong phan rich hieu qua ky thuat theo dinh hudng dau vao {technical efficiency with output orientation, TE') ciia nghg nudi the tham canh tai tinh Quang Ngai.
Bang 1 md ta mdt sd dac trung co ban cua nghe nudi tdm the chan trang thara canh d Quang Ngai.
Thir nhat, cac hd nudi tdm the chan trang d Quang Ngai cd dien tich nudi binh quan dat 0,74 ha, vai miic Idn nhdt la 3 ha va nhd nhdt la 0,2 ha. Thii hai, mat dp nudi binh quan cua nghe nudi la 144 con/m^
vdi gia tri nhd nhat 60 va lan nhdt la 333.
Cac dau vao cua nghd nudi tdm the thara canh ciia tinh Quang Ngai cho nam san xudt 2014 gdm c6' gidng, thirc an, lao dpng, chi phi bien ddi khac (chi phi cho thudc, hda chat, khang sinh, nang lugng, cdng cu va dung cu nhd) va chi phi cd dinh (gdm chi phi thud raudn ao dia va may mdc trang thigt bi, thug/phi, khdu hao tai san co dinh, chi phi duy tu bao
duong cac cdng trinh, may mdc va trang thidt bi); va 02 bien ddu ra la tdm loai 1 (cd trgng lugng dudi 70 con torn cho 1 kg) va tdm loai 2 (cd trpng lugng tren 70 tdm con cho 1 kg) thu hoach trdn rapt ha trong nam (Le Kim Long & Pham THi Thanh Binh, 2017).
2 2.2. Md hinh nghien cieu
Phan tich hieu qua doanh thu, hieu qua ky thuat va hidu qua phan bd theo khai niem cua Fan-ell (1957) nhdm dd xudt cac chinh sach gia tang nang luc canh tranh va phat trien bdn vung da va dang dugc ap dung rdng rai H-ong cac nghidn cuu thuc nghiera ciia nghd nudi tt-dng thiiy san (xem Sharma & Lueng, 2003; Iliyasu & cdng sir, 2014 va Yin & cgng sir, 2014 cho lugc khao chi tidt) Cac nghign ciru tigu bieu vg hieu qua san xuat theo dinh hudng ddu ra trong nudi trdng thiiy san phai kd ddn nhu Sharma
& cdng sir (1999); Yin & cdng su (2014); Arita
& Lueng (2014), Theodoridis & cdng su (2017).
cac nghe nuoi ndng hd thudng dugc gia thiet cd tinh chat nang suat thay ddi theo quy md {variable returns lo scale, VRS) vdi nguydn nhan: (i) su hiru han ve tai chinh va cac han che khac thudng lam cho Hp khd chpn dugc quy md san xuat tdi uu; va (ll) thi trudng dau vao va dau ra ciia ndng hg nudi trdng thuy san thudng khdng hoan hao (xem Iliyasu
& cdng su, 2014). Md hinh phan tich phi thara sd DEA vdi gia thiet vd cdng nghe VRS, dugc hoan thien bdi Banker & cdng su (1984) de tinh toan chi sd hieu qua ky thuat Farrell (1957), da va dang duac sir dung rat rdng rai trong nghidn cim thuc nghiem (xem Emrouznejad & Yang, 2018).
Ke tiep cac nghign ciiu nay, mo hinh DEA dugc su dung de tinh toan hieu qua ky thuat theo dinh huang dau ra {TE") cho hp nuoi tdm thii o{o= 1,2, 3, ..., 62) vdi 02 dau ra va 05 dau vao dugc md ta trong Bang 1 nhu sau
Vdi cac rang budc.
•L%iXiyii><i>„yi„vm 1 = 1,2; (7)
.iVo £ 'L'jii^,Xri vai r = 1,2 5;
/j > 0;
l,%^/,=l voi j = 1.2 62.
Tiong do, DMU^, la don vi san xuat thi'i o trong
SS 270 thdng 12/2019
kinlilcJ'liiilli'irii
sd 62 don Vl san xudt trong mau khao sat. Gia tri 1/
se la mirc hieu qua ky thuat theo dinh Hudng dau ra (TE"J ciia hd nudi tdm thir o. va cd gia tri ndm trong khoang tir 0 ddn 1. Tidp theo, trong md hinh (7) la vec-to trpng so khdng am, xac dinh sir ket hgp tuyen tinh cua cac Hd tham chidu dd xay dung bien giai han kha nang san xudt vd ly thuyet ciia cdng nghe hien tai cho hg nudi thir o. Hem nua, la rang budc vd cdng nghe co tinh chat nang suat thay ddi theo quy md (xem Lg Kira Long, 2017). Chii y rdng bai toan nay dugc giai 62 lan, mdi ian cho mdt hd nudi trong mau.
