LU^OfC KHAO VE LICH Sif VA N Q I HAM KHAI NIEM "HAN LUAT" TRONG THI HOC
TRUNG DAI VIET NAM
NGUYEN THANH TUNG'"'
Tom tdt: Bai vilt lin tim nguon goc, diln tiln va y nghTa duang thdi cua khai niem "Han lu^t" (luat tfia Han Thuyen), vdn kha quen thupe trong tu tudng thi hpc Viet Nam tiln hi?n dai, nhung cho din nay vin con la khai ni6m gay nhieu tranh cai. Bang viec chdng minh rSng khai niem nay xuit hien kha muon (khoang dau the XVlll) va cd mgt phd y nghTa rpng va mo hi, bai vllt nay co gang dua ra mpt cai nhin mdi ve doi tugng, tdc la, cho rang khong nen xem d6 la mot sy phan anh chinh xac nhung dac trung ciia tha ca chii- Nom, Khai ni?m
"Han luat" chi la mot diu hieu vl sy phat trien ciia nhSn quan co ve nhu la dan tpc chii nghia ve ng6n ngir tho ca d culi thdi trung dai, diu thdi hi?n dai d Viet Nam. Ben canh do, bai viet ciing chi ra ring can co nhdng dien giai mdi, sang ro han ve khai niem do dya tren nhiJng nghien cdu cong phu, sau sac hem.
Tirkhod: Han lu^t, tutudngthi hpc, thoNom, Viet Nam tien hien dai.
Abstrac: This article ti-aces the origin, evolution and contemporary meaning of tiie concept "Han luat" (Han Thuyen's prosodiacal rule) which was a so familiar term in tiie premodem Vietnamese poetic thought but yet up to now tills remains a controversial issue.
By demonstrating that the concept appeared quite late (maybe around early XVIlItii century) and had got a broad and v^;ue range of mearung, the article tiies to present another perspective that such concept should not be seen as a completely acurate reflection of tiie speci^ities of poetiy in Nom characters. The concept of "Han luat" is probably only an indication of the rise of nationalist-like vision on the poetic language in the late medieval and early modem Vietnamese poetic thought. Besides, the article also points out that tiiere is a need to have new and more apparent interpretation of that concept based on more meticulous and deeper researches.
Keywords: Han luat (Han Thuyen's prosodiacal rule), poetic thought, poetry in Nom characters, premodem Vietnam.
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hi nghien cuu lich su tiii hpc V i a t?i cda mpt he thdng thi lu^t va quan Nam, dac biet la mang thi hpc "'^rn v l thi luat cda rieng ngudi Viet dl Nom, chung ta bat g^p mot khai niem rit chdng td su ty giac v l hinh thuc trong dang chd y la "Han luat" ( ^ # : ) . Trong sang tac tha Nom cua dng eha ta ben sy hilm hoi cda tu lieu ban v l thi luat cEinh thuc tien tuygt vdi v l thi luat va cua tho Nom, khai niem "Han l u ^ ' dem <•) T S . Khoa Ngd van - Dai hpc Su PhamLUOC KHAO VE L(CH SU VA NQI HAM KHAI NI$M..
quan niem thi luat cua cac thl tha lyc bat, song thit luc bat, tha hat ndi, v.v...
qua dd sanh ngang vai he thing thi luat va quan niem thi luat Han dugc dem tdi td Tnmg Hoa.
Tuy nhien, vi khong c6 nhilu tu lieu minh chvmg nen chung ta cdn chua thuc sy hinh dung ro ve cai ggi Id "Han luat", dac biet la trong quan niem ciia nguai xua. He qua la, cac nha nghien cdu da tranh luan vdi nhau ve khai njem nay va dua ra nhilu uc doan: Tha Han luat la tha Nom (Qudc ngii, Quoc am) noi chung? La tha Ndm Dudng luat? La tha Duong luat tiiit ngon xen luc ngdn? La tha Ndm kit hgp Dudng luat voi tha ca dan tpc? v.v...
Tuy nhien, co mgt van dl ma chua ai dl cdng tim bleu cho that kT la vin dl ngudn gdc, dien bien va nguyen nghia cua khai niem "Han luat". Ngudi ta thudng chi nhac den mgt each chung chung ring "sd cu" ho£ic cu the hon la Khdm dinh Viet su thong gidm cuang muc (Cuang muc) da chep nhu vdy. Nhung lieu day da phai goc gac sdm nhat cila khai niem "Han luat"?
