74 TAP CHi KHOA HQC PHAP LY SO 05(117)/2gjj
BINH LUAN BAN AN: HANH VI XAM PHAM QUYEN TAC GIA
NGUYEN PHirONG THAO Khoa Luat D5n su, Dai hoc Luat TP H6 Chi Minh CivJ Law Department, Hochiminh dty University of Law Email' [email protected]
Hdnh vi xdm pham quyen tdc gid dang diin ra pho biin, mac dii phdp ludt sd hiru tri tu$ da cd nhiing^ quy dinh tuang ddi chat che. Bdi viit binh ludn bdn dn ve hdnh vi xdm pham quyen tdc gid v&i diim ddc biet la cdc bg phdn trong tdc phdm duac bdo ho cd ngudn gdc tie tdc phdm vdn hgc, nghe thuql ddn gian Nhirng vdn de binh ludn chinh bao gdm: loai hinh tdc phdm duac bdo hd quyin tdc gid, can cu xdc Idp quyen vd xdc dinh hdnh vi xdm pham.
T^ khoa: quyen tdc gid, hdnh vi xdm ph(^m, tdc phdm vdn hoc, nghi thugt ddn gian Abstract
The copyright infringements are taking place regularly despite the fact that Vietnamese intellectual property law has relatively strict regulations. The article reviews the judgment on the copyright infringement while the parts of the protected work are originated fi-om folklore works. Major commentary issues include- the type of copyrighted work, the protection conditions and the determination of infringements.
Keywords: copyright, infringement, folk art and literature works
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 25/2/2018 Ngdy duyet ddng: 01/6/2018
Ban an s6 213/2014/DS-ST ngay 14/8/2014 ciia Tda ^n nhdn dan qu^n Tan Binh (trich)
XET THAY:
Quan he tranh chdp trong vu an nay la quan he tranh chap ve quyen sd hiru tri tue, cu the la quyen tac gia doi vdi tac pham. Nguyen don khdi kien vi cho rang hi dem la Cong ty Mat Trdi Mpc c6 hanh vi vi pham quyen tac gia doi voi tac pham nen yeu cSu b6i thudng va xin lot cong khai tren bao chi.
Do do, can phai xem xet co hay khong hanh vi vi pham quySn tac gia.
Hpi dong xet xii xet: Co hay khong hanh vi vi pham quyen tic gia.
Ong Lpc cho rang cac hinh anh dang ky ban quyen kem theo giay chiing nhan ban quy8n la do ong tu tao, tu ve va ve vao nam 2012 nhimg khong CO gi chiing minh ma ong duac cap giSy chung nhdn dang ky ban quyen ngay 07/01/2013; ong xuat trinh van ban sa 202/BQTG-QLQTG-QLQ ve viec tra loi don thu cua ong Nguyen Van Lpc cua Cue ban quyen tac gia ngay 29/7/2014, ong cho rSng tac pham my thuat ung dung ciia ong cho dii CO cac phan rieng biet cua tac pham thi dupe cap Giay chiing nhan va bao hp tong the, ong khong can phai chung minh quy6n tac gia thuoc ve mitih khi c6 tranh chap. Do vay, ong can cu vao khoan 3, 6, 8 Dieu 28 Luat So hiru tri tu^ de cho rang Cong ty Mat Troi Mpc vi pham quy8n
tac gia cua ong doi vcd tac pham "Hinh thitc th8 hien tranh Tet dan gian", loai hinh: My thuat ling dung, tac phlm da duac Cue ban quySn cap giay chung nhan dang ky ban quy8n so 169/2013/QTG ngay 07/01/2013, co k^m theo ban photo hinh anh dang ky ban quy6n. Can cii chung cu do ong Lpc cung cap hhih anh da duac trang tri tai showroom cOa Cong ty Mat Troi Mpc tai so 18 Cong Hoa, phucmg 4, quan Tan Binh, Hpi d6ng xet xii xet thSy tac pham ciia ong Nguyin Van Lpc va hinh anh trang tri tai showroom ciia Cong ty Mat Trcri Mpc CO bo cue va hinh thuc th8 Men la khac nhau, nhimg hinh anh nay do ong chup bang dien thoai va khong co gi chiing mmh la cac biic tranh dupe trang tri tai eua hang trung bay 18 Cong Hoa, phuong 4, Tan Binh dung vai nguyen ban la cac biie tranh ciia ong.
Theo 6ng Lpc trinh b^y, tac phim cua ong la tap hop gom 05 cum hinh anh dupe dat ten la "Hmh thiie the Men tranh T6t dan gian", cac cum hinh anh nay co ngudn g6c tu van hoa ddn gian duge ong th6 hi?n theo phong each rieng dS hinh thanh nen tac pham ciia minh. Theo trinh bay ciia one Bang Vmh Lpe, ngucri dai dien theo phap Mat cua cong ty Dang Viln, lcri trinh bay nay ciing duoc ong Nguyen Van Lpc thua nhan la lAy cam hiing tir van hoa dan gian, tranh Tat dan gian da duoc nhieu tac gia the hien, m6i tac gia c6 b6 cue va
BINH LUAN A N T E 75 hinh thiic the hien rieng cua minh.
