THONC TIN - KHOA HOC
CAN CU^ AP DUNG PHAP LUAT NV6C NGOAI
D 6 I V 6 I QUAN HE DAN SV CO Y^U T 6 N V 6 C NGOAI
DINH THI TAM N G 6 QUOC CHIEN**
Bai vilt phan tich cac quy dinh ciia Vift Nam vl cac cdn cu dp dung phdp lugt nude ngoai, nghia vy chirng minh phap luat nude ngoai, nguy§n tac giai thich phap lugt nirdc ngoai doi vdi cac quan hf ddn sy CO yen t l nirdc ngoai.
Tic khda: Bp ludt Ddn su; dp dung phdp ludt nude ngodi.
Nhdn bdi: 21/2/2019; biin tapxong: 04/3/2019; duyet bdi: 19/3/2019.
Quan hf dan sy ed yeu td nude ngodi la cdc quan he phdt sinh trong ddi sdng dan sy gifta cdc chu the tu lien quan den hai hogc nhieu qude gia. Mdi lien hf nay cd thi the hien d qude tich khae nhau cua cac ben trong quan hf, su kien phap ly d nude ngoai hoae tdi sdn d nude ngoai.
Chinh vi vgy, phdp ludt cua ede qude gia huu quan dlu cd co hdi dugc dp dung ngang bang nhau. Tuy nhien, vifc dp dyng phap lugt nude ngodi phdi dua tren nhftng can ed nhdt dinh. Dau la cac can cu ap dung phdp luat nude ngoai? Phap ludt nude ngodi phai dugc dp dung nhu the ndo? Ai la ngudi phdi chiing minh phap ludt nude ngodi? Bai viet di sau phan tich 1dm ro cae van de tren.
1. Can cu ap dpng phdp lugt nirdc ngoai De bao vf quyen vd lgi ich ehinh dang cho cac ben tham gia quan he tu phap qude te, cac nude dlu thda nhan vd cho
phep dp dung phap ludt nude ngoai. Vi dy: Anh A va chi B Id hai cdng dan Viet Nam ket hdn va sinh sdng d Lao, hp cd 1 eon ehung 5 tudi, cung mdt sd dpng sdn vd bit ddng sdn. Do mau thuan, anh A ve Viet Nam npp don len Tda an Viet Nam xin ly hdn. Hien tai, vg va con cua anh A dang sinh sdng tgi Lao, nen cdc vdn de ve quyln nudi con vd nghTa vy cap dudng cd thi phai man theo phap luat cua nude ngi eon anh chi cu tni (tiie phap luat cua Lao). Ngoai ra, vy an ly hdn cd the lien quan din phan ehia tai san la bat ddng sdn tgi Lao, nen phdp lugt eua Lao can phai dugc dp dung. Neu Tda an Viet Nam khdng ap dyng phap luat cua Lao thi bdn dn ed thi se khdng duge cdng nhan va Thac si Luat, Giing vien Khoa luit, Truing Dal hpc Ngoai thwang Ha Ndi.
**Tien sJ Luit. Giang viin Khoa luit.
Truing Dai hpc Ngoai thwang Ha Noi.
Tap chi I So07^020^KlEMSAT I 5 9
cho thi hanh tai Lao.
Nhu vgy, vifc dp dyng phap ludt nude ngodi ehang nhftng dl ddm bdo quyen lgi chinh dang cua cac duong sy, ma cdn the hien sy tdn trgng ehu quyln cua qude gia cd lien quan trong quan he tu phap qude tl.
Tgi Vift Nam, quy dinh cho phep dp dyng phap luat nude ngoai da tdn tgi ngay tu khi ed Bd luat Dan sy (BLDS) nam 1995. Cdc quy dinh ve dp dung phdp ludt nude ngodi sau do da dugc hoan thien theo thdi gian. Theo Dieu 664 BLDS nam 2015, phap luat nude ngoai dugc dp dung khi: i) Dieu udc qude te ma Viet Nam la thanh vien dan ehieu tdi phap lugt nude ngoai; ii) Quy phgm xung dot cua Viet Nam dan chieu tdi phdp luat nude ngoai; iii) Khi cac ben dugc quyln lya chpn va da lya chpn phdp lugt nude ngodi.
