PHAN HOA TRACH NHIEM HINH SV CUA DONG PHAM TRONG B O L U A T HINH SU* NAM 2015
Phi Thdnh Chung
Tom tat: Phdn hoa trach nhiem hinh su trong ddng phgm la yeu cdu khdch quan di gidi quyet mot cdch cong bdng, nhdn dgo, hap ly trach nhi^m hinh su cita nhung ngudi ddng phgm. Bp ludt Hinh su 2015 da cd nhiiu sua doi, bo sung quan trpng, trong do co cdc quy dinh the hien npi dung phdn hda trach nhiem hinh su cua dong phgm. Bdi lam ro vi^c phdn hoa trach nhiem hinh sit cua dong phgm trong cdc quy dinh cua Bp luat Hinh su 2015, ddng thdi chi ra nhiing vudng mdc cdn tiep titc hudng ddn di thuc hiin.
Abstract: Classification of criminal responsibility of accomplices is objective requirement for reasonable, fair and humane settlement of such responsibility. The Penal Code of 2015 contains many important amendments including classification of criminal responsibility of accomplices. This article sheds light on such classification and points out shortcomings in need of guidance for enforcement.
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hdn hda trach nhidm hinh sy (TNHS) la ydu cdu khdch quan dd gidi quydt cdng bdng, nhan dgo, hgp ly TNHS ciia nhung ngudi ddng phgm. Phan hda TNHS trong ddng phgm la viec phan chia nhiing ngudi ddng phgm thanh nhiing nhdm khdc nhau dua tren nhitng tieu chi nhat dinh. Ydu can ciia giai quyet TNHS cdng bang ddi bdi vide phan hoa TNHS trong ddng pham phdi dya trdn sy khac biet ve tinh chdt hdnh vi cua nhung ngudi tham gia thyc hidn tdi pham, miic dp ddng gdp ciia hg vao vipc thuc hien tpi phgm chung ciing nhu su khac biet ve tinh chat nguy hidm cho xa hdi gjiia cae trudng hgp ddng pham. Mat khac, yeu cau nhan dgo Igi ddi hdi can nhac cdc ddc didm nhdn than cua timg ngudi ddng pham khi gidi quyet vdn Ah TNHS ddi vdi hg. Nhu vgy, gdn lien vdi yeu cau cdng bang va nhan dgo la viec xii ly mdt each phdn hod TNHS trong ddng pham.Hay ndi each khac, phan hod TNHS trong
Tda an nhan dan thanh phd Ha N^i.
ddng pham cd </ nghia quan trpng trong viec thyc hien ydu cdu nhdn dao, thyc hidn muc tieu cdng bdng xa hdi cung nhu ddm bao hidu qua cua vipc dp dung TNHS trong ddng phgm.
Kl tiiira Bd ludt Hinh sy (BLHS) 1999 (sira ddi, bd sung ndm 2009), BLHS 2015 da the hien d miic dp sau sac han vide phdn hda TNHS cua ddng phgm trong cac quy dinh vd: a) Nguydn tdc xii ly; b) Giai doan thyc hidn tdi phgm; c) Ddng pham; d) Quyet dinh hinh phgt; d) Cdc tinh tilt dinh tpi, dinh khung hinh phgt.
1. Phan hoa trach nhiem hinh sir cua dong pham trong cac quy dinh ve nguyes tdc xur ly
BLHS 1999 va BLHS 2015 ddu daiih dilu khoan ddu tien quy dinh vd nguyen tac xir ly (Dilu 3), ngay sau cac dilu lugt quy dinh vl nhidm vy ciia BLHS vd co sd ciia TNHS, thd hidn y nghta va vi tri quan trgng cua nguydn tdc xii ly vl hinh sy. Vdi vide md rdng ap dyng TNHS ddi vdi phap nhan, nguydn tdc xu ly tgi Dilu 3 BLHS 2015
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PHAN H6A TRACH NHIEM..
duge chia thanh 2 khoan: Khoan I ddi vdi cd nhdn phgm tgi, khoan 2 ddi vdi phdp nhan phgm tdi.
Ddi vdi cd nhan phgm tdi trong vy dn cd ddng pham, BLHS 2015 giit nguyen quy dinh phdn hda TNHS theo hudng nghidm tri ddi vdi ngudi ehu muu, cam dau, ehi huy (diem c khoan 1), pham tdi cd td chiic (didm d khoan I). Dieu nay tidp tyc the hien sy danh gia tinh chat nguy hidm cho xa hdi cao hon cua ngudi td ehiic (chii muu, cdm ddu, chi huy) so vdi ngudi ddng pham khac;
ddng pham cd td chiic so vdi ddng phgm thdng thudng dd tu do quydt dinh miic TNHS nghidm khac ban.