Xet nguon g6c eiia cae cum Mnh anh dupe the hien trong tac phim ciia 6ng NguySn Van Lpc la nhimg hinh anh da dugc lim truyen trong van hoa dan gian tir lau ddi (hinh dnh miia lan, ong dja, lien chuc Tat, ong d6 viat chii ...) cac tac gia chi thay doi mpt s6 dudng net va sap xep theo mpt bo cue va hinh thirc tha Men de tao nen tac pham rieng ciia minh. Do d6, quyen tae gia eua cae hinh anh rieng re da dupe luu truyen lau ddi trong van hoa dan gian khdng the xac dinh la cua dl. Quyen tac gia doi vdi tae pham d day dugc xac dinh chinh la bo ciic sap xap, hinh thiic thS hien trong mpt tong th6 thdng nhat khdng the tach rdi ra theo timg bp ph|n da xac dinh quyen tac gia. Mat khac, ong Nguyen Van Lpc cung trinh bay, theo trinh tu dang ky quyen tac gia neu muon bao hd cho tiing cum hinh anh ong phai lap tung h6 so tuang ling vdi tiing cum hinh anh (d day la 05 cum binh anh tuong ling vdi 05 ho so) de dang ky quyan tae gia. Diau nay se mki nhieu thdi gian nen ong da gop chung ca 05 cum hinh anh vao trong mot tac phSm de dang ky quyen tac gia. Tii do cd the nhan thSy quyin tac gia ciia ong Nguyen Van Lpc ddi vdi timg cum Mnh anh rieng re chua duge xac lap. Ngoai ra, theo ldi trinh bay cua Cdng ty Dang Vian thi Cong ty Dang Viln khdng su dyng tac pham eua ong Lpc de trang tri tai showroom eiia Cong ty Mat Trdi Moc, ma Cdng ty Dang Viln suu tam, mua lai cdc hinh anh nang re tai cae website (veetordep.
vn, nguyenthehien.com) tu do thiet ka, sap xep, bd cue thanh hinh thiic the hien khdng khi Tat dan gian cho tac phSm trang tri cua minh, Hdi ddng xet xu nhan thay bieu tugng thupc ve van hoa dan gian dugc luu truyan lau ddi (nhu thay do viat ehii, mua lan, lian chuc tet, hoa mai, hoa dao, tre em vui chai vdi phao ....) thi mdi ngudi eo sir hinh dung va tha hian riang cua minh nhung ban than mdi mdt bieu tugng rieng re khdng the tu than tao nen rapt tac pham de tha Men khdng khi Tet dan gian ma eac bieu tugng nay phai dugc sip xIp, the hien trong nhirng bd cue chinh tha thi mdi hinh thanh nen tac pham mang thdng diep va ndi dung cu tha. Do dd, viec Cdng ty Dang Viln cho ritng khdng sir dyng tac phlm va khdng vi ph^m quySn tae gia cua dng Nguyin Van Lpc la cd ca sd da chap nhan.
Mat khac tai phien tda hdm nay, pMa bi dan trinh Bien ban ngMem thu va thanh ly ngay 05/12/2012 da npp cho Tda an nhan dan quan Tan Binh ngay 17/7/2013 dl chiing minh r&ig Hpp ddng sd 241212/
DV-MTM ngay 24/12/2012 thue Cdng ty Dang Viln tM cdng, lap dat, trang tri tai eita hang tnmg bay sd 18 Cpng Hda, phuong 4, Tan Binh; Cdng ty Dang Vien da hoan thanh va hai ban da ngMem thu, thanh ly ngay 05/12/2012 ; trudc ngay dng Ldc dugc e ^ Giay chiing nhan dang ky ban quyen sd 169/2013/
QTG ngay 07/01/2013, cd kem theo hinh anh dang ky ban quyen, do vay khdng the ndi Cdng ty Dang Viln hay Cdng ty Mat Trdi Mpe vi pham quyan tac gia cua ong Nguyan Van Lpc nen khdng chiu traeh nMem theo yeu cdu eiia dng Ldc.
Tu nhiing nhan dinh neu tren, Hdi dong xet xii xet thay khong cd hanh vi pham quyen tae gia trong vu an nay. Do khdng co hanh vi pham quyen tac gia ddi vdi tac pham "Hinh thiic the Men tranh Tet dan gian", loai hinh: my thuat ling dung, tac pham da dugc Cyc ban quyan cip giay chiing nhan sd 169/2013/QTG ngay 07/01/2013 cd kem theo hinh anh dang ky ban quyen dugc duyet nen yeu cau cua ong Nguyen Van Ldc yeu eau Cdng ty Mat Trdi Mpc cdng khai xin ldi tren 03 td bao (Bao Tudi tre, Bao Thanh nian va Bao Phap luat), mdi td 3 ky va bdi thudng sd tiln 20.000.000 ddng khdng dugc chap nhan la hgp le.
VaanpM: [...]