Nhu vgy, trudc mdt vy vifc dan sy cd ylu td nude ngoai, eo quan cd thdm quyen (Tda an hoae ea quan hdnh chinh) phai dp dung cac quy pham xung dot trong dieu udc quoc te de xac dinh lugt dp dyng. Trong trudng hgp khdng ed dilu udc qude te tbi ap dung cac quy phgm xung dot trong BLDS va eac van ban phdp lugt chuyen ngdnh lien quan.
Neu dieu udc qude te hoae ludt Viet Nam eho phep cdc ben lua chpn ludt ap dung (khoan 2 Dilu 678; khodn 1 Dilu 683;
Dilu 686; Dilu 687 BLDS nam 2015) va cae ben da lya chpn luat ap dung tbi can xem xet hieu lyc cua thda thudn ay. Bdi mdt thda thuan dan su chi phdt sinh hau qua phdp ly khi nd hgp phap.
2. Nghia vy chirng minh phdp luat nude ngodi
Nghia vy ehung minh phap ludt nude ngodi bao gdm hai npi dung do la: Cung cap bang ehiing ve phap ludt nude ngodi, (tuc la eung cdp ede van bdn phap ludt nude ngoai ey the can dugc dp dyng); va chdng minh ndi dung ciia nhiing van bdn phdp luat do. Trudc day, van de nghTa vy chiing minh phap ludt nude ngodi khdng dugc quy dinh rd rang trong phap lugt Viet Nam. Chinh dieu nay da gay nhieu tranh cai ttong gidi nghien ciiu va gay khd khan trong thye tien xet xd. Mdt sd tae gid eho rang Tda dn cd nghTa vy chiing minh phap luat nude ngodi. Theo dd, ve mat logic, khdng the yen edu nguyen don vd bi don dua ra chiing minh ap dyng phap lugt nude ngodi bdi vi khdng phai chinh hp vien dan vifc ap dyng phap luat nude ngodi. Chinh vi vgy, do quy phgm xung dot Viet Nam dan ehieu den viec dp dyng phap lugt nude ngoai nen Tham phan phai tim hieu ndi dung luat ap dyng. Mdt sd tac gia khac Cling cho rang, nghTa vy chdng minh phap ludt nude ngoai thupc ve Tda an. Cy the, "... de dam bao lgi ich eua edc ben duong su mgt each chinh dang va gift gin trat ty phap lugt eua Nha nude, ede ea quan tu phap va Tda dn ed trdch nhifm tim hilu ndi dung dieh thye eua lugt phap nude ngodi can dp dyng"^ Tuong ty, Giao trinh m phap qude te cua Khoa luat,
1. Bill Xuan Nhy (chu bien), 2008, Gido trinh Tu phdp qude ti. Nxb Cong an nhan dan, tr.61.
I Tap chi 6 0 I Kl£MSAT_
THONG TIN - KHOA HOC tnrdng Dgi hpc Qude gia Ha Ndi^ khlng
dinh: "Ly ludn va thye tien m phap cua Vift Nam eiing nhu cua cdc nude cd chi dp xa hdi chu nghia deu quy dinh ring, khi quy phgm xung dpt din chilu tdi phap ludt nude ngodi, cac co quan m phdp phai ty minh gidi thich, xac dinh ndi dung phap ludt nude ngoai cdn dp dung".
Tuy nhien, trong thye tidn xet xu trude ddy, nghTa vy cung cap phap ludt nude ngoai va ehung minh ndi dung phap ludt nude ngoai lgi thude ve cac ben duong sy. Cy the, lidn quan din nghia vy cung cdp van ban phdp lugt nude ngoai, theo Nghi quylt sd 05/2003/NQ-HDTP ngay 31/7/2003 cua Hdi ddng Tham phan Tda an nhdn dan tdi cao hudng dan thi hanh mdt sd quy dinh cua phap lenh trgng tdi thuong mai da quy dinh: "Ngudi ed dan yeu clu Tda an chi dinh Trpng tai vien la ngudi cua nude ndo thi cd nghTa vy phdi eung cap cho Tda an cdc van ban phdp luat ve trpng tai cua nude dd dd dugc dich ra tieng Viet va ban dich phdi dugc cdng chiing, ehung thuc hgp phdp". Nhu vay, nghTa vu cung cap van ban phap lugt nude ngodi thude ve cdc duong sy.