Nhat quan nguydn tac nghiem tri kdt hgp vdi khoan hdng, trimg tri kdt hgp vdi gido due cai tgo trong chinh sdch xir ly hinh sy, BLHS 1999 va 2015 diu quy dinh chinh sach xii ly nhan dao, khoan hdng ddi vdi ca nhdn td giac ddng phgm. Chinh sach nhan dgo ddi vdi hp ed thd la tha mien TNHS, mien hinh phgt hoge giam nhe hinh phgt.
Nhu vgy, ngi dung phan hod TNHS cua ddng phgm trong BLHS 2015 khdng thay ddi so vdi BLHS 1999. Tuy nhidn, vd ky thuat lap phap, BLHS 2015 dd tdch dilu lugt thanh eac didm lam cho ndi dung rd rang hon, khoa hgc hon vd ciing chfnh xac hon.
2. Phan hda trach nhi^m hinh su* cua ddng pham trong cac quy dinh ve giai doan thuc hidn tpi pham
Qua trinh thuc hien tdi pham cd ddng phgm cd thi dugc thyc hidn qua cdc budc nhdt dinh ma d dd hanh vi cua nhiing ngudi ddng phgm thd hien miic do thyc hien y dinh phgm tdi vd miic dp nguy hidm cho xa hdi khde nhau. Qua trinh thyc hien tdi pham ndy Cling khde vdi trudng hgp pham tdi ridng le do tinh chdt va miic do nguy hilm cho xa hdi cua hanh vi nhflng ngudi ddng
phgm cao ban. Vi vdy, qua trinh thyc hien tdi phgm cua nhflng ngudi ddng pham phai dugc phdn hda thanh cac giai dogn khdc nhau cdn cii vao sy chdnh lech vd tinh nguy hilm, dl tir do quy dinh TNHS ddi vdi mdi ngudi ddng pham d moi giai dogn mdt cdch tuong xiing, cdng bdng.
BLHS 2015 tiep tyc khdng ed quy dinh ridng biet vd cac giai dogn thuc hien tgi pham trong trudng hgp ddng pham, ma chi quy dinh giai dogn chuan bi pham tdi, phgm tdi chua dgt ddi vdi cac trudng hgp phgm tgi ndi chung. BLHS 2015 khdng cd quy dinh dinh nghia cdc giai doan thuc hidn tdi phgm, khdng quy dinh ve giai dogn hodn thdnh cua tdi pham. Day cung la nhung ban chd ciia BLHS 1999 chua duge kip thdi chinh sua trong BLHS 2015.
Tuy nhidn, diem mdi tich cue tgi Didu 14 BLHS 2015 la da quy dinh hanh vi
"thanh lap, tham gia nhdm tdi phgm" - mdt dgng cua hanh vi ddng phgm, la trudng hgp chuan bi phgm tdi. Ngudi ddng phgm ciing chi phai chiu TNHS khi thanh lap, tham gia nhdm tdi phgm thuc hien eac tdi phgm quy dinh tgi khoan 2 Dieu 14. Ve hinh thiie, quy dinh nay da tgi pham hda mdt trudng hgp phgm tdi d giai dogn chuan bi. Day ciing la su phan dnh tat ydu ciia thyc td dang dugc ap dung.
3. Phan hda trach nhiem hinh su cua dong pham trong cac quy dinh ve dong phgm
Cac loai ngudi ddng phgm cd tinh chat nguy hilm khac nhau, ed mire do tham gia (ddng gdp) vdo vide thuc hien tdi phgm khdc nhau, ndn ydu cdu "lieu lugng" TNHS cho cac- logi ngudi ddng pham phdi khac nhau. Ly thuylt ve phan hda TNHS theo cac logi ngudi ddng pham hidn nay phd bidn phan chia cac loai ngudi ddng phgm theo
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NHA NU'&C VA PHAP LUAT S& 3/2016
hai each: i) Ngudi ddng pham bao gdm chfnh phgm vd tdng phgm; ii) Ngudi ddng pham bao gdm ngudi thyc hanh, ngudi td chiic (cd thd xem nhu ngudi thuc hanh cd hdnh vi td chiic), ngudi xiii giuc, ngudi giiip siic. Tuong ling vdi cdc loai ngudi ddng pham, hgc thuydt vd ddng phgm ciing dua ra hai phuang dn phan hda: phan hda "mdm"
(khdng quy dinh tuong quan miic dp TNHS ciia cac logi ngudi ddng phgm); phan hda
"Cling" (quy dinh tuong quan miic dp TNHS gifia cdc logi ngudi ddng phgm khac vdi ngudi thyc hdnh)'.
