GIAO DUC GIA TR! 0 NHAT BAN, TRUNG QUOC:
Npi DUNG VA HAM Y CHG VIET NAM
PHl H6NG M I K H ' BOlMf TRINH"
Tdm tat: Nhdl Bdn vd Trung Qudc Id hal qudc gia cd nhiing gid tri vdn hda vd con ngu&i ddc thii, ndi bdt vd cd tinh lan tda mgnh & Chdu A. V&t Nhdt Bdn, khudn khd gido due gid tri dd dugc minh chimg tinh hieu qud qua phdm chdt vd tinh thdn Nhdt Bdn. Hiin tgi cdc ngi dung gido due mai ciia Nhgt Bdn dang huang din ndng lire thich img irong mdt thi giai biin dgng nhanh vd xa hgi ngdy cdng gid hda. Trung Qudc trong qud khii da tOng cd hi gid tri Nho gido, Lao gido va Phdt gido cd tdm dnh hu&ng mgnh sgng cdc nu&c xung qugnh, Hifn tgi qudc gig ndy dang nd luc tgo dung hi gid tri xd hdi chu nghia ddc sdc Trung Qudc m&i, khdc bift v&i phuang Tdy, nhttng Ihuc su vdn dang trong qud trinh xdy dung vd hodn thiin.
Bdi viit se tim hieu ngi dung gido due gid tri cita hai qudc gia Chdu A ndy di tir dd ggi m&
mgt so hdm y cho Viit Nam.
Tir khda: Nhat Ban, Trang Qudc, Giao due gid teji
\. Gidi thiSu
Trong nhung ndm vua qua. Dang va Nha nude ta danh mdi quan tam lim ddi vdi viec xay dyng he gia tri van hda va con ngudi Viet Nam. Day la nhu cau buc thiet dupc dgt ra trudc tinh trang xudng cap dao due, ung xu thieu vdn hda noi cdng cdng, thiiu trang thyc va trdm cip, bgo lyc hpc dudng, cung nhieu van ngn dgo due trong ddi sdng xa hdi d Viet Nam hien nay. Do dd. Ban Chap hanh Trang ucmg da kip thdi ban hanh la Nghj quyet 33-NQ/TW ngay 09/06/2014 nhin mgnh nhiem vy xay dung con ngudi Viet Nam phat ttiln toan dien va xay dyng dupc he gia tej chuin con ngudi Viet Nam thdi ky cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda va hdi nhgp qudc tl. D I phuc vy nhiem vy nay, da cd nhiiu chuang teinh, hdi nghj ban luan ve xay
' TS., Vi^n Nghien cihi Dong Bac A, Vi?n Hin lam Klioa hoc xa h^i Vift Nani
• TS., Khoa Qu6c te, B j i hpc Quoc gia Hit Npi
%
dyng he gia trj cung nhu giao dye gia tri d Viet Nam, song vin chua cd dugc hudng di phu hgp. Vi vay, nham cung cap mpt vai tham khao qudc te, bai viet nay se nghien cuu npi dung giao dye gia trj d hai qudc gia hai nen van hda ldn cd anh hudng mgnh d Ddng A la Nhat Ban va Trang Qudc nhim tim kiem mdt vai goi md hihi ich cho vipc xay dyng he gia trj cung nhu giao dye gia trj bay giao due pham each con ngudi d Vipt Nam hien nay.
2. Giao due gia trj d Nhat Ban d Nhat Ban, nen tang van hda cd anh hudng manh tdi gid trj quan va giao due gia ttj la ba tang tdn giao gdm Than dgo, Phat giao Thien (Zen) va Nho giao. Ba tang tdn giao nay cung ljch su va ty nhien da tac ddng het sue sau sac tdi gia trj quan thi hien ttong Idi sdng, hanh vi cung nhu dac trung rieng cua Nhgt Ban, him due nen tinh than Nhgt Ban. Cac nen tang nay cung gdp phan
NGHIEN CdlU OdNG BflC fl. sd 5(231) 5-2020 69
tgo nen nhieu triet ly quan ly cua ngudi Nhgt dupc dng dung rdng rai tten the gidi nhu quan trj tinh gpn, hp tiidng "Vua dung luc"
(Just-in-time), ttilt ly cai tiin lien tuc (kaizen)... Tu thgp nien 1960, nhim dap img yeu cdu tang ttudng kinh te nhanh va sy thay ddi cdng nghe nhanh chdng. Nhgt Ban da chuyen ta cac he thdng tradng chuyen bipt danh eho cac gidi va ddi tugng khac nhau chuyen sang hp thdng giao dye bit budc hgp nhat.
