'^hi hinh phdp ludt
86 9(318)-2018
THOA THUAN
VE TAI SAN CHUNG V0 CHONG KHI LY HON
- ^ — i _ » I ThS. VO THI THANH HUY^N *Tdm tat: Tie mot trudng hgp cy the duac phdn dnh tren bdo chi. tdc gid da phdn tich ve che dinh thoa thudn xdc lap che do tdi sdn cua vg chong vdphdn chia tdi sdn chung cua va, chong khi ly hon.
Abstract: From aparticular case published in the press, the author analyzes provisions of agreement on establishing marital assets and dividing marital joint assets in case of divorce
Trfln Bao Lao ddng dien tk cd dang mgt cau cliuyfln thiic te'i; "Chi Lien la mdt phu nii xinh dep, hoc thiic. Sau mgt thdi gian tim hieu va yflu nhau, chi Lien ket hdn vdi anh Trung, mdt ngudi dan dng thanh dat va cd quan he rgng.
Khi anh chi cUdi nhau, nhieu ngUdi td'm tdc khen ngdi la cap ddi trai tai, gai sdc vd nghi hai ngUdi cd thfl' sd'ng hanh phiic bfln nhau trgn ddi. NhUng thUc tfl', anh chi chi chung song hanh phiic dUdc may nam. Sau khi chi sinh cho anh mdt cdu con trai, cudc song cua hai ngUdi ngay mpt xa each hdn. Anh Trung ludn ban rdn vdi nhiing chuye^n cdng tac dai ngdy, nhiing buoi hop hanh va dU tiec vdi doi tac trifl'n mien.
Chi Lifln cam tha'y cd ddn trong chinh ngdi nha cua minh. Hau het nhiing cudc gap mat vdi gia dinh ndi, ngogi, anh Trung deu vdng mat.
ChUa ke de'n viec cham sdc hpc hanh cho con dfl'u mgt tay chi Lien lo lieu. TrUdc khi ket hon, anh Trung ed tao lap dUdc mot sd' tai san nhu 3 can nha cho thue, cd phifl'u h mgt sd' cdng ty, cdng vdi mgt khoan tifl'n kha kha giti tie't kiflm b ngan hang. Chua tinh phan tien lUdng, tdng
thu nhdp ma anh Trung cd tif viec cho thue nha, tien ldi ngan hang, tifl'n chia cd titc khoang 220 trieu dong/thang. Vd'n la ngUdi tfl' nhi, nfln chi Lien it khi ddi hoi trach nhiem ma anh Trung phai ddng gdp vao gia dinh. Hang thang, anh Trung dUa cho chi 20 triflu dong de ehi lo chuyen cdm nUdc, sdm siia trong gia dinh, tien hpc cua con... Chi ciing khdng ddi hoi gi them. Khi vd chong ngay mgt xa each, khong cdn tinh yflu vdi nhau niia, chi Lifln ciing khdng mud'n niu keo tinh cam cua anh Trung lam gi. Chi chi muo'n gianh dUdc quyen nudi con ma khdng can chong trd cd'p nudi con. Tuy nhien, khi dfl cap dfl'n chuyfln chia tay nhau, chi mdi giat minh nhin lai. Chi chdng cd gi trong tay ngoai so' tien it oi ma chi danh dum rieng dUdc trong ma'y nam qua...". Vay khi ly hon, chi Lifln cd dUdc chia tai san gi khdng? De tra ldi cau hoi tren, trUdc he't c^n tim hiflu ky cac quy dinh cua phap luat ve" vd'n de" nay.
Tha nhat, vethoa thuan xac Ikp che do tai san cua vd chong
Khi chu^n bi bUdc vao thdi ky hon nhan,
* Dai hgc Lao dgng - Xa hgi, NCS tgi Khoa Ludt,
Bai hoc Quoc gia Hd Noi
Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt I
<?/u hdith phiip, hidt
86 9 (318)-2018
phap ludt ve' hdn nhan va gia dinh Viet Nam cho phep hai bfln vd chong thoa thuan xdc lap che' do tai san ciia vd ch6ng. Ne'u hai bfln vd chong Ilia chpn chfl' dp tai san theo thoa thuan, thi thoa thudn nay phai diidc ldp trUdc khi ke't hdn, bdng hinh thiic van ban cd cdng chiing hoac chiing thyc. Che dp tai san cua vd chong theo thoa thuan difdc xac lap ke tii ngdy dang ky k^t hdn va cd hieu liic kfl' tii ngay dang ky kflt hfln^.
