QUAN LY SAU QUY HOACH CUA GIAO THONG DU'OfNG THUY N Q I DIA
TS. Le Kinh Vinh Khoa Cong trinh Giao thdng Tdm tdt: Qudn ly sau quy hgach (SQH) Id mgt cong viec quan trgng doi vdi mgt nhiim vu quy hgach, dgc biet Id Quy hogch lien quan din ca sd hg tdng ky thugt. Co qudn ly tot SQH thi mdi phdt huy dugc hiiu qud tdng the cua Quy hogch ndi chung. Bdi viet long qudt hda cdc vdn di vi quan ly SQH vdi hai khia cgnh trgng ldm : nhimg yiu cdu ca bdn doi vdi hoat dgng qudn ly SQH vd ngi dung chil yiu trong hogt dgng qudn ly SQH cua Giao thong dudng thiiy ngi dia (GTDTND).
Abstract: Management after planning is an important work for any planning mission, especially it concerns to techinical infrastructure. Only good management afier planning may call forth general efficiency of planning. The article generalizes some problems ofmanagenl after planning in two central aspects: Basic requirements for managent after planning and essential contents in managent after planning of inland waterway transport.
Tic khda: Qudn ly sau qui hogch.
Keywords: Managent after planning.
l . D a t v i n d e
Hoat dpng sau quy hoach la cac boat dpng trien khai thuc hien cac cac ket qua ma Quy hoach da v^ch dinh. Nhung k6t luan ma quy ho^ch dua ra ve dinh tinh va dinh lupng, gio day duoc thuc thi tren thuc ih. Lam diing cac y tucmg cua quy hoach v^ npi dung, ti^n trinh va buoc di; thuc hien va tridn khai hop ly cac cong viec lien quan den ciing c6, hoan thi$n va phat trien co sd ha ting tir ket qua qiiy hoach, dam bao cho quy hoach hudng den mye tieu hieu qua va kha thi.. .vv ludn la nhihig ddi hoi khat khe phai duoc dap ung ciia ho^t dpng quan iy.
Vi vay, trong Giao thdng ndi chung va Giao thdng thuy ndi rieng, quan ly SQH phai dupc coi nhu la mot nhiem vu mdt xich quan trpng trong quan ly ndi chung. Quan ly SQH the hi?n tren nhiSu phucmg dien, song, trong pham yi bai viet nay, tac gia xin d^ cap dSn 2 van d l chu ylu: nhirng yeu ciu co ban ddi vdi hoat ddng quan Iy SQH va npi dung chii yen trong hoat ddng quan Iy SQH doi vdi Giao thdng dudng thuy npi dia.
2. Yeu cau co ban ve quan Iy giao thong d u ^ g thuy (GTDT) sau quy hgach
Cung nhu cac hoat ddng quan ly ndi chung, quan ly sau quy hoach tuan thu nhihig yeu cau cd tinh nguyen tic va tinh dac thii nganh. Thda man dupc cac yeu ciu dat ra, tiic ta dam bao dupc "dau vao" ciia hoat
ddng. Cac yeu cau co ban duac chi ra sau day:
a. Qudn ly hogt dong di dung muc tieu.
Cac hoat ddng nen khai sau quy hoach phai phu hop muc tieu, npi dung va tidn trinh quy hoach dua ra. Dilu nay dupc hiiu la:
thuc hien trien khai quy hoach ddi hdi phai lmh hdi va thuc thi diing mpi ket qua cua quy hoach vach ra ma trudc hit la dap ung muc tieu cua nhiem vu quy hoach.
b. Trong hogt dgng tudn thii cdc tieu chudn hoa.