Hay cdn nhimg "goc gac" xua hon? Diln bien cda nd ra sao? Tra ldi nhung cau hdi do khong chi thoa man tri to mo "khao co tri thdc" ma theo chung toi, nd cdn gdp phan li giai, tra ldi cau hoi: Tha Han luat la gi trong quan niem cda ngudi xua? Nd ra ddi trong boi canh nao? Vi sao?
1. "Han luat" nghTa la "luat tha do hg Han dat ra" hoac "[tha] luat hg Han".
V^y, muon tim goc gac cda hai chii nay thi trudc hit phai bam vao nhiing tai lieu nhic din hg Han ma ta bilt chic do la Han Thuyen hay Nguyen Thuyen. Cac cudn c6 sd thdi Li - Tran - H6 hoac la mit (Dgi Viet su ki - Le Van Huu; Sir ki
- Trin Phd/ Tin; Ngogi su ki - Do Thien;
Viet su cuang muc - Hd Tdng Thdc;...) hoac con nhung nhieu tan khuyet, sa luge (An Nam chi luac - Le Tac; Dgi Viet sir luac - khuyet danh. An Nam chi nguyen - Cao Hdng Trung,...) da khdng cd mot dong ghi chep ve Nguyen/ Han Thuyen, va duong nhien ciing khdng cd khai niem
"Han luat". Tai lieu xua nhat cd nhic den hg Han cd le la Dgi Viet sie ki todn thu (Todn thu), khdi thao nam 1478 bdi Ngo ST Lien (? - ?), dugc "tyc bien" lien tiep cho den 1672. Ban in xua nhat cua Todn thu la ban nam Chinh Hda tiiu 18 (1697). Tuy nhien, cd the ndi ngay rang, van ban nay khdng he cd khai niem "Han luat". Vl Han Thuyen, sach nay vilt: "[1282]^A/X ^...
il jlb ^/ Mua tiiu, thang 8 (...). Biy gid co ca sau den sdng Ld. Vua sai Hnh bg Thugng thu Nguyen Thuyen lam bai van nem xudng song, ca sdu bd di. Vua cho viec nay gjor^ nhu viec cda Han DO, ben ban gpi la Han Thuyen. Thuyen lai gidi lam tha phu qudc ngu. Tha phd nude ta dung nhieu quoc ngu, thuc bit diu td diy" [Ban ki, QV, td41b][7].
Ghi chep nay khdng khac gi ghi chep cung trong sach nay ve mpt nhan vat cd lien quan la Nguyen ST Cd:
"[1306] ^ /v .a ... Bf t m ,#, S. i i
; i , -^ #• ^1 4fi T^ t R #r ^ X ^S 4 : i i t , M , 1 ^ . H * . - $ • ^X A : ^ i ^ 4^
^ # ^ ffl g l&, f i) ib Jfe/ Mua thu, thang 9 (...). Sai Thien chuang Hgc sT Nguyen ST Cd giang Ngd kinh. ST Cd thupe ddng Dong Phuang Sdc 3, gidi khoi
45
T^P CHl HAN N 6 M SO 1 (134) - 2016 NGUYEN THANHTONG
hai, hay lam tiia phu quoc ngu. Nudc ta lam nhilu tiia phd bang quoc ngu bit dau tu dd" [Ban ki, QVl, td 22a] [7].
Mac dd sy hien dien cua Nguyin Thuyen trong chfnh sd trudc Nguyen ST C6 24 nam, nhung khong chic ai ban tudi ai? Cung khdng chic ai lam tha Qudc ngd trudc? Va cung chua han hg la nhdng ngudi lam tha Quoc ngd dau tien? Cung Todn thu ghi mgt su kien nam 1306 nhu sau: "X ^r H,T ^-^
J^ :i: i 1" i ^ i *'j 5.. Jl i . ^ t j ^ i : J-X Hg ;§• ^ ^ Ja f^, -ft ^ ^ # Is] is. |ij i:,/ Miia ha, thang 6, ga cong ehda Huyen Tran cho chua Chiem Thanh Che Man. Trudc day, Thugng hoang vdn du sang Chiem Thanh, da hda ga rdi. Cac van sT trong trieu ngoai ngi nhieu ngudi mugn chuyen vua Han dem Chieu Quan ga cho Hung No lam tha, tu bing qudc ngd de cham hiem viec do"
[Banki,Q.VI,td21a-b][5].
