TAia U H^C • «INH lA H9C LOA T M ^ I
MOT SO VAN DE Ll LUAN TAM Lf HOC VEKI NANG Si) OONG Tif TIlNG VIET TRONG GIAO TIEP COA TOE MAM NON
I . N h u m p i ngdn ngi? khac tren the gidi, tieng Viet ed3 binh dien co ban la nguam, bivungMk ngUphap.
Trong dd, tdddqc eoi la don vi taing tam, quan trprig nhat eua ngdn ngu, bdi vl, ngi/ am hay cac quy tae ngi/phap mud'n tfiuehiendupechucnang cua minh, deu phai thdng quatiJr cuthe. Giai doan tudi mani non (MN) (0-5 tuS)cd rat nhieu dieu klen thuan Ip^ dephat trien ngdn ngu cho fre, dac biel la td vunp, ca v l so luong va chat lupfng. Viec tich luy duqc vdn td phong phli va nam viing each si} dung tu la nen tang quan trpng cho suphattrien ngdn ngir, giao tiep (GT), tu duy, nhan tiiiic, ciJrig nhutoan bd ddi song tam li eua tre. Viec tim hieu ve dac diem va bien phap phattrien von td cho tre M N (ca tu" tieng Viet va tiJr tieng nude ngoai) qua nhieu dang hoatdpng khae nhau (hoe tap, vui choi, GT...) da dupe mdt sd nghien ciiru de cap.
Tuy nhien, bai viet ehi tap trung vao mpt so van de li luan tam li hpc (TLH) ve kTnang (KN)sudung ti)tie'ng Viet trong GT cua tra
2. Mpt so van de li luan tam li hpc ve KN s u d u n g tiJ tieng Viet t r o n g GT cua tre MN
2.tKN\a\ian deduoc nhieu nha TLH quan tam nghidncuu.Cdnhieu each tiep can khac nhau veKN nen cung cdnhieu dinh nghla khae nhauvehienti/png tam li nay. Nhung quan niem phobien hien nay la, coi KNviJBtiiehien kTthuat cua hanh ddng,vda thd'hien nang luc ciJa con ngudi trong qua tiinh thuc hien hanh dpng/hoatdpng ay. Theodd, KN dupc hieu lasi/van dyng fri ttiiJCkinh nghigm hanhdpng^oatdpng dacd cua canhan vao thuchiencd k i t qua hanhdpng/hoat dpng trong nhihig dieu kien xac djnh.
Nhuvay, v l ban chat: - KN la suvan dyng kinh nghiem da cd cua ca nhan vao cac tinh hudng khac nhau; - T f o n ^ KN ludn cd eae thanh f)han xac djnh:
1 )Trittiiic, hieu biet, kinh nghiem ve hanh dpng/hoat dpng can thue hien; 2) Kha nang lien ket, van dung til tiiiic,kinh nghiem hanh dong/hoatdOTig daeddethuc hien hanh dgng/hoat dpng tronp cac dieu kien khac nhau; 3) Ketqua cua su lien ket eae thanh phan ndi trdn; - Cac thanh phan n^y quy dinh nen dac diem eua KN, trong dd, edba dac diem thudng dupc quan
ThS. N G U Y E N THj H A I THIEN' tam nhat la tinh dung d^n, tinh thanh thuc vatinh linh hoat.
2.2. Tu, chuc nang, ban chit ya ngi dung tim /feua ftr.Trong ngdn ngi?hpc,tOftid'ngVietdUdC djnh nghTa la "mot hoac mgt so am tiet co dinh, batb'i&}, mang dac di&n ngirphap nhatdlnh, nSm trong nhung kieu cau tao nhatdlnh, tatcidng vi^mgtkieuynghJa nhilt dinli, Idn nhi't trong tieng Viet {khixet ^ dem vi ngon ngQco san) vi nho nhat detao ciu {khi xet la don vi tao cau)" (1; tr 34).
