LLfA CHON PHUONG
P H A PDAY HOC NHAM TiCH CUC HOA HOAT OONG
N H A N THU'CCUA NGUOI HOC.
I. Mpt so van dl ly luain.
Trudc hdt ndi ve phuang phip dgy hpc theo hudng tich cue (dupe diing vdi nghia chii dgng, bogt dgng, trii vdi nghia thu dgng, khdng diing theo nghia trai vdi tidu cyc) - do la mdt nhdm phuang phap dgy hpc (PPDH) theo budng phit huy tinh tich eye, chu dgng sang tgo ciia ngudi hgc.
Tinh tieh cue bieu hifn trong hoat dpng, nhung dd phii Ii nhiing boat dpng chii dpng ciia chil thd. Vi viy PPDH tich cyc, thuc chit li cich day hudng tdi vide hgc tip chu df ng, chdng lai thdi quen hpc tip thu ddng.
Moi phuang phip ddu cd chirc nang didu hinh toin bp qui trinh hogt ddng ciia thiy va tid, nd se quy djnh cich thuc ngudi hpc ehidm ITnh kien thue vi kinh nghifm boat ddng.
Cd hai cich tinic ehidm linh kien thiic khic nhau:
1. Tai hien ki^n thuc:
dinh hudng ddn hogt dpng tai tgo, dugc xay dyng trdn ca sd ngudi hpc ITnh hpi cic tieu chuin, hinh miu cd sin.
2. Tim kiim kien thiJc:
djnh hudng ddn boat ddng sing tao, din ddn vide "phit minh" kidn thirc vi kinh nghidm hogt ddng.
Ndu cich mgt chiem uu thd ti-ong mpt PPDH cy did nao thi PPDH dd ed thd xem la it tich cue, vi cic kidn thirc cho sin CO thih ip dgt ddi vdi
qui tiinh hpc tgp ndn it cd khi nang kich thich ngudi hpc hogt dpng tu duy rapt cich thyc sy (chi ghi nhd, tii hifn), ngudi hpe tich cue bat chudc, tii hifn tri thiic.
p cich thii hai, kidn thiie xuit hien trudc ngudi hpc Ii nhirng dy doan. No cd tic dyng gpi y, khuydn khich ngudi hpc ty minh bang cac cich thiic khic nhau (lip luin mpt cich logic, thio luin theo nhdm, lam thi nghidm, sir dyng tai lieu, ...) kiem tra dy doan. Qui trinh hpc tip didn ra theo kidu tim kiem, phit hifn, khai thic, bien ddi.
Ngudi hpc trd thinh chii the hogt dpng tich cue ban (tich cue tim tdi, tich cyc sing tao).
Ndu cich hai ehidm uu the trong mdt PPDH cu thd nao thi PPDH dd cd thd xem li tieh eye.
Vife su dyng tidi ban cich day hpc nio cdn phy thupe vao sy san sing hpc tap eua ngudi hgc, ndi dung tri thiic cin chiem ITnh vi ci nghd thugt su phgm eiia ngudi dgy niia.
Tdm lai, ed thd ndi PPDH nio dim bio phdi hgp nhuin nhuydn hai cich day tii hifn vi tim kidm kidn thiic, trong dd each thir hai ehidm uu the thi vd ea bin PPDH dd cd kha ning tieh cue hda hogt dpng nhan thiic ciia ngudi hpc.
il. Vi du ve lira chon PPDH theo huoTig tich cue hoa ho^t d$ng nhan thirc
TS. Ngd Thj Bich Thio Hgc vifn Qudn ly gido due cua ngirM hpc: day hgc d^t va giii quyet v^n dl.
^ Day hoc dit vi giii quydt vin dd la PPDH, ti-gng dd giio vidn tgo tinh hudng cd vin de, didu khien ngudi hpe phit hidn vin dd, de xuit gii thuydt/ du doan, tu giic, tich cue boat ddng giii quyet van dd, thdng qua dd ITiih hdi tri thiie, phit tridn ky nang vi dgt duac eic mue dich day hgc khic ,[2].