Chinh vi mu md nhu vay, nen Todn thu deu ghi cung mgt cau d^i khai mang tinh chat "de doan" chd khdng phai la mgt ldi khing dinh: "Tha phu nudc ta dung nhieu Quoc ngd, thuc bit diu td day" hay "Nudc ta lam nhilu tha phu bang qudc ngu bit dau td do". Ciing xin lim y ring, trong sach nay chi cd khai nipm "Qudc ngd". "Qudc ngd" d day chi tilng Vi$t, tilng bdn qudc (tdc tilng Vi?t duong thdi). Khai niem "Qudc am"
ude chimg phai sau thl ki XVII mdi xuat hien rgng rai.
Nhu vay, cd thl ndi, cho din khoang cudi thl ki XVll, chung ta chua thiy xuit hien khai niem "Han luSt" bdi le,
thu dugc bien soan bdi giai tri thdc tmh hoa cua sudt may the ki (va ldc biy gid dugc in ra), khong ghi nhan mgt thdng tin quan trgng nhu vay (lien quan trye tilp den nhan vat Nguyln/Han Thuyen).
Hay phai chang, quan niem ve "Han luat" da xuat hien, nhung bo chinh sd quan phuang khong xem no la dung dan va chinh thdng nen khong chep vao? Du the nao di chang nua, dieu do ciing cho thay, cai ggi la "Han luat" khdng hien dien trong nhan thdc chinh thong cua gidi tri thuc duang thdi mac du "thi luat", "thi the", "thi phap" cua tho
"Qudc ngu" da it nhieu va Id md dugc nhac den. Ching ban, cung chinh Todn thu cd chep l^i mgt sac du cua vua Le Thanh Tdng thdi Hdng Due (1470
1497) nhu sau: "M ^: ^ ^ i. i^ ^^
^ , -ft # T^ -^ ?i. ^ * ^ ^ it ^ P-l ^ , ^ ^^ ^ *o, iL -g- .C ^ M fli M ! & # * , ^ # rfa ^ , * ^ ^*p,
4-<tt ^-AW. t ^ ^ - § - # ^ t
^ / sic du L I bg Ta Thi lang Luang Nhu Hoc ring: "Mdi rdi, Nguyen Vinh Trinh khong hpc the tha Quoc ngu, lam tho khong dung phep. Ta tudng la nguoi biet, nen mdi hdi thu nguoi, nhimg nguai cung khong biet not. Va ta xem Hong Chdu quoc ngu thi tap cim nguai cdn nhieu cho that luat, ta chac la nguai chua biet nen mdi ndi ra. Vu Lam thudng khdng mudn ta ndi cho nguai bilt dau" [Ban ki, Q.XIl, 14a-b] [7].
Cd thl thiy, mpt sic du cua trieu dinh da ban ve van de the loai ciia tho Qudc ngu, sic du do la cua ong vua vdn sinh lam tha Nom la LS Thanh Tdng.
LU<?C KHAO VE LICH SC VA NQl HAM KHAI NIEM..
lam tho Quoc ngd da dugc dua ra thao luan d tao dan cung dinh thdi Hdng Ddc.
Ta khong bilt ro luat tha do cu t h l ra sao, nhung chdc chin la nd co nhung diem khac vdi tha chd Han, bdi le cac tri thuc bac cao (Tiln sT) nhu Nguyin VTnh Trinh (thl ki XV), Luang Nhu Hoc khdng the khong n i m c h i c luat tha Han.
Tho chu Han cua hai ong hien con cho thiy ro dilu do. N l u luat tha Qudc ngd ma tuong ddng hoan toan vdi luat tho chu Han thi ban dng khong bi qud trach nang n l ma ciing khong kem phin "hdm hinh" nhu t h l . Sy khac biet cd thl din tu cac yeu to nhu: ngu am (luat bing - trie, hiep van, niem - n l u co, hai thanh,...), ngu phap (brat ty tu, cu phap,...), kit ciu (so cau, so chu, doi trugng,...),v.v...
