THIET CHE QUOC GIA BAO VE QUYEN CON NGU^Qfl THEO MO HINH OMBUDSMAN VA
GOI M 6 CHO VIET NAM
Nguyen Linh Giang
Tom tSt: Bdi viit giai thieu vd phdn tich mot so vdn de ve thiet che quoc gia bdo ve quyen con nguai theo mo hinh Ombudsman tren thi giai; qua do. tdc gid dua ra gai md vd di xudt mo hinh cho Viet Nam.
Abstract: This article introduces and analyses some issues on Ombudsman-based National Human Right Institutions in the World. On that basis, it provides implications for Vietnam.
O
mbudsman la mdt md hinh thiet che qudc gia bao ve quyen con ngudi phd bien d cac nude Bac Au va chau My. Cd ngudn gdc tir Thuy Dien, dugc thanh lap tir nam 1809, sau ban hai thg ky hinh thanh va phat trien, md hinh nay hien da dupe xay dung d nhigu nude, chiem 30%trong sd eac ca quan nhan quygn qudc gia dugc thanh lap tren the gidi'. C) chau A, Ombudsman dugc thanh lap va boat dgng kha hieu qua d cac qudc gia nhu Nhat Ban, Macao (Tmng Qudc), Hongkong (Trung Qudc), Pakistan, Han Quoc, Sri Lanka, Dai Loan, Thai Lan, An Do va Philippines.
1. Khai niem Ombudsman Ombudsman la mpt co quan nha nude, dugc thanh lap bdi co quan lap phap hoac bdi Chinh phu. Co quan nay se tiep nhan cac khieu nai tir nhan dan va tign hanh digu tra cac boat ddng hen quan dgn hanh phap;
giai quygt cd hieu qua cac vdn dg nh&m bao
^ TS., Vien Nha nuac va Phap luat.
OHCHR, Survey on NHRIs: Report on the Findings and Recommendation of a Questionnaire Addressed to NHRIs Worldwide, Geneva thane
7/2009. ^
ve ngudi dan .
Nhin lai lich sir, rat nhieu Ombudsman dugc thanh lap trgn the gidi trudc khi co khai niem ca quan nhan quyen qudc gia.
Lien hgp qudc va cac td chiic qudc tg da xac dinh nhieu md hinh qudc gia khdng phai toa an la the che thuc day va bao ve quygn con ngudi - ca quan nhan quyen qudc gia. Sau khi thdng qua Nguyen tac Paris nam 1993, nhieu ca quan Ombudsman da ra ddi. Ngay ca cac nude da cd Ombudsman truygn thong nhu Thuy Dien, Tay Ban Nha, Bd Dao Nha, Phan Lan, Hy Lap va mgt sd nude d chau My, chau A ciing dgu thiet lap thgm cac Ombudsman chuygn vg nhan quygn. Ngoai ra, nhigu nude ciang xay dung them cac Ombudsman nham chdng tham nhung hoac bao ve mdi trudng. Dgn nay, tren thg gidi co khoang 140 nude cd md hinh Ombudsman
" John Robertson and Linda C.Reif, "The Ombudsman around the world", The International Ombudsman Yearbook. Volume 2/1998 (Kiuwer Law International), The Hague/Boston/London, 1999, tr. 114,
34 nuoc 6 chau Phi, 13 nuoc chau A, 9 nuac a Thai Binh Dirang, 29 nirac a chau My Latin va Caribe, 53 nuac 6 chau Au va 2 nuac 6 Bac My - theo Victor O Ayeni, Ombudsmen as Human Rights Institutions:
The New Face of a Global Expansion, in Workshop
THIET CHE QUOC GIABAOV$...
va khoang mgt nira trong so dd la cac Ombudsman chuyen ve nhan quygn.
Nhu cau thanh lap Ombudsman xu5t phat tii mong mudn thigt I ^ ngn dan chu, chdng lai chu nghia quan lieu, tham nhOng va tren het la de bao ve quyen con ngudi.