Nhu vgy, quan diem eua gidi nghien ciiu va Tda an d Vift Nam khdng gidng nhau. Tda an da huge ede ben chdng minh phap ludt nude ngoai (bao gdm cung cap van ban phdp ludt nude ngodi va ndi dung eua van bdn phdp ludt nude ngoai), nhung lai khdng dua tren cac quy
2. Giao trinh Tir phap quoc te cua IChoa luat, Tnrcmg Dai hflc Quae gia Ha Ngi, Nxb. Cong an nhan dan, tr.61.
dinh phap lugt ey the.
De khac phye tinh ttang nay, Bd lugt Td tyng dan sy nam 2015 da bd sung mdt quy dinh rdt quan trpng tai khoan I Dilu 481 dd Id: "Trudng hgp duong sy dugc quyen lya chgn phap ludt dp dyng la phdp lugt nude ngoai va da lya chgn dp dyng phdp ludt nude ngodi dd thi cd nghTa vy cung cap phdp lugt nude ngodi dd eho Tda an dang gidi quyet vy vide dan sy.
Cac duong sy chiu ttaeh nhiem vl tinh chinh xac va hgp phdp cua phap ludt nude ngoai dd cung cdp". Nhu vgy, theo quy dinh nay neu eac ben da lua chpn phdp lugt nude ngodi thi eae ben cd nghTa vy cung cap phap luat nude ngoai de Tda an dp dung. Hay ndi each khae, cac ben duong sy, ma khdng phai Tda an Id ngudi phai chiing minh npi dung phap luat nude ngoai. Cach quy dinh eua Dieu 481 nhu vay la hgp ly va kha phu hpp vdi phap luat cua mdt sd nude tren the gidi^.
Trong trudng hop cac ben khdng dupe quyen lya chpn phap luat va phdp luat nude ngoai dugc dp dung dya tten sy dan chieu eua quy pham xung dot thi bang
3 Vi du, Idioan i Dieu 15 Bo luat tir phap quoc te nam 2004 ciia Bi quy dinh: "§ I. Toa an xac dinh ngi dung ciia phap luat nuoc ngoai do luat nay dan chieu toi, Phap iual niroc ngoai dirge ap dung theo each giai thich o nuac ngoai do. § 2. Khi khong the xac dinh dirge ngi dung ciia phap luat nuoc ngoai, thi Toa an co the yeu cau su hgp tac ciia cac ben". Tuong tu, Dieu 32 Bo iuat tir phap quoc te nam 1998 ciia Tunisia quy dinh: "Toa an co the, trong gioi han hieu biet ciia minh va mgt khoang thai han hgp ly, tir minh ehung minh noi dung ciia luat nude ngoai can phai dirge ap dung theo din chieu ciia quy pham xung dot, va yeu cau sy ho trg cua cac ben neu thay can thiet. Trong cac truong hop khac, ben yeu cau ap dung luat nuoc ngoai co nghia vu ehung minh noi dung cua phap luat nuoc ngoai".
So 07^020
Tap chi _KI£MSAT I 61
cdch logi suy Dilu 481 neu tren, ehung ta cd the khdng dinh nghTa vy ehung minh phdp lugt nude ngoai thupc vl Tda an.
Vi dy, tgi An If sd 06/2016/AL dugc H0i ddng Tham phan Tda an nhan dan tdi cao thdng qua ngdy 06/4/2016 va dugc cdng bd theo Quylt dinh 220/QD-CA ngay 06/4/2016 cua Chdnh an Tda an nhdn dan tdi cao ve vy an "Tranh chap thda ke" da khang dinh viec ehiing minh phap ludt nude ngodi thupe ve Tda an cdp so thdm.
