• Kinh nghiem - Thuc tien
GIAI PHAP PHAT TRIfiN KINH TE TUAN HOAN GAN \(n NONG NGHIEP CONG NGHE CAO
d TINH LAM DONG^*'
HUA HUY HOANG'"'
Tom tat: Ldm Bdng Id mpt trong nhieng tinh ddn ddu cd nuac vephdt trien ndng nghiep cong nghe cao. Sau 15 ndm tap trung thuc hien cdc dinh huang phdt triin, Tinh da eo nhihig bu&c phdt triin mang tinh dot phd, dgt dugc kit qud tich cue. Tuy vdy, phdt triin ndng nghiip cong nghe cao tren dia bdn tinh trong thai gian qua vdn cdn mpt sd hgn che, thieu tinh ben virng, do do, cdn cd cdc gidi phdp thirc hien hieu qud han thai gian tai. Kinh te tudn hodn chinh Id gidi phdp co tinh chiin luge trong viec phdt trien ben vOng nong nghiip cdng nghi cao a tinh Ldm Bdng.
Tir khoa: ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao; kinh te tudn hodn; Ldm Bdng
1
Nhirng ket qua dat duwc trong san xuat nong nghiep cdng nghe cao d*•Lam Dong
Nhiing nam qua, nganh ndng nghiep d tinh Lara Ddng da ed sy phat trien vugt bac fren nhieu mat, ddng gdp quan frong ddi vdi sy phat trien Idnh te - xa hdi ciia dia phuang. Mdt frong nbung
' 'Bai viet la kdt qua nghien ciiu cua D I tai khoa hoc cap ca so nam 2019 "Phdt tnen nong nghiip cong nghe cao & tinh Ldm Dong
' ''Hpc vi?n Chinh tri khu virc II, Hpc vien Chinh tri qude gia H6 Chi Minh
ddng lyc thue ddy san xudt nong nghiep ciia Tinh la tien pbong dan dau ca nudc ve phat frien ndng nghiep img dimg cdng nghe eao. C^ia 15 nam thyc bien ehu bucmg phat tridn ndng ngbi?p cdng nghe cao va 7 nam tiiyc hien Nghi quyet so 05-NQ/
TW ngay 11 /5/20 Wviddy manh phdt trien ndng nghiep cdng nghi cao trin dia bdn tinh Ldm Bdng giai dogn 2011-2015, nganh ndng nghiep ciia Tinh da dat dugc nhiing kdt qua noi bat, pMt fridn mang tinh dot pha, toan dien ea vd nang sudt, chat lugng ndng san ciing nhu gia fri san xudt cita toan nganh, timg bude tidp can san xuat hang bda; thu nhap va ddi sdng cua dan cu nong tiidn ngay cang dugc cai thien, tham gia ddng gop xay dyng ndng tiidn mdi.
140 • Kinh nghiem -- Thuc tien Chil truang phat trien ndng nghiep cdng nghe
cao dugc Tinh uy Lam Ddng frien khai thuc hien tir rat sdm. Nam 2004, Hdi nghi giiia nhiem ki khda VII Dang bd tinh Lam Ddng da xac dinh Chuong frinh phat nien ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao la mdt frong 6 chuang frinh frgng tam detap trung lanh dao, chi dao thyc bien. Tren co sd kdt qua dat dugc ciia chucmg trinh ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao giai doan 2004-2010, budc vao giai doan 2011 -2015, Tinh uy Lam Ddng xae dinh phat trien ndng nghiep ting dung cdng nghe cao ehinh la yeu td then chdt de tao ra sy dot pha, tang tdc frong san xuat ndng nghiep; la giai phap quan frgng nhat de tbiic day tang tm'dng nganh, nang eao bieu qua san xuat, tang sire canh franh cho ndng san frong thdi ki bgi nhap va la chuang frinh chir dao de tao ra nguon lyc xay dyng ndng ihdn mdi.
