VAI TRO CUA
N G U 6 N THOYOIEN
N H 6oOi v a i VUNG NGOAI Lu'ai
DIEN Q U 6 C GIAPGS.TS Nguyen Thuong Bang Khoa XSy dung Cdng trinh thuy Trudng Dai hge Xay dt/ng
Tdm tit: He thdng didn eua Viet Nam dang phSt triin rit nhanh theo thdi gian. Nhung cho din nSm 2025 thi vSn cdn mdt sd It bd phan dan eu d vung sSu, vung xa nSm ngoSi kha nang cung cSp dien ciia ludi dien Qudc gia.
Ngudn thiiy dien nhd tU cSc sdng sudi IS ngudn nSng lugng s^ch, dugc tSi tao ed nhidu uu didm han cSc dang nSng lugng khSc vS ddng vai trd quan trgng trong vide dSp ung nhu cSu didn nSng cho vung ngoSi ludi didn qudc gia.
Summary: The Vietnam's national electricity system is rapid growing a year after year However until the year 2025, there are a part of our People who must still living without the services of the national electricity system.
The micro hydro-power source from our natural streams is one of the clean and yeariy recharged energy. This energy resource has more advantages in comparing to the others and it play an important role to supply energy for the people living in the regions out of the national electricity system sen/ices.
LDATVANDt
Theo tai lidu nghidn euu eua Vidn Nang lupng [3], trong tuong lai, hd thdng nang lupng cua chdng ta se phdt trien mgnh k i ca v i ngudn dien, ludi dien vd didn nhdp khau tu cdc nudc Idng giing. Cung theo tdi lieu ndy [3], ngudn didn cda Qudc gia se phong phu han vdi sy g6p mat cua thuy didn tich nang, thdy triiu, didn hgt nhdn, didn gid, dien mdt trdi, didn sinh khdi...
nhung du phdt trien t h i ndo thi tdi nhung ndm 2025 se vdn cdn mdt bd phdn dSn eu d vung sau, vung xa, vung hai dao nim ngoai t i m vdi eda mgng ludi didn Qude gia. Mae du bp phan dan cu ndy ngheo, chiim sd it, nhung ehinh sdeh eda Dang vd Nha nude ta quyet tam khdng bd roi nhung ngudi eon cda ddn tpc.
Vay lam t h i nao d i eung cap dien ndng eho nhan dan vung sau vdng xa, vung ngoai ludi didn mdt cdch chic chin, hieu qua vd kha thi n h i t Dd chinh Id ndi dung md bdi bdo nay bit d i u d i cdp vd chudi van d i lidn quan se cdn tiip tyc dupc nghien euu, edng bd trdn cdc tgp chi chuydn ngdnh sau nay.
2. DANH GlA N G U O N NANG LU'ONG SO CAP, SACH VA DU'OC TAI TAO
Ddi tupng cda chimg ta la vung ngoai ludi dien (vdng sau, vung xa, hai dao) va niu chii y din mdt mdi trudng b i n vung khdng d nhiim, thi chdng ta tgm thdi khdng k i tdi cdc ngudn nang lupng nhu; than, khi thien nhien, diu, Uranium va dia nhiet Trude mit, chiing ta hay luu y din thuy dien, nang lupng tu ngudn sinh khdi, nang lupng mat trdi, ndng lu'ong gid, ndng lupng thuy tniu vd sdng biin.
74 TAP CHf KHOA HOC CONG NGHE XAY DUNG SO Of-9/2007
Bang 1 vd 2 cho chdng ta mdt buc tranh tdng quat v i kha nang vd nhu cdu v i dien gia dinh su- dung (ngodi ludi didn) d i n nam 2020 tu cac ngudn nang lupng sgch, tai tao (ngudn [3])
Bang 1. Kha nSng cip didn gia dinh sir dung (kW) tinh ddn nSm 2015
TT 1 2 3 4 5
Vung Ddng Bie Tay B i c Bdc Trung Bd D.hai NT. Bd Tay Nguydn Tong
Chi tidu (kW) 1.237 832 885 81 201 3.236
Cdng suit cd thd tieu thu tu eae ngudn TDnhd
879 1.165 376 73 306
S. khdi 222
66 205 10 10 2.800 1 513
Gid 75
0 0 18 0 93
Mat trdi 1 Tdng 760
76 786 23 16 1.662
1.936 1.308 1.367 124 332 5.067
Bang 2. KhS nSng cip didn gia dinh sir dung (kW) tinh din nSm 2020
TT 1 2 3 4 5
Vung Ddng Bdc Tdy Bae B§e Trung Bd O.hai NT. Bd Tay Nguydn Tong
Chi tidu (kW) 4.447 2.974 3.168 292 717 11.597
Cdng suit cd thd tieu thu tu cSc ngudn TDnhd
1.586 2.239 665 137 554 5.181
S. khdi 305 180 256 20 51 811
Gid 82
0 0 22 0 104
MSt trdi 2.322
664 2098 96 154 5.332
Tdng 4.295 3.083 3.018 274 758 11.428 Rd rdng trong ede ngudn nang lupng tiem ndng sgch, va dupe tdi tao thi thuy didn nhd va nang lupng mdt trdi chiim ty trpng Idn hon h i n cdc dgng ndng lupng edn Igi. Hai ngudn nang lupng ndy cd mat hau khip cdc vung dja phuong trong ea nudc. Ridng didn thdy triiu khdng dem Igi hidu qua khai thac vdi hd dung didn dde ldp vdi he thdng di$n.
