JOURNAL OF SCIFNCE OF HNUF HOI: 10 1817.V2.\^4-1067 2017-0087 Social Science. 2017, Vol 62. Iss. 11. pp 44-50
This paper is available onhne ai hllp //sidb hniie.edu vn
M O T I P X A Y D U N G N H A N VAT M O C O I T R O N G T R U Y E N C O T I C H T H A N K I V I E T N A M - L A O
L e T h ] Bich Thiiy
Vien Vdn hda vd Phdi trien. Hoc vien Chfnh in Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
Torn tat. Cimg chung mach ngudn van hoa, van hoc dan gian Dong Nam A. iruyen c6 lich than ki Viel Nam - Lao cd nhieu nel lUrtng ddng irong moiip xa> dUng nhan \'ai mo coi Nhan vai mo coi Irong iruyen c(i lich Viel Nam - I,iio ihifdng lii nhflng nhiin vai sinh ra dii ngheo kho \ a clon nhan nhieu bai hanh irong cuoc ddi, ihudng xuyen hi ap bflc, bdclot nhUng vdi biin chai, linh ciich lot dep da nhiin dUdc sU gulp dfl cua cac lUc lUdng Ihin ki.
VUdt qua moi khd khan ihif ihach de c6 dUdc cuoc wng 5m no hanh phuc, Trong hanh irinh di den CUOC s6ng hanh phuc, Uc gia dan gian hai nUric Viel - Lao dii dO' nhan val ml cdi phai vUOl qua nhieu ihfl thach vOi cac mdlip lieu bieu nhU- mdlip Ihii ihach ve ph^m chai, linh each, ve lai nang, long dung cam va sii ihiiy chung; mdlip ve lUc luOng ihSn ki, molip ciJu vill duoc val Ira On. Tuy nhien, khi xay dUng nhiin val md coi vdi nhflng ve dep pham chil, linh each ciing nhu .sU dung nhflng mdlip lhan ki irong iruyen c6 lich lhan ki ihi moi dan loc da the hien dUdc sac mau van hda neng ciia dan loc minh.
Titkhda: Mdlip nhan val mo cdi, iruyen cd'lfch lhan ki Viel N a m - i.iio.
1. Mh dau
Cung sinh ra tren mdt khu vUc dia U, ciic cU dan ciia Ddng Nam A da sang tao nen mflt chinh the viin hoa ban dia cd cdi nguon chung tfl thdi lien sfl va .sd .sfl. Trong khdng gian van hoa chung ciia khu vUc, cd sU da dang cua ciic siic miiu vim hda. Rdi Ic. mdi new \an hod cd nguon gdc vii ban sac rieng. bien ddi trong sudt chieu diii lich sU Viel Nam \ a ! iio la hai quoc gia ihugc van hda khu vUc Ddng Nam A, ciing chung khong gian moi irUring \im hda lii khdng gian viin hoa truyen thong dUdc hinh thiinh vii phiit trien iren cd lang nen van hda ban dia (viin mmh nong nghiep lua nUdc) vii qu;i trinh tiep bien nen van hoa ben ngoiu khu vUc Trong quii trinh phat irien ciia van hoc Ddng Nam A ndi chung vii ciia hai nUdc Viel Nam vii Liio ndi rieng, van hoc dan gian nay nd. phat tnen va "van hgc dan gian dUdc \cni lii ngon nguon cua van hoc dan tdc khu vtfc Ddng Nam .K" \ 10: tr.271 Trong dd. Iruyen cd tich phai tnen phong phu vii chiem Uu the.
