As we have shown elsewhere [3,6], based on the scale of the woman in the painting, the magnification is approx. M¼0.56. The maximum deviation of the perfect repeating structure from the pattern on the painting is 2 mm.
Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors to the English Court, 1532
What is striking about Fig.11.11(Center) is how well it reproduces the very unusual visual appearance of the linearly compressed skull of Holbein's painting. Marked on this figure are two regions where we observed that Holbein duplicated features of the skull.
Robert Campin, The Annunciation Triptych (Merode Altarpiece), c1425 – c1430
This same area corresponds to a width of 8.2 cm in the actual image, giving us an approximate lower limit for depth of focus. Although it is possible to get a more accurate value for the depth of focus by including this measured DOF in the calculation, an approximate value of 8.2 cm will suffice for our purposes.
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Introduction – 286
The Anatomy of the Eye – 288
The Quality of the Retinal Image – 290 12.4 Peripheral Optics – 294
Conclusions – 295 References – 297
Despite this simplicity and the relatively poor imaging capabilities, however, the eye is adapted to the requirements of the visual system. The intrinsic nature of light is somehow responsible for some of the characteristics of the eye.
The Anatomy of the Eye
The iris is the opening in the center of the iris and limits the amount of light that passes into the eye. The action of the muscles in the ciliary body allows the lens to increase or decrease its power.
The Quality of the Retinal Image
The influence of ocular aberrations on the image quality of the eye is more important with larger pupil diameters. Aberrations of the cornea and lens are somewhat opposite and depict the eye with improved optics.
Peripheral Optics
In the fovea (central vision) the optics are in many cases the most important limiting factor for vision, in the periphery vision is limited by neural factors. Despite the poor optics, visual acuity in the periphery cannot be improved with optical corrections.
Conclusions
In that context, the manipulation of the optics of the eye by various devices has been a successful technological development since the correction of blur in the thirteenth century to the use of cylindrical lenses to correct astigmatism in the nineteenth century. Using advanced optoelectronics, new prostheses could restore accommodation in the farsighted eye.
Introduction – 300
Early and Traditional Medical Optical Instruments – 308 .1 Head Mirror – 309
Fiber Optic Medical Devices and Applications – 319 .1 Optical Fiber Fundamentals – 320
Conclusions – 332 References – 333
Introduction
- Why Optics in Medicine?
- Global Healthcare Needs and Drivers
- Historical Uses of Optics in Medicine
- Future Trends
However, most of the major developments in optics for medical diagnosis and therapy began in the nineteenth century. Helmholtz also invented the ophthalmometer, which was used to measure the curvature of the eye.
Early and Traditional Medical Optical Instruments
- Head Mirror
- Otoscope
- History of the Otoscope
- Ophthalmoscope
- Retinoscope
- Phoropter
- Laryngoscope
The medical examiner has a direct line of sight into the back of the eye (fundus) (2). Light is reflected to the back of the pharynx by the mirror and directed to illuminate the interior of the larynx.
Fiber Optic Medical Devices and Applications
- Optical Fiber Fundamentals
- Coherent and Incoherent Optical Fiber Bundles
- Illuminating Guides
- Fiberscopes and Endoscopes
- Fused Fiber Faceplates and Tapers for Digital X-rays
In fig. 13.26, a light ray incident on the end of the optical fiber at an angle θ will be refracted as it passes into the core. NA is determined by the difference between the refractive index of the core and that of the lining.
Conclusions
Fujimoto JG et al (2002) Optical coherence tomography: an emerging technology for biomedical imaging and optical biopsy. Images from the history of otorhinolaryngology, highlighted by instruments from the collection of the German Medical History Museum in Ingolstadt.
Atom Optics in a Nutshell – 337
Slow, Stored and Stationary Light – 359
Optical Tests of Foundations of Quantum Theory – 385 Chapter 17 Quantum Mechanical Properties of Light Fields
Introduction – 338
Particles or Waves? – 338 .1 Light – 339
Atomic Microscope – 346 14.4 Interferences – 348
Outlook – 355 References – 356
Introduction
Particles or Waves?
- Particles and Waves
- Atoms as Waves
- Cold Atoms and Molecules
To understand why this is so, let's estimate the size of the de Broglie wavelength. This decrease is proportional to the square root of the temperature, or, in mathematical terms, λdB.