Bdi cac le tren;
QUYET DINH:
Can cii khoan 4 Diau 25; Dieu 33; Diau 35, khoan 1 Diiu 131 va Dilu 245 Bd luat To tirng dan sir (da sua doi, bd sung nam 2011).
Can eir khoan 3 Diiu 27 Phap lenh An pM, le phi Tda an; muc 1 Phan I va an phi dan su khong cd gia ngach, va can cu diem a muc 3 phSn I Danh muc miic an phi, le phi tda an ban hanh kem theo Phap lenh sd 10/2009/UBTVQH12 ngay 27/2/2009.
Can cii Dilu 26 Luat Thi hanh an dan su.
Bac yeu chi ciia dng Nguyin Van Ldc va viec yeu cau Cdng ty Mat Trdi Mpc phai cdng khai xin ldi tren 03 td bao: Bao Tudi tre, Bao Thanh nien va Bao Phap luat va bdi thudng cho dng sd tien 20.000.000 (hai muai trieu) ddng do viee sir dung hinh anh trong tac pham eiia dng gay anh hudng den gia tri cua tac phSm va edng viec cua dng.
Ve an phi dansusathSm: [..,]
76 TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP L V SO 05(117)/201g BINH LUAN
Quyen tac gia noi rieng va quyin sd him tri tue noi chung la nhimg ddi tugng d l bi xam pham, tuy nhien viec xac dinh hanh vi xam pham trong mot so trudng hgp lai gap kho khan.
Dac thu tac phIm dugc bao ho quyen tac gia trong ban an tren hen quan den tac pham van hgc, nghe tiiuat dan gian, do do Idii xem xet sir ton tai hanh vi xam pham can doi chieu vdi cac dac tnmg rieng biet ciia ddi tugng nay. Thong qua viec binh luan ban an tren, bai viet lam ro hai van de ; (i) Doi tugng bao ho quyen tac gia;
(ii) Xac dinh hanh vi xam pham quyen tac gia.
1. Doi tirffng bao hp quyen tac gia Theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Dieu 3 Luat Sd hiru tri tue nam 2005, stra doi, bo sung nam 2009 (Luat SHTT), ddi tugng quyen tac gia bao gom tac pham van hoc, nghe thuat, khoa hpc.
Trong do, tac pham la san pham sang tao trong cac liiih vuc, the hien bang bat ky phuong tien hay hinh fliuc nao. Luat SHTT cong nhan va bao hg quyen sd hiiu tri tue cua to chiic, ca nhan tren ca sd can bang lgi ich hgp phap ciia chu sd hiru quyen va lgi ich cong cong. Trong Tac ph4m CO npi dung trai dao diic xa hpi, anh hudng den quoc phdng, an ninh se khong dugc bao hg.
1.1. Loai hinh tdc phdm ditcfc bao hp Luat SHTT ghi nhan cac loai hinh tac pham dugc bao hp quyen tac gia tai Dieu 14 Luat SHTT, tac pham phai la thanh qua sang tao cua chmh tac gia, khong phai la su sao chep tCr tac pham ciia ngudi khac. Phap liiat ve quyen tac gia quy dinh su bao hg va khai thac hinh thiic the hien cac y tudng dudi dang vat chat, ddi hdi tac pham phai thoa man hai dieu kien: cd tinh sang tao va sir sang tao phai dugc vat chat hoa.
Ban dau, ddi tugng cua bao hp quyen tac gia la cac an pham van hgc hoac nghe thuat. Do su phat trien ciia cdng nghe sao chup, su bao hp da dugc md rpng den cac ban ve ky thuat, ban do, tranh va ca cac tac pham ba chieu nhu cac tac pham dieu khac va kien true, cac biic anh va tac phSm dien anh. Cu thi, loai hinh tac pham dugc bao hp rat da dang nhu: tac pham van hpc, khoa hpc, bai giang, bai phat bieu, tac pham bao cM, am nhac, san khdu, dien anh, tao hinh, my thuat ling dung, nhilp anh, kien true, tac pham van
hgc, nghe thuat dan gian, chuong trinh may tmh... Trong dd, bao hg cac tac phSm van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian la mot trong nhirng diem mdi ciia Luat SHTT. Viec bao hd nay mot mat bao dam su can bing giiia viec chdng lai nhiing lam dung, ngan can su bdc Id tac ph4m va viec suu tim, khai thac lam tdn hai din gia tri dich thuc cua nd, mat khac lai bao dam su tu do sang tao, phd biln tac phdm l4y cam hung hi tac pham van hgc, nghe thuat dan gian.' Hien nay, nhieu quoc gia dang phat triin thira nhan van hoa dan gian la mpt phuong tien ciia su tu the Men, ban sac xa hpi, ddng thdi la mpt tmyen thong song dpng va khong ngimg phat trien.