Thyc tien tha Nom Dudng luat thl ki XV - XVII (Qudc dm thi tap, Hdng Due quoc dm thi tap, Bgch Vdn quoc ngir thi tap. Cdn Nguyin ngif chi thi tap....) cd the cung cSp cho chung ta nhihig hinh dung ve sy khac biet nhat djnh, du chua thuc sy chac chan. Do la chua ke, neu tha Quoc ngu d day la tha lyc bat, song tiiat luc bat, tho hat noi thi su khdc biet da qua ro rang, chac chan. Hong Chdu quoc ngir thi tap da mat nen ta khdng rd luat tha ma Le Thanh Tong ndi den la gi, cy the ra sao. (Day la van de can dugc ban den trong nhiing cong trinh khac cung vdi van d l thuc chat cua khai niem "Han luat" dua ti^n cac ket qua nghien cdu thuc chdng khac). Nhung tuyet nhien ta khdng thay sd quan ggi do la "Han luat" hay mgt thuat ngii nao khac dai loai nhu thl.
2. Phai d i n d i u thl ki XVIII, khai ni^m nay mdi thuc sy xuit hien. Theo khao sat cda chung toi, nd xuat hien lin
d i u tien trong bai tha lam khi ve tri sT cua Dang Dmh Tudng (1649 - 1735).
Sach Tong tap vdn hpc Nom Viet Nam (tap 2), dan Bang gia thi phd, chep khi
"ve nghi huu ong co tho rang":
Bdy muai viin li mac xin nhdn, Muon ludt Hdn Thuyen tg bach quan.
Be trde cdn ghi vdn thiit khodn.
Treo trdm vi ludt ude thanh san.
Cdn bdng minh dong tdi Y Ido, Biiu hg vui riing thu Lu bdn.
Nghiiu Thudn qudn ddn ddi ch0 thdy.
Hai vai ciing thoa tdc niem dan.
[10,tr.556]
Neu cd the trdng dgi vao do tin cay cua Bang gia thi phd thi bai tha dugc lam khoang diu t h l ki XVIII. Cu thl, theo thong le "trf s f cda cac trieu dai quan chd (70 tuoi la nghi huu). Dang Dinh Tudng ve huu khoang nam 1728 - 1729. Vay, khai niem "luat Han Thuyen"
xuat hien 6 nhirng nam nay. Nhung viec Dang Dinh Tudng sd dung nd ciing cho thay khai niem nay cd the da thong dung va cd the xuat hien sam hon mpt khoang thdi gian nao dd, hoac da luu truyen.
trong mgt moi truang nhat dinh nao dd tu trudc. Tuy nhien, "luat Han Thuyen"
chi cdi gi? Neu dng cu the vao bai tho nay thi "luat Han Thuyen" Id luat tho Ndm Dudng luat. Nhung chung ta ciing CO the hieu rpng ban la tho ca Qudc am, suy luan do tudng cung khdng c6 gi khong dugc khi ma tiiyc te da cd nhiing each hilu nhu the. Dieu nay dugc Ngd Thi ST ngay sau do cho biet.
Trong sach Viit sir tiiu dn (1775), Ngd Thi ST (1726 - 1780) vilt v l su kien Han Thuyen viet van te dudi ca sau nhu sau: " ; f m. .f, S. }$. } ^ - ^ ?^ it $1 X
47
T^P CHi HAN N6M S6 I (134) - 2016 NGUYEN THANH TONG
^ i : ; i t M .#. il ^ -J^ J-^ ^ ^ ^
[Nhan Ton hoang dl] C6 con ca siu din song Lo, sai Nguyen Thuyen lam bai van nem xudng giO^ song, ca siu tu nhien bd di. Vua cho viec nay gidng viec Han Du lam van dudi ca sau, cho Thuyen ddi hg la Han Thuyen gidi lam phii Qudc ngu, nhieu ngudi bat chudc.
Nay cac tho Qudc am gpi la Han luat, la bit diu td day" [17, td 42b].
Chung ta hay chd y cau cuoi, Ngo Thi ST ndi: "Nay cac tha Quoc am gpi la Han lu^it, cd le la bat dau tu day". Cau nay cho bilt, each gpi tho Qudc am la
"Han luat" da dugc dimg pho bien 6 thdi cua dng, va ong li giai each gpi ay td sy ki?n trong sd. RQ rang, Ngd Thi ST khdng khing dinh each gpi "Han luat"
da cd td xa xua ma chi noi ve hien thyc tiidi dng sdng hoac trudc do doi chut (kim), ciing nhu each dung cua chfnh ban than dng ma thdi.