Tidp theo, dd rinh toan hieu qua doanh thu va phan bd, md hinh toan theo each tidp can phi tham sd dugc vidt cho hp nudi thu o nhu sau (xem Bogetoft
& Otto, 2010):
Maxp^yo
Vdl cac rang budc:
L 2 ; (8)
Xro ^ ll%i ^j^rj t^O'J ^ = 1. 2, .
Xj > 0;
Trong dd, p^ la vec-to gia cua cac dau ra trong san xuat ciia hg thir o; yf, dugc rinh toan tix md hinh toan (8), la vec-ta khdi lugng cac dau ra ciia hd thu o tuong ung vdi miic doanh thu tdi da, vai cac gia ddu rap , miic dau vao x va cdng nghe san xuat cho truac. Nhu vay, hieu qua doanh thu {RE) cua ndng hd thii o chinh la miic doanh thu thuc td chia cho mirc doanh thu ldn nhat cd the dat dugc (bang yf nhan vai gia dau ra), tiic la:
RE^=pfyJpfyf (9) Do dd, hieu qua phan bd duac tinh la:
AE''^^ = REJTE'\^ (10) 3. Ket qua nghien cihi va thao luan Kdt qua tinh toan cac chi sd hieu qua cua nghe nudi tdm the chan trang ciia Quang Ngai nam 2014 dugc trinh bay d Bang 2 dudi day. Do nghien ciiu nay ap dung each tidp can phi thara sd de rinh toan cac chi sd hieu qua nen he sd tuong quan Spearman dugc sir dung dg rinh toan va kiem dinh he sd tuong quan giiia chi sd RE va cac chi sd TE" \a AE°.
Bang 2. Ket qua tinh toan cac chi so hieu qua
Miic hieu qua Tan suat (%)
TE"
<0,60 0,60 - 0,69 0,70 - 0,79 0,80-0,89 0,90 - 0,99 1,00 Trung binh Dp lech chuan Nhd nhat Ldn nhat
He sd tuong quan vai RE
8,06 8,06 16,13 20,97 20,97 25,81 0,85 0,14 0,53 1,00 1,00
1,61 3,23 14,52 22,58 12,90 45,16 0,91 0,11 0,54 1,00 0,86*»*
0,00 3,23 8,06 12,90 50,00 25,81 0,94 0,09 0,69 1,00 Oj4.«:
Nguon: Tinli toan lit so lieu dieu ira cua Le Kim Long & cong sir (2016)
Sd 270 thdng 12/2019
Mllllll',J'|||||lr|fi||
Bang 2 h-inh bay ket qua tlnh toan cac chi so hieu qua doanh thu, ky thuat va phan bd cua cac Hd nudi tdm the chan trang thara canh rinh Quang Ngai trong nam 2014. Gia tri binh quan cua RE, TE" vaAE" ldn lugt la 85%o, 91%. va 94%. Hon nua, phan bd cua cac chi sd nay tuong ddi tap trung xung quanh gia tri ming binh ciia chiing. Ket qua nay tuong ddi tuong dong vdi cac nghien ciiu trudc trong nudi trong thiiy san theo each tidp can phan tich Higu qua theo dinh hudng dau ra. Sharraa & cdng su (1999) c6 kdt qua tinh toan cac chi sd nay la 74%, 83% va 87% cho nghe nudi ca chep ciia Trung Qudc. Yin & cgng su (1994) ciing tinh toan cac chi sd nay cho nghd nudi ca chep ciia cac ndng Hd d viing duyen Hai thanh pho Yangchen, Trung qudc vai kdt qua lan lugt la 88%), 92% va 96%). Kgt qua chi sd hieu qua ky thuat theo dinh hudng dau ra cua nghidn ciiu nay, TE" = 91%, hai cao bon mdt chiit so vai ket qua tlnh toan chi sd hieu qua ky thuat theo dinh hudng dau vao cua Le Kim Long (2017) cho nghe nudi tdra the tham canh cua tinh Quang Ngai, TE' = 89%). Kdt qua ciia nghidn ciiu nay cho thay trinh do td chiic san xuat kinh doanh ciia hd gia dinh nudi tdra the chan trang tham canh d Quang Ngai la tuong ddi tdt, tucmg tu nhu cac kdt qua ciia nhigu nghg nudi trdng thuy san tham canh a cac nghien cihi trudc.