Trong ban an tren, ong Lpc la ngudi true tiep sang tao ra tac pham, dupe bao hp quyen vdi tu each la tac gia. Dac tnmg trong tac pham cua ong Lpc la tap hpp nhiing hinh anh cua cac nhan vat co nguon goc tu dan gian dugc s5p xep lai de the hien khdng khi ngay tit cua Viet Nam, thupc loai hinh my thuat ling dung. Tac pham my thuat ung dung quy dinh tai diem g khoan 1 Dieu 14 Luat SHTT la tac pham dugc the hien boi dudng net, mau sSc, hinh khdi, bd cue vdi tmh nang hiiu ich cd t h i g4n h i n vcri mpt do vat hiiu ich, dugc san xudt hang loat bing tay hoac bing may nhu: biiu tnmg; hang tiiu cdng my nghe; hmh thiic thi hien tren san pham, bao bi san phIm (khoan 2 Dilu 15 Nghi dinh sd iqO/2006/ND-CP).^ Quydn tac gia ddi vdi tac pham cua dng Ldc dupe xac dmh chmh la bd cue sip xIp, hmh thuc the hien ttong mpt tdng the thdng nhit khdiig thi tach roi ra theo timg bd phan. Nhu vay, cin phai hieu thanh qua lao dpng sang tao ma Luat SHTT bao hp cho tac pham cua dng Ldc la b6 cue sip xIp tdng the cac cum hinh anh. C i n phai xem xet lieu rang dieu nay cd ddng nghia vdi viec timg cum hinh anh trong tac phim ciia ong Ldc dugc bao hp hay khdng.
Ngudn gdc ciia cac cum hinh anh dugc thi hien trong tac phim ciia dng Lpc la nhiing hinh ' Vu Cong tic lap phap, Nhimg ngi dung ca bdn cua Ludt Sd hihi tri tue, Nxb. Tu phap, 2006, tr 50
^ Nghi dinh s6 I00/2006/ND-CP ng'ay"2I/9/2006 quy dinh chi tiet va huang dan thi hanh mot sQ dilu ciia Bp luat Dan su, Luat SHTT ve quyin tac gia, quy^n lien quan (dirac siia doi theo Nghi duih s6 85/2011/ND-CP)
BINH LUAN AN I F 77 anh da dupe luu tmyin trong van hoa dan gian
tu lau ddi (hinh anh miia lan, dng dia, lien chuc Tit, dng dd viit chir...), tac gia cM thay doi mpt sd dudng net va sip xIp theo mpt bd cue va hinh thiic thd Men d l tao nSn tac phim rieng ciia minh. Chinh dng Lgc cung thua nhan tao nen buc tranh tii viec lay cam hiing tir van hda dan gian, tranh Tdt dan gian da dugc nMlu tac gia the Men, mdi tac gia cd bd cue va hinh thiic the hien rieng cua minh. Do do, Tda an nhan dinh quyen tac gia cua cac hinh anh rieng re da duac luu truyen lau ddi trong van hoa dan gian khdng the xac dmh la cua ai. Tac phim van hgc, nghe thu^t dan gian la sang tao tap thi tren nin tang tmyen thdng cua mgt nhom hoac cac ca nhSn nham phan anh khat vgng cua cpng ddng, the hien tuong xiing dac diem van hda va xa hpi cua hp, cac tieu chuan va gia tri dupe luu tmyen bang each md phong hoac bang each khac,^ mang dac thii la tinh di ban,"^ dupe bao hd khdng phu thudc vao viec dinh hinh. Dieu nay xuat phat tir dac tnmg phuong thuc hmh thanh va lim tmyen tac pham van hgc, nghe thuat dan gian thdng qua nhieu each thiic khac nhau nhu bing ngdn ngii (ldi ndi, am nhac), hinh thi, hanh ddng hoac bieu dat thdng qua vat the (biic tranh ve, tupng, dd gdm, hang phuc...).^ Hinh thiic tac pham van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian cd the dudi dang "san pham n ^ e thuat dd hoa, hdi hpa", cu the la cac hinh anh trong ciim hinh ma dng Ldc sir dung nhu dng dd, dng dia, miia lan ngay Tet... deu xuat phat tii tac pham nghe thuat dan gian. Do do, ong Lpc khdng dupe bao hp quyen tac gia doi vdi timg hinh anh trong tac pham tren ma nhiing hinh anh nay dugc bao hp vdi vai h:d la tac pham van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian, khi sii dung nhimg hinh anh nay dng Lpc phai tuan thii theo quy dinh ve bao hp tac pham van hgc, nghe tiiuat dan gian ciia Luat SHTT.
Cu the, ngudi sii dung tac phim van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian phai thda thuan v l viec ha thu lao cho ngudi luu giij tac phim (khoan 3 Dilu
' Dilu 23 Luat SHTT
" Phan Tin Phat va Nguyin Nho Hoang, "Quyin so hiiu tri tue dii vai tac pham van hgc, nghe thuat dan gian", Ddn chd vd Phdp ludt, so 7,_ 2012, tr. 20.
^ TrSo Van Nam (chii bien), Quyin tdc gid d Viet Nam - Phdp ludt vd thuc thi, Nxb. Tu phap, 2014, tr. 32.