Dieu dd con dugc minh chung them td mgt cdng trinh khac cua ong (dugc con trai ong !a Ngd Thi Nham bien tap, hieu dinh va cho khac in vdo nam 1800):
Bai Vi$t sir ki tiin biin (Tiin biin). Ciing vilt ve Han Thuyen, sach nay cho bilt:
"(^ /\ n ...Bf t M ,#> 5. i^ ir •$- ^
® ^ # ^ E; ^ # ^ i& :5^ jlh?/
[Mua thu, thang 8] (...) Cd con ca siu din sdng Ld. Vua sai Hinh bp Thugng tiiu la Nguyin Thuyen lam bai van tl nem xudng sdng, ca siu tu nhien bd di, vua cho viec nay giong viec cda Hdn Du
cho doi hp la Han Thuyen. ThuySn lai gidi ve lam tho phu bang qudc ngir, nhieu ngudi bat chudc. Nay nhihig ngudi lam tha quoc am ggi la Han lu^t cd le cung bat dau tu day" [Ban ki, Q.V, td57a][16].
Nhu ta biet, Tiin bien co ban dya tren sd lieu cua Todn thu. cd gia cong them su tra cuu va nhat la binh luan cua Ngo Thi ST, Nguyen Nghilm. So sanh doan ghi chep nay vdi Todn thu ta thiy c6 sy khac biet d cau cudi hay ndi khac di la mgt ddng cudc chii:
"nay nhiing ngudi lam tho Qudc Sm ggi la Han luat co Ig cung bat dau tir diy". Chung ta rdt cd the hieu rang:
dng muon noi den "each ggi ngay nay". Nhung von la ngudi cd tinh tiiin khoa hgc nen Ngo Thi SI cung chi dc doan "co le" (cai) chd khdng khing dinh chac chan nhu sau nay.
3. Sang thl ki XIX va diu thl ki XX, "dc doan" da trd thanh dieu hien nhien dugc thda nhan, cung cd bdi khd nhilu tu lieu. Ldi ndi cua Ngo Thi ST dugc Pham Dinh Hd (1768 1840) chdng thyc va phat trien them d dau tiie ki XIX. Trong bai CS Bdng Nguyet Loan Cao tir Vdn Nhi phiin dich Ti ba hdnh ty: (1806), Pham Dinh H6 vilt:'%
n. -^ -^ ^ % ^\m ^ ^ iY rf^ ^,
» - X ^ i ^ - ^ . ^ : t , ^ : g f c i 5 i * f ^ ^ ^ :5^ fe, ^ ^ ft T> ^ :f^ i^L. * t - 1
^ ^ m iL # , ^ ^ ^t if. ^ B* -^
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LU'OC KHAO VE LjCH SU VA NQl HAM KHAI NIEM...
Mua xuan nam Binh Din (1806) niSn hieu Gia Long, ong Cao Van Nhi d C6 Ding Nguyet Loan co dem ban dich Ti bd hdnh cua B£ich LEIC Thien cho tdi xem, l£ii xui sda ehda. Toi hgc hanh bl tic, lai cang khong sd tnidng d qudc am, sao cd till phe diem lung tung dugc! Nhung da nhan thi cudi cdng ciing dpe xong, tiii tiiiy ban dich tiianh thoat, dep dg, trang nha dang cd i^udi nghe, nhan do ma bilt dugc cai y cda Cao tu. Cd le la ong mudn ban dich cda minh thoang, sang sda ma khdng roi hgi d sy cung nhic, dep de thim kin ma khong qua budng lung, cai chi cua ong thua la d^g dl cao vay! Ngay khac, c6 thl ngam van chuong ma nha nggc phun chau, theo khudn tiiudc cda tho ca thdi Thieu Bmh, Quang Thuan, tiln kip dugc khdc Bdo ngi^en va Tic thdi, va dT nhien dng trd tiianh mdt danh gia cda till Han luat. Toi tuy khong minh man cung xin cim roi ngua ma nguyen xin chu toan cung dng"
[14,td48a].
Trong bai tua cda minh, Pham Dinh Ho dudng nhu cimg chi quan niem "Han lu|lt" la tho Quoc am ndi chun^ vi ong dang ban den tha Qudc am (ca sang tac iSn dich phdm) dan nhung tac pham nhu tha thdi Thieu Binh, Quang Thuan [tha Ndm Dudng luat?], Ddo nguyin hdnh (cua Phiing Khic Khoan, thl luc bat) hay Tic thdi khdc vinh (Hoang ST Khai, thl song thdt luc bat), ban dich 77 bd hdnh cua Cao Tu Van Nhi (thl lyc bat ho?c song tiiit lyc bat?), v.v... nhu la nhung thanh qua cu the ciia "till Han li4t".