Chuang trinh gido dye mdi danh cho tieu hgc, trang hpc bit dau dugc ban hanh vao , nam 1968 va ap dyng rpng rai ndm 1971 va
|1972. Myc tieu cua nhimg dieu chinh mdi i nay hudng vao hai ttpng tam: (i) tai dinh hudng chuang trinh nhim dap ung trade bdi cdnh thay doi nhanh chdng va cau true xa hOi ngay cdng phuc tgp; va (ii) tai thiet ke (mpt chucmg trinh ddng nhat cho phep hpc sinh dgt dupc tri thuc co ban, thanh thuc ky I nSng, tdng cudng sue khde va the trgng; vd djc bipt la cd dugc sy phan xet cdng bing, tinh sdng tgo, xuc cam va y chi'. Tu thdi ky Pndy, giao dye gia trj dao due da la mgt npi dung ttpng tam nhim xay dyng cac the be cdng dan Nhgt Ban vua giO dugc tinh than Nhgt Ban, vua cd the lam giau them vdn van hda vd ty nguypn ddng gdp cho the gidi hda binh. Cac npi dung giao dye dgo due gdm cd; (1) ngi dung gin lien viW cudc sdng hang ngay nhu giO an toan va cd sue khde tdt, tu chu, cd hdnh vi tdt, gpn gang, bao ve mdi tradng, su dung dd vat va tien hieu qua; (2) npi dimg gin vdi "tinh cam dgo due va phan
xet dgo due" nhu tdn trpng ngudi khac. kie soat ban dian, ttnng thuc \a tiianh tiigt. ) ' ^ cdng bang vd can dam, giai quyet van de, hanh ddng tilt chl, khdng ich ky, biet eham sdc dpng vat vd cd tam tri thuin khiet; (3) npi dung gin vdi phat ttiln tinh each ya dial dp sang tao ddi vdi cupc sdng nhu nhan biet dupc nang lyc ban than va phat huy no, cd muc tieu cao cd, hanh dgng hpp ly, nd lyc cai tiiien cupc sdng, cd thdi dp ham hpc hdi, cd tiiai dp tieh cyc vdi y tudng mdi; vd (4) ngi dung gin vdi hdnh vi tdt va y chi nhu tu tl vd biit quan tam din mpi ngudi nhat la nhOng ngudi yiu thi va bit bgnh, coi trpng nhung tim guong cdng hiin bet minh, tin tudng ngudi khac va than tiiipn, cdng bdng va vd tu vdi mpi ngudi, sdng hao phdng, tuan tiiu quy tic lugt le, phan biet quyin va nghia vy, tdn vinh lao dpng, bao ve tai san cdng va dgo due cdng cdng, yeu va ty hao ve gia dinh - nha tradng - td qudc, hiiu dung con ngudi tren khip thi gidi va biet hgp tac than thien vdi hg^.
Sau dd, nhim xay dyng ngudn nhan luc toan can dap ung vdi bdi canh bien ddng khdng ngimg trade lan sdng toan cau hda va each mgng cdng nghp thdng tin va trayen thdng (ICT) vao thap nien 1980-1990, Nhat Ban da thiet ke chuong trinh giao dye dgo due, dugc gpi la loku- iki? phat trien ddng thdi ca tri dye, due due va the due.
' Xem "Japan's modem educational system", Ministry of Education. Culture, Spon, Science and Technology - Japan, http:""w\v mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/olhe r5/detail/I317220.hlm.
^ Xem "Educational standards in Japan 1965". Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology - Japan, http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/html/hpa el96501/index.html.
^ Giao due truyen th6ng vdi myc tieu phil trien nang j^rc c4 nhan ba phan g6m tri dgc (chi-iku), the dgc (tai-iku) v4 due due (toku-iku).
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NGHllN CdlU OdNG B^C fl. sti 5(231) 5-2020Nghien ciru khoa hoc
Bang 1: Npi dung giao due gia trj trong trudng hpc Nhat Ban Pham vi nhan thirc
Nhan thtrc ve ban than
Quan he vori ngiroi khac (nhan thtrc ve quan he lien c^ nhan)
Quan h^ vol nhom/xa hpi
Quan h | voi ty nhien v^ vu try
Khai ni^m chii chot Tiet che kiem soat ban than Can dam
Tu do va trat ty Khat vong sir that Sieng nSng Trung thuc Tu tu duong Lich su Biet on va ton trong Tinh ban Khiem nhudng Co trach nhiem cong Co trach nhiem nhom Ton trong giao vien Ton trpng truyen thong Ton trpng nen vSn hoa khac Cong bang
Tr^ch nhi?m Coi trpng gia dinh D6ng gop cho xa hgi Yeu nuoc
Ton trgng va quan tam den tu nhien
Ton trpng cuOc song Co su nhay cam tham my Su cao quy
Muc tieu Hoc sinh phai doc lap, c6 the tu lam nhihig vifc die em CO the lam, va song tiet che.
Hpc sinh hieu va th\rc hanh xhm quan trpng cua loi song lich s\r va giao tiep trung thyc voi ngu6i khac.
Hpc sinh gi& 16i hua, tuan thu luat le, v^ c6 y thuc ve trach nhi?m cong.
