When you are in Africa - and it doesn't matter where you are - the question of development cannot be avoided. Irma Adelman notes: "His achievement is often referred to as the 'Korean miracle' and is widely regarded as the most successful process of economic development in the twentieth century."11.
Notes
Sien ook Sung-Hee Jwa, en The Rise and Fall of Korea's Economic Development (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2017) is in die laaste helfte van 2017 gepubliseer. Sien ook Brian Levy, Working with the Grain: Integrating Governance and Growth in Development Strategies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
The Paradox of Sub-Saharan Africa
Rethinking the Root Causes of Africa’s Under-Development
Africa’s Forgotten Mission of Nation-Building
Understanding Korean Development Model
Application of the Korean Model for Africa 9 Applicability of the Korean Development Model
Africa on the New Path to Development
The Paradox of Sub-Saharan Africa
My Encounters with Africa
Disillusionment and Dilemma
In 2006 I worked on the President's African tour to Egypt, Nigeria and Algeria in the Office of the President. I don't know how long we were stuck in traffic just a few kilometers from downtown Kampala.
A Glimpse Back at Colonization and Its Legacies
Africa was the object of comprehensive exploitation by the Western powers in the nineteenth century. This was followed by the Great Depression and World War II, which was unprecedented in human history in terms of casualties.
Continuing Woes and Dilemmas in Africa’s Development
Then, into the 1990s, the demise of the Cold War ushered in an era of political transition, economic liberalization, and globalization. From Crisis to Renewal: Towards Successful Implementation of the New Partnership for Africa's Development', African Affairs p.
Criticisms of Foreign Aid
Assessing the Role of
Aid, in the form of financial aid or material supply, can easily be diverted to be 'consumed' for different purposes. In The Age of Sustainable Development, Sachs again emphasizes the need to promote sustainable global development, which.
Who Is to Be Blamed? Donors or Recipients?
Without aid, there could have been more conflict and political instability, fueling more insecurity and desperation. The perception that what the donors do only matters is not only wrong, but also harmful, because this in fact gives up the ability of African countries to play their part in the process.
Inherent Limitations of Foreign Aid
Second, the relevant government departments of the host country usually try to secure some of their own funds from donors in the name of necessary administrative funds for cooperative activities. The moral hazard of aid recipients and development partners can be understood in the context of the 'bureaucracy' that has formed in this area.
The Issue of Reciprocal Compliance
It therefore does not really matter what the international development community discusses or plans if the subject or owners of development - the African nations - do not take the lead in the process. 1, 'low reciprocity partnership', the perceived low responsiveness on the part of donors or caused by recipients'. In other words, increasingly poor governance and the dysfunctionality of the state can cause a drop in the level of donor responsiveness.
Rethinking the Root Causes of Africa’s Under-Development
Overview
Review of Conventional Explanations
This chapter is a prelude to the next chapter, which will expose the root cause of Africa's underdevelopment. Nevertheless, the purpose of this book is to show that there is indeed such a thing as a root cause of Africa's underdevelopment and to offer ideas on how to remedy it. In this chapter I will very briefly discuss conventional explanations or arguments that are often made about what constitutes a root cause or set of root causes for Africa's persistence of poverty and other problems.
Colonial Legacies
It is one thing to say that European colonizers were completely exploitative of Africa, as they were, but quite another to say that Africans are 'bound' by past colonialism and its legacies, even to this day. And when independence was finally achieved, their tendency was towards extended politicization of the 'ethnic community' rather than pushing for politics at the national level.5. Exaggerating the impact of past history carries with it the risk of greatly underestimating the voluntarism, spontaneity, subjectivity and will of the population.
Ethnicity and Neopatrimonialism
It is emphasized that: "The simultaneous display of sub-national and national identity is one of the most enigmatic dimensions of identity politics in Africa."12. In the case of "kingdoms," the issue may be one of local autonomy and authority vis-à-vis the state. If we think of ethnicity in terms of the 'fragmentation' of a nation, everything is relative.
Institutions, Governance and Democracy
And Africa's development is inevitably linked to nation-building, a process that is still in the making. Meanwhile, political dynamics in Africa seem to be following their unpredictable course. The authors argue that the answer lies in the difference between inclusive institutions and extractive institutions.
The Role of the State
As John Harris notes: 'In the 1950s and 1960s the centrality of the role of the state and the need for regulation of markets was hardly questioned. As a result, an overall political shift was made and the new Orthodox era unfolded for Africa.48 But apparently African countries have not yet learned to 'correct' the role of government. The two reports, 'UNECA/AUC Economic Report on Africa (2011)' and 'Governing Development in Africa: The Role of the State in Economic Transformation (2011)', suggest that the state has a crucial role to play in meeting development challenges in Africa.