20 Nghi dinh 100/2006/ND-CP). Thu lao nay se gdp phan vao viec khuyen khich duy tri, phat trien tac pham van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian.^
Ong Lpc - ngudi sii dung tac pham van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian van dupe hudng quyen tac gia doi vdi phan nghien ciiu suu tim, gidi thieu cua minh (dudi dang b6 cue tdng thd da dupe cap Giay chiing nhan dang ky quyin tac gia).
1.2. Can or xdc lap quyen tdc gid Khac vdi mdt sd ddi tupng quyin sd hiiu cdng nghiep phai thuc hien thii tuc dang ky tai CO quan nha nude cd tham quyen, quyin tac gia phat sinh ke tu khi tac pham dugc sang X^o va dugc the hien dudi rapt hinh thiic vat chit nhit dinh, khdng phan biet ndi dung, chit lugng, hinh thiic, phuong tien, ngon ngii, da cdng bd hay chua cong bd, da dang ky hay chua dang ky.^ Ddng thdi, Dieu 49 Luat SHTT ciing quy dinh dang ky la thii tuc de ghi nhan thdng tin ve tac gia, tac pham, chii sd hiiu va khdng phai la thii tuc bat budc de hudng quyen tac gia. Trong trudng hop Ididng thuc hien thii tytc dang ky, tac gia cd the gap khd khan trong viec chiing minh quyen cua ininh ddi vdi tac pham. Quy dinh nay tucmg ddng vdi Cdng udc Beme va phap luat ciia nhieu quoc gia tren the gidi.^ Tai cac qudc gia da tham gia Cdng uoc thi viec hudng va thuc hien cac quyen tac gia ddi vdi tac pham van hpc, nghe thuat khdng phai lam bat ky thii tuc nao (Bieu 5.2 Cdng udc Beme).
Ddi vdi cac loai quyen sd hiru tri tue da dugc dang ky tai co quan cd tham quyen, ddi tugng dugc bao ho dupe xac dinh theo giay chiing nhan dang ky va cac tai lieu kem theo. Trong ban an, dng Ldc da dupe cap Giay chiing nhan dang ky quyen tac gia, do do dng khdng cd nghia vu chiing minh quyen tac gia thupc ve minh khi cd tranh chap, tni trudng hgp cd chiing cii ngugc lai. Tuy nhien, Tda an lap luan "quyen tac gia cua ong Lpc ddi vdi timg cum hinh rieng re chua dugc xac lap" xuat phat tu ly do dng da gdp chung ca nam cum hinh vao trong mpt tac
* Nguyen Thi Trien, "Quyen tac gia doi vai tac pham van hoc dan gian theo phap luat Viet Nam", Tda dn nhdn ddn, so 11, 2014, tr. 6.
' Khoan 1 Dilu 6 Lu|t SHTT.
* Dieu 408 Luat Quyen tac gia Hoa Ky ; Muc 10 - Dilu 75, 76, 77 Luat Quyin tac gia Nhat Ban.
TAP CHI KHOA HOC PHAP LY SO 05(117)/20l8 phim dl dang ky quyen tac gia chii khdng dang
ky rieng tung cum la chua hgp ly bdi le viec dang ky hay chua khdng phai la can cu xac dinh cd bao hp hay khdng. Nhu da dl cap, tung hmh nhd ciu tao nen tac pham ciia dng Ldc cd ngudn gdc tir tac phim dan gian, do dd neu xet rieng timg hinh anh thi dng Ldc khdng dupe bao hd quyin tac gia. Viec khdng bao hd khdng phai xuit phat tii nguyen nhan timg cum hinh nay khdng dugc dng Lpc dang ky raa phai xem xet tren ca sd ban chat cua tac pham.
2. Xac dinh hanh vi xam pham quyen tac gia 2.1. Quy dinh phdp luat ve hdnh vi xdm pham quyen tdc gid
Quyen tac gia bao gdra quyen nhan than va quyen tai san cua tac gia, chu sd hiiu quyen tac gia quy dinh tai Dieu 19 va Dieu 20 Luat SHTT.
Trudng hgp ngudi khdng phai la chu the quyen su dung bat hgp phap cac quyen nay din den hanh vi xam pham quyen tac gia, tru cac frudng hgp sir dung han che. Nguyen tic ddc quyen trong phap luat sd hiiu tri tue ndi chung va quyen tac gia ndi rieng cd nhiing ngoai le, chii the su dung tac pham dugc bao hp ciia ngudi khac nham muc dich nghien ciiu khoa hgc, giang day ca nhan, phuc vu trong thu vien cdng cdng hay nhiing miic dich khac huong den cdng ddng thi khdng bi xem la hanh vi xam pham quyen tac gia. Mdt trong nhiing trudng hgp dd la quy dinh ve sii dung hgp ly tac pham cd nguon gdc tii Hoa Ky^ vdi vai trd la van an toan truyen thdng nham can bang lgi ich cua chu sd hiru quyen tac gia vdi loi ich cong cdng trong viec phan phdi rdng hem va su dung cdng trinh sang tao bang each cho phep mdt sd su dung han che ma neu khdng bi coi la vi pham. Trong Luat SHTT Viet Nam, ndi dung nay dugc ghi nhSn tai Dieu 25, Dieu 26.Trong ban an, bi dom su dung phan lunh anh CO hen quan den tac pham cua nguyen dom khdng thupc cac trudng hpp quy djnh tai Dilu 25 va Dilu 26 Luat SHTT
Tac pham bi khai thac, sii dung bat hgp phap din den hanh vi xam pham quyen tac gia. Muc dich ciia viec bao hd quyen tac gia khdng chi nham cdng nhan ngudn gdc sang tao tac pham ' Trong vu viec Folsom v Marsh, 9. F.Cas. 342, No, 4,901 (C.C.D. Mass. 1841).