Din cuoi the ki XIX, khai niem
"Han luat" cung di vao bp quoc su cua trilu Nguyen la Cuang muc (1856
1881). v l sy kien Nguyin Thuyen dudi ca sau, sach nay chep nhu sau:
"Thang 8, mua thu. Co ca sau den song Phd Luang. Nha vua sai quan Hinh bg Thugng thu la Nguyin Thuyen lam bai van tha xudng song, ca sau ty nhien bd di; nha vua thay viec do giong nhu viec Han Du, cho Nguyen Thuyen dugc doi hp la hg Han. Ldi phe [cua vua Tu Due]: Viec ndy quyit nhiin khong co, chdng qua do linh hieu ky md phu hpi xdngxien [...] [Chii rdng:] (... ^ it i^
^ '<km m ^ t^ ^ n ^ y:< jit)/
Nguyen Thuyen: Nguoi Thanh Lam, thupe Hai Duong, cd tai lam tho phd bang quoc ngu, nhieu ngudi bit chudc.
Vi the sau nay lam tho qudc am ggi la Han luat la do viec nay" [Chinh bien, Q.VII,td25b-26a][13].
Nhu ta thiy, ldi chua ciia Cuang muc cimg nhin manh "sau nay lam tho qudc am ggi la Han luat". Dieu do cho thay, soan gia cuong mye ciing cho rang, khai ni8m
"Han luat" xuat hien ve sau chd khong phai ngay luc ay ngudi ta da ggi tho Han Thuyen la "Han luat". Y kien cua cac soan gia Cuang muc kha tuong dong vai y kien ciia Ngo Thi ST. Sach Viet sic cuang mye tiit yiu ciia Dang Xuan Bang cung nhit tri vdi Cuang muc: "1^ 4- ^ § !§• # ^ , /^
^ i^^.^kmm'^i^^ n^^yy^
jtb. ® -^ # ^ :4& ih/ Thuyen gidi lam tho phd qudc ngii, nhieu ngudi bat chudc.
Sau nay viec lam tho quoc am ggi la tha Han luat la do tii day. Tha phd quoc am cimghitdiutiiday" [I, tr.l75].
Tren mgt tim bien de d den Va t£ii xa Trung Hung thi xa Son Tay, Ha Ngi, cd bai tha dugc dy doan la cda Phd bang.
TAP CHi HAN NOM so 1 (134)-2016 NGUYEN THANH TONG Quang ldc ty Thilu khanh. Doc hgc
Truang Quy (? - ?) hga mpt bai tiio Ndm tiiit ngdn bat cu cda Nguyin Khan [3].
Tieu dl bai tho la Phung hpa Cdnh Hung Canh Thin khoa Tiin sT San Tdy Hiep trdn Nguyin cong cung de "Dong thin cung Han luat nguyen xudng"
(Vdng hpa nguyen van bai tha Han luat goc Cung de Dong thdn cung cua Nguyen cdng, Hiep tran San Tay, Tien sT khoa Canh Thin nien hieu Canh Hung). Bai tha hga nay cd nien dai cudi the ki XIX, nam Binh Than (1896) ddi Thanh Thai (1889 - 1907). Khai niem
"Han luat" d day dung de ehi mpt bai tho Ndm Dudng luat. Vay phai chang
"Han luat" la tha Nom Dudng luat?
Cung chua bin nhu vay. Boi le, dd hiSu theo nghTa rpng la tha Ndm (Qudc am) noi chung thi van chang sao. Va lai, mpt trudng hgp cu the nhu the nay chua du di den ket luan chac chan. Rit cd thl nhiing trudng hgp cu the nhu thl nay khien mpt sd nha nghien edu nham tudng khai niem "Han luat" duy chi tho Ndm Dudng luat. Nhung thuc tl cac phat ngdn va tac pham lai cho thiy khai niem "Han luat" dugc hilu rgng hon thl.
Dieu nay se dugc ro hon vdi nhdng tu lieu khac duong thdi va sau mpt chut.