BLHS 1999 va BLHS 2015 phan hda cac logi ngudi d6ng pham thanh bdn loai:
ngudi thyc hanh, ngudi td chiie, ngudi xiii giuc, ngudi giiip siie. Trong dd, ngudi thyc hanh la ngudi tryc tidp thyc hien tdi phgm;
ngudi td chiic la ngudi chu muu, cam dau, chi huy vide thyc hidn tdi phgm; ngudi xiii giuc la ngudi kich ddng, du do, thiie ddy ngudi khac thuc hidn tdi pham; vd ngudi giiip siic la ngudi tgo nhiing didu kidn vdt chdt vd tinh thdn cho viec thyc hidn tdi pham (Didu 20 BLHS 1999, Dilu 17 BLHS 2015).
Chiing tdi cho rdng, phdn hda nhiing ngudi ddng pham thdnh bon loai ngudi nhu quy dinh ciia BLHS nudc ta la hgp ly, vi bdn logi ngudi nay giii nhSng vai trd khdc bidt cdn ban O:ong vide thuc hidn tdi pham.
Ddc bidt, ngudi td chiic gifl' vi trf rdt quan trgng trong vide thyc hien tpi phgm dudi hinh thiic ddng pham trdn thyc td^ ndn cdn phai dugc quy dinh d^c Igp, nhung khdng
Xem tham: Phi Thdnh Chung (2015), "Mo hinh trach nhiem hinh su trong ddng phgm vd di xudt sua doi quy dinh ciia BQ lugt Hinh su ve trach nhiem hinh su trong dong phgm ", T^p chi Nghe ludt, (4), tr.
23-29.
^ Cao Thi Oanh (2008), Nguyen tdc phdn hoa trdeh nhiem hinh su Irong Lugt hinh sir Viet Nam, Nxb.
Cong an nhdn ddn, Hd N§i, tr. 89-90.
phdi Id mpt dang cua ngudi thyc hanh.
Tuy nhidn, ngi dung didu ludt quy dinh cae dgng ngudi ddng phgm edn dan gidn va chua ddy dii, cu thd:
Thd nhdt, dgng ngudi thyc hdnh thyc hidn tpi pham thdng qua ngudi khac (ngudi nay khdng phdi chiu TNHS) da cd trong 1^
luan khoa hpc va thyc tiln, nhung chua chinh thiic dugc ghi nhgn trong dinh nghta vl ngudi thyc hdnh. BLHS ciing chua ghi nhgn thuat ngii "ngudi ddng thyc hien", trong khi day la loai ngudi ddng pham xay ra tuang ddi phd bidn trong thyc tien.
Thii hai, dinh nghta ngudi td chiic li?t kd cae dgng ngudi td chiic nhimg tdn gpi triiu tugng: chii muu, cam dau, chi huy vi ciing khdng dugc dinh nghta ehinh thuc trong BLHS^
Thit ba, dinh nghta ngudi xiii giyc lidt kd mpt sd thu doan cua ngudi xiii giyc co thi thuc hipn: kich dgng, dy do, thiie day"*.
Vide lidt kd nhu vay khdng khdi qudt dupc cdc ddu hidu ca ban ciia ngudi xiii giuc ma chi phdn dnh duge mpt sd bieu hidn cy the.
Ngoai ra, BLHS 2015 ciing chi dimg d vipc phan hda nhung ngudi ddng pham theo tinh chdt hanh vi, chua ddnh gia tinh chat nguy hilm cho xa hdi ddi vdi hdnh vi cua hg, hay ndi cdch khdc, BLHS 2015 thuc hidn phan hda "mem", khdng the hidn nguyen tdc xir ly nhiing ngudi ddng pham theo hudng TNHS ciia moi ngudi tuang xiing vdi timg logi ngudi ddng pham.
^ Nguyen Ngpc Hda (Chii nhifim d^ tdi) (2014), X^
dyrng vd chudn hoa cdc thugt ngU Lugt hinh s^ph\iC
^f^ viec sua dSi ca bdn, (oan dien B^ lugt Hinh sif, D I tdi khoa hpc d p B6, Bp T u phdp, Hd N^i, tr. 18.