Doi vdi nhigu nude, "Ombudsman la mdt chat xiic tac trong viec dinh hudng lai ngn hanh chinh va chuyen sang van hda hanh chinh phuc vu"^. Chinh vi vay, Ombudsman la CO che nang cao tinh minh bach ciia Chinh phu va lam tang tinh dan chu, vi the nd se thiic dSy quan tri tdt trong bd may nha nude va tang cudng bao ve quyen ciia ngudi dan.
Nhu vay, cd thg hieu "Ombudsman la thg che nha nude dugc thanh lap thdng qua Hien phap hoac mdt dao luat; do mdt ngudi lanh dao cdng bang, cd uy tin, cd kha nang va phai chiu trach nhiem trudc Nghi vien;
nhan khieu nai tir nhan dan de dieu tra cac hoat ddng ciia Chinh phu, ciia cdng chiic nha nude gay anh hudng den quygn Igi ciia nhan dan va tii dd dua ra cac khuygn nghi sua ddi"^
Cac dinh nghia ve Ombudsman kha khac nhau, nhimg cd the higu do la mdt ngudi dugc bd nhiem de digu tra cac khieu nai lign quan dgn cac ca quan nha nude, ca quan thudc Chinh phii, cdng chirc. Ngudi nay boat ddng nhu mdt trgng tai ddc lap, khdng chiu su chi phdi cua td chiic nao, va cd the xem nhu la mgt thiet chg trung gian giua cdng dan va Nha nude.
"The Ombusman as Human Rights Defender", Stockholm, 10/2009, tr.4.
* John Robertson and Linda C.Reif, sdd, tr. 115.
* Linda C.Reif, The Ombudsman, Good Governance and the International Human Rights System, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2000, tr.3.
Mgt Ombudsman truyen thdng thudng cd 3 dac tinh nhu sau:
- La mgt chuyen gia dpc lap, cd vai trd dugc quy dinh trong Hien phap hoac luat de theo doi boat ddng ciia cac ca quan hanh chinh nha nude;
- Giai quyet cac khieu nai ciia cdng dan lien quan den cac van dg ve thieu cdng bang hoac quan tri ygu kem;
Cd tham quyen dieu tra, chi trich, cdng bd, dua ra cac khuyen nghi sau khi dieu tra, nhung khdng cd tham quyen can thiep vao hoat ddng hanh chinh.
Chinh tu cac dac tinh trgn ma ten gpi ciia Ombudsman tai cac nude khac nhau ciing rat da dang. C) Tay Ban Nha va mpt sd nude ndi tieng Tay Ban Nha nhu Achentina, Colombia, Peru, Ombudsman ggi la "ngudi bao ve nhan dan" (Defensor del Pueblo).
Thuat ngii tuang tu ciing dugc diing d Italia (Difensore Civico), d Costa Rica (Defensor de los Habitantes), d Quebec (Protecteur du citoyen), d Madagascar (Defenseur du peuple) hay d Nam Phi (Public Protecteur).
Ngoai ra, mdt sd nude lai nhan manh dgn ygu td ve nhan quygn trong ten gpi cua the chg nay: 6 Hungary, Guatemala, Nga, El Salvador, Ba Lan ggi la Cao iiy ve Nhan quyen. Mgt so nude ndi tigng Phap nhan manh dgn khia canh trung gian hda giai ciia CO quan nay va ggi la Ngudi hda giai eua nude Cdng hda (Mediateur de la Republique) nhu Mauritania, Senegal, Gabon. Mdt vai nude khac nhan manh vao khia canh digu tra nhu Zambia ggi la Tong thanh tra (Inspector General), Tanzania la Uy ban thudng true vg dieu tra (Permanent Commission of Enquiry). O mdt vai bang ciia Uc ggi la Uy vien cua Nghi vien vg digu tra hanh chinh (Parliamentary Commissioner for Administrative
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NHA NU6C VA PHAPLUATSO 7/2016
Investigation). Ddng thdi, cung cd nhieu nude gpi Ombudsman bang tigng dia phuong va nhung ca quan nay cijng boat ddng nhu mdt Ombudsman, nhu An Do, Dai Loan, Ao, Pakistan, New Zealand... .