Quan ly Giao thdng dudng thuy SQH phai tuan thu quy trinh, quy pham, tieu chuin trong ho^t dpng, nghia la: mpi cdng viec tir nghien ciru (nghien cuu kha thi), quy hoach, den khao sat, thiet ke, thi cdng xay lip cdng trinh GT dudng thuy, khai thac va quan ly van tai thuy phai ludn tren nin tang cac quy pham, tieu chuan, dinh muc ciia khoa hpc, cdng nghe va quan ly.
c Nhgn thite qudn ly Id qudn ly todn dien.
Xuat phat tir nguyen ly: hieu qua tdng the ludn di tir hieu qua cac thanh phin cau thanh. Vi vay, quan ly GTDT SQH la quan ly toan dien, phai dupc lam tdt khdng chi d khau quan ly diu tu xay dung cdng trinh ma cdn quan ly bao tri, duy tu cong trinh sau xay diJTig; quan ly cdng trinh h^ ting ludng tuyen
van tai, h? tang Cang-Bin va quan ly hoat dpng cua khai thac van tai.
d. Qudn ly GTT trudc hit Id qudn ly hg tdng viing nudc-vitng bd.
Quan ly SQH trong GTT ludn hudng den bao ve an toan viing nudc (L-B-H-R) va viing bd tren mpi tuyln sdng (bd va cdng trinh tren bd). Cu the la quan ly cac ylu t l ha tang GTDT: quan ly an toan ludng lach chay tau, hanh lang bao ve ludng, bd sdng va an toan hpat ddng tai cac cang - ben, cac dau mdi thiiy-bd, cac ICD, cdng trinh bao hieu DTND, cac cdng trinh vupt sdng.
e. Qudn ly GTT gdn ket nhgn thuc
"Bdo lim toi da song - rach hien eo ".
Trong giao thong (GT) dudng bp, cd the pha bd con dudng nay va xay moi mpt con dudng khac mpt each d l dang! nhung trong GTDT khdng cho phep d l dang san lip mpt con sdng va dao mdi tao con sdng mdi!
Quan ly SQH cua GTDT ludn hudng den dam bao than thien vdi mdi trudng, duy tri tdi da mang xanh va viing nudc sdng kenh, phat trien ben vung GTDT. Do dd "Bdo luu, giir gin toi da eac song —rach hien cd " la tu duy quan ly xuyen sudt trong yeu cau phat triln b i n vung cua giao thdng dudng thuy ndi rieng.
/ Yeu edu tiep giao thuc te hien trudng GTDT:
Kinh nghiem quan ly cho ta mpt nhan thuc lam viec: ehua ngoi vdo bdn de viet cdc van de qudn ly vd Quy hogch neu nhir chua tiip egn thuc te hien trudng. chua tiep xiic hien trudng vdi cac cam nhan ca nhan. Phai qua thuc te true quan: di bp dpc bd sdng, xudng cac bin do, din cac bai vat lieu xay dung, bin x i p da luang thuc, thtiy san, ngdi tren ghe tu hanh, chup hinh cac dang day ca, cac ciu vupt sdng, cac phao tieu bao hieu GTDTND, cac diem xdi Id bd, cac diem bdi can... tren ludng tau van tai VT...) quan sat, tilp xiic hien trudng de dua ra cac quyet dinh diine din va tin cay Irong cac ldi giai ve dau tu. xay dvmg, quy hoach \ a quan ly ndi chung..
3. Npi dung ca ban ciia quan ly G T D T sau quy hoach
Quan ly hoat ddng cua mdt chuyen nganh kinh te - ky thuat la sir quan ly toan dien. Trong ITnh vuc GTDTND, quan ly SQH hudng din muc tieu an toan \ a hieu qua cho cac d l i tupng dupc quan ly. Cu the: quan ly cac yeu to ca sd ha ting chuyen nganh dudng thuy ndi dia (DTND); quan ly boat ddng khai thac van tai thuy ndi dia; quan ly trong llnh vuc quy hoach- dau tu, xay dung cdng trinh DTND ndi chung.