Cau tnic mdt bii hgc (hoac mdt phin trong bii hgc) theo day hpc dat vi giai quydt vin dd thudng nhu sau:
l.Datvinde (DVD), xiy durng bai toan nhin thirc
a/ Tao tjnh hudng cd van de (cd thd xem bang ghi hinh, video; diing thi nghifm md diu; ke cau chuydn chira dung tinh hudng; dirng tranh inh, bin ve,...)
b/ Phit hifn vi nhin dgng vin dd niy sinh
c/ Phat bieu^ viri dd can giai quydt hay de xuit cic gii thuydt/du doan.
2. Giai quyet van de (GQVD) dat ra
a/ Lap kd hogch giii quyet van dd
b/ Thuc bien kd hoach giai 3. Ket luan (KL) a/ Thao luin kdt qui vi danh gii
b/ Khang dinh hay bic bd gii thuyet da neu
c/ Phit bieu kdt luin d/ Dd xuat vin de mdi Trong dgy hpc ddt vd gidi
^gay nhdn bai 29/02/2013. Ngay duy?l dang 25/04/2013
TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC - SO 93 - 05/2013 • 4 3 i
quyet vdn de co the phdn bift 4 muc do (tir thdp din cao) tuang irng v&i cdc hogt dgng cua nguai dgy vd ngu&i hgc:
- Muc dg I:
_+ DVD: Giao vidn dat vin dd.
+ GQVD: Giio vidn neu cich giii quyet vin dd; hpc sinh thuc hiin each giii quyet vin de theo hu&ng ddn ciia giio vidn
+ KL: Giio vien dinh gii kdt qui lam vifc eiia hpc sinh
- Mire do 2:
+ DVD: Giio vidn ndu vin dd.
^ + GQVD: Giao vien ggi y de hpc sinh tim ra cdch gidi quyit vin dd; hpc sinh thiic hiin each giai quydt vin dd vol su giup da cua gido vien (khi cdn)
+ KL: Giao vidn vi hgc sinh cimg dinh gii
- Mire do 3:
+ DVD: Giio vien cung eip thdng tin, tao tinh hudng;
hoe sinh phdt hiin vi xdc dinh vin de nay sinh, tu luc di xudt cic gia thuydt/du doin.
+ GQVD. Hgc sinh lua chgn giii phap, thi^c hiin each giii quydt vin dd
+ KL: Giio vien va hpc sinh ciing dinh gia, khing dmh hay bac bd gii thuydt/dy doin.
- Muc dp 4:
+ ^\li: Hgc sinh tu luc phdt hien vdn di niy sinh trong hoin cinh cua minh hoic cua cgng ddng, lua chpn vdn de phii giii quyet
+, GpVD: Hpc sinh gidi quyit van dd
+ KL: Hpc sinh tu ddnh gid chit lupng vi hieu qui
Cd the neu tdm tat vi du minh hga dp dung PPDH dgt vd gidi quyet vdn de (dugc
thif-c hipn & muc dp 3) ket hgp sir d^ng phuang tipn true quan doi v&igi&hgc bdi m&i nhu sau:
Chii de bii hpc: o nhiem nude
/. Tgo tinh huong:
- Giio vidn eho bpc sinh xem mgt doan bing video:
«cii chdt ciia mpt ddng^ sdng»
- Trang thii ban diu cua dong sdng: ddng sdng dm dem, ngu din dinh ci nhpn nhip, din ehiing hai bdn bd tam giat ddng vui;
- Sau mpt thdi gian bi d nhidm: ving bdng thuydn be, hai bd ben tam ving tanh.
Cinh dap yio mat la ca chdt ndi ldnh bdnh, khdng ai them vdt.
- Giio vidn yeu eau hpc sinh nhin xet sy bien ddi ciia ddng sdng qua dogn bang da xem.
- Giao vidn yeu ciu hpc sinh ndu vin dd tidn co sd quan sit dogn bing trdn: vi sao ca chet hing logt?