* Nguyen Ngpc Hoa (Chu nhiem de tdi) (2014), Xdy dtpig vd chudn hoa cdc thugt ngii Lugt hinh su phifC vu viec sua doi ca bdn. todn dien Bp lugt Hinh stf, Bk tdi khoa hpc c ^ Bp, Bp T u phdp, Hd N^i. tr. 18.
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PHANH&A TRACHNHIEM..
Cling vdi ydu cdu phdn hda tren, nguyen tdc phan hda TNHS ti^ong ddng pham cdn ddi hdi sy phdn hda trong dudng ldi xir ly ddi vdi eac trudng hgp ddng phgm cd su khac bidt dang kd vl miic do nguy hiem cho xa hdi. Trong BLHS 2015, hinh thiic phgm tgi cd td chiic dugc quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 17, ngay sau dinh nghta vl ddng pham va trudc quy dinh vl cac logi ngudi ddng pham, la trudng hgp ddng pham ddc biet, ed tinh nguy hidm cho xa hdi cao hon cac trudng hgp ddng pham thdng thudng. Trdn co sd quy dinh chung dd, phgm tdi cd td chiie dugc quy djnh la tinh tilt tdng nang TNHS tai dilm a khoan I Dieu 52; la tinh tidt dinh khung tang nang TNHS "ed td chiic" cua nhidu tdi pham trong Phan cac tdi pham ciia BLHS.
Khodn 4 Dilu 17 BLHS 2015 quy dinh TNHS ve hanh vi vugt qua cua ngudi thyc hanh la quy dinh mdi dugc bd sung. Theo do, nhung ngudi ddng phgm khac khdng phai chiu TNHS ve hanh vi vugt qud ciia ngudi thyc hanh. Day la mdt trong nhung bilu hien ciia nguydn tdc chiu trach nhidm dpc lap vd hdnh vi tham gia thyc hien tgi phgm trong ddng pham. Tuy nhidn, BLHS cung chi mdi quy dinh vd trudng hgp vugt qud ciia ngudi thyc hanh. Trong qud trinh thyc hidn y dinh phgm tdi chung, khdng chi ridng ngudi thyc hanh ma nhung ngudi ddng phgm khdc ciing cd thd cd hanh vi vugt qud, vi pham thda thudn chung giiia nhitng ngudi ddng pham^.
4. Phan hda trach nhiem hinh su cua dong pham trong cac quy djnh vl quyet dinh hinh phat
' Trdn Quang Ti^p (2007), Dong phgm trong Lugt hinh su Viei Nam, Nxb. T u phdp, Hd NOi.
Dilu 58 BLHS 2015 dugc giit nguyen so vdi Dilu 53 BLHS 1999 quy dinh vl quydt dinh hinh phat trong trudng hgp ddng phgm. Theo dd, khi quylt dinh hinh phgt ddi vdi nhflng ngudi ddng pham, ngodi cac edn eu quylt dinh hinh phat ndi chung quy dinh tgi Dieu 50, Tda an phai xet ddn cac cdn cii sau: i) Tinh chdt ddng pham (hinh thirc ddng pham); ii) Tinh chdt vd miic dd tham gia pham tdi ciia timg ngudi ddng phgm.
Chiing tdi cho rdng, quy dinh ndy da dam bdo ydu cdu vl phan hda TNHS ddi vdi vide quylt dinh hinh phat trong d6ng phgm.
Ngoai ra, trong quy dinh vl quydt dinh hinh phgt dudi miic thdp nhdt cua khung hinh phat, BLHS 2015 da cd sira ddi, bd sung quan trpng lidn quan din ngudi giiip siic trong dong pham. Doi vdi ngudi giiip siic phgm tdi Idn ddu, cd vai ti-d khdng dang kd thi cd thd quyet dinh mdt hinh phat dudi miic thap nhat eua khung hinh phgt dugc dp dyng md dilu luat da quy dinh nhung khdng bdt budc phdi trong khung hinh phgt liln kl nhe ban (khodn 2 Didu 54). Quy dinh nay ddp ung dugc ddi hdi ciia thyc tien cd thd hda hinh phat va ciing phu hpp vdi logic vd tinh chat it nguy hidm nhdt cua ngudi giiip siic trong eac loai ngudi ddng phgm.