Atomic Microscope
A major experimental milestone resulting from the use of such cooling techniques was achieved in 1995 (.Fig.14.3) by the groups of Carl Wieman and Eric Cornell at JILA [2], and shortly thereafter by Wolfgang Ketterle and colleagues at MIT [7]. Ultracold atoms trapped in optical lattices provide a powerful evidence base to study a number of effects in many body physics, the situations dominated by the collective behavior of large ensembles of constituents.
Interferences
- Atom Interferences
- Atom Interferometry
- Fundamental Studies
- BEC Atom Interferometers
9 The same also applies to the photons of the previous section, and to each quantum particle. The best tests of the equivalence principle to date have shown that the accelerations of two falling objects differ by no more than one part in 1013 - this is one followed by 13 zeros [21].
Outlook
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Introduction – 360
Slow Light, Stopped Light and Stationary Light: A Simple Picture – 361
A Microscopic Picture of Light Propagation in a Medium – 363
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency – 368
Slow Light, Stored Light and Dark-State Polaritons – 370 .1 Slow Light – 370
Stationary Light – 376
Multi-Component Slow Light – 378 15.8 Quo Vadis Slow Light? – 380
Conclusions – 381 References – 382
This speed, called phase speed depends on the color of the light and the variation of the phase speed in media, is what causes the beauty of a rainbow or the bright fan of colors produced by a prism. Even so, the change in the speed of light in water, in glass or even in diamond is small, typically less than a factor of 2.
Slow Light, Stopped Light and Stationary Light
However, there is another way to make the photons stationary where the photons are still present in the medium. If the two types of spin excitations are coupled to each other in the right way, two-component slow light is formed which has a more complex structure resembling what is known in quantum physics as a particle with one rotational degree of freedom [22-25].
A Microscopic Picture of Light Propagation in a Medium
- Absorption, Emission and Refraction
- Group Velocity
We. Another is the modification of the propagation speed of the pulses, discussed in the next subsection.
Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
The first oscillator corresponds to the transition between the initially populated ground state and the excited state, as shown in Fig.15.12a. The absorption as a function of the probe field frequency ω in relation to the resonance, expressed by detuningΔ¼ωω0 is shown in Fig.15.13a, b as red lines.
Slow Light, Stored Light and Dark-State Polaritons
- Slow Light
- Stopped Light and Quantum Memories for Photons
- Slow-Light Polaritons
As can be seen from Eq. 15.4) the group velocity of slow light can be controlled by the strength of the coupling laser or the density of the medium. SinceΩ, the determination of the group velocity in Eq. 15.6), is a tunable parameter, the composition of the slow-light polariton can be further modified as the pulse propagates within the medium.
Stationary Light
In the case of a simple Λ scheme, shown in .Fig.15.19a, the control lasers form a stationary intensity pattern that oscillates in space. In the case of the four-level scheme, shown in .Fig.15.19b, the situation is somewhat different.
Multi-Component Slow Light
This represents a single normal mode of oscillation of the coupled atom-light system (one polariton), although there are two counter-propagating probe fields, as in the case of the stationary light shown in Fig. 15.20b. Oscillations due to the effective interaction between the two components of the probe field were observed, revealing the two-component nature of slow light.
Quo Vadis Slow Light?
Thus, the two-component (spinor) slow-light polaritonsΨ obey an effective one-dimensional Dirac equation. For zero two-photon detuning δ, the two polaritons propagate in opposite directions with an effective velocity c∗¼vgr given by the slow light group velocity.
Conclusions
Unanyan RG, Otterbach J, Fleischhauer M, Ruseckas J, Kudriašov V, Juzeliūnas G (2010) Spinor slow-light and Dirac particles with variable mass. Shiau BW, Wu MC, Lin CC, Chen YC (2011) Low-light-level cross-phase modulation with double slow light pulses.
Introduction – 386 .1 Locality – 386
EPR-Bohm-Bell Correlation and Bell ’ s Inequality – 390 .1 Biphoton and Bell State Preparation – 392
Scully ’ s Quantum Eraser – 411
Conclusion – 433 References – 433
Introduction
- Locality
- Reality
- Complementarity
It is δ(p1+p2) that made the superposition special: although the momentum of particle one and particle two can take on any value, the delta function constrains the superposition with only those terms in which the total momentum of the system takes on a constant value of zero. The total momentum of the two-particle system has a constant value of p1+p2 ¼0, although the moment ap1 and p2 are both unspecified.
EPR-Bohm-Bell Correlation and Bell ’ s Inequality
- Biphoton and Bell State Preparation
The state of the emitted photon pair can be calculated by applying first-order perturbation. It is quite reasonable to consider the polarization state of the signal inactive pair as .