Tuy nhien, de tim hieu viec ca nhan si}dung tu*
nhuthenao, tiiiet nghT, ben eanh nhQng phan tieh ve phuang dien ngon ngirhpc, can edttiem nhiing phan tich dudi gde dp TLH ve ban chat, chiifc nang tam li cua tu, npi dung tam li chua dyng trong ti), coehetam li hinh thanh nen tiif, nghTa cua tu"... Da cd nhieu edng trinh nghien edu cua eac nha TLH tren the gidi va tronp nudc dua ra kdt luan va bang chdng ed gia tri ve v a i d l nay, dac biet la cac cdng trinh nghien ciiu cila L.X.Vygob(ky (1934), A.A. Leonchiev (1971), A.R.Luria (1998), Tran HiJu Luyen (2008, 2010, 2012)...Cdtfie neu len mdtsd'luan diem quan bpng cija cae tae gia nay nhu sau khi ban de'n chiirc nang, ban chatva npi dung tam li cua tiJf:
22.1. Vechuc nang tam ticua tiJr. Cac nha TLH da chiifng minh: td cd 3 chdc nang tam li cd ban:
1) Chdc ning xac dinh ra/(day duhon la xae djnh vat, tinh chat, hanh ddng hoac quan he eua vat), tao nen ngha cuttis'hghTa bieu vat, l^cdsddehinh tfianh ndn cac tu loai khae nhau (danh ti>, tinh td, dpng hJf, gic^tu', lien hJf...); 2) ChOc nang phan tieh vat, tad nen nghTa pham tnj/nghla bieu niem (phan anh, xi}litiiong tin, tim ra thupc tinh ben trong, ban chat, quan he cd tinh quy luatcua sy vat dua chimg vao nhiing Idp, pham frii xac djnh), khien hi tiiuc sutod ttianh edng ey d^c luc cda y ttiuc, ft/ duy, GT...; 3) ChOc nang tdvung^gd nghia:
ttie hien d chd, tir ttiam gia vao nhiing nhdm quan hd ngi/nghTa,taoracdchecanthiet,tiem an cua moilien he giiJa ti> nay vdi tu" khac.
* TmfiDg fl^i h^c sir pham Ha Noi
(ki 1 - 7/2015) T q p chi G i a o dye so 3 6 1 7
2.2.2. Veban chattim Heua tiJ. Cac tac gia neu len 2 luan diem quan trpng: 1 )Tucdban chat tam li la
\\oa\d,gr\g,\i\''dangsautdvingh}acuatirlacachinh dgng/hoatdgng khic nhau cua con ngu&!'(2]\r6),du tir dang tiiuc hien ehiic nang nao trong so 3 chuc nang trdn; 2) Ban chat tam li hoat ddng cua td ed su khac nhau ve phuong dien Ida tijdl (d&ng sau tii, vdi fre nho, chu yeu la hanh ddng tn/c quan; trong khi vdi ngudi tii/dng ttianh, lai la hanh ddng trdu tupng hda vakhaiquathda).
2.2.3. Ve ngi dung tam iicua td: 1) Ndi dung tam li cua td chinh la nghla cua nd, vd^tucach \a"mgthi Mng, khaiquathdamgtcach vdng chic cac moilien he, quan hi dung dang sau td, dugc hieu giong nhau doivditatcamglngudi' (3; fr 22). Ndi each khac, nghTa cOatijfphan anh mptcach khach quan cac moilien he, quan hecua suvathien ti/png tiong hien ttiuc; 2) NghTa cua tdgom hai loai cd ban: Nghia ben n^oa/(sau day gpichung la"np/)^'), gom nghTa cuthetiiajvatvanghTa pham tiii/bieu niem, lam cosdcho ngdn ngu^ va nghia ben trong (cdn gpi la nghTa xa hpi - GT, sau day gpi chung la"j^,lam CO sdchoGT.Cang/7/avaj^eu nam frong npidung cija tijkhi tfiam gia vao GT ngdn ngi/; 3) NghTa cua tiif ludn van ddng vaphattrien, do eae thanh phan eua ca'u taie ngi/nghTa va cau tiiic tam li eua nd ludn ttiay doi; 4} NghTa ben ngoai cua td (khach quan) chju sy ehiphdi cua yea nhan (ehu quan). Y ea nhan lam bien danghla cuati), tao nen nhung netnghla mcfi cho ti); 5) Khi GT, con ngucfi truyen dat y cho nhau chd khdng phai nghTa; song vl ban ttian y khdng ti/ton tai dupc nen phai "nuong nhd' nghTa cua ti/- cai da dupc edng dong hieu mpt each tticffig nhat. Vivay, thuc chat la, con ngudi diing nghTa cua tijf de taiyen dat y cho nhau trong quafrinhGT;6)NghTavayedm6iquan he chat che vcfi n hau."/ca n/)Jn CU3 ft/i^m c/io ng/j/a c t ^ tdphat ttien, cdn nghia cua Clallam cho y nay ton tai khach quan ca vSchu fie cua y vi dm; tniyen den cac /r/?ac/j//jemo/jfifmudf/'(3;fr23);7)Hieu nghTa vaycua ti>ladieu kien quan frpng nhat cua viec hieu vasu'dyng td, cao hon niia la nang lue n ^ viing tu.