Hpc sinh hieu dugc sy hung Vl va ky di?u cua ty nhien, cam n h ^ duprc tam quan trpng cua ty nhien va cupc song.
Ngudn: Mccullough, David (2008), "Morgl and Social Education in Japanese Schools:
Conflicting Conceptions of Citizenship", Citizenship Teaching and Learning, 4(1) July 2008, http://www.citized.info@2008; vd "Moral education in Japan", hltps://www.
nier.go.jp/English/educationjapan/pdf/201303MED.pdf
Npi dung dugc thd hien trong "Myc tieu chikara)* tir miu giao den pho thdng nham giao due tiid ky XXI" vtii ba khia cgnh: (1)
khoan dung, ca thd khoe mgnh va sang tgo;
(2) hr do va ty luc vdi tinh fliSn cpng ddng;
(3) xay dyng con ngudi Nhgt tren ihi gidi.
Tir 1998, Nhgt Ban dua chuong trinh giao dye xay dyng nang Iyc hpc hdi "Zest for living" (dam me vi cudc sdng ikira
thiic day hpc sinh biet ty kiem soat, ham tim tdi kham pha va tim kiem giai phap, hpp tac vdi ngudi khac, cd nang Iyc tri thirc van hoa, tinh td nhay cam, y thtic dgo dire va the chit khde mgnh'.
* Xem "Moral education in Japan", National Institute for Educational Policy Research, tren https://www, nier.go.jp/English;educationjapan/pdf/20I303MED.pdf ' Xem https://asiasociety.org/files/21st-century-compe tencies-japan.pdf
NQHIEN CdlU OdNG B^C fl. Sd 5(231) 5-2020
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Cac npi dimg giao due gia tri ddi vdi hpc sinh ciing dugc Nhgt Ban hoan thien rd hcm Uieo timg phgm trii gan kdm vdi cac bai hpc cy the. Trong muc tieu cac khda hpc ddi vdi hgc sinh tieu hgc va tnmg hpc dupc sira doi nam 2008, giao due nhan ciich tre em gdm cd y thitc dgo dire, kha nang danh gia, su gan ket, va thai dp tiidng qua cac hogt dpng giap dye d tradng. Cac npi dung giao dye bang hogt dpng tich hpp vdi cac ndi dung giao dye dgo dire khac nhim phat trien nhan thirc vi ban than va thyc hanh g i i ket vdi xa hpi xung quanh dya hen cae gia hi dgo dire. Vd co ban, cac bai hpc dao dire d Nhgt Ban khdng he khd khan ma thudng thdng qua thyc hanh ddng thdi dugc Idng ghep trong cac mdn hgc han lam nhu tieng Nhgt, cac mdn xa h$i, khoa hpc, am nhgc, giao due the chat va ngogi ngii. Chuang uinh giao dye gia trj hay giao dye nhan cich cua Nhgt Ban dugc phan thanh bdn phgm vi gdm: nhgn thirc ve ca nhan, ve quan he lien ca nhan, quan hp vdi xa hpi, va quan he vdi ty nhien va vii try (xem Bang 1). Trong phgm vi nhgn thirc vd ban than, myc tieu hutmg den la xay dyng nhihig hpc sinh dgc lap ty chii, ty eham sdc ban than va sdng tiet che. Cac gia trj chu chdt gdm tiet che, can dam, ty do va cd trgt ty, khat khao su that, sieng nang, trung thyc va ty tu duong. Trong quan he vdi ngudi khac, hpc sinh can cd cac gia trj ljch sy, biet an va tdn trpng, tinh bgn va khiem nhudng. Trong phgm trii xa hpi, hpc sinh dupc giao due cac trach nhiem cdng dan va tri tiitjic lien van hda de mdi hgc sinh cd y thtrc hach nhiem cdng, biet giir loi hira, tuan thii lugt le. Phgm vi thir tu mang tinh bao triim ca the gidi con ngudi, the gidi ty nhien va vu try, muc tieu huting den sy thuan khiet cao quy, xem con ngudi nhu mdt bd phgn
mat tiiiei ciia thd gidi vii tra ndi chung- >.
dugc xem nhu 4 try cgt dd giiio v'^" '^°
da\" dd va danh gia hpc sinh. ^ Nham tiiich img ttudc mdi tnrdng kinh te
chinh ttj va kinh doanh toan cau '^""Sl™
sdng cdng nghe bidn ddi nhanh chdng, Nhgt Ban da nd lye xay dyng khudn khd nang luc chti chdt cho hpc sinh Nhgt Ban cd die tiiich img va phat huy hieu qua ttong thS ky XXI.
Cac chuang trinh giao due d Nhgt Ban cung dupc Vien Nghien ciru Chinh sach Giao dye Qu6c gia Nhat Ban (NIER) tim hudng cai each gin vdi thyc tidn va hieu qua hon.
NIER da da xuit khudn khd nang Iyc ddi vdi hpc sinh Nhat Ban goi gpn trong khai niem
"Zest for life" (dam me vi cudc sdng).