Natural Conditions
But this is only one aspect of sub-Saharan Africa in its natural form, and to some extent it is misleading, obscuring the overall, accurate picture of Africa. Instead, it is the human factor, the failure to deal with these conditions, that has led to the persistence of the problems. In summary, it is the negative and stereotypical image of Africa, along with many other things, rather than the actual workings of the geographical and natural conditions that have far more debilitating effects.
Other Factors (Population, Corruption, Globalization and China)
Irma Adelman, 'The Role of Government in Economic Development', i Finn Tarp (red.), Foreign Aid and Development: Lessons Learned and Directions for the Future (London: Routledge, 2000) s. Dani Rodrik, 'The Perils of Premature De-industrialisation' i Opinion, The Independent (Uganda), 18.-24. oktober 2013, s. McKinsey Global Institute, 'The Closest Look Yet at Chinese Economic Engagement in Africa', juni 2017 rapport, https://.
The Forgotten ‘Mind Over Matter’?
Uncovering the Main Root Cause: The Mindset Factor
The 'mindset' of the people should be at the forefront of our attention and should be considered as a key term in the African development discourse. Uganda has already adopted this mindset change program, although it is still in the initial, exploratory phase of its implementation. The school's methodology was later adopted in the model of the New Village Movement (Saemaeul Undong), which became a national campaign in South Korea from 1970.
The ‘Mindset Change’ Issue in Sub-Saharan Africa
No one will disagree that without a fundamental change in the mindset of the leaders and the population, no real progress can be made. Most surprising is the cleanliness and orderliness of the capital, Kigali, to the extent that it makes one wonder if it is really a city in sub-Saharan Africa. What the developing world desperately needs is for the government to set an example to 'empower' the people instead of just trying to win the people's favor but without implementing substantial reforms.
Africa’s Forgotten Mission of Nation- Building: What are Missing
Internalizing Development: The Question of Intent
Finding the Missing Links
This, together with the weak role of states, has hampered the ability of African countries to pursue development. One of the misconceptions prevalent in the region is that people cannot do things and need outside help because they lack the necessary 'capacity'. This requires a holistic and long-term view of the problems and solutions as well as self-reflection.
A Sense of Nation and National Identity
It is quite weak, just like the role of the state. By the early second half of the twentieth century, "nationality" had become a universal and international political norm. I believe that this will be a real test of the commitment and readiness of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa to move to the next stage of development.
Development-Mindedness
In the 'getting to know' stage, the salesperson needs to learn the basics - the basics of sales and marketing, as well as company rules and policies. The next 'hands-on' step would require him to act as a salesman, 'embodying' routines, being customer-friendly, service-oriented, keeping his work schedule, etc. As shown in the figure, the backwardness syndrome is represented by 'regressions', the act of falling and failing to stay on track towards progress.
The Strong Role of the State
In general, the hallmark of a strong state role in developing countries should be industrial policy. See Jordan Kyle, "Perspectives on the Role of the State in Economic Development—Taking Stock of the "Developmental State" After 35 Years," IFPRI Discussion Paper 01597, January 2017. Ha-Joon Chang, Globalization, Economic Development, and the Role of the State (London: Zed Books, 2003), Korean translation (2006) by Bookie Publishing House, p.
Positive Signs and Reasons for Hope
Reasons for Optimism and the Tasks at Hand
If the mindset change of the individuals takes place collectively, the impact will be enormous and will bring about a turnaround. Personally, I think the most attractive and promising characteristic of the people of Sub-Saharan Africa is that they are predominantly open-minded and pragmatic, not ideological, self-righteous or dogmatic. Fourth, Sub-Saharan Africa holds promise in terms of the sheer size of its 'untouched' fertile landmass.
The Task of the Donor Community
Finally, African nations and donors should "rediscover" the precious "jewels" of Africa that have been undervalued. Erik Thorbecke, 'The Development of Development Doctrine and the Role of Foreign Aid in Fin Tarp (ed.), Foreign Aid and Development: Lessons Learned and Directions for the Future (London: . Routledge, 2000), p. Of the seven emerging countries, China's ODA-like aid accounted for about 76% of the group's total aid from 2003 to 2012, according to the European Commission's paper "The European Union, Africa and the New Donors: Towards to a new partnership", highlights (2015). ).
Understanding Korean Development Model
Historical Background, Liberation and State Building
Korea’s Path of Development in Retrospect
Before this division, Korea was one of the oldest continuously united states in the world. Syngman Rhee, a US-educated intellectual and former independence fighter, was elected the first president of the Republic of Korea in 1948. The US encouraged Korea to liberalize its market, stabilize the value of the Korean currency and cooperate with Japan.
The Economic Take-off Period
In the early 1960s, more than 40% of the Korean population suffered from absolute poverty and the government believed that the only way to offset this was by achieving high growth through industrialization.15. The primary role of the monetary authorities during the period of government-led growth was to provide. What was important in terms of the accumulation of capital funds was the agreement reached in 1966 between Korea and Japan.
