Hl/dNG DAN QUAN LY, SLT DUNG
ON T A P K I E N THLJfC M O N L | C H s Q
T h S . H o a n g T h a n h T u
TrUdng DH Giao due, Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ngi
I ien thOe mdn Ljch sO mang ntiOng dae diem rieng, trong dd dac diem ed ban la I tfnh khong lap Igi. Trong tOng bai hpe,
hpc sinh (HS) Igi bift den nhOng sy kien, nhan vat Ijch sO mdi. Vi vgy HS thodng gap khd khan trong viee ghi nhd cac sO kien, nhan vat, khai niem ljch sO da hpe. Trong cac bai thi mdn Lich sO d ki thi vao dgi hpc, eao dang nhOng nam gan day, nhieu HS da n h l m I l n cac sO kien ljch sO ed ban, nham Iln ten cac nhan vat Ijch sO eung nhO ddng gdp eua hp. Bai vift gidi thieu each thOc thiet k f va sO dyng cdng ey bang bleu hodng d i n HS dn tap nhlm dgt mye tieu ghi nhd kifn thOe cd ban eua mon hpe, ren luyen eac ky nang va hinh thanh thai dp hpc tap bp mdn dung d i n .
1. Cong cg bing bieu la gi?
Mdt each hieu chung nhat edng cy b i n g bieu la nhOng cong eg dung de trgc quan hda thong tin giup ehung ta khdng ehi de dang nhgn biet ma cdn tim ra mdi lien he giOa eac thdng tin ay.
Van dyng vao qua trinh dgy hpe, cdng ey bang bieu dupe sO dyng n h l m hudng d i n HS suy nghT, sip xep vi trinh biy nhdng kien thdc di hgc theo chu de nhat dinh dUdi dgng hinh inh trgc quan (bang, bleu, sd do.).
2. cac logi cdng cg b i n g bleu va each thiet kf, sO dgng
Trong dgy hpc Ljch sO, giao vien (GV) cd the sO dyng nhifu logi edng cy bang bieu hodng dan HS dn tap, tdng k f t nhOng k i f n thOe da hpe.
Co the chia thanh 3 logi edng ey cd ban la bang, bieu dd va so dd.
* Bang gdm bang nien bieu, bing so sinh, phin logi
Bang nien bleu \k logi bang liet ke cae sy kien CO ban sau khi hpc xong mdt giai dogn ljch sO.
Nien bieu gdm hai logi cd i j i n : nien bieu tdng hpp va nien bieu chuyen de. Cau true bang nien bleu thodng chia iam 2 hoac 3 cdt dpe gdm: nien dgi, sy kien, y nghTa lich sO.
Vf dy: Bang nien bieu ve dien b i f n Cach mgng ttiang Tam 1945 (Lich sO ldp 12)
Bang so sinh la logi bang tdng ket nham njt ra nhOng diem toong ddng hay khac biet giOa nhOng sy
kien lich sO cd ban theo tien trinh ljch sO (ljch dgi) hoac eung thdi ki (ddng dgi). Cau toic bang so sanh thodng gdm cae cdt dpe the hien ddi tupng e l n so sanh edn hang ngang the hien cac tieu ehi de so sanh.
Vi dy: Bang so sinh gida lanh dia phong kien va thinh thi trung dgi
Nidr> dsi 13-8-1945 14 (Jgnl 5-8-1945 16 d^n 17-8-1945 18-8-1945 19-8-1945
_
S i / k l $ n Thdnh l$p Oy ban Khdi nghTa todn qudc, ra Qudn l$nh s6 1
Y nqhTa ljch SLf Ddng chdp dung thdi cd, chfnh thtic phdt l$nh Tdnq khdi nqhTa
Bang phin logi \a logi bang dung de xac dinh cac so kien ljch sO theo tinh chat, dae diem hoac chu de npi dung; xae djnh nhOng dac trOng ndi ham eua mpt khai niem lich sO hoac phan logi thdng tin dung sai:
Bang phan logi cic sd kien lich sd dopo eau true linh hogt, trong dd cot dpe dinh hudng cho HS sap xep sU kien eung tinh chi't, die diem hoac theo ehii de ngi dung.
Vi dy: S i p x f p cac sO kien vao bang dOdl day theo cac chu de ndi dung:
TISu chi
1. Thdi gian hinh thanh 2. Ho?t d6ng kinh t l 3. Dan cU 4. Chinh tri
Lanh dia phong k i l n
-
Thanh thi trung d;ii
a. Tuan Id cMim mau diin ra d Pari
b. Cuoc tdng bai edng bat dau d Mat-xed-va roi chuyen thinh khdi nghia vu trang
e. Phong trio Hien chuang d Anh...