l^lhuvay,xetduagdctIpTLH,cdttieeoift>ndchung, td tieng Viet ndi rieng, la don vj quan trpng nhat trong ngdn ngir, cdban ehattamlilahoatdpng;cdchuc nang xlcdjnh vat, phan tichyalvachuc nang ngi/nghTa; gom ca phan nghia va phan y {ttong do, y la cai quy^ djnh nghTa). Sudung td chlnh la qua trinh con ngudi dung nghTa khach quan cijatijfdethehien yeanhan.
2.3. KNsudijngtutiehg Viettrong GTcua tre Af/V.Tufnhungluan diem quan frongtrongTLH veti), chdc nang, ban chat va ndi dung tam li eua td ndi Chung, h/ tie'ng Viet ndi rieng nhu tren, cd tiie xac
8 Tqp chi Giao due so 361
djnh:diem mau chotcua viec sudyngtij-lacon ngudi dung nghia khach quan cua hjrdethehien y ea nhan.
Ndi each khac, mud'n xac djnh ea nhan eo sudung dupcti/hay khdng, can dya vao ba dau hieu: 1) Hieu dupc cac nghTa ben ngoai eua tiJ; 2) N han ra dupc y canhan (eua ngudi khac) tiiehlen trong nghTa eua ftj;
3) Sudyng dugc cac nghTa cua tdde ttie hien y (eua ban than) phuhop vdi tlnh hud'np GT (bang each dua ti/vao eau cuthe).Trong ttiuc te, nhung dau hieu nay cua KN sudung tdttengVietdtre khdng tach rdi nhau vi tre hieu dung nghTa eua ti>hay khdng til udng dupc the hien qua viec tre su'dung tuva nghla cua td trong qua trinh GT nhu the nao.
Td nhung dau hieu fren, eo tiie quan niem KN sii dung ti>tieng Viet frong GT eua fre M N la st/i/ar? rfu7ffi!fr' tiiuc, kinh nghiem hanh dgng/hoatdgng dacdcua tre ve tiitieng Viet vao tiiuc hi&) hinh dgng/hoatdgng h^ va sudung nghfa cua tL/deti)eh'iiny trong quatrinh GT.
2.3.1. Bleu hiin KN sudung tdtiihg Viettrong GTcua tre MN. Xuat phat tiif dae diem khach quan cua tiJf tieng Viet (ve ngi/am, ngiiphap -ttieo phuong dien ngdn ngdhpcjva chlic nang,ban chat, ndi dung tam li eua tu, cdttiexac dinh KN sudyng tijftieng Viet trong GT cua tre MN gom 2 bieu hien eo ban:
-Tre hieu dupe nghTa cua td tieng Viet, ttie hien;
+ Tre hieu dugc cac nghTa ben ngoai cua tu (thupc tinh be ngoai, hanh ddng, trang thai, dac diem,...den thude tinh ben trong, chite nang, cdngdyng, ban chat, quan he, quy luaL..cua suvathien tupng); + Trehieu dugeyeanhan (cua ngudi khac) thehien trong nghTa cua eaeti/(mangudiddsudung)ciJngnhuy canhan cuaehinhminh.