Nhan val mo cdi irong chuyen co tich than ki dUdc hinh hinh thiinh khi trong xii hdi cu. gia dinh ciJ. Dfla tre mo cdi lii mgi trong nhflng ngUdi dau khd nhit khi phai ddn nhiin toan bd nhSng bat hanh ciia cugc dbi, bi tudc doat quyen sdng. quyen thfla k l liii siin, bi tip bflc bdc Idt ve moi mat Luc niiy, tiic gia dan gian von lii nhflng ngudi ciing khd trong xa hgi dii Ciim thdng viv len tieng
Ng.i\ iilianhiir I.S/.1/20I7. Ng.'iy sirabai 2/7/2017. Ngay nhan :I.IIIE 20/9/21)17
|jcn he: I,c Tin Bich Thuy, c-m.iil lcbicluhiiyhcni("'*gmiiil com
Mdlip xdv dung nhdn idl nio ecu trong Irinrii ed li'ih Ihdn ki \'iel Nam - Ldo
benh vifc che chd, cflu giup ho bang nhflng yeu to than ki Tiic gia H M Melentinxki trong cdng trinh nghien cflu Nhdn vdt tnryen co lieh than ki ngudn gdc ra din da nhan xet ve hlnh utdng nhan vat md cdi "lii hinh tUdng mang tinh chat sinh hoai xii hgi dau tien ciia viin hgc diin gian", "lit kit qua lat yeu cua sif tan ra che do mau he. Dfla Ire mo cdi biit hanh trd thiinh mdl san phii'm Ijch sfl tieu bieu" [7; tr.331; Trong cong trinh Vdn hoc ddn gian Vicl Nam. tac gia Le Chf Q u i Iren cd sd phan loai ve truyen co tfch va khai quat diic die'm cua Iruyen cd ifch than ki da khing dinh "than phan dfla tre md cdi la de tai quan trong irong he thong truyen cd tfch than ki" [8, Ir. 122]; Khi nghien cflu ve the loai cd tfch trong viin hoc Liio, liic gui Dflc Nmh trong cuon Vdn hge cde m(dc Dong Nam A da chi ra nhflng mau thuan trong Iruyen cd' Ifch than ki chii ylu Hi miiu thuan xung dot gia dinh va xii hgi. irong dd xung ddt xa hdi lii gifla nhung ngUdi nhd be lieu bieu lii nhan val mo cdi vdi bon tgc trUdng, chau mUdng [101; Tac gui Nguyen Van Vinh trong Van hoe ddn gum cdc ddn ipe Ldo, khi nhiin xet ve truyen co ifch dii nhan manh "Liio cd nhieu truyen cd Ifch nhiin val chi'nh la ngudi md cdi ngheo khd" [13. tr 18]; Mdl sd nhii nghien cflu dii lien hanh nghien cflu net tUdng dong vii khiic biet gifla van hoa, van hoc cac nUdc Ddng Nam A nhu tiic gia Ngd Viin Doanh trong ASEAN - Nhidig mai lifdng ddng \uu hda \ I], tac giii Nguyen Hiio Hiing trong Viel Nam - Ddng Nam A - Quan he hch .silvan hoa [6], Trong cudn Nhimg Utdng ddng vd khde hiel trong mdl so kieu truyen co ddn gian IMO vd Viet Nam, tiic giii Lai Phi Hiing da chi ra nhflng net tUdng dong va khac bill cua ba kieu truyen: truyen dung sT, truyen ngUdi b i t hanh va ngUdi ddi lot vat [5],
Truyen co tfch thin ki Viet - Lao ndi chung vii hinh lUdng nhan vat mo cdi ndi rieng da Ihu hut sU chu y cua nhieu hoc gia. Tuy nhien, viec nghien cflu iheo hUdng so sanh, ddi chieu hinh tUdng nhan viit mo cdi irong truyen co tich than ki Viel - Liio ciin dUdc nghien cflu chuyen sau de hieu sau hdn ve hinh tUdng nhan viii md cdi vii dac diem nghe thuai truyen cd tfch than ki Viet - Lao.