Qud trinh nghidn cuu cQng ehi ra ring, chi ed thuy didn nhd Id phu hpp nhit ddi vdi cdc hd gia dinh vung ngodi ludi didn ca trdn phuong didn rpng khip, phuong didn xdy dung, cung c i p thiet bi, quan ly vdn hdnh va hidu qua d i u tu.
3. VAI T R 6 ClJA THUY DIEN N H 6 O O I VOI VUNG NGOAI LUtJI DIEN QUtiC GIA
Hinh dudi Id anh chyp mdt td mdy phdt dien sd' dyng sue nudc (thuy di$n nhd) tren sdng Bing Giang, huydn Phyc Hoa (mdt huydn miin ndi) eua tinh Cao Bing trong mua lu ndm 2006.
Day Id md hinh thuy didn su' dyng vdn tdc ldn cda ddng chay la chinh. Cdn cd nhung may thuy didn nhd d vung nui cao sd' dyng cdt nudc khoang vdi met, mua tu Trung Qudc de phyc vu smh hogt eho mpt vai gia dinh d nhung khu vyc khdng cd dien ludi.
Nhu vdy ddi vdi nhdn dan vung ngodi ludi didn qude gia thi thuy didn nhd vua ed mat h i u khip, vua dd khai thdc Igi vua kha thi ea v i ky thuat ea ve kinh t i xdy dung. Trong phin ndy se t i i p tyc Idm rd hon v i tinh kha thi khi khdc thdc ngudn thuy dien nhd nay.
TAP CHf KHOA HOC C O N G N G H ^ XAY DUNG sd Of-9/2007 75
3.1 Djnh nghTa v i thuy dien nho vCing ngoai luwi dien Qudc gia Thuy didn va thdy dien
nhd hien nay dang la diem ndng
ddi vdi nganh didn (Bd Cdng _ ^ ^ . ^ _ _ ^ _ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _ _ ^ nghiep va EVN), la sue hut ^ H R j ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ B ^ ^ l ^ ! ^ ^ ? ^ manh ddi vdi cdc nhd d i u tu tu
nhdn trong vd ngoai nudc, la su hip d i n ddi vdi cae nha thiu xdy dung va cdc hang cung c i p thiit bi
Thdy didn nhd phuc vy cdc hd gia dinh n i m ngoai ludi didn qude gia cd nhung diim khdc so vdi thdy didn ndi ehung md chimg ta c i n luu y nhu sau;
1 Thuy didn nhd ngodi ludi didn Qudc gia khdng mang tinh lpi nhuan nhu mdt du dn
diu tu. Ddy Id thuy didn eung c i p ndng lupng phi lpi nhudn Id chd yeu.
2. Thuy dien nhd ngoai ludi didn Qudc gia hogt ddng ddc ldp, khdng lidn k i t vdi cdc thiiy di$n nhd khdc vd khdng lidn k i t vdi hd thdng didn dja phuang hay qudc gia.
3. v i quy md cdng suit, chdng tdi d i nghi thuy didn duac coi Id nhd ngodi ludi di$n Qude gia ehi khi cdng suit l i p mdy n i m trong pham vi; 0,01 MW -*• 0,2 MW hay tu 10 kW •*• 200 kW.
Cd hai diem can luu y khi phan theo quy md ndy vi; thu nhit neu theo bang phdn cip cdng trinh trong TCXDVN 285 ; 2002 thi quy md thdy dien nhd nhit khi Nim < 0,2 MW duoc phdn Id c i p V. Cdn theo Bd Cdng nghidp tgi QD 709 thi khi Nim < 3 MW difoc coi Id nhd trong d i u tu va la nhd ddi vdi thdy didn trong hd thdng dien Qudc gia. Ttiu hai la vdi quy md tu Nim = 10 kW -^ 200 kW la cd the phuc vu tu mdt hp gia dinh trd len ve mdt sinh hogt vd san xuat nhd le.