Hpc sinh ndu eae gii thuyet/dy doin ve nguyen nhan ca chdt hing logt
Giio vien ghi cic gia thuyet mi hpc sinh neu len bang:
+ Do danh min dd bat ci?
+ Do ric thii bai bdn bd dd xudng sdng?
+ Do nude thii sinh boat cua din cu hai bdn bg?
+ Do nude trdn ddng chiy xudng sdng cd lin phin bdn?
2. Gidi quyet vdn de:
- Trdn cd sd cic gia thuydt da ndu, giio vidn ggri y, hudng din hpc sinh thio luin, mdi hpc sinh, nhdm hpc sinh ndu cac ly le dd bio ve gii thuyet ciia minh, bic bd eic gii thuydt khic.
- Giao vidn cho hpc sinh
xem tidp doan bang videp: d phia thupng luu ed mot nhi miy ldn, hing ngiy xi xuong sdng m0t khoi lugng nude thai chua qua xir Iy. Diy cd the li nguyen nhan chinh (da sd hgc sinh ddng tinh) lim ca chet nhidu nhu vay vi nhan din khdng dim diing nude sdng niia
- Cudc tranh luin ket thiic 3. Ket lupn:
Hgc sinh khang dinh nguyen nhin chinh, giio vien cimg hgc sinh kdt luin:
+ Trong trudng hgp niy nude thai edng nghifp tii nha miy chua qua xu ly da Iam nude sdng bj d nhiem ning
+ Cin xir Iy nude thii cong nghifp trudc khi xi xudng sdng hpac dan ddn nai an toin
- De cung cd giio vien cd the din them mdt sd sd lieu ve d nhiem nude sdng do cic nha miy cdng nghifp ddng hai ben bd; mdt vii vi du vd cic nhi miy da xii Iy nude thai, tdn tigng bio vf moi trudng.
O vi dy tidn hpe sinh ddc lip, chii dpng giii quyet nhifm vu hpc tip, duge lim vife nhieu han, tim tdi, suy nghT vi thao lugn nhidu ban, giio vidn ddng vai trd ngudi td chiic, didu khien boat ddng nhan thirc cua hpc sinh.
Noi torn lai, trong day hpc dat vi giii quyet van de giao vidn dua hoc sinh vio tinh hudng cd vin de rdi ^iiip hoc sinh tu lire giii quyet van de dat ra. Bang cich dd hgc smh vira nam dugc tri thirc mdi, vira nam dugc phuang phip di tdi tri thiic dd, lai viia phat tridn tu duy tich cyc sing tao vi cd tidm ning van dung tri thiic vio tinh hudng mdi.
Dgy hgc dgt vi giii quydt (Xem liep trang 47....) 4 4 • TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC-SO 93-05/2013
DOANH NGHIEP - SAN PHAM - IHUDNG HIEU
nhit trong sd c i e Cdng ty thidt bi giio dye dugc n h i n "Ky nifm chuang vi sy nghifp giio due" ciia Bd G i i o dye Dao tgo nhan Ky nidm 60 nam thinh lap N g i n h Giio d^e Mam non- Quydt dinh so 7049/QD/BGDDT do Bd Trudng Nguydn Thidn Nhan ky ngay 24/11/2006."
3. Phuang c h i m "Giiip ban thanh cdng l i minh thinh cdng" trong kinh doanh da dugc chiing minh vdi thyc tidn eiia mdt edng ty kinh doanh nhac cu tai thj trudng giao dye Viet Nam. Khi cie chuang trinh t i p huin cua V.C.M.S da tao dupe uy tin va dupe cie eo sd giio due ling hd thi ddng thdi nhgc cy Casio ciin^ da ehidm ITnh dugc thj p h i n trong nginh
giio dye m i m non.