ma con la sg bu dip vat chdt cho tac gia, chu sd hiiu vi nhimg cdng siic sang tao ma hg da bd ra."' Phap luat quy dinh xam pham quyen tac gia la hanh vi xam pham bit l^ mgt quyen dugc bao hd nao ciia tac gia va/ hoac chu sd hiiu tac pham ddi vdi tac pham dupe bao hp. Xam pham quyen tac gia phai la hanh vi trai phap luat. Ddi vdi nhiing quyen thudc ddc quyen ciia tac gia hoac chu sd hiiu tac phim thi hanh vi trai phap luat la hanh vi sii dung tac pham ma khdng dupe su dong y cua tac gia hoac chu sd hiiu quyen tac gia theo Dilu 28 Luat SHTT.
Quy dinh tai Dilu 28 Luat SHTT liet ke ra 16 nhdra hanh vi xam pham theo hudng ddng, nhung trong cac van ban hudng din lai khdng hudng din chi tiet tung hanh vi, d ^ den tren thuc te viec ap dung gap nhieu kho khan. Yeu td xam pham quyen tac gia cd the thudc mgt trong cac dang: (i) Ban sao tac pham dupe tao ra mgt each trai phep; (ii) Tac pham phai sinh dupe tao ra mot each trai phep; (in) Tac pham gia mao ten, chii ky cua tac gia, mao danh hoac chiem doat quyen tac gia; (iv) Phan tac pham bi trich doan, sao chep, lap ghep trai phep; (v) San pham cd gan thiet bi ky thuat bao ve quyen tac gia bi vd hieu hoa trai phep. Lien quan den vu viec tren, de chiing minh hanh vi xam pham, can phai xac dinh hanh vi sir dung tac phim bat hgp phap ciia bi dom, cu thi la ddi tupng dugc bi dom su dung chinh la tac pham dupe bao hd quyin tac gia ciia nguyen dem nhung khdng thuc hien hoat ddng xui phep, tra tiln.
Tuong tu, Luat Quyen tac gia Hoa Ky ciing xac dinh cae ddc quyen thudc vl tac gia, chii sd hiiu quyen tac gia (TDilu 106, 107) ma trong trudng hpp quyeii nay do ngudi khdng dugc phep sii dung se din den hanh vi xam pham quydn tac gia (Dilu 501), trong do, cac qiiyin tai san nhu sao chep, phan phdi tac phim rit dugc dl cao.
2.2. So sdnh hai ddi tieomg trong tranh chdp So sanh ddi tupng dang bi xem xet vi pham va ddi tugng dugc bao hd la co sd dl xac dinh cd hay khdng hanh vi xam pham quyin tac
"> Vu Thi Phuong Lan , "Bao ho quyin tac gia d6i voi tac pham van hpc nghe thuat dan gian theo phap luat Viet Nam - Mgt so bdt cap vl ly luan va giai phap", tMa(/(oc, s6 11, 2006, tr. 28.
BINH LUAN AN r,F. 79 gia, cu thi la mdi Uen kit tac phim ciia nguyen
don va bi dom." Theo ldi trinh bay ciia Cdng ty Dang \^ln, cdng ty khdng sur dung tac pham cua dng Ldc dl trang tri tai showroom cua Cong ty Mat Trdi Mpc ma da suu tim, mua lai cac hinh anh rieng re tai cac website (veetordep.
vn, nguyenthehien.com) tii dd thiet ke, sip xIp, bd cue hinh thdnh hinh thiic the hi?n khdng khi Tet dan gian cho tac pham trang tri cua minh.
Trong tranh chap, bi don da su dung nhiing hinh anh tuong dong vdi mgt bp phan trong cum hinh cua dng Ldc, tuy nhien bp phan nay lai CO nguon gdc tir tac pham nghe thuat d ^ gian. Mat khac, ddi tugng dupe bao hd doi vdi tac pham my thuat ling dung ciia nguyen dom la tdng the bd cue sap xep cac cum hinh do dd khd cd the ket luan bi dom xam phjim quyin tac gia. Hpi ddng xet xii ciing nhan thiy biiu tugng thupc ve van hda dan gian dugc luu truyin l§u ddi thi mdi ngudi co sir hinh dung va the hien rieng cua minh nhung ban than mdi mpt biiu tugng rieng re khdng the tu than tao nen mdt tac pham de thi hien khdng khi Tit dan gian ma cac bieu tugng nay phai dupe sap xep, the hi?n trong nhimg bd cue chinh the thi mdi cd hinh thanh ndn tac pham mang thdng diep va ngi dung cu the. Do dd, viec Cdng ty Dang Vien cho rang khdng su dung tac pham va khong vi pham quyen tac gia cua dng Lpc la cd ca sd de chap nhan. Viec Cong ty Mat Trdi Moc treo cac san pham cd ngudn gdc tir tac pham nghe thuat dan gimi phai tuan thii cac quy dinh ciia Luat SHTT va cac van ban hudng din ve bao hg tac pham van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian chii khdng cd nghia vu phap ly vdi dng Lpc.