Tidm nang cai thien doanh thu binh quan cua nghg nudi tham canh tdm the chan trang a Quang Ngai cd thd dat rairc 17,65%) (1/0,85 - 1). Cu thd, ket qua d Bang 2 cho thay rairc hieu qua ky thuat
ming binh ciia nghe nay dat 91 %, die miic tigm nang san luong binh quan cd the cai thien neu su dung cdng nghe san xudt tdi uu la 9,9% (1/0,91 - I). Ket qua nghien cun ciia Ld Kim Long (2017) cung cho thdy tdi nam 2014, mdi chi cd 45% cac hd nudi torn tham canh d Quang Ngai dupc tap hudn ky thuat nuoi tdm. Do vay, viec tang cudng tap hudn ky thuat nudi tot (VietGap) la cdn thidt dd cai thien hieu qua ciia nghg nudi. Mat khac, gia tn trung binh ciia hieu qua phan bd, AE°, la 94%. Kdt qua nay ham y rdng cac hd nudi tdm the tham canh d Quang Ngai c6 thd gia tang doanh thu san xudt d mirc 6,4% (1/0,94 - 1), bang viec quan tam nhigu hon vg tin bieu gia thj trucmg ciia cac dau ra dg cd thd xay dung ke hoach san xuat, lira chgn thdi digm thu hoach va miic ty le phoi hgp san lugng tdra loai 1 va tdm loai 2 tdi uu.
Thuc tidn nghe nuoi tham canh tai duyen hai Nam Trung Bg ciing cho thay rang thdng tin va sire manh thl trudng dau ra ciia cac ndng hd la tuong ddi hiiu han vi: (i) quy rad san xuat nhd va dau ra phu thudc chii ydu vao nau vua; (ii) mo hinh lign kgt ngang (Hgn ket ndng hd) dd gia tang siic manh thi trudng ciing nhu md hinh lien ket dpc de ndng hd cd the chu dgng thi trudng dau ra cung chua dugc hinh thanh mdt each chinh thiic (Le Kira Long Sc cdng su, 2016).
Chi sd hieu qua doanh thu chinh la su kdt hgp ciia hieu qua ky thuat va hieu qua phan bd, dat gia tri trung binh la 85%i, va cd 13 hd (chiem 25,81%.) trong raau dat hieu qua doanh thu la 100%o. Nhu vay.
Bang 3: Hieu qua doanh thu, ky thuat va phan bo theo quy mo trang trai Quy md trang trai
(ha)
<0,30 0,30-0,59 0,60 - 0,89 0,90-1,19
=> 1,20 He so ttrong quan
S6ho
6 24 14 12 6
Ty trong
9,68
(%)
38,71 22,58 19,35 9,68
Hieu qua doanh thu 0,77 0,79 0,96 0,91 0,83 0,40'**
Hieu qua liy thuat
0,85 0,88 0,98 0,93 0,87 0,25**
Hieu qua phan bo 0,91 0,90 0,98 0,98 0,95 0,37***
"Mirey nghia 10%. "Mitcy nghia 5%; *** Mircy nghia 1%.
Ngudn: Tinh loan tit so lieu dieu tra aia Le Kim Long & cong sir (2016).
So 270 thdng 12/2019 kiiililf,J'liiillrifii
Bang 4: Hieu qua doanh thu, k> thuat va phan bd theo m3t do nuoi Mat do nuoi binh
{con/m^/vu)
<=80 8 1 - 1 2 0 121-160
>160 He so tiron g quan
quan S6h6
8 15 17 22
Ty trong
12,90
(%)
24,19 27,42 35,48
Hieu qua doanh thu 0,95 0,91 0,79 0,83 -0,37***
Hieu quit liy thuSt
0,99 0,94 0,88 0,88 -0,34*'*
Hieu qua phiin b6 0,96 0,97 0,90 0,94 -0,18
"Mucy nghia 10%, ** Miecy nghia 5%; *''* Micey nghia 1%
Nguon: Tinh todn tu so Ueu dieu tra cua Ee Kim Long & cdng sic (2016).
cac hg nudi tdra the chan trang tham canh d Quang Ngai cd thd gia tang doanh thu san xuat d miic 17,65% vdi lugng dau vao giir nguydn khdng ddi neu nhu hg van hanh san xuat dat miic tidm nang vg hieu qua ky thuat va hieu qua phan bd. Ket qua tinh toan va kigm dinh he sd tucmg quan hang Spearman ciing cho thay mdi quan he chat che giiia hieu qua doanh thu va hieu qua ky thuat ciing nhu hieu qua phan bd. Hem nira, cai thien hieu qua ky thuat cd tam quan trgng hon ddi vdi hicu qua doanh thu cua nghd nudi nay.