4. C i c cdng trinh nghidn ciiu khoa hge dd phuc vy eho chuang trinh t i p huan ehuyen dd am nhgc cho GVMN nhu
"Xdy dung ngi dung chuang trinh boi duang kien thuc dm nhgc cho GVMN theo tiep can mo-dun", "Xdy dgng phuang phdp dgy-hgc dm nhgc theo quan diim cong nghi gido due", "Sir dung phuang tien dgy hgc hiin dgi vdo quy trinh dgy-hgc dm nhge" da dugc trinh bay trong eae hgi thio khoa hgc eiia cic Trudng Cao dang su phgm Trung LTong 1, 2, 3 v i tai Vifn Khoa Hge Giio due Vift Nam ... da la ca sd khoa hge de V.C.M.S bidn soan thinh hf thdng giio trinh dinh cho cic chuong trinh
tip huan chuydn de i m nhge - hf thdng giio trinh da tgo dugc net dae thii ridng trong ciu tnie ngi dung, phuang phip day hge va da khing djnh dupe uy tin thuang hifu qua vifc dugc cic GVMN sir dung rpng rii hifn nay.
Cdng ty thidt bj giio dye Vin Dire- Hpi vien cd trach nhiem ciia Hifp hdi Thidt bj giio dye Viet Nam, da tham gia tieh eye, cd uy tin va hidu qua trong qui trinh thyc hien Chucmg trinh "Tap huin chuyen de am nhac cho GV MN" sudt hai muai nam qua;
gdp phan dang ke trong thinh tuu ma Chuong trinh da mang lai cho nganh GDMN qude gia.
LUA CHON PHUONG PHAP DAY HOC ,
(•• D theo trang 45) van de khdng chi gidi ban dphgm trii PPDH. Vide i p dyiig d^y hpc d i t va giii quydt van de ddi hdi cii tao c i ngi dung, ddi mdi cich td chiic q u i trinh day hpc trong mdi lidn quan thdng nhit vdi PPDH.
Thyc tien day hpc cho ihiy khdng cd PPDH n i o tdi uu hay cd k h i nang tieh cue hoa boat dpng nhan thirc cua ngudi hpc mpt cich tuydt ddi.
MSi phuang p h i p ddu cd k h i nang tich cyc hda hoat ddng nhin thiic cua ngudi hpc d khia c^nh nay hay khia cgnh khie ndu ngudi day van dung chil dpng, sing tgo tuy theo nf i dung hpc t i p eu the. Vdi each tiep can nhu trdn, chimg tdi hy vpng b i i vidt se la til lifu tham k h i o tdt cho giao vien thupc ITnh vuc chuyen
nginh v i cie giao vidn khac van dung v i o bii day rapt each linh boat, phii hpp vdi ddi tugng day.
Tai lifu tham khao 1. Luu X u i n Mdi, Ly ludn day hoe dai hge, NXB Giio due. H i Npi. (2000)
2. Phan Trpng Ngp, Dgy hpc vd phuang phdp dgy hgc trong nhd tru&ng^ NXB Dgi hpc su phara. Ha Ndi. (2005), 3. Trin Thi Tuydt Oanh (chil bidn), tgp the tic gii, Gido trinh Gido due hpe, T i p I, NXB Dai hoc su phgra. H i Ndi. (2007). '
4. Tap the tic gii: Trin B i Hoinh, Nguydn Ba Kim, L i m Quang Thifp .... Doi m&i npi dung vd phuang phdp ddo tgo gido viin Trung hgc ca
sa theo chuang trinh CDSP m&i, D y an d i o tao giio vidn Trung hpc co sd, Bd Giio dye v i D i o tgo. (2007)
Summary:
Based on System of a number of methodological problemstheory active teaching, this article provides an example ofthe selectionof teaching methods order of activating learners' cognitive activities: teaching methods leamingand problem solving support of the visual media;
raised structure of a lesson (orpart of a lesson) apply teacbingand problem solving, the different levels when usingthat method, in orderto improve the efficiency of the use of active teaching methods.
TAP CHI THIET BI GIAO DUC • SO 93 - 05/2013 • 4 7