- Tre sudyng duge nghTa cua td tieng Viet dethe hienymuon ndi phuhpp vcfi tinh hud'ng GT.Cuthela:
+ Tre lua ch9n dugc nghTa gan nhat eua tddediln dat dung y muon ndi, phu hpp vdl tinh huong GT: Ngoai nhung ti)ddn nghTa, frong tieng Viet cdn cd hettid'ng tiJr gan nghTa, nhieu nghTa, dong nghTa, fra nghTa... Be baytd, didn datmpty,frecdttie'sudung nhieu ti)khac nhau trong hetiiongcactdnay. Tuy nhien,quari frpng la tre can tim ra dugc hJf nao ed nghTa gan nhat vdi y minh m ud'n ndi, ttieo cae mite dp khae nhau (diing fti tren c o s d gan gui/fc/ong dong veam tfianh -> dung tuphii hgp vdi hoan eanh -> dilng tddung vdl nghTa ben ngoai cua nd); + Tre b i l l sudyng tddung vdi dac diem nguphap eua nd: Ban tfian rnati) tieng Viet da ham chus frong n6 nhi5ng dac diem ngi? phap nhat dinh. Tiiy vao kha nan^ ket hpp cua hifvdi eac tiJf khac detao_eau,khanangdam nhiem cacttianh phan cau, mamditi^cdthettiupcvempttoaitiikhac nhau (danh tiJf, dpng td, tinh ti/, dai tijf, phy ti>, quan he td...) va dam
(ki 1 - 7/2015)
nh|n vj fri, chlic nang ngCrphEp khae nhau frong cau.
Vi vay, de danh gia KN su dyng ft/cua tre, ngoai wee danti glafrecd biet dung dung nghTa cuati/hay khdng, edn can d ^ h gla ti« diing ti/dd ed dung vdi dac diem/
chite nang ngu'phap ciia ndhay khdng qua viee fre dat ti/dd dvj tri nao tiong eau; + Tre bietdungt/mpt each biaj cam: Mpt trong nhung dau hieu dedanh gia muc ddhieutuvalam chii ti^cua tre la treed biet tiiehien tiiai ddphuhppvcinpidungphatngdncLiaminh hay khdng.
Bieu hien cytfieeua hanh ddng nay la treed cac Cl/chl phi ngon ngiJkem ttieo, dac biet iasudung cac nguon phuong tien ngdn ngucd mau sac UJ tdnhu tinh td, td lay, tdtugnghinh,t/dng tiianh... de tiie hien y,
2.3.2. Dac diem KN sudung tutii'ng Viit trong G7"cua/re W/V. Tuong ty nhu KN ndi chung, KN s u d y n g tutleng Viet cua tre MN cijng cd nhdng dac diem xac djnh ve tinh^dung dan, tinh thanh thyc, tinh linh hoat. Cu the: - Tinh dung d&n the hien d viec tre mac ldi hay khdng m&c loi khi su dung td dethe hien y m ud'n ndj theo quy djnh cua tieng Viet;-Tinh thanh thue the hien dtdc dp tre su dyng tu tie'ng Viet nhanh hay cham, on dinh, ben vu'ng hay lung tung, ngap ngdng trong qua trlnh G T ; - T i n h linh hoat the hien d viec tre sir dung tu tieng V[et niem deo, sang tao hay rap khudn, may mdc dethe hien y trong quatrinh GT.
2.3.3. Tliu chidanh giaKN sudung tdtleng Viet trong GTcua treMN. De xae djnh duge tieu chi, can dua vao ehinh nhung dae diem tren cua KN. Theo do, cd 3 tieu chi coban dedanh giaKN si} dyng tu tie'ng Viet trong GT eua tre, gom:
- r/h/;(A/f7g'tf^: 1) Mlic rattfiap:fresu'dung ti>hau h^lasai,m§c rat nhilu lS.C(mLtenay,tre gan nhuchua ttiyc hien dupc KN; 2) Mite ttiap: mac nhieu IS; 3) Muc tiling binh:maeitldi;4) Mdc cao: m i c rat it_ldi;5)Muc rat cao: sudyng h]rhoan toan diing, khdng mac la nao.