2. Tham quyen chu yeu cua Ombudsman
Tham quygn cua Ombudsman chu yeu la tigp nhan eac don thu khieu nai cua nhan dan; dieu tra va tim each giai quyet thdng qua khuygn nghi va hda giai.
Tham quygn digu tra cua Ombudsman dya theo don thu khieu nai hoac Ombudsman tu digu tra. Trong qua trinh dieu tra, Ombudsman cd thg yeu cau bat eii ca quan nao, bat cii ai cung cip thdng tin phuc vu dieu tra, trir cac van de lign quan den an ninh qudc gia, bi mat quoc gia.
Sau khi xem xet va dieu tra vu viec, Ombudsman cd the dua ra cac giai phap nhu sau:
- Dua ra khuygn nghi vdi cac ben vg phuang an giai quygt. Tuy nhien, khuygn nghj nay khdng cd gia tn bat budc vdi bSt cir bgn nao.
- Dua ra bao cao: Ombudsman cd quygn bao cao len Nghj vien/Quoc hpi vg ket qua ctia hoat dong dieu tra hoac vg hk cir vu viec nao dugc yeu c3u,
- Xuat ban cac sach hudng dan thuc hanh ddi vdi cae co quan thudc Chinh phii.
Vi du nhu "Ombudsman's Guide to Standard of Best Practice for Public Servants" ciia Ombudsman New Zealand;
"Administrative Fairness Checklist" cua
' Roy Gregory and Philip Giddings, Ombudsman Institution' Growth and Development, in "Rightine wrongs - The Ombudsman in Six Comments"
p:c:r2ro:t;t5:"'''^'"^'"'-^'^"^^^^'--''°^
Ombudsman Columbia, Hongkong; "Good Conduct and Administrative Practice for Council" ciia Ombudsman bang New South Wales, Uc.
Ombudsman khdng phai la tham phan, khdng cd tham quyen nhu tda an de xem xet vu viec, buy bd cac quyet dinh hanh chinh, ma dua ra giai phap thdng qua qua trinh digu tra va hda giai. Tham quygn cua co quan nay cd dugc qua kha nang gay anh hudng bang each bao cao Ign Nghi vien hoac eac co quan cd tham quyen.
Thdng thudng. Ombudsman khdng co tham quyen dieu tra boat dgng ciia cac co quan tu phap ma chi digu tra hanh phap, vi muc dich ban dau khi thanh lap Ombudsman la de cai thien boat dgng ciia bd may hanh phap. Tuy nhien, nhigu Ombudsman ra ddi sau nay la mdt ca chg
"lai" giua viec dieu tra hanh phap va bao ve quygn eon ngudi. Ddng thdi, nhigu Ombudsman gdp phan tang cudng thuc hien nghia vu cua qudc gia ddi vdi eac digu udc qudc tg ve quyen con ngudi.
Nhieu Ombudsman sau nay ed th§m quygn digu tra ca hanh phap va tu phap;
digu tra ea hoat dgng cua cac co quan nha nude va ca quan thudc ITnh vyc tu. Nhung thdng thudng, lap phap ludn nim ngoai pham vi dieu tra eiia Ombudsman.
Ombudsman d mdt sd nude khdng cd thSm quygn digu tra canh sat hoac quan dpi, nhung mpt s6 nude nhu Ha Lan, Uc, Thuy Dign, Na Uy, Ph4n Lan, Bi lai trao eho Ombudsman tham quygn digu tra ca cac ca quan nay.
O nhiing nude cd nhigu van dg vg tham nhung, khdng cd su ddc lap ciia tda an thi Ombudsman thudng hay dugc bo sung them chirc nang dieu tra tu phap, nhung hoat
THIBT CHE QUOC GIA BAO VE ..
ddng ciia co quan nay khong dugc xung dot vai tda an. Thdng thudng, nhirng ngudi da khieu nai theo thii tuc Ombudsman van ed thg tiep tuc khieu kien ra tda ngu mudn. Tuy nhien. Ombudsman khong giai quygt lai nhirng vu viec ma tda an da giai quygt^ Vi du: Ombudsman Thuy Dign cd ca tham quyen giam sat boat ddng ciia tda an, nhung khdng cd quyen can thiep trire tiep vao boat dong xet xir ciia toa an ma chi giam sat vu viec do da dugc tien hanh dung thii tuc luat dinh hay khong. Mac dii quygt djnh ciia Ombudsman khdng cd tinh rang buoc ve mat phap ly, nhung tren thuc te, phan idn cae quyet dinh ciia Ombudsman deu dugc cac co quan nha nude eo lien quan tuan thii'*.