Ngi dung cd ban cua thda thudn ve chfl' dp tai san bao gom: (i) Tai san giiia vd va chong dUdc xac dinh bao g6m tai san chung, tai san riflng cua vd, chong; gifla vd va chong khdng cd tdi san rieng cua vd, chong ma td't ca tai san do vd, chong cd dUdc trUdc khi kflt hdn hoac trong thcfi ky hdn nhan dfl'u thudc tdi san chung; giiia vd va chong khdng cd tai san chung, ma td't ca tdi san do vd, chong cd dUdc triidc khi ket hdn va trong thdi ky hdn nhan deu thugc sci hiiu rieng cua ngydi cd dUdc tai san dd; hoac cd the xac dinh theo thoa thuan khac cua vd chong;
(ii) Quyfln, nghia vu cua vd ch6ng doi vdi tai san chung, tai san rieng va giao dich cd lien quan, tai san de bao dam nhu cau thifl't ye'u cua gia dinh; (iii) Dieu kien, thu tuc va nguyen tac phan chia tai san khi cha'm diit chfl' do tai san; cac ngi dung khac cd lien quan. Khi thiic hien che dp tai san theo thoa thudn ma phat sinh nhiing va'n dfl" chUa dUdc vd chong thoa thudn hoac thda thudn khdng ro rang, thi dp dyng quy dinh tai cac difl"u 29, 30, 31 vd 32 cua Ludt Hdn nhan va gia dinh nam 2014 va quy dinh tUdng i(ng cua che' dp tai san theo ludt dinh^. Vp chong cd quye'n siia doi, bd sung thoa
thudn ve' ch^ dp tai san, nhiing phai dam bao viec SL£a dd'i, bo sung ndi dung ciia thoa thudn ve" ch^ do tai san vdi hinh thifc la van ban co cdng chiing hoac chiing thiic^.
Ludt Hdn nhan vd gia dinh ndm 2014 ciing quy dinh: "Tai san chung ciia vd chong gom tai san do vd, ch6ng tao ra, thu nhdp do lao dpng, boat dpng san xud't, kinh doanh, hoa ldi, ldi tiic phat sinh tii tai san rieng va thu nhdp hop phap khac trong thdi ky hdn nhan, trtt tracing hdp dUdc quy dinh tai khoan 1 Die"u 40 cua Luat nay; tai san ma vd chdng dUdc thita ke chung hoac dUdc tdng cho chung va tdi san khac ma vd chong thda thudn la tai san chung.
Quye"n sit dung dd't md vd, chdng cd dUOc sau khi ket hdn la tai san chung cua vd chdng, triK trudng hdp vd hoac chdng dUde thiia ke' rieng, difdc tang cho rieng hoae cd dUde thdng qua giao dich bdng tai san rieng. Tai san chung cua vd chdng thugc sd hiiu chung hdp nha't, dUdc dung de bao dam nhu cau cua gia dinh, thiic hifln nghia vu chung ciia vd chdng. Trong trydng hdp khdng cd can cii de chitng minh tai san ma vd, chdng dang cd tranh chd'p la tai san rieng ciia mdi ben thi tai san dd dUdc coi la tai san chung"^.
Dd'i vdi tai san rieng cua vd, chdng diidc phap luat thiia nhan la tai san ma mdi ngdbi cd trade khi ke't hdn; tdi san dUdc thiia ke rieng, dildc tang cho riflng trong thdi k^ hdn nhan; tai san dUdc chia riflng cho vd, chdng theo quy dinh tgi cac difl'u 38, 39 va 40 cua Luat Hdn nhan va gia dinh nam 2014; tai san phuc vu nhu cau thifl't yflu eua vd, chdng va tdi san khac ma theo quy dinh cua phap luat
I Ddn chl!! & Phdp ludt
^hi hdnh phiip. lu^i
86 9 (318)-2018
thudc sd hiiu rieng cua vd, chdng. Tai san dadc hinh thanh tit tai san riflng cua vd, chdng cung la tai san rieng cua vO, chdng. Hoa ldi, ldi titc phat sinh t^ tai san riflng trong thdi ky hdn nhan dUdc thac hifln theo quy dinh tai khoan 1 Die"u 33 va khoan 1 Difl"u 40 cua Luat Hdn nhan va gia dinh nam 2014^.