Bell State Simulation of Thermal Light
Therefore (1) H~polarization and ~Vpolarization are first-order incoherent and a mixture of the two polarizations results in an unpolarized field; (2) the fluctuations of H~ polarization and ~V polarization are completely independent and random without any correlation. Based on these measurements, we conclude that our observed polarization correlation is the same as that of the Bell state jΦðþÞi.
Bell ’ s Inequality
It was soon realized that the Bell's inequality of Eq. 16.47) cannot be exactly realized in a realistic measurement. The expectation value is calculated from Eq. 16.67) measuring four joint photodetections of DA+.
Scully ’ s Quantum Eraser
- Random Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser One
- Random Delayed Choice Quantum Eraser Two
A positive-negative fluctuation correlation protocol is followed to estimate correlations of photon number fluctuations from coincidences between D0-D1 and D0-D4 (or D0-D2 . andD0-D3). which-crack information or to observe Young's two-crack interference pattern. Simultaneously, the joint detection between D0 and D3orD4 is used to "learn" which slot information.
Popper ’ s Experiment
- Popper ’ s Experiment One
- Popper ’ s Experiment Two
The measured width of the pattern is narrower than that of the diffraction pattern shown in measurement 1. With our experimental setup, the width of the diffraction pattern is estimated to be 4 mm, which is in good agreement with the experimental observation, as shown in Fig.16.27.
Conclusion
Peng T, Simon J, Chen H, French R, Shih YH (2015) Popper's experiment with randomly paired photons in thermal state. Alley CO, Shih YH (1986) In: Namiki M et al (ed) Foundations of quantum mechanics in the light of new technology.
Introduction – 436
How Much Information Can One Photon Carry? – 438 17.3 Light Beams that Carry Orbital Angular Momentum – 441
Secure Quantum Communication with More than One Bit Per Photon – 446
Summary and Conclusions – 452 References – 452
Introduction
Under certain circumstances [6], each of the photons emitted by the SPDC will be unpolarized, which is a complete statistical mixture of two orthogonal polarization states. However, for any particular measurement, the polarization of the signal photon will be found to have a definite value; one says that the measurement process projects the polarization state into one of its own polarization states.
How Much Information Can One Photon Carry?
One of these photons illuminates one of the four test objects (only two are shown in the diagram to avoid clutter), and the other falls on the multiplexed hologram, where it bends into one of the four output ports. If detector R detects a photon, we know with certainty that this photon has a transverse mode structure given by the transfer function of the object in its path.
Light Beams that Carry Orbital Angular Momentum
This device is a birefringent phase plate in which the orientation of the birefringent axes varies uniformly as a function of azimuthal position about the axis of the plate. Such a device works as a spin angular momentum to OAM converter, that is, the OAM carried by the output beam depends on the polarization state of the input beam.
Fundamental Quantum Studies of Structured Light Beams
The OAM content of each photon is then measured and correlations between the two outputs are calculated. right) Some of the results of this experiment. The high visibility of the interference fringes is an indication of the high level of entanglement between the two photons [33].
Secure Quantum Communication with More than One Bit Per Photon
The second basis is composed of a linear combination of the LG modes of the shape. Our experimental setup is shown in Fig.17.15 and is composed of the various components described above.
Summary and Conclusions
Mirhosseini M, Magaña-Loaiza OS, Chen C, Rodenburg B, Malik M, Boyd RW (2013) Napardas a pannakapataud dagiti silnag ti lawag nga awit ti orbital nga anggular a momentum. O'Neil AT, MacVicar I, Allen L, Padgett MJ (2002) Ti intrinsiko ken ekstrinsiko a kinaadda ti orbital nga anggular a momentum ti maysa a silnag ti lawag.
Introduction – 456 .1 The Quantum Bit – 456
Long Distance Quantum Communication – 466 .1 Ground-Based Long-Distance Experiments – 466
Conclusion – 478 References – 479
Introduction
- The Quantum Bit
- Entanglement
- Mutually Unbiased Bases
- Faster-than-Light Communication and the No-Cloning Theorem
- Quantum Communication Schemes
- Quantum Key Distribution
- Quantum Teleportation
Any arbitrary polarization state can be achieved via a superposition of the horizontal and vertical states. In the simple example of the polarization of light, there are three bases in which one can code a bit of information (see .Fig.18.4).
Long Distance Quantum Communication
- Ground-Based Long-Distance Experiments
- Space-Based Quantum Communication
The experiments described above represent the state of the art in long-distance quantum communication. The details of the quantum optical experiment at the stations in La Palma and Tenerife.