Khudn khd nay cd ba cip dp: nang lyc ca ban, nang lyc tu duy, va nang lyc hanh ddng thyc tiin. Ba cap dp nay cd su lien ket vdi nhau frong do nang lyc ca ban cd vai trd nhu ndn tang ciia viec hgc hdi, hd trg cho nang luc tu duy va hanh ddng, nd djnh hudng hpc sinh "noi phai den". Cdn nang lyc tu duy se cho phep hgc sinh suy nghT va tim ra each thirc su dyng tri thirc. Trong do, nang lyc thyc hanh mdi cd vai ttd quan trgng trong phat trien nhan each va dinh hinh gia tri con ngucri (Hinh 1).
Hien nay Nhat Ban dung trade nhtrng xu hudng ldn gdm: gia hda dan sd va ty le sinh giam Iam suy giam sinh khi Nhat Ban, thay ddi cau tnic cdng ddng dja phuang va gia dinh lam gia tang tinh biet lap cua cac ca nhan va suy ydu y thtrc con ngirdi; toan ciu hda thay doi vdi gdp stic cua nen kinh td ti-i thiic va cac qudc gia mdi ndi; gia tang bit binh ding vdi nguy co lam giam ddng co ca nhan va mit dn djnh xa hdi, thay ddi mdi tradng vipc lam; ciing cac thach thiic toan ciu nhu djch chuydn dja chinh tri manh me
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NGHIEN CdlU OdNG B^C fl. sd 5(231) 5-2020Nghien ciiu khoa hoc
each mgng cdng nghiep 4.0 va cac thach thirc phi tiiiydn thdng gia tang. Trong khi do, Nhgt Ban dang nd lyc xay dyng Xa hdi 5.0.
Hon nira, do dac tnmg la xa hdi tap thd vdi quan diem xem nhe vai trd ca nhan va he thdng thir bgc cirng nhac vdi he qua la thieu tinh sang tao nen Nhat Ban dang nd lye phat huy tinh ddc lap ciia ca nhan ciing vdi sy htjp tac chat che vdi nhdm nham tgo ra cac gia trj mdi va xay dyng xa hdi hpc hdi.
Nhim dgt dugc muc tieu nay, Nhat Ban dua ra bdn dinh huang trong phat trien con ngudi ctia Nhat Ban gdm: (1) phat trien cac nang luc xa hpi vi sinh tdn; (2) phat tridn ngudn nhan lyc de thuc thi cac tien bd nhanh chdng hudng den tuong lai; (3) xay dyng cac vudn ucrm an toan phuc vu viee hpc bdi; va (4)
Hinh 1: Khuon khd giao due nang luc do NIER
xay dyng niem tin va thiet lap cpng ddng vimg mgnh. Trong Ke hogch thir ba vd thuc diy giao due (2018-2022) ban hanh nam 2017, Nhat Ban dang tap trang vao cac djnh hudng nham khuyen khich ca nhan, chuan bj nhan lyc cho qudc gia nay cho nam 2030.
Ngoai kien thirc hgc thugt, ke hogch lan nay tap trang vao phuong phap giang dgy va gia tang sy phdi hgp giira cac mdn hgc, nhu giai quyet van de va sang tao, ciing vdi thdi quen hpc tap tdt. Chien luge phat trien ky nang hpc sinh dgt ttpng tam quanh ba try cpt: (i) dpng CO hpc tap va ap dung didu hpc dupc vao cudc sdng; (ii) dgt dupc tri thire va cac ky nang ky thuat; va (iii) ky nang tu duy, phan doan va the hien ban than.
con ngudi the ky XXI ciia Nhat Ban de xuat
Dam mc vi cugc song
N S n g Igrc cot loi ( h e k y 21 N2ng Ivc hinh Hvng thyc tien vl the %ilri
- C&e hanh (l$og tif chij - Xiiy dorng quan b$
- D$Dg cfrtham gia x2 h9i - Trich nhi|m xay dyng tucmg lai ben vfrng
•' Tirduy h?p t i c v4 niing lire giiil quycl vao de \ -Tim vii gui quyet van dc
- Tir duy logic, pban bif n - Lien lyc h9C hoi vil Ihtcb nghi
C&cDing lyc cor ban nhir coDg cy tv duy
- Diet dvc vief - Biet tinh toiin ' - I<{ilng lyc IhSog tia
Nguon: Kimura, Daisuke vd Talsuno, Madoka (2017), "Advancing 21" Century competencies in Japan ", Asia Society - Gentler for Global Education, tr. 5.