Vd hoac chdng ciing cd quyen quyet dinh nhdp tai san riflng cua minh vdo khd'i tai san chung cua vd, chdng. Viflc nhap tdi san rieng cua vd, chdng vdo tai san chung dadc thiic hien theo thoa thudn cua vd chdng. Tai san dUdc nhdp vao tdi san chung ma theo quy dinh eiia phap ludt, giao dich hen quan dfl'n tai san dd phai tuan theo hinh thiic nhat dinh thi thoa thuan phai bao dam hinh thitc dd. Nghia vu lifln quan dfl'n tai san rieng da nhdp vao tai san chung dadc thiic hien bdng tai san chung, trtf trafeg hdp vd chdng cd thda thudn khac hodc phap luat cd quy dinh khac'.
Trong thdi ky hon nhan, vd chdng cd quyfl"n thda thuan chia mgt phan hoac toan bp tai san chung, trif cac trU^ng hdp: (i) Cd thfl anh hudng nghiem trpng dfl'n ldi ich cua gia dinh;
quyfl"n, ldi ich hOp phap cua con chaa thdnh nien, con da thanh nifln md't nang liic hanh vi ddn sii hoac khdng ed kha nang lao dpng va khdng cd tdi san de tU nudi minh; (ii) Nhdm trdn tranh thac hifln cac nghia vu nudi dadng, cap dadng; nghTa vu bdi thadng thiet hai;
nghia vu thanh todn khi bi Tda an tuyen bd' pha san; nghia vu tra nd cho ca nhan, to' chitc;
nghia vu nop thue' hodc nghia vu tdi chinh khac dd'i vdi Nha nUdc; nghia vu khac ve" tai san theo quy dinh cua Luat Hdn nhdn va gia
dinh, Bd ludt Dan sil va quy dinh khac ciia phap ludt cd lien quan. Trong trUdng hdp hai ben vd chdng khdng thoa thudn dildc vdi nhau, thi cd quyen yeu cau Tda an giai quye't. Thoa thuan ve viec chia tai san chung cung phai ldp thanh van ban va phai dapc cdng chiing theo yflu cau cua vd chdng hoac theo quy dinh cua phap luat^.
Nhu vdy, phap luat cho phep hai ben vd chdng thoa thuan vfl" che^ do tdi san, xac ldp tdi san chung, tai san riflng va cd the thoa thuan phan chia tai san chung ngay trong thdi ky hdn nhan.
Thvt hai, viec phan chia tai sin chung cua vp, chong khi ly hon
Tracing hdp vd chdng khdng thda thuan dadc vfl" chfl' dp tai san ciing nha viflc phdn chia tdi san, md khi ly hdn cd yeu cau Tda an giai quye't, thi Tda an phai xem xet, quye't dinh viflc ap dung chfl' dp tai san cua vd chdng theo luat dinh. Tiiy tiing trUdng hdp cu the, ma Tda an x^ ly nha sau^:
- Tradng hdp khdng cd van ban thoa thuan ve" che' dp tai san cua vd chdng hoac van ban thda thudn ve chfl' dp tai san cua vd chdng bi Tda an tuyfln bd' vd hiflu toan bd, thi dp dung chfl' dp tai san ciia vd chdng theo ludt dinh de chia tai san cua vd chdng khi ly hdn.
- TrUdng hdp cd vdn ban thda thuan vfl" chfl' do tai san cua vd chdng va van ban nay khdng hi Tda an tuyen bo vd hiflu todn bd, thi dp dung cac ngi dung cua van ban thda thudn de chia tdi san cua vd chdng khi ly hdn. Dd'i vdi nhiing vd'n de khdng dUdc vd chdng thda thudn hodc thda thudn khdng rd rang hodc bi vd hieu, thi
Ddn chCi & Phdp ludt I
^hi hdnh phdp. ludt
86 9 (318)-2018
ap dung cac quy djnh tUdng ting trong Ludt Hdn nhan va gia dinh dfl chia tdi san cua vd chdng khi ly hdn.