2. Noi dung nghieti ciiu
Truyen co tich ra ddi khi che dd cdng xa nguyen ihuy tan ra vii thay \'iKi dd lii che do chiem hflu tu nhan vii hinh thflc gia dinh vdi nhflng xung ddt mdi xual hien Dieu kien lich sfl mdi di"i lam thay doi cac moi quan he, giai tang vii truyen co ifch thiin ki dii phan iinh hien thuc sinh hoai cua xa hdi loai ngudi. Dd la nhflng mau thuan trong gia dinh, ddng hg va sau niiy md rdng ldi pham vi ban lang, xa hdi Nhiin vat mo cdi cijng dfldc diit trong nhflng mdi quan he ay. Trong mach chay chung ciia kho tang van hgc dan gian, hinh tfldng nhiin vat mo cdi trd thiinh mot hinh tUQng noi bat trong Iruyen co ifch thin ki ciia Viet Nam va Lao Hinh lifdng nhan viit niiy vfla mang net chung pho quat, vfla mang dac diem rieng ihe hien linh chiil dac thu cua mdi dan ldc. Qua khiio siil mdt so truyen co tfch than ki ciia Viet Nam, Lao. chung ta nhan thay philn Idn hinh tUdng nhan val mo cdi deu cd nhflng net tUdng dong ve ket cau cung nhU mdtfp nghe ihual.
Nhan vat mo coi Irong truyen co tfch thin ki Viet - Liio Ihudng cd chung kel cau: Nhiin vat mo cdi sinh ra Irong ngheo khd, bal hanh, phai song cd ddn mgt minh. Hg phiii vuoi qua nhflng kho khan, thfl thach nhd cd pham chit tot dep von cd cua minh vdi y chf, nghi lUc kien cUdng vii dUdc sU ho trd dac life cua cac the lUc sieu nhien de giiinh dUdc hanh phuc. Ciic nhan viit md cdi trong Iruyen co tfch than ki Viel Nam nhU nhan vat Cudi trong Chu Cudi cung trdng, nhan val Sg Dfla Irong Sp Dira, Thach Sanh trong Thach Sanh. cd gai di d trong Su lich i on klii. nhan vat Khoai Cdy Ire train dot. nhan viit md cdi trong Chimg ddn eiii vd con linh, chiing ngU dan trong Chu Ddng Tir- Tien Dung... hay trong truyen co tich than kl Liio nhU chiing md cdi trong A/ri tin.
PhuHay, Ca la chau. chang Nu Td'ng trong Chdng Nu Tdng vd ndng Got Nan. Ngiiiii con gdi dpi den, cau be trong Cdu he Xen vd con chdn hiroiig, chiing Thao Hut trong Cdng chiia Thicm Dao i d
45.
I ^ Thi Bfch Thiiy
chdng Hut, nhan val Ken irong Thdo Keu. chiing Kham Phoi trong Chang Khdm Phoi vd eon ran mtde, Chang XiPha trong Ndng de nggc.. diu lii nhflng nhan viii md cdi ngheo nhUng hien lanh, thiil tha, giiiu tinh ihUdng vii chiim chi Nhflng nhiin \iii na\- khi giip khd khan luon kien Iri, dung cam dl' vUgt qua, nlu gap ngUdi hay val bi nan thi ludn sim simg ra tay cflu giup vii cuoi ciing difdc dap den cdng dn Day la nhflng Udc md khat vong cua nhan diin doi vdi nhflng con ngifdi nho be bi vui dap. khd dau nhUng vdi nhflng pham chat lot dep von cd ciia minh thi ho dUdc den bu bing sU cdng bang va hanh phiic trong cudc ddi
Lii hat nhiin cd biin cua cdt truyen, motip lii "nhflng yeu to, bd phiin ldn hoac nhd da dUdc hinh thiinh dn dinh bin vflng vii dfldc su dung nhieu lan irong siing uic van hgc nghe thuat dan gian" [3; tr 168]. Trong truyen cd'tich than ki Viet - Lao ludn xiiy dflng nhan val mo cdi theo motip lii nhflng nhan viit nhd be, dang ihudng, ngheo khd den tan ciing Gia tiii ciia nhflng con ngUdi nay thudng dUdc mieu la vdi sd lUdng duy nhat va be nhat. Tai san duy nhat cua Cudi trong Chu Cuoi eung trdng chi cd mdt chiec riu, Thach Sanh trong Thgeh Sanh thi "minh tran dong kho" va ncli gdc da chi cd mdt lUdi bua lam ke sinh nhai, anh Khoai trong Cdy tre tram dot chang cd gi ngoai sflc iUc cua mdt chang trai tre tud'i bi phu ong boc lot. Tiii san duy nhit cua hai cha con chang trai Chfl Dong Tu la "chile kho vai ddc nhit che than ihay nhau mac", khi cha chel thi chile kho duy nhat de liem cho cha va tfl dd mgt minh Chfl Dong Tfl sdng trong cd ddn, lan lut gifla sdng nilric.