NGHIEN CdlU OdNG B^C fl. sd 5(231) 5-2020
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3. Giio due gia trj it Trung Quoc Trang Qudc la qudc gia co bd day van hda vdi tam anh hudng rdng ldn ddi \ di cae qudc gia xung quanh ttong qua khii. Cac tu tudng dugc hinh thanh va phat tridn tai Trang Qudc gdm Dgo giao, Nho giao \ a Phgt giao da xam nhgp \a tgo anh hudng mgnh me tcri cac nude nhu Han Qudc. Viet Nam. Nhgt Ban... Hp gia trj van hda trayen thdng Dgo giao, Nho giao va Phgt giao da djnh hinh nen cac gia tri niem tin sau nhat trong xa hgi Trang Qudc. Day cung la nhihig gia trj cd sire lan tda mgnh mS ra cac nude xung quanh ttong tiidi ky phong kien. Trong dd, cac gia ttj Nho giao cd vai ttd quydt djnh trong djnh hinh cac gia trj van hda va con ngudi, md rgng tir quan ly dieu hanh dat nude (ttj qudc) den giao dye nhan each con ngudi (tu than).
Sy ket htjrp cac gia ttj "nhan", "le" ctia Nho gia vdi tinh "hai hda" trong cac mdi quan he thien - dja - nhan hgp nhit, va tridt ly "tir bi", "phd dp chiing sinh" ciia dgo Phgt da ca ban tgo nen cac gia trj van hda - con ngudi trayen thdng eua Trang Qudc. Ddn thdi ky hipn dgi, van hda Trang Qudc tiep tuc chju sy tac dpng cua cac gia ttj quan cua chti nghTa Mac ciing cac he tu tudng lanh dgo Tnmg Qudc. Ben canh dd, Tnmg Qudc cung
phuong T.iy. Trade lan sdng lan Ida MC S"*
tti phuang Tay tten toan ciu, nhieu gi^ . van hda traydn tiidng ttr tu tudng Bgo - Phat da ttd nen thidu phii hpp tham chi can ttd sy phat tridn cua xa hpi hien dgi- Tu dau tiigp nien 2000, Trang Qudc da nhan tiiuc dugc \ai trd quan trpng dac biet ciia sue mgnh mdm van hda, cung nhu ddi hdi Trang Qudc phai tgo lap dupc hp gia trj quan van hda va con ngudi rieng vira kd thira trayen tiidng vira ed ly tudng va vira mang tinh flian tiidi dgi. Bdi le chi khi he gia ttj quan nay cd sire UlU hut vdi thd gidi, nd mdi thyc su tgo nen su lan tda vd van hda tu tudng, tgo nen mdt lan sdng toan ciu hda dac sic Trang Qudc mdi va din tgo dugc vj tri tiidng llnb vd tu tuting van hda tren the gidi. NSm 2001, Trang Qudc ban hanh van ban "Cuang yeu xay dyng dgo dire cdng dan", va dua ra cac gia ttj dgo dire cdng dan la "yeu nude tuan thii lugt phap, giU gin ll nghTa thanh thgt, doan ket than thien, cin kiem ty cudng, yeu nghe cdng hien". Tiep dd, trong Bao cao Dgi hdi XVIII nam 2012, Trang Qudc de ra "ba de xudng" khai quat 12 gia trj quan xa hpi chit nghia Trung Qudc gdm: giau mgnh, dan chii, van minh, hai hda, ty do, binh dang, cdng bang, phap trj, yeu nude, kinh nghd, thanh that, va than thien.
hap thu cac gia ttj hipn dgi du nhap tir
Bang 2: Nhdm 12 gia trj quan cot loi xa hoi chii nghta ciia Trung Quoc Chinh tri
1. Giau manh 2. Dan chii 3. Van minh 4. Hai hoa
Xa hdi 5.Tudo 6. Binh dang 7. Cdng bang 8. Phap trj
Ca nhan 9. Yeu nude 10. Kinh nghe I I . Thanh that 12. Than thien Ngudn: http://theory.people.com.en/n/2014/0212/c40531-24330538.html
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Nghien curu khoa hoc
Trong 12 gia trj nay, 4 gia ttj diu la gia ttj quan chinh tri dit nude phai dgt dugc, 4 gia trj tiep theo la gia tri quan xa hpi, \a 4 gia tri cudi dupc coi la cae gia trj quan can ban cua con ngudi. Viec Trang Quoc nd luc thidt kl chuang trinh trien khai cho viec xay dyng 12 gia ttj cdt 161 xa hgi chii nghTa the hien su gia tang tap trung vao xay dyng siic mgnh van hda cua Trang Qudc. Hon nira, trong nhOng thgp nien vira qua dac biet la sau 2001, Trang Qudc da cd ging het strc trong vipc phat tridn sire mgnh mem thdng qua vipc md hang logt Hpc vien Khdng Tit tten khip the gidi, md cac tuan le van hda Trung Qudc, va dd tien eho cac chuang trinh ngogi giao va tuyen fruyen vl mpt Trang Qudc yen hda binh, mong mudn mpt the gidi hai hda, coi trpng tinh dac thit va quyen ty quyet cua mdi qudc gia. Dac biet, trong nhiing nd luc pho bien van hda va siic mgnh mem cua Tnmg Qudc cd the thay ndi bat ttong "Ddng thugn Bic Kinh" hay "Md hinh Trang Qudc"
la tinh dgc thii - mdi qudc gia, mdi chit the cd dac diim rieng, phuang phap rieng, va khdng thi ap dgt he tieu chuan chung - ddi lap vdi tinh phd quat trong "Ddng thugn Washington" cimg cac gia ttj dan chii, nhan quyin ma phuang Tay da cd gang truyen ba.