3.1 Quan ly dam bao an toan cac y l u td CO sd^ ha tang ky thuat giao thong duxnig thiiy noi dia.
Quan ly theo nhiem vu nay duac xem xet tren 6 mat npi dung: luong tuyen chgy tau va hanh lang bao ve ludng, bd va cdng trinh bd, ha tang cang-ben, cdng trinh bao hieu hang giang, quan ly chudng ngai GT va cdng trinh vupt sdng.
a. Qudn ly hg tdng ludng tuyen vd hdnh lang bdo ve luong.
Quan ly thdng sd ludng chay tau (L-B- H-R) theo cap ky thuat sdng-kenh; danh gia tinh trang khan can, bdi lang va xdi Id bd;
chudng ngai giao thdng tren ludng chay tau (dang day ca, khai thac cat); tinh trang nao vet, san lap kenh-rach; hanh lang (chi gidi bd); Tinh toan nhu cau bao tri (nao vet) ludng tuyen van tai.
b. Qudn ly bd vd cong trinh bdo ve bd Bd: dac thii chung vung dat 2 bd tuyen sdng dac tinh co-ly ciia viing dat ? Tinh trang xdi id bd tren tuyen sdng: the loai, mirc dp xdi Id; tinh trang su dung vimg bd ciia cu dan lam nha; xay dung ben bai, w ; thuc trang duy tri tham thuc vat ven bd ? (chdng "sa mac hoa")
Ke Bd: Vi tri dia diem ke tren tuyln sdng; loai hinh ke, quy mo kich thudc ke;
tinh trang chat lupng boat ddng cua ke; tinh toan nhu cau bao tri ke hien hihi va xay ke bd mdi, ..vv.
c. Qudn ly eong trinh hg tang cdng- ben, eac cdng egn (ICD):
Quan ly cac loai hinh cang-bin: cang tdng hpp hay chuyen dung;
Quan ly tinh trang viing nudc trudc cang: dien tich; kha nang quay trd cua
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tau; Quy md cang: kha nang thdng qua (QTQ);
- Tinh trang ha ting ky thuat: ciu tau, kha nang tilp nhan tau (DWT);
- Tinh trang ha ting kho - bai (dung luang);
Giao thdng ndi bp cang (su bd tri);
Giao thdng ndi ket cang - ben ngoai;
Quan ly nang lyc trang thilt hi xep do trong cang. (tuyen cau tau, tuyen kho);
Tinh toan nhu cau trong bao tri va xay dung mdi cac hang mye ha ting cang.
d. Qudn ly cong trinh bdo hieu hdng giang (phao tieu bien bao GTDTND):
Quan ly ve sd lupng bao bieu; chting loai bao hi?u: sy dap ung theo tieu chuan;
tinh trang chat luong ky thuat ciia bao hi|u;
danh gia ty le chieu dai tuyen cd bao hi?u hang giang (BHHG) (%); Tinh toan va bd tri he thdng bao hieu hang giang, ..vv.
e Qudn ly hogt dgng thanh thdi chudng nggi trong GTDTND:
Danh gia su hinh thanh cac diem bdi can tren tuyln sdng; danh gia tinh trang chudng ngai vat can tren mat nudc sdng - kenh: rac thai, ram ra, beo tay, canh cay khd, xac siic v^t chet ... vv; thuc trgng dang day ca tren ludng vgn tai; tinh toan nhu cau ve thanh thai chudng nggi GT.
/ Qudn ly an loan cdc edng trinh vuat song.
Danh gia thdng sd thdng thuyin: tinh khdng (-ho), khau dp (-bo) cua ciu; thdng sd thdng thuyen cua day dien qua sdng trong timg thdi ky; ke-tru chdng va cdng trinh vupt sdng; Phan tich tinh trang bao hieu chi din lien quan cdng trinh vupt sdng (bao hieu khoang each qua cau, bao hieu dudng day qua sdng, bao hieu giam tdc dd...w).