cudc ddi. Anh chang ngheo khd Phu Hay Irong iruyen Phu Hay thi hai bim tay trang. "mudn di liim ray khdng cd dao Anh chi cd duy nhil ciii nii cua bo de lai" [ M : tr. 106] vii phai md dieu chim mdi cd thoc gidng de gieo hat. Dudng nhu, nhflng nhiin vat md cdi smh ra de ddn iiy tit Cii bit hanh ciia cugc ddi. khong cha me, khong tin san, khdng mgt lic dai cam diu. Ho ngheo tdi mflc phai xa lanh chfnh cgng dong ciia minh Khdng gian sdng cua ho thudng la nhflng nip leu toi liin. riich nat dcudi ban lang hay trong nui sau gdi nen sU le loi. cdi cut. Ho thudng liim nhUng cdng viec nhUdi d. phat nUdng, lam riy, ciiy rudng, bal c a . . , tit cii deu gan vdi mdi irifdng sdng cua cU dan nong nghiep lua nudc d hai nudc Viel - Liio
Nhan vat mo coi trong iruyen co tich than ki la su If tUdng hda ciia nhan diin hai nudc Viei Nam. Lao, Nhan vat md cdi khon khd tot ciing v l vat chat nhUng lai co ve dep vc tam hon, pha'm chat, Ifnh each, tiii nang vii chfnh ve dep niiy dii mang lai hanh phiic cho ho trong cudc song. Sif tUdng dong trong xay dUng nhan val mo cdi irong iruyen co Itch than ki Viet - I l o lii he thong nhan vat mo coi tieu bieu cho ciii Dep, cai Thien. Dd la nhflng con ngUdi hiln limh, cham chi.
giau tinh thUdng, kien tri, diing Cilm va san sang xa than vl nghTa Idn, cd tiii nang (tai thoi sao dieu luyen, Iai thien x a . , . ) nhU ngudi dan ngheo trong Ngitdi ndng ddn ngheo vd Ngge hodng luon bao dung, nhan hau va suy nghT cho mgi ngudi mii quen mit biin than minh. Chiing mo cdi ngUdi Lao trong Iruyen Chdng md cdi ludn sieng nang, thiit thii va thanh thien. Trong .suot hanh trinh di buon, chiing luon hi ten Chanlenmdn gian iham tim ciich hiim hai nhUng chiing van dung ,s6 nln ft di ciia minh de cflu lay cac con val (qua, iriin, khi) Chang KhamPha trong KhdmPha ndng Ngd nhieu lan bi Phi Ngi pha rdi cdng viec phai riy ciia anh nhUng irudc ldi van xin ciia Phi Noi thi "anh da dgng Idng ihudng va tha ihfl cho ban" [11; ir.96]- Nhan diin lao ddng xiiy dUng mdlip nhan vai mo coi vdi nhflng nel tinh each va pham chit ldt dep dai dien cho cai Thien nen sau khi triii qua nhflng khd khan thfl thach, difdc sU trd giiip ihi hg xflng diing dUdc diip den vii hUdng hanh phiic iron ven.