3. Nguyen tac ap dung phap luat nude ngodi
Phdp ludt nude ngodi dupe dp dyng cd the cd nhirng quy dinh khdng ro rang dan tdi cac ben duang su va ca quan giai quyet ttanh chap hieu khdng gidng nhau.
Vi dy, mdt doanh nghiep Viet Nam ky hgp ddng cung cap dich vy cho mdt doanh nghifp eua Phdp. Thdi ban cua hgp ddng la 10 nam vd viec eung cdp dich vy dugc tien hanh d Phap. Do day la mdt hgp ddng cd thdi hgn dai nen vao thdi diem ky hgp ddng, cdc ben khdng xdc dinh gia cy the md ehi neu nguyen tac xdc dinh gid theo thdi gian trong cac hgp ddng phy ky ket hang nam. Cac ben thda thudn lya chpn dp dung phap lugt eua Phdp vd Tda an Viet Nam cd thdm quyen gidi quyet cae tranh chdp phat sinh td hgp ddng. Hgp ddng dugc thye hien den nam thu 8 thi tranh chap phat sinh.
Doanh nghiep eua Phap eho rang hgp ddng bi vd hieu vi thieu dieu khoan ve gia dya tren cac Dilu 1582, 1591 va 1129 BLDS Phap. Cy thi: Dilu 1582 quy dinh: "Hgp ddng la thda thuan theo do
mdt ben ed nghTa vy giao vat vd ben kia trd tien". Dilu 1591 quy dinh: "Gid eua hop ddng phdi dugc xac dinh bdi cdc ben". Dilu 1129 quy dinh: "NghTa vy phdi cd ddi tugng la vat xac dinh dugc ve chiing logi. Sd lugng cua vdt cd the khdng ehinh xdc, mien la ed the dugc xdc dinh". Nhu vdy, theo cdc quy dinh tten, dl ben mua thye hifn dugc nghTa vy trd tiln cua minh thi sd tien can phai duoc xac dinh ttong hgp ddng. Hgp ddng khdng cd dieu khodn ve gid thi ben mua khdng the thye hifn dugc nghTa vy trd tien eua minh nen hgp ddng vy hieu. Tuy nhien, doanh nghifp Vift Nam lap ludn rang eae quy dinh md doanh nghiep Phap vifn dan chi dp dung cho cae hgp ddng thye hien mdt lan (hgp ddng mua bdn hang hda), ehu khdng the dp dyng cho cdc hgp ddng dich vy ma dupe thuc hifn ttong thdi gian ddi. Hgp ddng khung khdng cd dieu khoan ve gia nhung gia do dugc xac dinh trong nhiing nam tiep sau.
Tuy nhien, doanh nghifp Phap cho rang hgp ddng khung ban dau bi vd hifu thi ciing lam cho cac hgp ddng phu ve sau vd hifu theo. Vdy phai hieu cdc quy dinh tren nhu the ndo?
Phap ludt va thye tien cua cac qude gia cd nhung quy dinh khdng gidng nhau ve van de nay. 6 mdt sd nude theo hf thdng Common Law nhu Anh, My thi Tda an xem xet va danh gid phdp luat nude ngoai tren eo sd phdp lugt nude minh. Trong trudng hop eae duong sy khdng chiing minh dupe hoae ehung minh thilu co sd thi Tda an suy doan rdng luat nude ngoai gidng luat nude I Tap chi
6 2 I KIEMSAT_
THONG TIN - KHOA HOC minh va vi the dp dung phap ludt nude
minh thay cho ludt nude ngodi de gidi quylt vu vife. Trong khi dd d nhieu nude thupc hf thdng Civil Law nhu: Phap, Bi, Dde thi Tda an phai dp dung phap lugt nude ngodi nhu dugc dp dung tgi chinh nude ngodi do. Tgi Phap, Tda an tdi cao cd the buy cdc bdn dn cua edc Tda cap dudi neu phdp lugt nude ngodi dugc hieu va dp dyng sai ban chat.