3. Phan loai Ombudsman
Thdng thudng," mgi ngudi cho rang.
Ombudsman la mgt ea quan thupc Nghi vien va thuong giai quyet eac van de ve klueu kien hen quan den boat dgng eiia Chinh phii. Tuy nhien, tren thuc te, Ombudsman cd rat nhieu loai. Trong khi phan Idn cac nude tren the gidi xay dyng Ombudsman la co quan qude gia thi mdt sd nude lai ehi cd Ombudsman dia phuong (cd d cac cap chinh quyen nhu bang, vimg, tinh) nhir An Dp, Canada, My ..
Ombudsman con cd the la ca quan theo linh vuc nhu Ombudsman ve tre em;
Ombudsman ve ngudi thieu sd;
^ E.F.Shori. Remedies The relationship between National Human Rights Insituuons and Other Statutory Institutions/Mcchanism with Special Reference to Racial Discrimination, in the Sixth International Conference for National Human Rights Instiiutions, Piocccdings, Copenhagen and Lund. April 10-1.1 2002, tr 126-127,
" Xeni ihcni thong tin tren website chinh thuc ciia Ombudsman Thuy Di^n https /^\ \^ ^^ to se/en/Decisions/
Ombudsman ve ngudi khuyet tat;
Ombudsman vg siie khde, y te; Ombudsman vg canh sat, nha tii; Ombudsman \ e chdng phan biet doi xir; Ombudsman ve tu do thdng tin... Mpt sd nude d Dong va Trung Au, My Latinh, Ha Sahara, Ddng A lai thanh lap Ombudsman nhu mpt eo che qude gia de giam sat viec thyc thi cac nghia vu nhan quyen qudc tg.
Nhieu nude cung xay dyng Ombudsman la eo quan thudc Chinh phu.
Ca quan nay se giai quyet eac tranh chap phat sinh trong hoat dong cua Chinh phii.
Khac vdi md hinh Ombudsman truyen thdng tryc thugc Nghj vien, Ombudsman thupc Chinh phii khdng hoan toan dpc lap.
Vi the, nhieu chuyen gia cho rang Ombudsman thupc Chinh phu khdng hoan toan la mpt Ombudsman ma chi ia mpt ea quan gan gidng hoac m'cmg ty (Quasi- Ombudsman hoac Ombudsman -tvpe). Md hinh kieu nay thudng dugc xay dung theo linh V ye nhu Ombudsman ve canh sat.
Ombudsman ve nha tii. Ombudsman ve bao ve ngudi tieu diing...
4. Nhu'ng iru diem va han che ciia mo hinh Ombudsman
Ombudsman ia mpt thiet che thanh cdng va tao dugc su tin tudng tir ca hai phia Nha nude va nhan dan. Ro rang, Ombudsman can phai dpc lap va cong bang, va bao dam cac khieu kien dugc giir bi mat Ombudsman ddng gdp eho viec xay dung mpt Chinh phii md, mdt Chinli phii gan dan. Qua qua trinh hoat dong, ed the thay Ombudsman cd nhuTig mi diem va han che sau day:
4.1. Ve uu diem
Nghj vien/Qudc hgi la do ngudi dan tryc iiep bau ra ma Ombudsman thdng thudng la mot ca quan ddc lap va true thupc Nghi vien/Qudc hot; vay nen Ombudsman
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se de dang han trong viec tien hanh cdng tac dieu tra va dua ra cac khuyen nghi, bao cao dgc lap. Digu nay se dam bao dugc tinh khach quan va minh bach trong hoat ddng cua Ombusman. Nhu vay. Ombudsman tao long tin vdi dan chiing han.