Sau thdi gian thyc hien ehu tmong day manli img dimg cdng nghe cao vao san xuat ndng nghiep, Lam Ddng da dat duge nhiing ket qua tich eye, gdp phan thiic day nen san xuat ndng nghiep eua Tinh phat trien ca ve trinh do san xuat va quan he san xuat Tinli tap trung phat tnen san xuat ndng nghiep theo hudng bang hda, nhat la nbung ndng san CO uu the nhu rau, boa eao cap cd ngudn gdc dn ddi va a nhiet ddi; cac Ioai cay cdng nghiep dai ngay (che, ca phe); viec chan nudi bd siia, ca nudc lanh eung dugc phat bien manh. Ddng thdi, Ihdng qua viec thu biit ngudn vdn FDl, ngudn vdn tai frg ODA ciing nhu nhieu doanh nghiep Idn frong nude dau tu cho ndng nghiep. Lam Ddng ed dieu kien de ndng dan tiep can va ung dimg nhanh cac tien bd kT thuat frong san xuat. Thdng qua ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao, tiiu nhap ciia ngudi dan da tang len, tiiam gia ddng gdp xay dyng nong thdn mdi va gdp pban dua xuat khau ndng san chidm 68% tdng kim ngach xuat khau cua Tinh.
Tbeo sd lieu cua Ciic Thdng ke tinh Lam Ddng, tinh den nam 2017, san xuat ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao dat nhieu ket qua quan frgng: dien tich san xuat ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao dat gan 51.799 ha, gia tri san xuat cdng nghe cao binh quan 390 trieu dong/ha, tdc do tang tnrdng ndng nghiep bmh quan giai doan 2011-2017 dat 6,1%/
nam; co cau va gidng cay frdng, vat nudi dugc
chuydn ddi tiieo hudng tang nang sudt, chat Iugng va hieu qua, tirng budc tidp can san xudt hang bda.
Tmh Lam Ddng da va dang tap tinng quy hoach 7 khu ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao va 19 viing fr:dng frgt, chan nudi cdng nghe cao, frong dd cd 2 viing dugc cdng nhan dat tieu ehi san xuat ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao la Lang hoa Thai Phien va Lang hoa Van Thanh.
Toan tmh cd 250 td chuc va bd ndng dan dugc cap ehiing nhan san xuat rau tbeo tieu chuan VietGAP, GlobalGAP, Orgamc vdi quy md fren 2.500 ha nhdm dap iing rau an toan va hoa chat Iugng cao. Tren dia ban Tinh hien cd 2 lien hiep Hgp tac xa va 173 hgp tac xa ndng nghiep, hinh thanh 249 td hgp tac, 949 trang trai san xuat ndng nghiep; xay dyng viing chuyen canh cd quy md san xuat Idn, tuong ddi tap tnmg; ddng thdi, Tmh ed fren 300 doanh nghidp boat dgng frong lmh vuc san xuat, che bien, kinh doanh rau, hoa, ca phe, ehe, ea nudc lanh va chan nudi bd sua, tao sy lien ket vdi ndng dan san xuat chudi, quan he san xuat dugc ddi mdi phit hgp vdi yeu cau bdi nhap quoc te.
Hien nay. Lam Ddng la tmh ddn dau ca nudc ve phat trien ndng nghiep cong nghe eao. Nhirng ket qua dat dugc frong san xuat ndng nghiep cong nghe eao tai Lam Ddng la minh chung rd rang cho hieu qua cua viee ddi mdi san xuat ndng nghi^
frong thdi dai kboa bgc - cdng nghe; khang dinh tdm nhin, chii frircmg diing ddn tivang phat fridn kinh te - xa hgi ndi chung va ndng nghiep, ndng tiidn ndi rieng cua dia phuong tiidi gian qua fr^n ca sd khai thac tiem nang, tiie manh cua Tmh.
2. Mgt sd ton tai, kho khan
_ Ben canh nhirng ket qua dat dugc, ve co ban, ndn ndng nghiep ciia Tinh vln chua phat fridn ddng bd va bdn viing. Didu nay did hien qua cac phuong dien ca ban sau:
Mpt Id, chat lugng va kha nang canh franh cua nhieu san phdm cdn thdp; san xudt ehua tiiuc sir gan ket vdi thi frudng, cbi phi san xudt cao; dac biet, van cdn tinh frang chay tiieo sd lugng, quy md san xuat ma chua chii frgng ddn viec bao ve titi nguyen va mdi frudng sinh thai.