Bang xic dinh dac trdng ngi him cua khil niem: opt dpe djnh danh khai niem, hang ngang la cac dac trong ndi bat cua khiai niem. HS se danh dau -i- vao d tOdng Ong vdi dae trOng lien quan d f n khai niem, dien dau - vao d tOdng Ong
Phor\g trdo cdng nhan qudc te thS kl XIX
Cach mang Nga 1905-1907
Cong xa Pa-ri
So 49 thang 09 nam 2009 2 5
HUdNG DAN QUAN LY, S(i DUNG
dac trOng khdng lien quan d f n khai niem'". Logi bang nay edn ed the dope t h i f t k f gdm 3 opt dpe (djnh danh ten khai niem, hoan canh ljch sO va giai thich khai niem) n h l m hOdng d i n HS dn tap eac khai niem da hpe.
V i d y :
Kh^i niSm cai to
Hoin cinh lich sit J6 chulc l^i n l n kinh l l , chinh trj, xa h^i theo nhiJng yeu c l u m6i, nguyen tac mdi.
Giii thich C6ng c u | c cai t l do M.Go6c-ba- c h l p tien hanh 6 Lign Xa til 1985 - 1991. Hau qua la c h i ae> X H C N 6 LiSn x a sup d l , Lign bang CHXHON x a V i l t tan ra.
Bang phan logi thdng tin dung sal: gdm 3 cdt dpe va cac hang ngang (tOdng Ong vdi eac npi dung can xac dinhi), hpc sinh se dpe va danh dau (X) vao cot ghi dung tioac sai eho cac npi dung kifn thOc da hpe.
V i d y :
N6i (dunq
1. Trat XiJ hai ci;c l-an-ta chi phoi tocin bo nen chinh trj the gi6i v& ccic quan he quoc te sau Chi§'n tranh th6' gi6i thCf hai.
2. Ch&' do xa hgi chu nghTa 6 Lien X6 v^
D6ng Au tan ra Ici do sU chdng phd dien cu6nq ciJa cdc the l^c de quoc phdn dong
Dung Sai
* Logi bieu dd: gdm bleu do K-W-L, bleu dd cdt truyen, bleu do Venn vi bleu do khil niem
Bleu do Biet - Thac mac - Hieu (Bieu dd K-W- L) lien todng, td chOc nhOng ndi dung HS da biet, mudn bift va hpc dope sau bai hpe. Phan
"Bift" kieh hogt k i f n thOc tiem tang cija hpe sinh ve mdt ehu de nao dd ("What I Know?"), Sau dd, hpc sinh lam viec mpt minh hoac cung vdi nhdm bgn de dat ra nhOng cau hdi lien quan d f n ndi dung sap hpc va ghi vao phan Thac mac (What I Want to know?). Sau bai hpe HS se ghi Igi nhOng npi dung bai hpc vao phan Hieu (What I Learned). Bieu dd nay dope dung khi b i t dau mdt bai hpe mdi, tham khao trong sudt bai hpe va dOng de tdng k f t vao cud'i bai hpe.
Vi dy: Bieu dd K-W-L cho bai 'Trung Qudc ttxii phong kien" (Lich sO lop 10):
Ghi Igl nhdng gl em biet ve 'Trung Qude thdi cd dgi" (trong bii Cic qudc gia ed dgi phuang Ddng).
Sau dd viet ra nhdng cau hoi cho nhdng dieu em mudn biet ve 'Trung Qude thdi phong kien". Khi hoin thanh bai hgc, hay ghi Igi nhdng gl em da hgc dugc.
NhCfng dieu em Biet
NhQng dieu em Thic mic
N h f f n g d i e u e m H i e u d U 0 c s a u b a i h o c
Bleu do cdt truyen (Storymap) djnh hUdng eho HS trong viec xay dyng eac y tudng hoac trinh bay thdng tin ve cae nhan vat, sO kien ljch sO theo logic "cd't truyen".