So vdi tda an, Ombudsman xii ly nhanh ban va dd tdn kem ban. Giai quyet sy viec theo con dudng tda an se mat nhigu thdi gian cho trinh ty, thii tuc; cac bgn lign quan thudng bj tdn kem ve an phi, luat su;
trong khi dd, xir ly bang Ombudsman hoan toan mign phi.
Cae quyet dinh ciia Ombudsman khdng mang tinh bat huge ma chi mang tinh thuygt phuc, ngn giai phap cua Ombudsman thudng la giai phap than thien va can bSng, tranh viec dugc - thua gma eac ben.
Trong khi cac ca quan tu phap, hanh chinh ehi cd the xu ly vu viec dya tren cac can cii phap luat hoac khi cd cac vu viec lien quan dgn hanh vi pham phap, thi Ombudsman lai cd quygn nang giai quygt cac vu viec khdng chi lign quan dgn phap luat ma con lien quan den vkn dg hgp ly, hop tinh trong boat ddng ciia co quan nha nude. Vi the, nhigu vy viec giai quygt bSng con dudng tda an khdng thanh cdng, nhung lai thanh cong theo con dudng cita Ombudsman.
Ombudsman la mdt thigt chg giam sat hiiu hieu ddi vdi hoat ddng ciia Chinh phii.
Ombudsman da chiing minh qua thuc tg hoat dong rang, day la mdt co quan giam sat hun hieu, dac biet trong vin dg chdng tham nhiing, lang phi, nang cao tinh minh bach ciia eac ca quan chinh phii, tir do true tigp hoac gian tigp bao ve quygn cua ngudi dan.
- Ombudsman nhan quygn cua nhigu nude cung la mpt ca quan cd kha nang hgp
tac quoc te. Cac Ombudsman nay la cau ndi cho hoat dgng nhan quyen quoc gia vdi qudc tg. "Tuy la mdt thiet che quyen luc nha nude, nhung nhiem vu chinh ciia Ombudsman la bao ve nhan quyen ngn thigt chg nay cd quan he qudc tg rdng rai trong ITnh vuc nhan quyen. Dieu nay cho phep Ombudsman phat trien boat ddng cua minh ra ngoai pham vi ciia qudc gia"^
4.2. Ve h^n che
So vdi hg thdng tu phap: Trong khi cae quygt dinh ciia tda an cd gia tri bSt buoc thi hanh thi cac khuygn nghi ciia Ombudsman chi mang tinh ggi y, de nghi.
O nhiing nude Ombudsman da boat ddng nhigu nam va c6 uy tin thi day khdng bj xem la nhuge diem, nhung d nhiing nai Ombudsman mdi thanh lap, chua tao dung dugc uy tin dang ke thi day rd rang la mot ban chg.
Hieu qua boat dong cua Ombudsman phu thudc rat nhieu vao vai trd, uy tin va tam hoat ddng ciia ea nhan dam trach vi tri Ombudsman. Thiet chg nay dg cao vai trd ca nhan cua ngudi diirng dSu. Mgi viec dugc tien hanh trong co quan nay cung la nhan danh ea nhan Ombudsman. Vi vay, neu Ombudsman la ngudi nang ddng, trach nhiem va cd tam anh hudng Idn thi uy tin eua thigt chg se duoc nang cao, nhung ngugc lai se gay anh hudng dgn uy tin cua thiet che nay.
- Ombudsman trong m^t ngudi dan tai nhieu noi khdng khac gi mpt chinh khach, mdt nha boat ddng chinh tn chuyen nghiep,
Mai Van Thang, Ban ve thi^t che Ombudsman cr Lien bang Nga, Tap chi Khoa hoc Dai hoc qu6c gia HaNoi:Luathoc,Tap3l,s6 2 (2015), tr, 57-58,
THIET CHE QUOC GIA BAO VE .