Hai Id, viee ap dyng kboa hgc -cdng nghe hxtng Khoa hpc chinh trj - So 9+10/2019
• Kinh nghiem - Thuc tien 141 san xudt nong nghiep van edn nhieu han ehe, dac
biet la mue do iing diing ea gidi hda, frr ddng hoa frong khau cham sdc, thu hoach va che bidn, phdn ldn van la san xuat manh mim, phu thugc nhieu vao stic lao ddng, tai nguyen thien nhien va hoa chat.
Ba Id, van de ve quy hoach va xay dung ba tdng frong san xuat nong nghiep, ndng thdn thieu ddng hg, nhidu cdng trinh xudng cap, chua dap ting dugc yeu cau phat trien san xuat va nang cao ddi sdng nhan dan. Tir do, dan den cdng tac quan li, khai thae ngudn nudc, sir dung dat cdn nhieu bat cap.
Bon Id, ehua giai quyet dugc mdi quan he giua phat trien kinh td vdi bao ve tai nguyen thien nhien va mdi tmdng, viee lam dyng hda chat, phat thai chdt thai chua qua xir li frong boat ddng san xuat nong nghiep ngay cang phd bien va dat ra nhidu thach tiiirc, dac biet la viec quan li rac thai ndng nghiep tai eae vimg eanh tae rau, hoa cdng nghe cao, cac khu vyc chan nudi tap tmng.
Nguyen nhan cita nhiing ban che nay la do viec van hanh boat dgng kinh te theo md hinh kinh te tuyen tinh, dira vao khai thac tai nguyen Iam dau vao cho qua frinh san xudt, cbi tap tiring phuc vu kinh doanh san pham ma chua quan tam den cac hoat ddng xir li chat thai, san pham thai sau khi tieu dimg. Do dd, viec tap frnng chuyen dieh sang mo hmh kinh te bao dam cac gia tii phat trien ben viing nhu kinh te tudn hoan vdi gia tri cdt loi la phuc hdi va tai tao, can bang gia tri kinh te va moi trudng dugc coi la nhiem vu ed tinh cap tiiiet va chien luge lau dai.
Do do, thuc hien tai ca cau nganh ndng nghiep tiieo hudng nang cao gia tri gia tang va phat trien b&i viing, frong do, viec xay dung md hinh kinh te tuan hoan frong phat fridn ndng nghiep, dac biet la nongnghiep cdng nghe cao la giai phap ed tmh dot pha vauu viet.
3. Giai phap ung dung kinh te tuan hoan gan voi nong nghifp cong nghf cao ff tinh Lam Dong
Sy chuyen dich tir kinh te tiiyen tmh sang kinh te tuan hoan dang frd thanh xu hudng phat trien chung d^n tfie gidi. Thyc te phat fridn kinh td d
Viet Nam tiidi gian qua da dat ra bai toan danh ddi giiia Igi ich kinh td va mdi hnidng. Viec phat trien md binh kinh te tuyen tmh dya vao khai thac tai nguyen Iam ddu vao cho qua trinh san xudt da gdp phan tao ra mdt lugng Idn san pham dap irng nhu cau ciia tbi tmdng, tbiic day tang tmdng kinh te va nang cao miic sdng ctia nhan dan. Tuy nhien, khi nen kinh te tbi tmdng ngay cang md rdng, di lien vdi su phat tnen eua nen kinh te thi viec suy giam tai nguyen thien nhien, nhap khau nguyen, phu heu cho cac hoat ddng san xuat tang lien fric chat thai gay d nhiem mdi tmdng ngay cang frd nen dang bao ddng. Day la nbiing thach tiiiic Idn, thuc day Viet Nam va cac dia phuang phai nhin nhan, thay ddi chien luge phat tnen, xac dinh phat trien kinh te pbai bao dam khdng lam phuong bai den mdi tmdng, hudng tdi nen kinh te tang tmdng xanh va ben vung.