Chang han, bai tua Hpc cd thi tap cda La sinh d Gia Hoa (ed nien dai khoang cudi till ki XIX), cung c6 doan chep:"^ i* ft 'li 'B^, -fe ft ^ t . B^
U-^ 1^,fiti^m^ A -11 ^ #,
^ -H^ -4- # . -f ^ flfl Bf, T- ^ ^ ^ ft5.^3^^^i^. ^>•X4^:f^•ftft .€> -t f, S- -^ *i ;^ [15] -^ [i&] -^ ^
- P i n ifbmt^,ikti ^ ^ ^ . S L
.^. ^ i^ ^ Fff m ^. ^ J^l Tdi luc nhd tinh ludi, lan len lai phung sy sy nghiep, nen vdn nghe cd sao nhang, dam dau ndi den tho ru! Nhung ma tfnh trdi lai chugng tho, ma cang chuong tha c6.
Nhiing luc rdi rai, khong y thdc dugc sy ngu xuan, ma den do hpc ddi, bat chudc.
Vi vgy, [tho] bat goc tu tinh ma kich phat bdi thanh. Ma cd nhung bai vung ve lam theo the Dudng luat, Han luSt hoac la ngii ngdn, hoac that ngdn, roi tuyet cu, bai ngan dai, phdng xua chdng nay" [5, td lb].
O day, qua each dien dat cua Ld sinh, chung ta can hieu rang, Lu sinh dung khai niem "Dudng luat" de ehi tho chu Han (chu yeu luat Dudng), con "Han luat" la de chi tha Nom (khong rd thi luat cu thl). Dieu do phu hgp vdi ngi dung cua t?p tho Hpc CO thi tgp, trong do cd day du cac loai tho chd Han, tho Ndm (cd thl, c?n the,...). Ndi khac di, doi vdi Lii sinh,
"Han luat" ciing chi !a mpt khai nipm kha mu md, dung de chi tho quoc am.
Khong mpt ai ro, nlu c6 eai ggi la
"luat tho hg Han" thi luat tho do cu the the nao!
Roi d khoang cudi thl ki XIX dau tiie ki XX, cd mgt tu lieu kha quan trgng. Do la bai Ddn sach Quoc vdn tung id (Nguyen van San) chua bilt cua ai, soan bang chit Ndm. Bai dan co doan viet:
"Muon cuu xet !6i van nudc ta dugc
LU'gfC KHAO VE LICH SC VA NOI HAM KHAI NIEM..
van Hdn ludt. Khdi thuy td ddi nha Trin, ddi vua Nhan Ton (Tay Uch 1255) CO ong N g u y i n Thuyen lam bai van t l ca sau d sdng Phd Luong (tdc song Nhi, Ha Ngi bay gio). Sau vua Nhan Ton iiy viec i y gidng viec Hdn Du ddi Duong ben Tau, cho ong Nguyen Thuyen theo hg Han ndn doi ra hp Han. Ay la I6i Han luat b i t d i u tu d i y " [15, td la-b].
T u lieu nay quan trgng d cho, bat dau tu day, khai niem "Han luat" mai dugc k h i n g dinh la " b i t d i u tu d i y " (tdc td Han Thuyen) mdt each dong dac!
Dieu dang chu y niia la, trong quan idem cda tac gia bai dan, "Han luat" khong chi chi tho md la van ndi chung ("ldi van Han luat"). Thuc te, cuon Quoc vdn tiing ki ciing suu tap du cac loai tho van chu Nom. N h u vay, "Han luat" d day chi cd nghTa la lam bSng tieng nudc ta, tue Qudc am chu khong ham y mpt "luat tha" nao ca. Quan niem nay cdn rgng hon quan niem cda Ngo Thi ST, Pham Dmh H 6 hay Qudc sd quan trilu Nguyen.
Ben cgnh dd, ciing cd mot vai tac gia tuy khong true tiep nhic den khai niem "Han luat" nhung cung cd nhiing dien giai lien quan nhu Cao Ba Quat trong bai Tua Hoa tiin [18, tr.150 -151];
Ngo Giap Dau trong bai Li hang ca dao [4, td l b ] ; Vu Cong Thanh trong bai Tua Di tinh thi tgp [19, td la] va Tua Nam a m s K / o a / [ 1 8 , t r . l 8 0 ] v . v . . .