VI vay, md hinh nay ciing khdng ban la gan giii, cudn hut dan chiing,
5. Goi mof cho Viet Nam
5.1. Viet Nam co can den ca quan nhdn quyen qudc gia?
Theo cac tieu chi dugc dg cap trong Nguygn tac Paris ve cac ca quan nhan quygn qudc gia, Viet Nam hien chua cd ca quan nao cd the coi la co quan nhan quyen qudc gia. Cu the, Viet Nam chua cd Uy ban nhan quyen ciing nhu bSt cii thiet chg nao CO the coi la Ombudsman nhu d nhigu nude khac. Cac Hien phap va luat ciia Viet Nam tii trudc dgn nay ciing chua timg quy djnh ve ca quan nhan quyen qude gia.
Cd quan digm cho rang, mdt sd co quan d Viet Nam tren thuc tg cd thg coi la cac co quan nhan quygn dac biet nhu: Uy ban vi su tign bd cua phu nir; Uy ban Dan toe (cua Chinh phii); Hdi ddng Dan toe (cua Qudc hpi), cac hdi, doan... Tuy nhign, mac dii eac CO quan nay ed chiic nang thuc hien mgt sd hoat ddng theo kieu ca quan nhan quygn d cac nude, nhung khdng the dugc coi la cac CO quan nhan quygn thyc su, vi khdng phu hgp vdi Nguygn tac Paris d nhigu diem cot loi, bao gdm tinh ddc lap ciing nhu chuc nang, nhiem vy.
Nguygn nhan chinh khien Viet Nam chua cd ca quan nhan quyen qudc gia la do nhan thiic ve co chg nay. 0 Viet Nam, cac co quan nhan quyen qudc gia thudng bi nhin nhan nhu mpt dang NGO, tham chi mpt hinh thiic td chiic doi lap vdi chinh quyen. Tuy nhien, c4n thigt phai xay dung mpt co quan nay d Viet Nam vdi cac ly do sau:
- Cac ca che bao ve va thiic day quyen con ngudi hien nay d Viet Nam chua thyc sy hieu qua. Hoat ddng ciia cac co quan bao ve quygn con ngudi rdi rac va chua thyc sy kgt ndi dugc vdi nhau.
- Cac du an luat, cac chuong trinh, dy an phat triln... cua Nha nude trong thdi gian qua ra ddi ma chua tinh den yeu td "quygn con ngudi". Quyen ciia ngudi dSn d nhieu nai, nhieu liic da bi xam hai tir phia cac ca quan nha nude. Vi the, can cd thigt che tu v4n va khuyen nghi cho cac ca quan nha nude bao dam quygn con ngudi trong cac du an lu^t, chuong trinh, dy an phat trien nay.
- Giao due quyen con ngudi d Viet Nam edn thieu va ygu. Vi vay, can cd mdt ca quan la dau mdi trong hoat dgng thiic day qua trinh giao due quyen con ngudi, nang cao higu bigt cua cac co quan nha nude va ngudi dan trong linh vuc nay.
- Hien nay, Viet Nam chua cd mdt ca quan giam sat viec thyc hien cac cdng udc qude tg ve quygn con ngudi, nen can ed mgt CO quan giam sat va dua ra eac khuygn nghi de thiic day boat dgng nay hieu qua.
- Nhan thiic ciia nhan dan, ciia xa hdi vg phap luat ndi chung va ve van dg quyen con ngudi ndi rieng edn kem. Viec ed mdt ca quan nhan quygn qude gia lam dau mdi, giiip da nhan dan trong cac hoat ddng thiic day va bao ve quygn eon ngudi la thyc sy can thigt.
Viec xay dung co quan nhan quygn qude gia ciing giup cho Viet Nam hpi nhap sau rdng vao ddi sdng qudc tg, Qudc hpi da phg chuan Hign chuang ASEAN, va theo quy djnh cua Hien chuong se thigt lap co che khu vuc vg quyen con ngudi. Hien nay, hau bet eac nude ASEAN deu da ed co quan nhan quygn qude gia cd quan he mat thiet vdi Uy ban Lien chinh phu vg Quygn con ngu'di Ciia ASEAN (AICHR). Viet Nam cin sdm nghign ciiu thanh lap co quan nhan quygn qudc gia dg kgt ndi hoat ddng vdi eo quan nhan quygn cua cac nude trong khu vuc va vdi AICHR.