Trudc ddy, phdp ludt Viet Nam cd quy dinh eac trudng hgp dp dyng phdp lugt nude ngodi nhung lgi khdng ed quy dinh eho bilt phdi dp dyng phap luat nude ngodi nhu the nao. Khac phuc thieu sdt nay, BLDS nam 2015 da bd sung mdt quy dinh ve nguyen tdc dp dyng phdp lugt nude ngodi, theo dd, khi "phdp luat nude ngodi dupe ap dung nhung cd cdch hieu khac nhau thi vifc ap dung phdi theo su gidi thich ciia ca quan cd tham quyen tgi nude dd" (Dieu 667). Quy dinh nay ddi hdi eo quan gidi quyet vy viee phdi nam duge phap ludt nude ngoai, gidi thich va dp dung phap ludt nude ngodi nhu duge gidi thich va dp dyng tgi chinh nude ngoai dd. Tuy nhien, lam the ndo de co quan gidi quyet vy viec biet la cac quy pham cd cac each hieu khae nhau da dugc gidi thich bdi cdc CO quan cd tham quyen cua nude dd.
Vi dy neu tren cho thdy khdng de de Tda an Vift Nam gidi quyet trudng hgp nay. Theo ehung tdi, nghTa vy cung cap phap ludt nude ngodi phai dupe hieu theo nghTa rdng, tiic Id khdng ehi cdc van ban quy phgm phdp lugt, ma ca each gidi thich phap lugt nude ngodi (thdng qua cac ban dn cua Tda dn toi cao chang
hgn). Khi dd, ed thi van dyng Dilu 481 Bd luat Td tyng dan sy nam 2015 da neu tten de yeu eau cac ben eung clp khdng chi ndi dung phdp lugt nude ngodi, md cd each gidi thich phap ludt nude ngodi. Sd dT yeu cau cac ben cung elp each giai thieh phap lugt nude ngodi la vi cac ben cd the de tiep can vd hieu ro ndi dung phdp luat cua nude nai mmh da vd dang sinh sdng, Iam vifc ban Id Tda dn. Cu the, ttong vi dy neu tren, se Id de hon ddi vdi eac ben eung cap edc ban an cua Tda an Phdp gidi thieh edc quy dinh nay.
Trudng hgp yeu cau cdc ben cung cdp edeh giai thich phap lugt nude ngoai thi cd the xdy ra trudng hgp mgt ben se cung cap cdch gidi thich cd lgi nhat cho minh.
Cy the, trong trudng hgp tren, ben doanh nghiep eua Phdp se cung cap eae bdn an ma trong do Tda tdi cao Phap da tuyen vd hieu eae hgp ddng khdng cd dieu khodn ve gia. Tuy nhien, dogn tiep theo ciia Dieu 481 da phdng ngua tinh hudng tren khi quy dinh: "Cdc duong sy ehiu ttdch nhifm ve tinh chinh xac va hgp phap cua phdp ludt nude ngoai dd cung cap". Cy the, trong trudng hgp nay, doanh nghiep Phap se phai chiu trach nhiem vi da cung cdp khdng dung cdch gidi thich phap luat nude ngodi vi Tda tdi cao Phdp da dua ra dn If cd tinh nguyen tac thdng qua 4 bdn dn ngay 01/12/1995, theo dd "khi mdt thda thuan khung quy dinh se ky kit eae hgp ddng ap dyng vl sau thi vife khdng xdc dinh gia trong thda thudn khung ban ddu khdng dnh hudng den hifu luc cua thda thudn khung nay. Viec Igm dyng ttong xac dinh gid chi cd the la can cu de Tap chi _KIEMSAT I 6 3
cham dut hgp dong hogc ddi bdi thudng thift hai". •
Tai lifu tham khao:
1. Ngo Qu6c Chien, 2016, '•Vi dieu ki^n co hieu lifC cm dieu khodn lua chgn phdp ludt ap dung cho quan he ddn sif co yeu to nuac ngodi". Tap chi Toa kn nhan dan, s6 17, thang 9/2016.