Khi giai quye't ly hdn, ne'u cd yflu c^u tuyen bd' thda thuan vfl" che' dp tdi san cua vd chdng bi vd hiflu, thi Tda an xem xet, giai quye't ddng thdi vdi yflu c^u chia tdi san cua vd chdng khi ly hdn. Thilc hien chia tdi san chung cua vd chdng khi ly hdn, Tda an phai xac dinh vd, chdng cd quyen, nghia vu vfl" tai san vdi ngifdi thif ba hay khong de daa ngifdi thit ba vdo tham gia to tung vdi ta each ngadi cd quyen ldi, nghia vu lifln quan. TrUdng hdp vd, chong ed quyen, nghia vu ve tdi san vdi ngtfdi thii ba ma hp cd yflu cau giai quye't, thi Tda an phai giai quyflt khi chia tai san chung ciia vd ehdng.
Tradng hdp vd chdng cd nghia vu vdi ngadi thii ba ma ngadi thif ba khdng yflu c^u giai quydt, thi Tda an hadng dan hp de' giai quye't bang vu an khac.
Trong tnidng hdp ap dung che' dp tai san cua vd chdng theo ludt dinh de chia tai san cua vd chdng khi ly hdn, thi tdi san chung cua vd chdng ve" nguyen tdc dUdc chia ddi nhang c^n xem xet hoan canh ciia mdi ben, tinh trang tai san, cdng sifc ddng gdp cua moi ben vdo viflc tao lap, duy tri, phat trie'n tdi san nay, ddng thdi, can xem xet cae ye'u td sau day de xac dinh ty le tai san ma vd chdng dUdc chia;
Mpt la, "hoan canh cua gia dinh va ciia vd, chdng" la tinh trang vfl" ndng liic phdp luat, nang lilc hanh vi, sifc khde, tai san, kha ndng lao dpng tao ra thu nhap sau khi ly hdn cua vd, chdng ciing nha cua cac thanh vien khac trong gia dinh ma vd chdng cd quyen, nghia vu ve"
nhan thdn va tai san theo quy dinh cua Ludt Hdn nhan va gia dinh. Bfln gap khd khan hdn sau khi ly hdn dadc chia phan tai san nhieu hdn so vdi bfln kia hoac dadc au tifln nhdn loai tai san de bao dam duy tri, on dinh cugc sdng cua hg nhang phai phii hdp vdi hoan canh thilc te' cua gia dinh va cua vd, chdng.
Hai la, "cdng siic ddng gdp cua vd, chdng vdo viec tao ldp, duy tri va phat trien khdi tai san chung" la sil ddng gdp ve tdi san riflng, thu nhdp, cdng viflc gia dinh va lao dpng cua vd, chdng trong viec tao ldp, duy tri va phat trien khd'i tdi san chung. NgUdi vd hoac chdng d nhd cham sdc con, gia dinh ma khong di lam dUdc tinh la lao dgng cd thu nhdp tUdng dUdng vdi thu nhdp cua chdng hoac vd di lam. Bfln co cdng site ddng gdp nhie"u hdn se dUdc chia nhieu hdn.
Ba la, "bao ve ldi ich chinh dang ciia moi bfln trong san xud't, kinh doanh va nghe"
nghiep de cac ben cd dieu kien tiep tuc lao dgng tao thu nhdp" la viec chia tdi san chung ciia vO chdng phai bao dam cho vd, chdng dang hoat dgng nghe" nghiep dUdc tifl'p tuc hdnh nghe; cho vd, chdng dang boat dgng san xud't, kinh doanh dUdc tiep tuc san xuat, kinh doanh dfl tao thu nhap va phai thanh toan cho ben kia phan gia t n tai san chenh lech. Viec bao ve loi ich chinh dang cua mdi bfln trong san xud!t, kinh doanh va hoat dgng nghfl" nghiep khdng dUdc anh hadng dfl'n difl"u kifln so'ng td'i thieu ciia vO, chdng va con chUa thanh nien, con da thanh nien nhang mat nang lac hanh vi dan sii. Vi du: Vd chdng cd tai san chung la mpt chide d td tri gia 400 trieu ddng ma ngUdi
3 Ddn ChCi & Phdp lu^t
^hijtdnh phdp. ludt 86 9 (318)-2018
chdng dang chay xe taxi va mgt ciia hdng tap hda tri gia 200 triflu ddng ma ngUdi vd dang kinh doanh. Khi giai quyfl't ly hdn vd chia tai san chung, Tda an phai xem xdt giao cifa hang tap hda cho ngudi vg, giao xe d td cho ngudi chdng de hg tifl'p tuc kinh doanh, tao thu nhap.