Tat ca cac chi sd lien quan cdng trinh vupt song phai thda man tieu chuin ky thuat v l trj so an toan ttnh khdng va khiu dp thdng thuyin tuang img vdi cip ky thugt cua tuyln sdng, dam bao luu thdng thuan Ipi va an toan cho phuang tien VTTND liic di qua cac cdng trinh nay.
Tom lgi;^udn ly an todn cdc yeu hg tdng luong tuyen, edng-ben vd cdc cong trinh hg tdng lien quan la nhiem vu quan trpng hang dau trong quan Iy hoat dpng cua giao thdng dudng thuy npi dia.
3.2 Quan ly hoat dong khai thac van tai thiiy n^i dia (VTTND)
Quan ly khai thac dupc xem xet tren 2 npi dung chu yeu la khai thac dpi tau VTTND va khai thac cang-bIn GTDTND.
a. Qudn ly khai thdc doi tdu VTTND.
Cdng viec nay bao gdm:
Lya chpn chung Ipai tau khai thac (LT - B T - T T ) phil hpp vdi thdng sd ludng lach chay tau tren tuyen sdng (BL-HL- RL);
Td chue dpi hinh ddan tau, hinh thtic lip ghep doan an toan va kinh te;
Xac dinh trpng tai doan (Qh), tdc dp van hanh (Vvh) hcrp ly,
Xac dinh ludng tuyen khai thac an tdan va kinh te;
Danh gia kha nang khai thac tau Container tren tuyen sdng.
b. Qudn ly an todn khai thdc doi tdu.
Day la mpt ndi dung quan trpng gdm an tdan ve trpng tai (Q), an tdan ve tdc dd (V), an toan v l nhan luc thuyen bp van hanh tau (chung chi hanh nghi theo chue danh, tudi ddi, sure khde, kinh nghiem). Quan ly an toan khai thac van tai ddi hdi mdt su thye hien va tuan thu nghiem ngat quy trinh td chue khai thac cua dpi tau van tai.
e. Qudn ly khai thdc ede edng-ben GTDTND
Day la cdng vi$c quan trpng dupc xem xet tren cac van de:
Co, chung Iogi tau den tac nghiep tai cang (DWT); mat dp tau ra vao cang/ngay dem;
Hang hda chu yeu tac nghiep tai cang;
Td chiic tac nghiep xep dd hang hda (cac so dd co gidi hda XD dac tnmg);
Xac dinh cac he sd xep da binh quan ciia cang (K^d); h$ sd chuyln thing
Quan ly cac hpat dpng tai he thing kho -bai cang; he sd qua kho; thdi gian luu kho binh quan?
Cang cd (hay khdng) tham gia quy trinh VT da phuong thiic? tac nghiep hang sieu trudng sieu trpng? tac nghiep hang Container?
d. Qudn ly an todn khai thde edng.
Dam bao sy phii hpp co tau va cap cang;
Ca loai tau va cau ben cap tau, dieu phdi thiet bi xep do, phucmg tien van tai;
Quy trinh tac nghiep hang hda (so dd C o gidi hda XD; k l hogch ngay-ca trong cang);
Cac quy phgm an toan trong hogt dpng xep dd d cang,..vv. NghTa la: quan ly an toan khai thac cang nham dam bao thye hien tdt quy trinh to chirc hogt ddng xep do trong cang, hudng den mye tieu an toan va hieu qua trong hogt ddng khai thac cang ndi chung.
3.3 Q u a n ly ve hoat ddng quy hoach Quan ly hogt ddng quy hogch bao gdm:
quan ly hpat ddng nghien cuu quy hoach, quan ly trien khai thye hien quy hoach va quan Iy sau quy hoach. Quan ly hogt ddng quy hoach ludn dupc phan biet ve cap dp, tinh chit va quy md cua timg nhiem vu quy hoach cu the:
v l cap dp: quy hoach tdng the, quy hogch chi tiet.
v l tinh chat: quy hoach ngan hgn, trung han va dai hgn.