5. PhSn hda trach nbi^m hinh sir cua dong pham trong cac quy dinh ve tinh tilt dinh tpi, dinh khung hinh ph^t
Nguyen tdc phan hda TNHS trong ddng phgm ciing ddi hdi sy phan hda trong dudng idi xu ly ddi vdi cac trudng hpp ddng phgm so vdi cac trudng hgp pham tdi ridng le. Vdi nhung ddc didm ve sd lugng ngudi tham gia va cac ddu hi§u thudc mat khach quan, chu quan ciia ddng pham, pham tdi dudi hinh thiic ddng phgm ehiia dyng kha ndng thyc hien tdi phgm mdt each thudn Igi ban, vdi
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NHA NV&C VA PHAP LUAT SO 3/2016
tfnh chdt, miie do nguy hidm cho xa hdi cao hon so vdi trudng hgp pham tdi rieng le^.
Tuy nhien, quan he ddng pham khdng phdi la tinh tilt lam tang nang TNHS cua tdt ca nhiing ngudi ddng pham mdt each ddng diu. Quan he ddng phgm ehi cd dnh hudng lam tang nang TNHS trong trudng hgp do luat quy dinh va ddi vdi nhiing ngudi ddng pham do BLHS quy dinh. 6 BLHS 2015 anh hudng tang nang TNHS dugc thi hidn nhu sau:
Thii nhdt, tinh tidt "pham tdi cd td chiic" la tinh tilt tdng ndng dinh khimg hinh phat cua 128 didu lugt.
Thit hai, "phgm tdi cd td chiic" la tinh tidt tang nang chung dugc quy dinh tgi diem a khoan 1, Dieu 52.
Thu ba, trong trudng hgp ludt quy dinh khung hinh phat ddi vdi mdt sd logi ngudi ddng pham: ngudi td chiie, ngudi hogt ddng ddc luc, ngudi xiii giyc, ngudi cuong dp, du dd.
Thu tu, trong trudng hgp luat quy dinh khung hinh phgt tang nang ddi vdi nhung tinh tilt thd hien tinh ddng phgm, vi dy
"nhidu ngudi hidp/cudng dam mpt ngudi";
"ldi keo ngudi khdc phgm tdi"...
Ben cgnh do, dl phan hda TNHS ciia ngudi td chiic trong ddng pham, BLHS 2015 da cd 8 didu luat quy dinh hanh vi t6 chiic la tinh tidt dinh tgi, tao eo sd thudn led hon cho vide ca thd hda TNHS ciia loai ngudi ddng pham nguy hidm nay.
Tdm lai, eac quy dinh cua BLHS 2015 da cu thd hda d miic do cao ban nguydn tac phan hda TNHS trong ddng phgm, dap iing dugc ydu cdu ddu tranh phdng, chdng toi pham trong giai doan hidn nay. Tuy nhien, nhidu quy dinh van cdn chung chung, doi hdi cd sy hudng dan hay mdt sd hudng dan cho cac quy dinh cua BLHS 1999 trudc day van cd gia tri dp dung cung can dugc khang dinh hieu lye de tiep tue ap dung khi thuc hien BLHS 2015.
Cao Thi Oanh (2008), Nguyen lac phdn hoa trach nhi0m hinh sic trong Lugt hinh su Viet Nam, Nxb. C6ng an nhSn dan. Ha Noi, tr.94.
(Tiep theo trang 33 - Qudn ly nhd nu&c vi...)
chi CO the sit dung vU khi khi mpt phuang phdp it nguy hiim han to ra khong khd thi va chi duac sit dung vii luc a muc toi thieu.
Cac nhdn vien thi hdnh phdp lugt khong the su dung vU khi trong trudng hap ndy, trit khi dudi cdc dieu kien duac quy dinh d nguyin tdc so 9". Nguydn tdc s6 9 quy dinh:
"cdc nhdn vien thi hdnh phdp lugt khong duac sii dung vu khi chong Igi ngudi khdc, trit khi trong trudng hpp tu ve hogc bdo v$
ngitdi khdc khoi cdc de dog chit ngudi sdp xdy ra, hogc cdc chdn thuong nghiem trpng,
de ngdn ngita mpt tpi dc nghiem trpng co lien quan tai tinh mgng, de bdt giit mot ngudi CO tiim ndng gdy ra su nguy hiem do hogc chdng doi ngudi thi hdnh phdp luat.
Trong bdt ki hodn cdnh ndo, chi su dung vu khi trong cdc trudng hap bdt khd khdng di bdo ve tinh mgng". OSCE luu y rdng, cac quy tdc tidu chudn vd vide su dung vu khi cung dugc ap dyng vdi vide sir dung eac ki thuat kidm soat dam ddng khdc ma cd thS gay thuong tich, cu the nhu diii cui, ngya, hoi cay va siing nudc.
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