2. Ngo Quoc ChiSn, 2015, "Vi khd ndng iifa chgn phdp lugt dp dung cho quan h$ hap ddng vd boi thuang thiet hai ngodi hgp dong co yeu to nude ngodi trong dy: thdo Bo ludt Ddn sif sua doi", Tap chi Kmh tg dli ngoai, s6 75, thang 9/2015.
3. Nguyen Ba Dien (chii bien), Giao trinh Tu phap quoc te, Nxb. Cong an nhan dan.
4. Do Van Dai va Mai Hong Quy, 2010, Tuphdp quoc te Viet Nam - Quan he ddn su, lao dgng. thuang mai CO yeu to nuac ngodi. Nxb. Chinh tn Quoc gia
5 Nguyen Ngoc Dien, 2005, "Che dmh ly hon trong Tuphdp quoc te cua Vi$t Nam ", Hoi thao ve Tu phap quoc te, Nha phap luat Vift - Phap, Ha N6i, thdng 5 nam 2005.
6. Monica-Elena Buruiana, L'applicatton de la loi etrangere en droit international prive (Ap dung luEit nucrc ngoai trong tu phap quoc te), Luan an tien sy Luat hoc, DH Bordeaux, bao ve nam 2016.
7. Bui Xuan Nh\r (chii bien), 2008, Giao trinh Tu phap qulc tg, Nxb. Cong an nhan dan.
8. Bui Thi Thu, "Van di bdo luu trat tu eong eong trong tu phdp quoc te Viet Nam ". trong Phap luat Viet Nam trong thin ky hpi nhap, sach chuyen khao in hanh nhan dip ky nifm 30 nam thanh llip Dai hpc lu$t Ha Npi. Co the xem dupe t^i https://thongtmphapluatdansu. edu. vn/2010/01 /25/4 340-2/ (truy c^p ngay 23/7/2018).
9. Nghi vien chau Au, "Interpretation de I 'excep- tion d'ordre public telle que prevue par les instru- ments du droit international prive et du droit proce- dural de I'Union europeenne" (Dien giai cac quy djnh ve trat tir eong trong cac van kien ve tu phap qu6c xk. va t6 tung cua Lien minh chau Au), 2011.
10. Nghi quySt s6 05/2003/HDTP ngay 31/7/2003 cua H^i ding Thlm phan Toa an nhan dan t6i cao.
CAN HVONG DAN...
(Tiep ttieo trang- 48) luan da quy dinh: "Khang dinh bi can phgm tdi gi, theo quy dinh tgi diem, khoan, dilu nao eua Bd ludt Hinh su - luu y trich ddn dilu lugt....Tai phdn quylt dinh eua ban cao trgng phai neu ro... tdi danh, din dilm, khoan, dieu eua Bd luat Hinh su...". Vi vdy, neu khi da trich dan cdc dilm d phdn kit luan ciia edo trang thi bdt budc phdi ttich dan dly du d phln quylt dinh, chu khdng the cd trudng hgp da trich dilm, khoan cua dieu luat d phan kit luan ma phln quylt dinh lai khdng trich dan nhu d vy an thd nhlt neu tren vd
nguge lgi.
Ddi vdi trudng hpp bi can chi mua ban, van ehuyin, tdng trir 01 logi ma tuy duge quy dinh d mgt diem cung vdi edc loai ma tuy khdc (heroin, hogc methamphetamine, hoae MDMA...) thi d phan ket lugn ciing nhu phan quyet dinh cua ban edo trang ehi can trich dan rieng chat ma tuy do ma khdng can trich dan du tat ca ede ehat ma tiiy quy dinh trong ciing diem theo dung mau cdo trgng cua VKSND tdi cao da ban hanh.
Tuy nhien, do chua cd van bdn hudng dan ehi tiet nen dan den edn cd nhung vudng mac va khdng thdng nhat nhu tten.
Rat mong lien nganh tu phap trung uong kip thdi hudng ddn de dia phuong thdng nhat thue hien.ni
I Tap chi
6 4 I KIEM S A T ^ So 07^020