Trung Qudc cung dua viec giao due 12 gia trj quan xa hgi chii nghTa cdt loi nay vao ngi dung giao due dgo dire trong chuang ttinh phd thdng. Tuy nhien, thyc t l la 12 gia ttj quan nay mdi dugc de ra nhu nhiing khai ni$m khd khan va chua dupc thuc te hda tiianh cac chucmg trinh hanh dpng ciing nhu bipn phap giao dye thyc sy hieu qua. Dieu do thi hien d chd cac em hpc sinh dupe hpc c4c gia ttj nay hang ngay nhu nhimg khai niem cimg nhic chii chua dupc mim hda
bang cac bien phap giao dye thyc chit thdng qua hanh ddng . De giai quyet van dl nay, chuong trinh giang day Gido due ly tuang vd chinh tri dugc Bd Giao dye ban banh nam 2018 da dua ra viec giao dye gin vtii thuc hanh dya tren hogt dpng va theo vin dl, vi du nhu "Gia ttj trong cac khiu hieu nha tracmg", "Lya chgn hgp ly ttong ky nguyen Interaet+". va "Danh gia va de xuat giai quyet tinh ttgng giao thdng"... Tuy nhien, giao due gia ttj xa hdi chu nghTa cdt Idi vin dang la nhiem vy khd khan d Trung Qudc (Wang va Longoria, 2016; Wang, 2019).
Hien tgi Trung Qudc dang dy kien danh 10 nam de hoan toan chuyen hda cac gia tri cot loi xa hpi chu nghTa nay thanh mpt hp thdng lugt mang dgc sic Trung Qudc'.
Vdi tham vpng ttd thanh cudng qudc sang tgo vao giira the ky XXI, Trang Qudc cung tien hanh nhirng cai each nham tai dinh hinh he thdng giao dye. Dgc biet trong bdi canh ddi tupng giao dye d Trang Qudc hien nay hau hit la tre con mpt, la trang tam trong gia dinh theo eau tnic 4-2-1 (tire la 4 dng ba, 2 cha me va I dira tte). Dac diem nay tao nen nhimg dira tre ludn coi minh la trang tam, ich ky, thieu ky nang xa hpi, va cd don trong chinh gia dinh minh. Thang 6/2016, Trang Qudc da cdng bd "Nang lyc cdt Idi ddi vdi phat trien hgc sinh" nham ren luypn ca nhan toan dien tap trang vao cac nang lyc cdt Idi sau: (1) hpc each hgc, (2) sdng khde mgnh;
(3) cd trach nhiem cua mdt cdng dan; (4) thyc hanh, sang tao va ddi mdi; (5) cd tri thiic ve di san van hda; va (6) nang lyc khoa '' Xem Liu, Caiyu (15/9/2017), "China pushes core socialisl values knowledge in primary, middle schools".
Global Times.
' Xem Zhang, Yunbi (8/5/2018), "New laws to apply socialist core values", China Dally.
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hpc (Wang et al., 2018). Thang 8 2017, Bd Giao dye Trung Qudc da ban hanh "Djnh hudng giao due dgo dire d ttudng tiiu hgc \ a ttnng hge"* vdi myc tieu ap dyng each tiip can da phucmg dien vao giao dye dgo due.
tiiyc thi CO che danh gia tiieo qua ttinh ttong giao due dgo dire va cai tiiien sy phat ttiln dgo diic toan dien ttong giao dye tiiu hgc va trang hge. Thang 7/2019 vira qua, qudc gia nay dua ra cac djnh hudng eai each giao due, dua myc tieu ciia he thdng giao due cin phat ttien toan dien tten tat ca phuang dien dgo dire, tti lyc, the lyc \a van hda, ciing nhu cd tinh than lam viec eham chi'. Cac chuong ttinh giao dye cy the va cai each sach giao khoa cho hpc sinh trang hgc phd thdng du kien dupc dua ra vao 2022.
Trong nhiing thgp nien \iia qua Trang Qudc da cd ging thyc hipn nhting cai each giao dye vdi tap trung chii yeu vao viec nang chat lu(;mg giao dye dgi hgc dgt tam co qudc te. Trong khi dd mang giao due phd thdng bat bupe thyc sy ehua cd nhieu cai tien, vin theo phuong phap hpc thu ddng va dgt nang diem sd ciing nhu ap lyc thi cir kha Idn. Tren thyc te, chuong trinh giao due ciia Trang Qudc vdi sy ket hgp giira quan diem giao dye ciia Nho giao chii ttgng tdn ti frat ty, xem nhp vai ttd ca nhan ket hgp vdi giao due dgo dire xa h$i chii nghTa nhin mgnh vl ly tudng cang nang tam quan ttpng cua tiiir bac frong he tiidng. He qua la, he tiidng qua tap
' Xem "Review of China's education reform in 2017", Minisuy of Education ofthe People's Republic of China.