Gia sii, trong trudng hgp tac pham ciia dng Ldc khdng bat ngudn tii tac pham van hpc, nghe thuat dan gian ma hoan toan do sir sang tao cua dng thi viec bi don su dung mpt phan tac phim dl trang tri ma khdng xin phep, khdng tra tien cd vi pham quyin tac gia cua dng Lgc hay khdng? Dilu 28 Luat SHTT cd quy dinh ve hanh vi x^m pham quyin tac gia:
"Su dung tdc phdm md khong duac phep ciia chu sa him quyen tdc gid, khong trd tiin nhuan
" Lionel Bently and Brad Shennan, Intellectual propertylaw. Oxford University Press, 2009, i7i_
biit, thii lao, quyen lai vqt chdt khdc theo quy dinh..." tuy nhien khong nhan manh viec "su dung" nay la mpt phan hay toan bd tac phim.
Theo quan didm tac gia, khdng nhit thiit phai su dung toan bp tac pham ma khdng thuc hien nghia vu mdi la hanh vi xam pham. Viec su dung cd the chi dimg lai d mdt phan cua tac phim ciing dil dl lam anh hudng din tmh nguyen gdc va quyen bao ve sir toan ven tac phim cua tac gia. Trong tranh chap Designer Guild V. Williams,^^ nguyen dom la tac gia cua tac pham Ixia (1994) phat hien bi dom san xuit va ban tac pham tuong tu mang ten Marguerite (1995) mac du khong hoan toan gidng vdi tac phim cua nguy6n dom. Tda an da xac dinh co bay diem gidng nhau tu hai tac pham nay va san pham ciia bi don ra ddi sau nen viec lay y tudng tii tac pham ciia nguyen dom la hoan toan cd the xay ra. Ben canh do, hanh vi xSm pham quyen tac gia dudi dang sao chep bit hgp phap tac pham ciing dugc ghi nhan trong Luat SHTT va Nghi dinh sd 100/2006/ND-CP bao gdm ca sao chep true tilp hoac gian tilp, mdt phan hoac toan bg tac pham. Do do, trong trudmg hgp timg cum hinh ciia tac pham khdng dugc lay tu tac pham ngh8 thuat dan gian thi rat cd the viec sir dung (dii chi mdt phin) tac pham la hanh vi xam pham quyen tac gia. Luat Quyen tac gia Nhat Ban ciing ghi nhan "Tdc gid CO quyen tuyet doi doi vai viec tdi bdn tdc phdm cua minh", trong dd "tai ban" dugc hieu
la "mpt hinh thuc hieu hinh bdng cdch in dn, ch{ip dnh, sao chup, ghi dm, ghi hinh hoac cdc hinh thirc khdc"^^. Yeu td can can nhac khi so sanh hai tac pham la lieu sir the hien dac tnmg trong tac pham nghe thuat cua nguyen dom cd bi lam dung khdng.'*
2.3. Nghia vu chung minh
Trong cac tranh chap ve quyen sd huu tri tue, van de chiing minh hanh vi xam pham '= Designers Guild v. Russell Williams [2000] 1 WLR 2416.
'^ Difiu 21 va Dieu 2(1) Lu^t Ban quyen Nhat Ban.
'" Le Thi Hoang Thanh va Truang Hong Quang,
"Boi thuang thiet hai doi voi hanh vi xam pham quyen tac gia va nhan hieu hang hoa theo phap luat Nhat Ban va thyc tien ap dung". Tap chi Nhd nude vd phdp ludt, s6 6, 2011, tr.20.
80 TAP CHI KHOA HQC PHAP LY SO 05(ir7)/20jg ddi khi r i t khd khan vi tinh chat vd hinh va
trim tupng cua loai tai san nay Ngay ca khi da xac dinh hanh vi xam pham va thiet hai xay ra, trong mot sd vu viec Tda an van phai an dinh miic bdi thudng neu viec xac dinh chinh xac thiet hai thuc t l trd nen khd khan. Nguyen don va bi don trong vu kien xam pham sd hiiu tri tue cd quyen va nghia vu chiing minh, trong dd, nguyen dom phai cung cap chiing cir v l hanh vi xam pham quyen sd hiiu tri tue.