Chimg ay dan chung da du cho t h i y mgt nhan thuc chung cua cac tac gia tu d l u t h l ki XVIII trd di (cho den tan d i u t h l ki XX) v l cai ggi la "Han lugt" nhu tren d5 thuat giai. T u ddi
nay sang ddi khac, tu the ki nay sang the ki khac, "chdng khau dong thanh".
Tren day la viec luge khao dien trinh hien dien va each hieu khai niem
"Han luat" qua cac phat ngon, trudc thuat hien cdn cda ngudi trung dai hau ki (thl ki XVIII-XIX). Khao sat tren cdn cho thay mgt khoang trong la su vang bdng khai niem "Han luat" d cac the ki trudc do. Cd hay khdng khai niem "Han luat" trudc do? Va neu co thi nd cd nghia gi? Phai chang vi cd su ddt quang nao do khien cho ngudi ddi sau (td the ki XVIII) trd di da khdng hieu roi tu do dan den "hieu sai" khai niem ndy? Ndi khac di, thuc chat, "Han luat" la gi, lieu cd mgt "luat tho hg Han" hay khong va
"hg Han" d day la ai? Nhihig van de do chung ta se ban den trong mgt dip khac, khi ma dilu kien v l tu lieu ciing nhu each tilp can cho phep./.
N.T.T C h u thich
(1) Xet sach Quoc sir todn yiu (Nam sir todn yiu) cua Nguyin Huy Oanh, khic in vao khoang gida the ki XVIII, khi vilt v l Han Thuyen va viec dudi ca s i u cung chep y nhu Todn thu:
"Biy gid cd ca sau den song Ld. Vua lenh cho Nguyen Thuyen lam van, vdt xudng song, ca sau tu bd di. Vua cho viec i y gidng nhu Han DO xua, nen ban cho hg Han; Thuyen lai gidi v l tha phd qudc ngd. Tho phu nudc ta lam bang quoc ngu nhilu thuc bat dau tu day.
T a i lieu t h a m k h a o
1. Dang Xuan Bang: Viet sir cuang muc tiit yiu, Nxb.KHXH, H.2000.
TiM* CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (134) - 2016 NGVYBN THANH TUNG 2. Tha van Li - Trdn, tap 1, Nxb. KHXH,
H.1977.
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Li hgng ca dao, Thu vien Qu6c gia Ha Npi, kihieu:R.1907.
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6. Do Van Hy: Ngudi xua bdn ve vdn chuang, tap 1, Nxb. KHXH, H.1993.
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KHXH,H.1971.
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12. Phan Dilm Phuong: Luc bdt vd song thdt lyc bdt, Nxb. KHXH, H. 1998.
13. Qu6c sd quan dilu Nguyin (1883);
Khdm dinh Viet sir thdng gidm cuang mye, Vien Nghien cdu Han Nom, ki hieu: A.I/1-9.
14. Qudc triiu vdn tuyen (XIX), khuyet danh, Vi$n Nghien cdu Han Ndm, ki hieu:
A.9I5/I - 7 .
15. Nguyin Van San (Hai Chau Td) (?):
Qudc vdn tung ki. Vien Nghien cdu Han Nom, ki hieu; AB.383.
16. Ngo Thi ST (1775); Dgi Viit sir ki tiin bien, Vien Nghien cdu Han Nom, ki hieu A.2/1-7.
17. Ngo Thi ST (1775); Viit sir tieu dn, Vien Nghien cdu HanNom, kihi?u A.ll.
18. Nguyen Minh Tin (chii bien) (1981);
Tie trong di sdn — nhimg y kien ve vdn hgc lie thi ki X din ddu the ki XX d nudc ta, Nxb.
Tac pham mdi, H.I981.
19. Vu Cong Thanh (1916); Di tinh thi tap. Vien Nghien cdu Han Nom, ki hi$u:
VHv.243.
20. La Nham Thin; Tha Nom Dudng lugt. Nxb. Giao due, H.I998.
21. Ngo Due Thp: "Budc dau tim hieu quy tic Han luat qua tap tha Ngu di Thien Hoa doanh bdch vjnh", Tgp chi Vdn hgc, so 3 -1996.
22. Nguyen Thanh Tiing; Thir tim hieu quan ni^m vi tha Ndm (hdi Li Trdn. Ki ylu Hgi thdo khoa hpc NCS, Trudng DHSP Ha Npi, thang 12, trang 256 - 265/ 2010.