Ket qua d Bang 3 cho thay quy md trang trai nudi cd mdi tuang quan thuan chieu, cd y nghia thdng ke d muc y nghia 5%, vdi cac chi sd hieu qua doanh thu, ky thuat va phan bo ciia ngbe nudi tdm tham canh tai Quang Ngai Nhu vay, neu ndng Hd cd dien tich trang trai nudi tdm cang ldn, thi hieu qua ky thuat va phan bd cd xu hirdng cang dugc cai thien, do vay hieu qua doanh thu cang ldn. Nguyen nhan cd thg la cac trang trai nudi tdra cang ldn cang cd xu hudng duoc hudng lgi tir dac trung kinh tg cua quy md san xuat nen Hieu qua ky thuat cang ldn Hon nua, cac Hd cd dien tich nudi ldn thudng cd trinli do quan ly, dieu kien tai chinh tdt hon va nhieu ao nudi nen c6 the xay dung dupc kd hoach nudi va thu hoach cac loai tdm dd irag phd tdt hon vdi cac tin hieu ve gia dau ra trdn thi trudng Mdt didm dang luu y la cd tdi 49% sd lugng hd nudi cd quy md trang trai dudi 0,60 ha (miic quy md nhd).
Ket qua d Bang 4 cho thay mat do nuoi cd mdi tuong quan nghich chidu vdi cac chi sd hieu qua doanh thu, ky thuat (cd y nghia thdng ke d mirc y
nghia 5yo) va phan bd (nhung khdng du y nghia thdng ke du d miic y nghTa 10%)) ciia nghe nudi tdm thara canh tai Quang Ngai. Nhu vay, cac ndng hd cd mat dp nudi tom cang Idn thi hieu qua ky thuat va phan bd cd xu hudng cang giara, do vay hieu qua doanh thu ciing giam di. Luu y rang ket qua a Bang nay ciing cho thay c6 tdi gan 36%) ndng hd hien dang nudi tdm vai mat do cao (tren 160 con/raVvu). Nhu vay, ket qua d Bang 3 va Bang 4 tiep tuc cung cap bang chirng thuc nghiera iing hd cho khuydn cao ciia Le Kim Long & cdng su (2016) la ndng hd ndn nudi tdm vdi mat dp vira phai va doanh nghiep hda nghe nudi de hudng den quy rad san xuat ldn la con dudng phat trien ben vung nghd nuoi tdm a Duyen hai mien Trung.
4. Ket luan va ham y chinh sach
Nghign cuu nay da tdm lugc nen tang ly thuygt kinh tg vg cac chi sd hieu qua doanh thu, ky thuat va phan bd theo each tidp can dinh hudng ddu ra dugc dg xudt bdi Farrell (1957) dd tinh toan cac chi so nay cho cac hd nudi tdm the chan trdng thara canh tai Quang Ngai trong nara san xudt 2014. Kdt qua cho thay trinh dp td chiic san xudt kinh doanh ciia hg gia dinh nudi tdm the chan trdng tham canh d Quang Ngai la hrong ddi tdt vdi gia tri trung binh ciia RE, TE" va AE" ldn lugt la 85%, 91% va 94%.
Kdt qua phan tich ciing cho thdy, dd hudng ddn mdt nghe nudi tdm the chan trdng bdn vung, cac chinh sach vg ddt cho nghd nudi. dac bidt cac chinh sach phat trign nghg nudi tdra the tham canh theo hudng doanh nghiep hda nhu la chinh sach cho thue/
chuyen nhugng dg tich tii ddt va cdp gidy phep nuoi
So 270 thdng 12/2019 80
l\iiilili*l{ra
trdng dd m d r d n g q u y m d san xudt, la rdt q u a n trgng. gia theo viing nudi; (ii) Sir dung hieu qua cac kenh Kd tigp, tigp m c day m a n h trign khai tap hudn ky truygn thdng n h u tivi, radio, tin n h d n , . . . dd c u n g cdp thuat nudi VietGap c h o c a c n d n g hd nudi t o m the cac t h d n g tin thi t r u d n g mien phi, dd tidp can, t h u a n g tham canh vdi khuydn c a o n e n nudi vdi m a t d p vira xuyen, lidn Uic va cap nhat cho ndng hd; (iii) N g h i e n phai la rat can thiet. Thir ba, t h d n g rin va ridp can thi cim thuc ddy rad hinh lidn kdt n g a n g (lien kgt ndng trudng dau ra cho n d n g h p n u d i t d m c u n g cdn d u g c hd trong viing nudi) dg gia tang sire raanh, kha nang chil trgng n h a m giitp n d n g h p chii d g n g kg hoach san tidp c a n thj trucmg c u n g n h u xir ly cac phat vdn dd xudt va d o n g tho'i giam bot ap l u c m a c ca ciia n a u mdi t r u d n g , dich bdnh trong viing nudi; (iv) Nghidn vua, doanh n g h i e p chg bidn ddi v a i n d n g hd nuoi cim thuc ddy rad hinh lidn kdt dpc vdi nhac t r u d n g la tdm. Cac giai p h a p cu thd cd the la: (i) N h a n u d c cac doanh nghiep che bidn dg giiip cac n d n g hd chu vdi vai trd trung gian thanh lap cac c h g ca b a n ddu d g n g thi t r u d n g ddu r a . . .
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