- Tinh tiiinh tiiuc. 1) Mdc rat thap: tre s u d y n g t d rat lung tung, hoan toan khdng on dinh; 2) Mite thap:
lung tiing, khdng on dinh; 3) Mdc tnjng binh: liic dn djnh, liic khdng d'n dinh; 4) Mde cao: it lung tiing, tuong dd'i on djnh; 5) Muc rat cao: sudyng ti) hoan toan tiianh thao, khdng bj lung tiing.
- Tinh linh hoat 1) Mde rat thap; tresudyng tdmpt cacti rap khudn, may mdc, khdng thyc sutaing vdi y muon ndi frong mgi tinh hud'ng GT; 2) Mdc tha'p: su dung hJf mpt each rap khuon, may mde trong cac tlnh huOTig mdi, khong h i cd s u sang tao; 3) Mdc taing blnh: sddyng tiJrddi chd ed sang tao nhung edn ddn gian;4)Muceao:si/dyngtiJ'linh hoat,sang taodmuc dp nhat dinh;5) Mde ratcao:sudyng tuhoan toan tu ntiien, mem deo, sang tao.
KN sudung h/tieng Viet trong GT ciia fre MN chiu suchi plidi cija nhieu ye'u tdchu quan (gidi, nhu eau, ddng cd, muc dich,ytudng, mdc dp nam viing tieng Viet,kinh nghiem, hieu biet, hiifng ttiii...) va khach quan (mdi ta/dng ngdn ngii, van hda trong GT ngdn ngu, each ttiue day hge td, eac dang hoat dpng matre tiiam gia, tlnh huong GT.,.).
3. KN sudyng tdndi ehung, KN sddyng tu tieng Viet noi rieng, la mdt trong nhdng KN ngdn ngu quan trpng, nha't la dd'i vdi tre d lua hJol M N . De cd CO sd hinh thanh KN su dyng tu tieng Viet cho tre, thiet nghi, ben canh n h i ^ g li giai cua ngdn ngi/ hgc, can dua vao nhiing li giai eua TLH ve chu'c nang, ban chat, npidung tam li cua tt/. Viee day hpe tude hinh thanh KN su dung tu tie'ng Viet can dupc thiet keva tiiuc hien mptcach thich hgp, khoa hgc (dua tre vao hoatddng nhan thdc tai tao laitd, hoatddng su dyng tu gan lien vdi cam xue, thai dp trong tihig tlnh tiudng cu the; giup tre nam duoc cac loai nghTa cua ft/, hudng d i n tre hgc each the hien y ca nhan qua viec dung nghTa cua td...) tren co sd eae dac diem tam sinh li ciJa tdng dp tud'i. • (1) La Thl Bic U - Phan Thi Hong Xuan - Nguygn Thj Thu Nga. Giao trinh tiSng VUt va tig'ng Vi£t thuc hanh. NXB Dai hoc sirpham, H. 2012.
(2) l^eonchiev A.A. Cau tnic ngu'nghia cua tur(NhlJng khao sat tSm li - ngOti ngff hpc). NXB Gido due, 1971 (Ban djch cua Pham Diic Duang).
(3) Trin Hiru Luyin. "Day hpc tir ngoai ngU theo ti€p c^n tam li hoc". Tap chi Tdm Uhoc, s6'8, thang 8/2012.
T^i lieu tham khSo
1. Pham Minh Hac. TSm li hoc Vygotsky. NXB Gido (/«c.H.i998.
2. Luria A.R. Ngon ngu" va y thuc. NXB Dai hoc Tdng hap Matxcova, 1998.
SUMMARY
Word use skill In general and Vietnamese use skUl in particular, is one ofthe important linguistic skills, especially forpreschool children. In order to have foun- dation forming the Vietnamese word use skills for children, besides explanation in view of linguistics, we also need to rely on the Interpretation in terms of psycholo^ on function, nature, and psychological con- tent of word. Accordingly, the Vietnamese word use skills in communication between of preschool children is understood as the use of knowledge, experience of actions/activities, which children haveatiout Vletaam- ese words into implementing actions/activities under- stand and use the meaning of words in the communi- cation process Vietnamese wonJ use skill of children has the defined features ofthe soundness, maturity and fleidbiiity. These characteristics are founds to build the skill evaluation criteria using Vietnamese wojrf in communication of children.