Trong tung the Iogi quy hoach, tuy khac nhau v l cip dp va tinh chat, song bat cu mpt thi Ioai quy hoach ve ha tan^ ky thuat nao ciing phai ham chiia mdt yeu td npi dung quan trpng la Quy md huy dgng ngudn lire cho dau lu nhiem vu quy hogch dd. Bdn ngudn lyc ca ban la: ky thuat v3t chat, lao dpng, tai chanh va quy thdi gian
Quan ly hogt ddng quy hoach d day la xem xet tien trinh thye hien cdng viec quy hogch dupc tien hanh nhu the nao ve cac m§t: td chiic nhdm nhan sy cho nghien cuu QH; quy trinh thye hien QH dupc xay dyng;
phuang phap luan (hpc thuat) dupc diing;
muc tieu ciia quy hoach va tinh kha thi ciia cac giai phap quy hogch dupc dua ra.
Quan ly hogt dpng quy hogch la quan ly xuyen sudt quy trinh lam quy hogch: cac cong doan diln ra cho mpt san pham quy hogch (QH) ra ddi: cdng viec chuin bi den triln khai thye hien nghien cuu, cac budc thuc hien nghien ciiu vdi san pham timg thdi doan:
Bao cao diu ky: bao cao san pham khdi thao;
Bao cao giua ky: bao cao dieu chinh-bd sung hoan thien budc 1
Bao cao cuoi ky: bao cao dieu chinh-bd sung hoan thi^n budc 2. Tgi buoc nay cd the QH dupc nghiem thu. Neu chua duac nghiem thu, ban QH phai trai qua nhutig bd sung va hoan thien de bao cao budc 3.
Co quan cd tham quyen phe duydt san pham QH va ra quyet dinh thye thi.
Kit ludn: quan ly hogt ddng QH la tap trung danh gia QH cd thye hidn va di dung mye tidu dgt ra ? tidn trinh xay dyng QH - phuang phap luan dupc thuc hidn trong QH va tinh kha thi ciia cac ldi giai quy hoach
3.4 Bdo ve b& song - mgt yeu cau chiin luffc trong quan ly GTBTNB
Nhan thiic tam quan trpng cua BC) SONG va nang tam quan Iy bd song trong chinh sach Qudc gia tren 4 van dd dupc neu Idn sau day:
a. Xdi Id bd gia tdng- mot thitc te tren todn he thong song ngoi
Trong thye te hien nay, dudi anh hudng ciia bidn ddi khi hau toan ciu, tinh trgng Id dat dang dien ra tgi nhidu qudc gia va vimg lanh thd, trong do cd Viet nam.
Tinh trgng xdi Id bd sdng la mdt thye t l da va dang x i y ra tai Vidt Nam va dang cd xu hudng gia tang ca vd sd lupng, quy md va tinh chit. Sy an toan Bd sdng bi de dpa. Cd thd ndi thye trang xdi Id bd sdng dang la mdt van de ldn phai dupc danh gia va cd giai phap quan Iy umg phd hi?u qua.
b. Bdo ve bd song Id mgl doi hoi cua phdt trien bin vitng DTN.:
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Tu duy quan ly dudng thuy npi dia chi ra nhgn thuc thuc t l : bd sdng tdn tgi thi con sdng dd ton tai, bd mat thi sdng mat. Do vay, BAO VE BCi SONG (BVBS) trd thanh mot ydu cau sdng cdn ciia nhihig ddng sdng, la ylu to quan trpng cd tinh chien luoc trong quan ly phat triln bin viing ciia GTDTND.
c Bdo ve bd song edn duac coi la Quoc saeh.