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Viec xay dyng co quan nhan quyen qude gia nam trong khuygn nghi ciia nhigu qude gia ddi vdi Viet Nam trong hai ky bao cao qudc gia kigm digm dinh ky tinh hinh thyc hien quygn con ngudi tai Hdi ddng Nhan quyen Lign hgp qudc (UPR), va Viet Nam da chap nhan cac khuyen nghi nay trong ky bao cao UPR ISn thii hai nam 2014.
- Viet Nam ciing da cam kgt se xay dung ea quan nhan quygn qudc gia trong tign trinh img cir vao Hdi ddng Nhan quyen Lign hgp qudc nhiem ky 2014-2016.
5.2. Mgt so yeu cdu doi v&i car quan nhan quyen quoc gia cua Viet Nam
Thu nhdt, ca quan nhan quygn qudc gia phai dugc xay dung phu hgp vdi digu kien, dac thii vg chinh trj, phap ly, thg chg, xa hpi, van hda eiia Viet Nam nh4m dam bao boat dpng va gdp phSn bieu qua vao viec thiic day, bao ve quygn con ngudi.
Thu hai. CO quan nhan quygn qudc gia phai CO vai trd ddc lap, khach quan; cd tinh th^n ddi thoai, hgp tac va tu vdn dg cd thg lam cau ndi, dong gdp xay dyng vdi nha nude, tigp thu, lang nghe y kidn cua cae td chiic chinh tri, xa hdi trong vin dg vg quygn con ngudi.
Thu ba, viec xay dung co quan nay cSn tham khao cac yeu e5u va ngi dung ctia Nguygn tie Paris vg cac co quan nhan quyen qudc gia.
Nhu vay, can eii vao cac digu kien, dae thii, CO quan nhan quygn qudc gia eua Viet Nam trong tu'ong lai cin hpi tu cae ygu td sau:
Viec thanh lap, vai trd, chire nang ciia co quan nhan quygn quoc gia phai dugc quy djnh trong luat, Vi thg, cin soan thao va ban hanh Luat ve ca quan nhan quyen qudc gia.
Co quan nhan quygn qudc gia cua Viet Nam cin tap trung vao eac boat ddng
sau: i) Nghign ciru, tu van vg quyen con ngudi cho cac ca quan nha nude cd tham quyen; ii) Hd trg vigc xay dyng cac chuang trinh, dy an dam bao thiic day, bao ve quygn con ngudi; iii) Xay dung cac chuong trinh giao due quygn con ngudi a cac cap dp, danh cho cac ddi tucmg khac nhau; iv) Xay dyng cac bao cao ve quygn con ngudi; v) Hpp tac qudc te va khu vyc trong ITnh vuc quygn con ngudi; vi) Dieu tra cac khigu nai ciia cae td chiic va ca nhan ve vi pham quygn eon ngudi.
5,3. Be xuat mo hinh cho Viet Nam Tu nhirng phan tich tren, ed thg thiy mo hinh Ombudsman thue te cung ed thg dugc tham khao va xay dyng d Viet Nam vi nhimg ly do sau day:
- Ombudsman la co quan tryc thudc Qudc bdi ma d Viet Nam Qudc hdi la co quan nha nude cd uy tin va nigm tin vdi ngudi dan trong cdng tac bao ve va thiic diy quygn con ngudi.
- Ngudi dan Viet Nam cung cd tu' tudng ngai dgn tda an, khdng mudn giai quygt cac tranh chap, dac biet la cac tranh chip vdi co quan nha nude d tda an. Vi thg, mdt md hinh giai quygt tranh chip thay thg theo kigu Ombudsman se de dang tigp can gin giii vdi nhan dan ban.