Kinh te tuan hoan la md binh kinb te frong dd eae boat ddng thiet ke, san xuat va dich vu dat ra miic tidu keo dai tudi thg eita vat chat va Ioai bd tac dgng tieu cue ddn mdi tmdng. Thdng qua chu trmh san xuat khep kin va cac chat thai dugc quay frd lai, frd thanli nguyen heu cho san xuat, tir do giam mgi tac ddng tieu cyc den mdi trudng, bao ve he sinh thai va stic khde con ngudi. Kinli te tuan hoan la su thay ddi ve triet li phat tnen, hudng tdi phuc boi va tai tao, tir do giam phy thudc vao tai nguyen thien nhien, bao ve mdi tmcrng, frong kbi vdn khdng xem nhe tang tmdng kinh te Trong bdi canh hudng tdi phat frien ben viing, sy chuyen dich nay la tdt yeu, khdng ehi la muc tieu hudng ddn ma cdn la each thtic, con dudng de phat nien cho tuong tai.
Ban chat ciia kinb td tudn hoan la tinh kbdi phuc va tinh tai tao, boat ddng dya fren 3 nguyen tde CO ban, gdm: (/) Bao tdn va phat trien vdn frr nhien thdng qua viec su dung hgp li va tai tao^ tai nguydn; (//) Toi uu bda Igi tire ciia tai nguyen bang each tiidn hoan cac san pham va vat lieu nhieu nhat ed tiid frong cac ehu frinh; (Hi) Nang cao hi$u sudt chung eua toan he tiidng bang each tdi tiiidu bda cac ngoai tfrig tieu cyc, tiidng qua thiet ke chat tiiai.
Giai phap van banh frong chu tiinh kinb te tuan hoan gdm 05 boat ddng chii yeu: (/) Chuoi cung
142 * Kinh nghiem - ihuc tien tudn hoan: Su dimg nang Iugng tai tao va nguyen
lieu dau vao cd ngudn gdc sinh bgc hoac ed the tai che hoan toan; (//) Phuc hdi tai nguyen: Khdi phuc tai nguyen cd ich frr nguyen lieu, phu phdm hoac chat tiiai; (Hi) ICeo dai vdng ddi san pham.
Keo dai vdng ddi san pham thdng qua sira chiia, nang cap va ban lai, ciing nhu thdng qua ddi mdi va thiet kd san pham; {iv) Ndn tang chia se: Ket ndi ngudi diing san pham vdi nhau va khuyen khieh su dimg, tiep can hay sd hiiu chung nham tang mire do sir dyng san pham; (v) Coi san pham la dich vu: Thay ddi quyen sd hiru san pham va trao ebo khach hang quyen sir dung san pham tra phi, giiip doanh nghiep duy tri nang suat hay quyen sd hiru tai nguyen tuan hoan nham tang kha nang sir dyng san pham.
Van de dat ra ddi vdi viec chuyen ddi tir nen kinh te tmyen thdng sang nen kinh te tuan hoan, dd la phai cd sy thay ddi ca he thdng, frong dd phat huy vai frd ciia cac ben hen quan gdm Nha nudc, doanh nghiep va ngudi dan la bet sire quan frgng.
De dua md binh kinh te frian hoan di vao boat dgng quan frgng la pbai xay dyng dugc he sinh thai, chu trinh boat ddng khep kin frong td cbirc san xuat.
Trong xay dung md hinh kinh te tudn hoan ciia qude te viec tiep can thuc hien md binh nay theo nhdm nganh, san pham, nguyen lieu hoac vat heu va tbeo quy md kinh td, thanh lap cac khdng gian dia li. Chien luge phat trien dugc thyc hien timg cap do nhu: khuyen khich su dyng nang Iugng tai tao, thiet ke chat thai, man hoan nguyen vat lieu frong san xuat, thue day sir dimg cac san phdm than thien vdi mdi trudng, hoan thien va phat tnen cac md hmh kinb te tudn hoan phii hgp vdi hoat ddng cua nen kinb te.
Hien nay, d Viet Nam, md binh Idnh td tudn hoan mdi cbi dugc ap dung tai mdt sd doanh nghiep, dan vi san xuat. Pban ldn eac boat ddng nay mdi dimg Iai d viec tai su dimg, tai che chat thai mang lai loi ich ve tai ehinh cho co sd san xuat va tieu dimg eiia doanh nghiep. Trong luih vyc ndng nghiep, mdt so boat dgng hudng tdi md binh kinh te tuan hoan da dugc thuc hien, nhu viec su dung nang lugng sinh khdi va khi smh hge; xay dimg md hinb san xuat ket hgp xu li chat thai, sinh
nang lugng; khuyen khich uu tien tai chd, sii dung phu phdm va phd pham tii cac nganh ndng, Iam, tiiiiy hai san... frong chudi san xudt, ciing nhu tiitie ddy san xuat nang Iugng frr chat tiiai dd tin.