3.2 Phan loai vg pham vj cpt nvoc va Ivu lu>ang phuc vu thiiy dien nhd viing ngodi luv'i dien Qudc gia
Chung ta biit cdng thue tinh cdng suit khai thac thdy dien Id;
Hinh 1. Mdt md hinh thuy didn nhd
N 9.8-\j}^QH (kW) (1)
Trong dd; N;
Q:
H;
edng suit phat didn (kW) hieu suit td may thdy dien luu luang phat didn (m^/s) cdt nudc phat didn (m)
Tich sd; 9,81 ri™ duae goi he sd cdng suit va thudng duac ky hidu id chu A. Hd sd cdng suit ddi vdi thuy dien nhd ed t h i g i n ddng l i y khoang 7,0 d i n 7,3. N i u so bd chon A=7,0
76 TAP CHf KHOA HOC C O N G NGHC XAY DUNG Sd 01-9/2007
thi Chung ta cd t h i phdn dai bien thidn luu luong vd cdt nuac phat didn eda thuy dien nhd ngoai ludi dign Qudc gia nhu trong bang 3.
Bang 3. Ph^m vi QvSH cua thuy didn nhd ngoSi ludi didn Qudc gia Q (mVs)
7.143 5.714 4.762 4.082 3.571 3.175 2.857 2.597 2.381 2.198 2.041 1.905
H(m) A 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
N(kW) 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200
Q (mVs) 0.357 0.286 0.238 0.204 0.179 0.159 0.143 0.130 0.119 0.110 0.102 0.095
H(m) 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
N(kW) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Nhu vdy n i u d dja phuang ed sdng sudi md luu luang tu 0,095 •*• 7,143 m^/s thi ehung ta se xdy ddp t h i p vd k i t hpp vdi dO dde dia hinh nhim tgo cdt nude It nhit Id 4m eho d i n 15m vd ngudn thdy didn nhd phuc vy ba con vdng ngoai ludi didn se duac ddp ung.
3.3 D|p va tuyin ndng lup'ng phuc vu thiiy dien nhd viing ngodi \\rd\ dien Qudc gia Sgu khi nghidn euu, chdng tdi d i xuit nhu sau;
1. Ddp cd chiiu cao tdi da 6 m, Idm bing dd xdy vua XM #150, trdn ty do todn tuyin.
2. Sau cdng liy nude khdng dp Id kdnh hd cd chieu ddi tdi da 500m.
3. Cudi kdnh Id b i dp lue vd dudng dng thdp hode dng chit deo tdng hap.
4. Nhd mdy thdy di$n k i t c i u don gian, se duae dinh hinh thiit ke.
5. Thiit bi trpn bd cd the cd ngudn gde tu Trung Qudc hoSe do Vidt Nam c h i tgo.
6. Kdnh xa tra nudc Igi ddng sudi dd xdy ddp chin ngang.
3.4 Kinh phi xay dyng thiiy dien nhd vimg ngoai \ved\ dien Qudc gia
Vdi suit dau tu cho thuy didn nhd da dupe tdng k i t thi ed t h i so bd udc tinh nhu sau;
N i u Nim = 10 kW thi K = 10 X 10 tridu = 100 tri$u ddng N i u Nim = 200 kW thi K = 200 x 12 tridu = 2400 tridu ddng
Vdi luang tiin vdn nhu trdn thi cdc chuang trinh hd trp giam nghdo hodn toan cd the ddp ung dupe.
4. KET L U A N V A o i NGHj
1 Bd phdn dan cu vdng ngodi ludi didn qudc gia (tinh d i n ndm 2025) ein dupe cung c i p didn tgi chd, md ngudn nang lupng d i khgi thdc nhit Id thdy didn nhd cug cdc sdng sudi thidn nhidn.
TAP CHl KHOA HOC C O N G NGHt XAY DUNG SO 01-9/2007 77
2. Thuy didn nhd ngodi ludi dien Qudc gia cd tinh kha thi eao v i ngudn ndng lupng vl ed s i n d sdng sudi dupc phdn tid t u nhien d moi nai, kha thi v i quy md xay dung vd thiet bi, kha thi v i tim kiim ngudn kinh phi phi lai nhuan.
3. Xung quanh v i n d i thuy dien nhd phuc vu nhdn dan vung ngodi ludi didn Qudc gia edn nhiiu v i n d i phai nghien euu nghiem tdc.
Tai lieu tham khao
1 NguySn Thuong BSng, Hoang Dinh Dung, Vu Huv Hai (2000 vd 2005), Thdy ndng va Diiu tiit ddng chay, Nxb Xay dung. Ha Ndi.
2. NguySn Thugng BSng cung nhdm dd tai, Nghien cuu khai thac vd sd' dung hidu qua ngudn thuy didn nhd cho vung sdu vung xa eda Vidt Nam (vung ngodi ludi dien qude gia), De tdi cip BO trong diim (Bd Giao dye va Ddo tgo) ma sd B2007-03-27 TD, Ha Noi 7/2007.
3. Vidn NSng Lugng, Quy hoaeh phat triin didn luc Qudc gia giai doan 2006-2015 cd xet din tnen vpng 2025, Ha Npi 11/2006.
78 TAP CHI KHOA HOC CONG NGHE XAY DUNG SOOI- 9.'2007