ChU 04: Cu^ khing ehUn chOng thi/e Mn PMip nim lUOe tj lese ain coat thi kl xix
ChO at I. P/iflm van Ngtil vd 0^1 quin ngnia iJQng
ChU as 2: TrJong Dinh - Binh Tiy Dfi nguyin soil
Ki vi cAc nhin v«t l|ch su* UAu brfu trong c u ^ khfing chtin chfing Phhp x&m hitjc Iii lese ain cu6>l^«kIXIX
Chii ai 3: Nguyin HCu Huin vi thO khoa yiu ndOc
C M ai 4. Nguyin Trung Tri/c vi eiu n6l rt6i Hing
Vidy:
Bieu dd cdt truyen tren dope thift k f nhlm hudng dan hpe sinh dn tap mdt ndi dung quan trpng eua phan Ljch sO Viet Nam tO 1858 den cud'i t h f kl XIX (chOdng I - Ljch sO Idp 11). Sd ehu de se dope phat trien them eho phu hpp vdi ten cac nhan vat ljch sO va cdng lao cua hp. Khi b i t dau hpc chOPng nay, GV cung cap eho HS bieu dd cd't truyen vdi phIn gidi thieu chu de, sau tOng bai HS se tOng bode hoan thien bieu dd nay bing each dien ehu de va thdng tin ve tOng nhan vat Ijch sO tieu bieu nha't. K f t thOc chOdng HS hoan thien bleu dd va dya vao dd de ke ve eac nhan vat Ijch sO.
Bleu do Venn dupe tgo thanh bdi 2 hay nhieu vdng trdn dan vao nhau. Logi bieu dd nay phu hpp eho phan logi hoac so sanh cac sO kien, khai niem Ijch sO. c a c diem tUdng ddng giOa cae ehu de dupe liet ke d phan giao nhau giOa hai dOdng trdn. Cac diem khac biet dope liet ke rieng d tOng dodng tron.
Vi dy dodi day la Bleu do so sinh diem gidng va khae nhau giOa xa hdi ed dgi phOPng Dong va phOPng Tay (Ljch sO Idp 10):
'" Xem bai vie't: Hoang Thanh TO, Mpt so ky thujf ki^m tra danh gia noi dung trong day hoc lich sCr 6 trudng THPT. Tgip chi Giao dye s6'156 (ky 2, thang 2/2007).
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Sd 49 thang 09 nam 2009HUdNG DAN QUAN LY, S(J DUNG
NiiOng thdng tin gpi y trong bieu dd tren djnh hodng cho HS dien nhOng tO khda ngin gpn the hien dac diem cija md hinh xa hdi thdi ed dgi d phuong Ddng va phoong Tay.B/eu do khii niem (Concept Chart) dope md hinh hda theo nhieu kieu, cd the theo kieu mgng (nen edn dope gpi la so dd mgng, sd dd to duy "^'), hoac la sy g i n kft giOa mpt hinh anh dac trOng cho khai niem va nhOng tO khda ngan gpn giai thich ndi ham khai niem. Cd 2 each hpc qua bieu dd khai niem: thO nha't, HS lOa chpn 1 hinh anh (tO lieu do GV cung cap hoac HS ty ve dudi dgng bieu topng) dae taing cho khai niem va ghi nhOng tO khda giai thich eac dae trOng ed ban cua khai niem (ket hpp trinh bay bang Idi); thO hai, GV chpn mpt khai niem quan trpng cd lien quan den nhieu khai niem khac, HS ty lap bieu dd (hinh banh xe, mat trdi...) va eac to khda ghi cac khai niem lien quan hoac giaithich dae trUng eua khai niem ay.
* So dd (Graph) gdm nhieu logi nhO: dddng trgc thdi gian, sa do chudi sU kien, sa do mgng va sa do hinh ca/^'. Cau true eua Graph bao gdm eac dinh dope md hinh hda bang nhOng vdng trdn hoac hinh vudng, hinh chO nhat de the hien nhOng kien thOc cd ban va eung la nhOng dOdng djnh hodng nhO mui ten t h i n g , cong hoac gap khuc de the hien mdi quan he logic giOa cac dinh (kien thOe cd ban). Cac bode lap Graph dope t i f n hanh theo ba bode cd ban: xae djnh kifn thOe ed ban, tdm t i t theo cac hinh quy Ode va x f p dfnh, lap cung.
DUdng trgc thdi gian (Timeline) ed eung dope thift ke b i n g mdt mui ten djnh hodng cdn dfnh la cac hinh quy Ode the hien eac sO kien va cae mdc thdi gian tOPng Ong. Logi so dd nay phu hpp cho viee tdng ket cic sd kien quan trgng eua mdt giai dogn Ijch sO theo t i f n trinh thdi gian.
Sa do chudi (Chain of Events) cd eac dinh md hinh hda bing hinh vudng hoac hinh chO nhat va cac cung md hinh hda bang nhOng mui ten thing djnh hudng. Logi sd dd nay dung de dn tap mpt chudi cie sd kien quan trpng eua mpt giai dogn ljch sO hoac cae so kien ljch sO cd mdi lien he nhin qua vdi nhau.
