The simple nature and versatile processability of silk fibroin has made silk attractive in a wide range of applications. Schematic representation of the structure of silk fibroin (SF); d represents the diameter of a single silkworm thread [13].
Silk in sutures
Silk in drug delivery
Various studies have reported the successful use of silk fibroin in various drug and gene delivery systems [131–133].
Silk in protective clothing
Silk in optics and sensing
Silk fibroin ink, used in direct ink writing technique, has enabled the creation of silk optical waveguides. Wound healing effect of silk fibroin/alginate mixed sponge in rat full-thickness skin defect.
TOP 1%
Introduction
For this reason, it turns out that some functions must be applied to a single surface of the goods. Therefore, due to all these problems and requirements, achieving multifunctionality by transferring more than one functionality to the same and/or different sides of the fabric in an efficient and.
Wet finishing processes
- Exhausting process
- Impregnation method
- Transfer method
- Spraying method
- Coating method
- Foam application method
Processing time, temperature and composition of the drink (pH of the drink, amount of electrolyte, excipients) can be adjusted as desired. The liquor containing the finishing agent is taken by a roller and transferred to the back surface of the fabric. The main problem in the operation of this method is the inconsistency of the formation of a smooth liquor on the transfer roller.
High viscosity finishing liquors can be applied directly to one side of the fabric. It can also be used to apply different applications to the face and back of the fabric in a single pass with. DA: The foam beam that is transferred from the foam generator to the foam applicator.
DB: The jet of foam in the foam applicator just before it penetrates the fabric. Therefore, in the foam applicator, the penetration into the fabric is done evenly with maximum radius and minimum liquid surface of the foam [27].
Conclusion
The research findings showed that the experimentation of the tritik technique in the textile pattern designs was highly effective, as evidenced by the beautiful aesthetic effects on the surface of the material, such as the formation of elegant lines consisting of dots and dotted lines and 3- dimensional texture. Textile art in the Malay world, especially in Malaysia, has been traced since the beginning of the historical development of the culture of the archipelago. According to Raffles in The history of Java [1] described how different types of clothes and fabrics are unique with the technique of patterning the surface of the fabric such as das and tritik, as well as illustrations of batik patterns produced.
Tritik technique is one of the traditional decorative techniques long practiced by textile artisans in Malaysia. The adaptation of this technique has become one of the unique features of batik design in Malaysia apart from the. Admittedly, due to the rapid development of the fashion world taking place at an unprecedented pace, the tritik technique has begun to decline in its use in making batik textiles.
In this regard, the use of suitable fabrics has a profound effect on the effectiveness of the tritik technique, which helps the Naphthol dye to penetrate deeply into each fabric of the batik materials. Such a preference is not surprising since cotton can easily absorb sweat produced by the human body in countries in the tropical region of the world, such as Malaysia.
The method of stitching
The tritik cotton-fabric patterns
The rayon fabrics
The method of stitching
Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize the use of this fabric in order to achieve the desired effects on such fabric (Figure 5). In particular, the end of the cloth must be bound to achieve a better effect (Figure 6).
The tritik rayon-fabric patterns
The type of satin fabrics
The method of stitching
The tritik satin-fabric patterns
Spiral stitches based on the close distance between the stitches will create stunningly beautiful effects on the fabric. Furthermore, the edges of the cloth must be permanently secured by pulling the thread forcefully to create the desired effects. Moreover, the quality of stitching also depends on the sewing configuration which can help to create beautiful effects by controlling the shape or the structure of such a pattern.
In addition, the distance between stitches can strongly influence the effect on the patterns made on the fabric. Apparently, the closer the stitching is to the surface of the fabric, the more beautiful the patterns will be. In terms of the use of color materials, the tritik technique relies heavily on relevant colors to create the desired tritik patterns on fabric.
Thus, it cannot be overestimated that the effect of coloring is an important element in the design of beautiful and intricate patterns on the surface of fabrics, which can be performed by experimenting with dyes and sodium silicate. The color patterning effects of the shapes on the fabric surface is one of the characteristic privileges of the tritik technique that can provide confirmation of the identity of the batik fabrics being processed.