NgUdi chdng nhan dUdc ph^n gia tri tdi san Idn hdn phai thanh todn cho ngudi vO phan gia tri la 100 trieu dong...
Bon la, "ldi cua moi bfln trong vi pham quyen, nghia vu cua vd chdng" la ldi cua vO hoac chdng vi pham quyfl"n, nghia vu vfl" nhan thdn, tai san ciia vp ehdng ddn dfl'n ly hdn. Vi du: Trudng hdp ngUdi chdng cd hanh vi bao lUc gia finh, khdng chung thiiy hodc phd tan tai san thi khi giai quye't ly hdn, Tda an phai xem xet yeu to ldi cua ngUdi chdng khi chia tai san chung cua vO chong de dam bao quyen, lOi ich hop phap eiia vO va con chaa thanh nien.
Theo quy dinh cua phap ludt, gia tri tai san chung ciia vd chdng, tai san rieng cua vd, chdng dadc xac dinh theo gia thi trUdng tai
thdi diem giai quye't sO th^m vu viec. Khi giai quye't chia tai san khi ly hdn, Tda an phai xem xet di bao vfl quyfl"n, ldi ich hdp phap cua vd, con chUa thanh nien, con da thanh nien md't nang lile hdnh vi dan sil hoac khong cd kha nang lao dgng va khdng cd tai san de tu nudi minh. Vi du: Khi chia nha d la tai san chung va la chd d duy nhat cua vd chdng, trong trUdng hdp khdng chia dUdc bdng hifln vat thi Tda an xem xet va quye't dinh cho ngUdi vd hoac chdng tnic tiep nudi con chUa thdnh nien, con bi ban chfl' hoae md't nang lUc hanh vi dan sil nhdn hifln vat va thanh toan gia tri tUdng Ung vdi phan tai san dUOc chia cho ngUdi chdng hoac vO nfl'u ngUdi vd hoac chdng cd yflu cau^^.
Vdi nhiing quy dinh phdp ludt vfl" hon nhan va gia dinh hien hanh dUOc chi ddn va phan tich d tren, hy vpng rdng, nhiing trUdng hdp cu the nhu tradng hdp cua chi Lifln, anh Trung se cd sU lUa chgn vd x\t ly sdng suot de bao ve dUdc quyen va ldi ich hdp phap ciia hai ben vd chdng •
1. https://laodong.vn/lao-dong-doi-song/nhap-nhang-tai-san-chung-rieng-564465.ldo.
2. Dieu 47 Ludt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh ndm 2014.
3. Dieu 48 Lugt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh ndm 2014.
4. Diiu 49 Ludt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh ndm 2014.
5. Dieu 33 Ludt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh ndm 2014.
6. Diiu 43 Ludt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh ndm 2014.
7. Dieu 46 Lugt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh ndm 2014.
8. Dieu 38 Lugt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh ndm 2014.
9. Theo Thong hr liin lich so 01/2016/TTLT-TANDTC-VKSNDTC-BTP ngdy 06/01/2016 giUa Toa dn nhdn ddn t6i cao. Viin kiem sdt nhdn ddn toi cao vd Bg Tuphdp hudng ddn thi hdnh mgt so quy dinh cua Lugt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh.
10. Theo Thdng tulien tich so 01/2016/TTLT-TANDTC-VKSNDTC'BTPngdy 06/01/2016giUa Toa dn nhdn ddn tdi eao, Vi?n kiim sdt nhdn ddn toi cao vd Bo Tuphdp hudng ddn thi hdnh mgt so quy dfnh cda Ludt Hon nhdn vd gia dinh.