Xem Zhong, Qun; Huang, Haoran va Ren, Yanxin (IO/7/20I9), "China Focus: Gov't guideline to reshape China's education system", Xinhuanel: "State Council issues guidelines for reform of high school education", PRC's Ministry of Education, http://en.moe.gov.cn/
documents/laws_po!icies^01906/t20190620_386669.html
ttung \ao loi ich tap till va tinh on I"
trong ttgt tu he thdng ma it chu .V den W' vii tiing ndi ca nhan. Day cung chinh » """•
bit lgi ttong phat huy tu duy phan bien va tinh sang tgo cua hgc sinh. Hon nita, cac . sia tti Nho giao \a xa hpi chu nghia nay cung ga>' khd khan ttong % iec tiiuc hanh dgo due ciia hpc sinh, tiiani chi cd the tgo nen nhihig dinh hudng ddi lap nhau. Chang hgn nhu gia trj chia se dugc day de cai thipn hanh vi \ i tha, nhung mdt nghien cim tiirdiig hgp cua Shu (2016) d Thugng Hai cho tiiay hpc sinh cd thien hudng sii dyng gia ttj nay cd chiln luge dl cai thien quan he lien ca nhan va xay dung vi thi xa hpi hay tgo
"quan he", chti khdng phai hanh vi "cho di"
tiiuin tiiy. Chinh vi vgy, mac dti Trung Qudc da tiiilt lap 12 gia trj xa hdi chti nghTa cdt loi va dua vao chuong trinh giao dye gia tti cho hgc sinh, song ndi dung cy the trong gido due gia trj d Trang Quoc vin dang trong qua ttinh dinh hinh va tiep tuc cai each.
4. Mot so nhan xet vii ham y cho Vift Nam
Nhimg phan tich ve ndi dung giao dye gia trj d Nhat Ban va Trang Qudc phan anh hai birc tranh rat khac biet ve he gia ttj trong giao dye con ngudi d hai cudng qudc nay.
Vdi tradng hgp Nhat Ban, giao dye gia trj da dugc djnh hinh hoan chinh vdi cac yeu ciu pham chat ca nhan tren 4 phgm vi nhgn thtrc gom ban than ca nhan, quan he lien ca nhan, quan he vdi xa hpi, va quan he vdi ty nhien va vii try. Bdn pham vi nay cQng bao trtim bdn cap do tuong tac cua ca nhan tir hoan thien ban than, xay dyng quan he vdi ngudi khac, vdi xa hdi va vdi toan bp the gidi trong mdt ciu tnic tdng hda chung gin bd chat che. Cac phgm trii nhan thitc gin vdi cac
76 NGHIEN CdlU OdNG B^C fl. sd 5(231) 5-2020
Nghien cicu khoa hoc
cym gia trj cy the va myc tieu hanh vi rd rang d Nhgt Ban dugc thuc t l hda qua cae bai bpc sinh dpng linh hogt, dieu nay da cd vai ttd het sire to ldn trong giao due nhan each hpc sinh, tgo nen cac cdng dan cd ttach nhiem, ddng thdi gdp phan hinh thanh nen sire mgnh tinh than Nhgt Ban can min, ty ttpng, kien cudng. Trong khi dd, Trung Qudc da nd lyc xay dyng he gia tri cdt loi xa hpi chii nghTa rieng vol 12 gia tri theo ba cap dp chinh trj qudc gia, (giau mgnh, dan chit, van minh, hai hda); xa hpi (tu do, binh dang, cdng bang, phap trj); va ca nhan (yeu nude, kinh nghe, thanh that, than thien). Cac gia trj nay dugc chinh phu Bac Kinh danh gia cd vai trd tdi quan trpng xay dyng nen van minh tinh than cOng nhu gdp phan hien thuc hda Giac mpng Trang Hoa. Tuy vgy, khi so sanh vdi cac qudc gia khac, nd lai phan anh mgt he gii trj bj gidi hgn trong phgm vi qudc gia, ly tudng chir chua thyc su mang tinh pho quat, bao triim d phgm vi tiie gidi hay dung hda vdi cac he gia trj khac. (3 khia cgnh thyc hanh, Trung Qudc dang gang sire chuyen hda nhung gia trj cdt loi nay vao chuang ttinh giao due gia ttj va giao due ly tudng chinh ttj cho hgc sinh. Song, vdi each tidp can tir tten xudng va he thdng nang tinh tiianh tich dang khiin cho viec tiiyc hanh cac he gia ttj trd nen mau thuin. Yuan (2017) danh gia nd cd thi nhu con dao hai luai, cd kha nang tgo nen eac xu huiing ddi nghjch ttong viec tiiuc hanh dgo dire cua hpc sinh.