Tir nhiing eo sd fren, viee ap dung md hmh kjnh td tudn hoan frong ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao tai tinh Lam Ddng dd phat fridn bdn vimg cd thd tiiyc hien vdi cac boat dgng chii ydu sau:
Mdt la, su dung ndng lugng tdi tgo vd nguyin lieu ddu vdo cd nguon goc sinh hgc hoac ed thi tdi chi hodn todn
Mgt frong nhiing md bmh cd tiie tridn khai la su dimg ket hgp dien mat frdi frong cac khu vyc san xuat ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao, tan dung Igi tiid tiJ nhien ciia dia phuang, ddng tiidi, day manh viec ling dimg phan bdn hiiu co va thudc bao ve thye vat than thien vdi mdi trudng frong san xuat ndng nghiep, tao vimg nguyen lieu frong chan nudi tir chinb cac khu vuc san xuat frdng frgt ciia dia phuang, quan H chat che viec sti dting phan bdn vd CO, cac che pham thudc bao ve thuc vat, hda chat cdng nghiep frong thiic an chan nudi khdng rd ngudn gdc, khdng bao dam chat lugng cho ngudi tieu dimg va mdi trudng.
Hai Id, khdi phuc tdi nguyin cd ich tie nguyen lieu, phu phdm hoac chdt thdi trong hogt dpng sdn xudt ndng nghiep
Tai sir dung chat thai de phyc vy san xuat, tai che chat thai thanh eae san pham ed ich la mdt giai phap dugc nhieu dia phuong khuyen khich iing dirag thai gian qua, Tinh Lam Ddng xac dinh day la hudng di mdi frong viec tiet kiem nang lucmg, tai nguyen thien nhien va bao ve mdi tmdng, md ra trien vgng mdi cho nganh ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep sach frong tuang Iai. Trong dd, dinh hudng phat tiien nhien tieu smh hgc tien tien dugc san xuat frr vide tan dung vat lieu nhu phd phdm va phe thai ndng Iam nghiep hoac cay nang lugng la huang di phii hgp vdi xu thd phat fridn. Ngoai ra, chat thai rdn phat sinh tu boat ddng nong nghiep phat smh frr khu vuc san xudt (phy phdm ndng nghiep sau miia vy, phan gia sue...) Ia cac san pham giau chat hiru co ddu cd thd tai su dung dd bien ddi thanli nang lugng sach. Mdt frong nhiing md bmh da duge ap dung la cdng nghe be sinh khi
Khoa hpc chinh tri - So 9+10/2019
• Kinh nghiim - Thuc tien
da nang biogas sir dung chat thai chan nudi, rac tiiai sinh hoat hiiu ca, sinh khdi tiianh lam nguyen h?u dd san xuat nang lugng tai tao va phan mim hihi CO.
Ba Id, keo ddi vdng d&i cua sdn phdm thdng qua cdc hogt dpng che bien sdn phdm tie sdn xudt nongnghiep
Giai phap nay khdng cbi giam ti le tiidt thoat sau thu hoach san phdm, ma con gop pban tang gia tri, da d^g hda, tan dung triet de cac phy pham de tao ra cac san pham khac va tang sire canh franh cho nong san ctia dia phuong. Lam Ddng xac dinh che bien ndng san la mgt frong nhiing nganh cdng nghiep cd Igi the canh fr-anh eua Tinh, frong dd Tinh uu tien nhung san pham ehii lue nhu ca phe, che, rau hoa, san phdm nganh chan nudi... Trong do, nhung san pham da ddn khang dinh dugc tiiuong hieu nhu: Maeca Lam Ha, Mat ong Viet Y, E)dng tning ha thao, Ca phe Cau Dat, Rau thiiy canh, Atiso, Langfarm... dang gdp phan tang gia tri ndng pham cho dia phuong.