Trong vu viec tren, dng Ldc cho rang tac pham ma dng da dang ky quyen tac gia la do dng tu tao, tu ve va ve vao nam 2012, tuy nhien, dng khong co chung cii chiing minh cu the, chi cd thi dua tren Giiy chiing nhan dang ky quyin tac gia ngay 07/01/2013. Trong khi dd, phia bi don trinh Bien ban nghiem thu va thanh ly ngay 05/12/2012 de chiing minh rang Cong ty TNHH dich vu quang cao Dang Vien thi cdng, lip dat, trang tri tai ciia hang tnmg bay s6 18 Cdng Hda, phuomg 4, Tan Binh da hoan thanh va hai ben da nghiem thu, thanh ly ngay 05/12/2012; trudc ngay dng Ldc dupe cap Giay chiing nhan dang ky quyen tac gia.
Quyen tac gia xac lap khi tac ph§m dugc sang tao ra va the hien dudi hinh thirc vat chat nhat dinh, mac dii ong Ldc trinh bay da tao ra tac pham nam 2012 nhung lai khong the chiing minh nen chi cd the can cii va Giay chiing nhan dang ky quyen tac gia ngay 07/01/2013.
V l phia bi dem va Cdng ty Dang Vien, Bien ban nghiem thu va thanh ly hpp ddng dudng nhu chua dii siic chiing minh viec da sir dung nhiing hinh anh nay trudc khi dng Ldc dugc cap Giay chiing nhan.
Ddi vdi cac ddi tugng quyen sd hiiu tri tue ndi chung va quyen tac gia ndi rieng, hoat ddng chimg minh quyen sd hiru hgp phap va chimg mmh hanh vi xam pham la rat phiic tap. Mac du phap luat khdng yeu cau tac gia, chu sd hiiu quyen tac gia thuc hien thu tuc dang ky tai ca quan nha nude cd tham quyen nhung viec dang ky lai rat cd gia tri trong qua trinh chimg minh khi cd tranh chap lien quan xay ra. Do vay, nen khuyen khich chu the quyen dang ky bao hd quyen tac gia de bao ve tdt nhat quyen va Igi ich hgp phap cua mmh. •
Tai li^u tham khao
[1] Luat Sd huu tri tu§ nam 2005, sua dli, bo sung nam 2009 [trans: Intellectual Property Law 2005, amendments 2009]
[2] Nghi dinh s6 100/2006/ND-CP ngay 21/9/2006 quy dinh chi tilt va hudng dan thi hanh mot so Dilu cua Bp luat dan su, Luai SHTT v l quyen tac gii, quyen lien quan [trans: Decree No. 100/2006/
ND-CP dated 21/9/2006 detailing and guiding the implementation of articles of the Civil Code and Lav/ on intellectual property right on copyright and related nghts]
[3] Lionel Bently and Brad Sherman, Intellectual properly law, Oxford University Press, 2009 [4] Nguyin Nho Hoang va Phan T i n Phat, "Quyin
sd huu tri tue dfli voi tac phim van hoc, nghe thuat dan gian", Ddn chu vd Phdp ludt, so 7, 2012 [trans; Nguyen Nho Hoang and Phan Tan Phat,
"Intellectual property rights on folk literary and art works". Democracy and Law Journal, No. 7,2012]
[5] Vu Thi Phuong Lan, "Bao hp quyen tac gia doi voi tac phim van hoc nghe thuat dan gian theo phap luat Viet Nam - Mpt s6 bat cap ve ly luan va giai phap", Luqt hgc, s6 11,2006 [trans: Vu Thi Phuong Lan, "Copyright protection on folk literary and art works according to Metnamese law - Inadequacies in theory and solutions", Jurisprudence Journal, No. 11,2006]
[6] Tran Van Nam (chu bien), Quyen tdc gid a Viet Nam -Phdp ludtvd thuc thi, Nxb. Tuphap, 2014 [trans: Tran Van Nam (ed). Copyright in Vietnam - Legislation and Enforcement, Judicial Publishing House, 2014]
[7] Le Thi Hoang Thanh va Tntang H6ng Quang,
"B6i thucmg thiet hai d6i vdi hanh vi xam pham quyen tac gia va nhan hieu hang hoa theo phap luat Nhat Ban va thuc tiln ap dung". Tap chi Nhd nude vd phdp ludt, s6 6, 2011 [trans: Le Thi Hoang Thanh and Truong Hong Quang,
"Compensation for damage to copynght and trademark infringement m accordance with Japanese law and applicable practice". Slate and LawReview. No. 6, 2011]
[8] Nguyen Thi Trien, "Quyin tac gia dii voi tac phim van hoc dan gian theo phap luat Viet Nam", Toa dnnhdnddn,s6 ll,20I4[trans: Nguyen Thi Trien,
"Copyright on folk art and literary works according to Vietnamese Law", The People's Court Journal No. 11,2014]
[9] Vu Cong tac lap phap, Nhirng ngi dung ca bdn cua Luat sd hiru tri tu?. Nxb Tu phap, 2006 [trans- Department of Legislation, JTie basic contents of the Intellectual Properly Law, Judicial Publishinp
House, 2006] ^