Ddng thdi, chinh each tiip can mang tinh ap dat tir tren xudng cd ihl la mot nhan td ldn gay can trd su hlnh thanh van hda sang tao, ttong ca nhan, von la yeu td then chdt thuc diy nin kinh t l dya tren tri thiic va doi mdi sang tao. Tren ca sd nghien ciiu ndi dung
giao due gia tri d Nhgt Ban va Trang Qudc, Viet Nam cd the hpc hdi mpt sd kinh nghiem nhu:
Thit nhdt, dil ehung he tiidng chinh tti, nhung Viet Nam khdng nen hgc hdi each thirc tiiiet ke he gia trj cdt loi xa hpi chu nghTa ma Tnmg Qudc de xuat. Bdi le he gia tri nay dang ttong qua trinh thii nghiem, theo each tiep can ap dgt tir tren xudng, va chi phil hgp vdi bdi canh chinh trj eiia Trang Qudc. Ben cgnh dd, khi so sanh vdi Nhgt Ban, cac cap dp ciia he gia trj cdt Idi ctia Trang Qudc thieu tinh bao triim khi xem xet cac tuong tac giira ca nhan vdi mdi tradng xung quanh. Ban than cac hgc gia Trung Qudc cGng danh gia kha nang thieu hipu qua ttong giao dye cac gia trj nay do thieu cac chuong trinh giang dgy mang tinh thuc hanh gan ket dugc vdi hgc sinh cung nhu nguy ca mau thuin vdi cac he gia trj khac nhit la cac he gia trj phd quat ciia xu the toan cau hda va hpi nhgp kinh te qudc te hien nay.
Thic hai, la mdt qudc gia vdi cac gia trj Chau A dien hinh, Viet Nam cd the hpc hdi kinh nghiem Nhgt Ban cimg cac nen kinh te cdng nghiep mdi (Han Qudc, Singapore, Dai Loan, Hdng Kdng) cd kit hpp vdi kinh nghiem My va phuong Tay trong viec xay dyng cac phgm ttii gia trj va myc tieu cua giao due gia trj ddi vdi hpe sinh. Nhin chung, pham chit con ngudi thudng bao gdm cac gia tri mang tinh phd quat cao tren toan the gidi, song mdi qudc gia deu can cu vao dac diem rieng ciing nhu ket hop vdi myc tieu giao dye mudn hudng tdi de xay dyng he gia trj giao due con ngudi cho rieng minh. Tren co sd xac djnh dugc muc dich cudi ciing ciia giao dye, qudc gia cd thi xac dinh dugc cac gia trj hay nhihig pham chat
NGHIEN CdlU OdNG BflC fl. sd 5(231) M 0 2 0
77
Nghien cimkhoB-
theo timg phuang dien ca nhan, xa hdi va dit nude, toan cau.
Tha ba, cac chuang trinh giao due gia tri can linh hogt, ed sy Idng ghep ttong nhieu mdn hpc, dgc biet nhan mgnh viec thyc hanh , gia tri de djnh hinh nhgn thiic, thai dp, niim tin gia ttj cho mdi hpc sinh. Cd till tiiiy ttong chuang trinh giao dye gia tri dgo dire d Nhgt Ban cung nhu cac qudc gia tien tiin rat linh hogt, tir nhihig cau chuypn dgo dire, van hgc, ljch sir va dac bipt chu ttpng viec thyc hanh tir nhtrng dieu nhd nh^t nhat ttong cupc song hang ngay va cd phan img phii hpp trong timg bdi canh cy the. Tren nen tang giao dye phim chat gia tri nay, cac qudc gia tiip tyc thiet kl khudn khd nang lyc cdt 181 nham tgo ra nhihig con ngudi cd thai dp dung din va giau nhan cich; cd nang lyc tri thirc va kj! nang mem; khde mgnh ve the chat va tinh tiian; va tich cyc tham gia ddng gdp cho cpng ddng, dat nude va the gidi.
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3. Kimura, Daisuke va Tatsuno, Madoka (2017), "Advancing 21'' Century competencies in Japan", Asia Society - Centter for Global Education.
4. Mccullough, David (2008), "Moral and Social Education in Japanese Schools:
Conflicting Conceptions of Citizenship", in
4il) July Citizenship Teaching and Learning, -n -008. , ., „f
5. Shu. W. 0. (2016), "The Anjiys.; of Moral Education in China and "* „ . Chinese Children's Moral Development', Projects Spring 2016, Paper 368.
6. -Wang, T. (2019), "Competence for swdents- fumre: Curriculum change and policy redesign in China, ECNU Review of Education, 2(2), 234-245.
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9. Watz, Michael (2011), "An historical analysis of character education". Journal of Inquiry & Action in Education, 4(2), 34-53.
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Experiences of novice language teachers in China", International Journal of Educational Research, 83, 55-64.