Tuy nhien, quy md che bien ndng san van ehua phdt hien tuong xirng vdi thuc te phat trien ciia dia phuang, chii yeu van la sa che thd. Do vay, de hi?n thuc hda giai phap nay, Tinh can thu hiit dau tu, ddy manh hen ket san xuat va tieu thu ndng san giua ndng dan, doanh nghiep, hgp tae xa, tap tnmg phat trien cac vimg, khu san xuat ndng nghiep cdng ngh? cao de bao dam quy md hang hda va ddu tu khoa hge - cdng nghe frong san xuat, phat trien hoat dgng ehe bien san pham ndng nghiep tmy xuat ngudn gdc va kiem soat chat lugng ddng thdi xay dung tieu chi san pham va phat trien thuong hieu ndng san Lam Dong.
Bdn Id, thiit lap nin tdng chia si giup tdng muc dp kit ndi cdc ddi tugng tham gia su dung cdc sdn phdm trong chu trinh sdn xudt
Nen tang ehia se nay dugc xay dyng tir cac ddi tugng tham gia, chudi boat dgng frong qua tiinh sail xuat. Trong dd, cac ydu to dau vao cua san xuat (vdn, gidng, vat frr, ddt dai, Iao ddng...) va dau ra cita san pham (mua ban nguyen lieu, dy trir, bao quan, che bien, tieu thu san pham sau che bien...) gan ket mgt each ddng bd, thdng nhat, tiiiic day luc lugng san xuat phat fridn. Didm dac biet quan frgng
frgng tiiiet lap md hmh kinh te tudn hoan ndi chung va vide ap dung frong san xudt ndng nghiep cong nghe cao ndi rieng, la viec thidt kd xir Ii cac nguyen lieu, phu pham hoac chdt tiiai frong boat dgng san xuat. Trong nen tang chia se do, san phdm ddu ra tiiai loai cua mgt don vi san xuat ndng nghiep cdng nghe eao dugc sir dung, kbai thac tiianh nguyen lieu dau vao eho tien trmh san xuat mdi hoac ITnh vyc san xuat mdi nhu cdng nghiep ehe bien.
Mgt luu y frong trien khai thyc hien la tien trinh san xuat mdi hoac ITnh vyc san xuat mdi, nhu san xuat cdng nghiep che bien ndng san ciing phai dugc ap dung nguyen li ciia kinh te tudn hoan, vira chu frgng Igi ich ve kinh te vira bao dam frach nhiem ve xa hgi va mdi trudng. Ddi vdi cac san pham phu tiiai, xa thai sau che bien co the xir li va quay lai khdi phuc tai nguyen cd ich phuc vy cho hoat dgng san xuat ndng nghidp.
Nam la, hodn thiin chu trinh tudn hodn thdng qua viec thay ddi quyin sa hiru sdn phdm, dua sdn phdm ndng nghiip thdnh dich vu
Day la boat ddng dua cac eo sd tham gia san xudt ndng nghiep cdng nghe cao bao dam viec duy tri nang suat bay quyen sd hiiu tai nguyen frian hoan, chil ddng va cd fr:acb nhiem frong boat ddng san xuat - kmh doanh. Trong chu trinh tudn hoan, cac don vi san xuat ndng nghiep trye tiep la don Vl san xuat va tieu thu san pham, thay vi chi cung edp san pham thuan biy dudi dang thd, tbi cae dan vi san xuat tiep fric tham gia che bien san pham tir ndng san va dua den cho ngudi tieu dimg.
Didm manh cua chu trinh nay la cac don vi san xudt frnre tidp quydt dinh cae boat ddng khep kin frong md hinb kinh doanh ciia don vi, bao tieu san phdm ddu vao va dau ra, dac biet la cac san phdm phu cita nganh cdng nghiep che bien nhu bao bi san phdm, nguyen lieu ndng san thai Ioai, cac chdt thai, phd thai frong boat ddng che bidn, tieu diing... Kmh te tuan hoan la mgt frong nbiing banh ddng mang tdm chien luge, Iau dai, do vay cdn tiidn kbai cac budc di, each Iam cho phii hgp, tir thdp den eao, fren ca sd tao mdi lien kdt giira san xudt voi ehe bien, tieu thu san pham frong frmg dia ban, vimg nguyen lieu da duge dinh hudng quy hoach.Q