TCr y nghTa va vai trd quan trpng cua B 6 S O N G trong sii menh phat trien bdn vihig, quan ly bd sdng phai dupc coi la Quoc sdch - chinh sdch Qude gia. Hogt dpng bao V? bd sdng can chinh sach hda, xuydn sudt tu quan ly cap vi md - quan ly cap co sd: cdng ty, dogn, trgm ddn quan ly cap vT md: cap nganh TW: Chi Cue DTND, Cye DTND, Bd GTVT va Chinh phu.
d. Nhgn thirc vd hogt dong cu the bdo ve bd song:
Nhgn thirc hoat ddng BVBS la mpt nhidm vu quan trpng trong quan ly va phat triln bin vung DTND. "Bao ve bd sdng"cin cd mpt CO che quan ly xuyen sudt, thdng nhit til' TW (Bd, Cue, Chi cue DTND) ddn cac Doan, Tram quan ly dudng sdng tgi cac dia phuang.
* Minh hga eu the mot s6 hoat dong BVBS:
Hogt ddng "tham tuyln", kiem tra BCi 1^ mpt yeu ciu thudng xuyen. Bao gotri: kidm tra dinh ky va kidm tra dot xuat dupc tidn hanh ngay sau cac sir cd mua ldn, mua keo dai, cd lu vd, ngap lut lau.
Giu gin sy nguydn ven viing dat bd sdng, quy dinh: khdng dao bdi dit bd sdng, khdng ddng cpc, xay dyng cdng trinh nha cira ven bd; khdng lap md bdn bai tiiy tidn ven sdng; khdng d l trau-bd gam cd phia bd tilp giap viing nudc,
Quy dinh khdng chgy tau tdc dp cao (gay sdng xdi Id bd); tau ghe khdng cap bd tiiy ti?n nlu khdng phai la bin; quy djnh nao vet luong tau phai dam bao khoang cac an toan cho bd; khdng khai thac cat Idng sdng ty do.
Tien hanh nghien cuu trdng cd chdng xdi bd - Vi du cd VETIVER, Iogi cd vdi dac tinh cd bd re cam sau vao long dat va giii dat khdng bi trdi.
Vd thd chd chinh sach: van ddng tuyen t n u e n y thiic BVBS cho mpi ngudi dan, trudc het cu dan vimg sdng nudc;
cd CO che dai ngd, thudng-phat rd rang minh bgch cho cac tap thd va ca nhan trong hoat ddng BVBS. Nganh GTDTND can tgo lgp mdt ngudn tai chanh cho hoat ddng quan ly BVBS dudng thuy ndi dia.
Kit luan:
Quan ly SQH la mdt tien trinh tidp ndi quan ly sau budc thye hidn cac nhiem vu quy hoach.
Lam tdt quan ly SQH la dam bao cho cac cdng trinh quy hogch phat trien bin vung vdi muc tieu dgt ra, tgo tidn d l cho hogt ddng quan ly di din thanh cdng.
Tai lieu tham khao
[1]. Vidn han lam khoa hpc Lidn xd "Bdo ve moi trudng vd hieu qud kinh te-xa hgi cua no", 1985
[2]. Trudng Dgi hpc Kiln true Ha ndi- "Quy hogch xdy dimg do thi", NXB Xay dyng, 1982
[3]. Le Kinh VTnh, Chu nhiem Qk tai cip Bd
"Nghien cuu ede gidi phdp ndng cao hieu qud hogt dpng khai thdc vd qudn ly giao thong thiiy Dong bdng song Cm Long", 1996
[4]. Le Kinh VTnh, Chii nhiem D I tai cap Bd "Quy hogch khai thdc giao thong thiiy cdc tinh phia Nam" , 1993.
[5]. QD so 66/QD-UBND TP. HCM phe duydt Dy an "Quy hogch mgng ludi dudng thuy vd edng-ben thdnh pho HCM, giai dogn 2005-2020", Chu tri du dn TS.Le Kinh VTnh .
Ngay nhan bai: 15/12/2013 Ngay chap nh^n dang: 31/12/2013 Phan bien: TS. Le Van Trgng