Sa do mgng (Splde Map) ed mdt dfnh trung tam va cae mui ten djnh hodng ndi vdi cac dfnh khac (md hinh hda dfnh b i n g hinh trdn, hinh vudng hoac hinh chO nhat). Vdi eau true nhO vay dfnh trung tam se the hien mpt ndi dung khai quat cdn cac dfnh k f t ndi se d i l n ta cac npi dung chi tift. GV cd the dOa ra chu d f dn tap rdi hodng dan HS ve so dd mgng thift lap md'i lien he giOa eac sy kien LS hoac hodng d i n HS thift
k f sd dd mgng giai thich khai niem.
Sd dd cay (Tree Map) ed mdt dfnh gd'c va cac mui ten djnh hodng ket ndi vdi eac dfnh nhanh (ta't ca cac dfnh eung dope md hinh hda). Do vay dfnh gd'c se dien ta ndi dung k i f n thOc niang tinh khai quat va cae dfnh nhanh se d i l n ta npi dung ehi tift. Sd dd nay phu hpp vdi viec giai thfch nguyen nhan, he qua cua cac cupc each mgng, cP ca'u xa hdi, td chOe nha node...
Cac cdng ey bang bieu dope thift k f va trinh chifu b i n g phan mem PowerPoint se t i f t kiem dope thdi gian, ddng thdi hieu Ong hinh anh va mau s l e se tgo hOng thu hpe tap cho HS. Dae biet cae phan mem khac nhO: Concept Draw MindlVlap, Mind Mapping... de sO dyng va dac biet phO hpp trong viee thift ke sP dd mgng.
Viee dn tap kien thOe trong mdn Ljch sO khdng chf nham ghi nhd cac so kien, khai niem Ijch sO ma edn bift van dyng chOng trong nhOng hoan canh mdi.
Can cO vao myc tieu bai hpe GV lya chpn kifn thOc CP ban va ngay khi b i t dau bai hpc hay mpt chOdng GV can xay dOng nhiem vy cua HS (lap bang, bieu hay ve sP do...), cung cap edng ey ho trp (phifu hpc tap, phifu danh gia) djnh hodng eho HS thudng xuyen dn tap kien thOe da hpc. Cac edng ey bang bieu da dgng trong each thift kf, mem deo trong each sO dyng, trp giOp HS rat hOu ich trong hpc tap mdn Ljch sO. SO dyng cdng cy bang bieu hOdng dan HS dn tap ghi nhd cac sy kien, khai niem Ijch sO trong mpt he thdng, tO dd cd the phan tich, giai thich dope mdi lien he Idgie giOa cae sy kien, khai niem ay.
Theo each nay khic phyc dope each hpe "thupc long", hpc "vgf ma khdng hieu ban chat cae so kien, khai niem ljch sO cua HS; gdp phan nang cao chat lopng dgy hpe mdn Ljch sO d trOdng THPT.«
Tai l i f u t h a m Ichdo:
1. Phan Ngpc Li§n (Chu bi^n), Trjnh Dinh T u n g , N g u y i n Thi Coi (2002). Phuang phap day hQC lich sCl, tap 2. NXB D?i hpc S u p h g m , Ha Npi.
2. Phan Ngpc Lien (Chu bidn). Doi mdi noi dung, phuang phap day hqc lich sd d tradng phd thong. NXB Dgi hpc Su phgm, Ha Npi.
3. Tony Buzan (2008). The Buzan"s Study Skills Handbook (Sach hUdng dan ky nSng hQc tap theo phuang phap Buzan). NXB Tong hap TP Ho Chi Minh.
4. Ho^ng Thanh Tu, Mgt so ki thuat kiem tra danh gia van dijng trong d$y hac lich sd 6 trudng THPT, Tap chi Giao dijc s6 156 (ky 2, thang 2/2007).
5. Wetjsite: www.intei.com/education
"'Xem: Tony Buza (2008). The Buzan's study skills handbook (Sach hudng d i n ky nSng hpc tap theo phUdng phap Buzan) NXB Tong hijp Tp. Ho Chi Minh. a r- r- / ,. '" ^ ^ 7 ' ; . i , ' / ' ^ ' ; , " ° i ! " F """^^"u ! " • ^ ' l ^ ' ^ " 9 P ' ; " i " g P^'^P Graph hudng d i n HS on tSp trong dgy hpc Ljch sil 6 trUdng THPT (trong cuon D6i mdi n^i dung, phUdng phap DHLS 6 trudng ph6 thong", Phan Ngpc Li§n c h i bign, NXB DH Su phgm, tr492,499)
Sd 49 thang 09 n§m 2009