- Md hinh Ombudsman cung cd thg giai quyet dugc cae van dg hgp phap nhung lai bat hgp ly trong eac quygt dmh hanh chinh gay thiet hai cho nhan dan - mdt digu con phd bien trong hoat ddng hanh chinh nha nude d Viet Nam hien nay
- Hien nay, chung ta da co thigt chg Ban Dan nguygn true thupc Uy ban Thudng vu Qudc hdi. Mdi nam Ban Dan nguyen nhan dugc khoang 18.000 dan thu khidu nai. Tuy nhien, tren thyc tg, hoat ddng ciia Ban nay
THIET CHE QUOC GIA BAOVE..
mdi chi dimg lai d viec chuyen dan thu den cac CO quan cd thim quygn giai quySt va nhan bao cao ciia cac co quan do khi hg ra quygt dinh. Song h i u nhu, chi cd 20-30%
cac co quan thong bao lai vdi Ban Dan nguyen ve nhiing quygt djnh ma bp dua ra'".
Ddi vdi cac trudng hgp khdng thdng bao lai, cung khdng ro Ban xir Iy nhu thg nao?
Nhu vay, viec cai tign Ban Dan nguyen thanh mgt ca chg nhu Ombudsman cd le la mgt lya chgn hgp ly. Dd la Thanh tra Qude hdi cua Viet Nam vdi nhiem ky theo nhiem ky cua Qudc hgi. Thanh tra Qudc hdi khdng nhat thiet phai la dai bigu Qudc hpi ma do Chii tich Qudc hdi hoac eac Uy ban eiia Quoc hdi de cu va Qudc hgi bd phieu chgn.
Ddi vdi Thanh tra Qudc hdi, ngoai cac tigu chi ve siic khde, dao diic, uy tin thi nhat thiet phai cd chuygn m d n v a kinh nghiem trong Imh vyc phap luat va quygn con ngudi.
Chixc nang ciia Thanh tra Qude hdi ciing gidng cac md hinh khac trgn the gidi,
dd la: Tigp nhan cac dan thu khieu nai ve boat ddng ciia c a quan hanh chinh va tu phap; tien hanh dieu tra va dua ra khuyen nghj; cd quyen va nghia vu bao cao hoat ddng vdi Qudc hgi. Thanh tra Qudc hgi dugc xay dyng theo md hinh nay d Viet Nam se khdng dam nhan eac chiic nang nhu; lam bao cao vg nhan quygn gui cac ca quan Lien hgp quoc; giao due nhan quygn hay nghien ciiu va tu van vg nhan quyen.
Thim quygn nay nen de cho mdt Vien Nhan quygn dam trach.
Nhu vay, mdt md hinh ma Viet Nam cd thg tham khao trong qua trinh xay dyng ea quan nhan quygn qude gia la md hinh kgt hgp giiia Ombudsman va Vien Nhan quygn.
Day la md hinh kha phd bign d nhieu nude tren the gidi. Cae qudc gia xay dung md hinh Ombudsman truyen thdng nhu Thyy Dign, Dan Mach, Na Uy ciing xay dung ca quan nhan quyen quoc gia theo md hinh kgt hgp nay.
Tnrcmg Thj Hong Ha, Thanh tra Quoc hoi ciia mpl so nucrc tren the giai va su can thiet thanh lap 6 Viet Nam.
trong sach "Cdc thiet che hien dinh doc Idp. kinh nghiem quoc le vd tnen vong o Viet Nam", Vien Chinh sach cong va Phap luat, Nxb. Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2013, tr. 76-77.
(Tiip theo trang 53 - Nguai dgi dien theo ...)
dg din dgn thiet hai cho hp va dan dgn tranh chap, vi theo quy dinh cua BLDS 2015, ngu giao djch do ngudi khdng ed tham quygn dai dien thyc hien hoac vugt qua pham vi dai dien thi giao dich do hoac phan vugt qua pham vi dai dien khdng cd gia tn doi vdi doanh nghiep (Dieu 142, 143). Mac dii phap
luat ed quy dinh nguai dai dien phdi ihong bdo cho ben giao dich biet ve phgm vi dgi dien cua minh. nhung trong trudng hgp ngudi dai dien cd tinh khong thong bao thi phap luat cung khdng rang budc trach nhiem ciia doanh nghiep ddi vdi giao djch trong trudng hgp nay.
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