Tradition technique vs global trending
The effect of the sewing pattern design (Tritik) can also be commercialized in the design of the fashion industry, where the illusion effect of this geometric design gives a soft finish to the fabric and further emphasizes the design to visualize the camouflage effect ( see Figures 14–17 ). The result of the tritik technique, adapted from this traditional technique, is an alternative effect that can be designed on the surface of batik fabric. Traditional techniques from hand sewing skills can further emphasize the value of the beauty of decorative patterns on batik fabrics.
In addition, one of Italy's oldest fashion schools, Koefia, not only incorporates batik fashion into its curriculum, but also shows off its stylish designs on the catwalk. Therefore, the practitioners of batik fashion can take advantage of the effects of the tritik technique to help them create spectacularly stunning and beautiful pattern designs on the surface of the batik textile fabrics around the world. To help achieve this goal, it becomes the necessity of the stakeholders and practitioners to rejuvenate such a technique capable of creating flawless and unique pattern designs with high aesthetic values.
This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/.by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited . . The lack of standardization of e-textiles is also considered as one of the main limiting factors for industrial growth.
Overview of smart/e-textile products and major barriers to market entry
The two main disciplines underlying e-textiles – textiles and electronics – are so much at odds that dedicated standardization methods for smart/e-textiles are critical. In this chapter, we will highlight critical challenges and provide some suggestions for the development of standardized test methods for smart/e-textiles. For sensors, the dominant category is related to mechanical stimulus, with 59% of sensors.
In the case of the actuators, thermal, optical and power output each represent about a quarter of the identified technologies, solutions and products. To date, however, no one has answered the questions that customers could legitimately ask for the various applications that smart/e-textiles are pursuing. For example, according to experts, the lack of standardization and quality control is the biggest barrier to the access of smart textiles to healthcare (Figure 2) [12]. Since portable electronic components are often worn close to the body, special attention is required to avoid health risks.
The lack of standardized processes for welding, soldering or gluing can, for example, affect the performance, durability, aesthetic and. Distribution of technologies, solutions and products relevant to smart textiles and flexible materials as a function of the stimulus for sensors (left) and output signal for actuators (right) [5].
Review of different issues reported or foreseen
- Durability
- Safety
- Efficiency
- Other issues reported and concerns with the use of smart textiles .1 Longevity of the power supply source
Safety is the number one concern for e-textile users due to the fear of electric shocks from embedded electronics. Although the embedded electronics are responsible for the smart behavior of e-textiles, the safety of the product should not be compromised by the presence of electronic components. Response time can be defined as the delay between inputs, i.e. activation of stimulus, and output of smart/e-textiles.
Since many smart/e-textiles require power to operate, power efficiency is critical to maximizing device portability. However, a small temperature gradient was observed in the periphery of the heating substance; the authors attributed this to heat loss by convection. This leads to high signal distortion and noise level, which lowers the overall efficiency of the biomedical devices.
The longevity of the system powering the e-textile, whether the battery or the energy harvesting components, is critical to consumer satisfaction. Also, any attempt to repair faulty components can permanently damage smart textiles.
Test methods: current state of knowledge and future needs Several national and international standardization organizations have been
Test methods: current knowledge and future needs Several national and international standardization organizations have been. Applying this trifactor model, we have identified the need for more than thirty standard test methods in the specific case of thermal e-textile products (Tables 3-5). CEN EN 16806–3 PCM- Determination of the heat transfer between the user and the product (under development).
The few standard test methods already published and under development are also included in the tables where relevant: in several cases the standard would not be applicable to thermal e-textiles used as an example here. Efficiency of the overall functional/protective clothing system Not available Efficiency of the heat transfer system between textile and user (at . component level). Test methods required to evaluate the safety of smart/e-textiles (including test methods published and under development where relevant).
Electrical resistance of heating elements after exposure to difficult conditions of use (hot/cold/high humidity)a,b,c,d. Electrical resistance of heating elements after exposure to different types of liquids (water, coffee, soft drinks)c,d.
Conclusion
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