Nhan vat Chfl Dong Tfl ngheo kho nhung cuoi ciing chiing cung cd dUdc cugc sdng lot dep vdi vd dep, song trong cung dien. co ke hiu ngudi ha, Ngifdi nong dan ngheo trong Ngfldi ndng diin ngheo vii Ngoc hoang dtfdc den bii xflng diing khi ong chit ciiy cam chia cho anh mdl nfla so viing dao dudc.^con ba ba cho anh nggc vii co giii giii cam dii ndi dUdc xin liim vd chimg,., Dd chfnh la nhung phan thudng xflng dang cho nhflng chiing trai ngheo nhflng chain chi vii hilu nghTa.
Ddi lap vdi nhan vat mo coi la he ihdng nhflng nhan vat phan dien dUdc xay dUng theo
Mcilip xdy difng nhdn \di md coi tnmg truyen cd tfih than ki Viet Nam - l.di'
motip chung la nhflng con ngUdi gian ac, xau xa, ludn lim moi ciich boc lgi, iip bflc, cUdp doat nhflng gi mil nhan vat md cdi cd dUdc nhung kit cue lai nhan lay bi tham vii bi trflng phat thfch dang Xay dUng nhan vat mo coi dai dien cho ciii Thien, cai Dep thi se difdc hUdng cudc ,sdng hanh phuc, con nhiing nhan vat phan dien lieu bieu cho cai Ac. ciii Xau se bi trflng In vii cd kit cue bi Iham. Dieu nay the hien khat vgng cua nhan dan lao ddng v l mdt cudc song an binh, am no. cdng bang va binh dang.
Trong truyen co tfch than ki, nhan vat mo coi phai vUdI qua nhflng khd khan, Ihfl thach thi mdi CO dUdc cudc song am no, hanh phuc. Net tUdng dong trong truyen cd ifch than ki cua Viel Nam - Lao dd lii nhan val mo coi phai trai qua nhflng motip thfl Ihach khac nhau nhU thfl thach ve pham chat tfnh ciich, thfl thach v l long nhan hau. thfl Ihach sU dung cam, long thiiy chung va Ihfl thach kha nang kheo l e o . . .
Ve dep noi bat cua nhan va.! mo cdi trong truyen cd tfch thin kl Viet - Lao la dflc tfnh cham chl, can cu, chiu thUdng chiu khd. Dflc linh nay dUdc xem nhU nhflng chuan mUc dao dflc, lii ylu to thiet yeu Iren hanh trinh tim kiem vii dat den hanh phuc cua cac nhan vat mo cdi Viet Nam va Lao Iii nhflng qudc gia canh tac ndng nghiep lua nUdc nen kha nang lao ddng cua mdi ca nhiin dUdc coi lit yeu td hiing dau. Mdtip nhan val mo cdi vdi nhflng net tfnh each l6t dep dUdc ihU thitch trong cudc sdng khd khan, vat vii nhUng thdng qua lao dgng can cii, cham chi nen da co dUdc cugc song iim no. hanh phuc. Chang trai mo cdi ngheo vdi hai ban tay trang trong Phun Hay da can man, cham chi dung da nga cay, dot ray, mo chim ban dUdc de liy thdc gieo trong. da cd dUdc cudc song vdi thdc gao dU dat. Chang KhamPha dung cam di vao khu rflng Ihieng de phat quang khu rflng thanh riy mong cd ihdc ngd nuoi sdng bii chau, nhUng khu rflng cfl phat quang hdm trUdc Ih!
hdm sau lai moc len xanh tUdi nhU cu van khdng khien cho chang KhamPha nan Idng mil ngfldc lai chang van chiu khd, kien nhan. Motip thfl thach nay nham boc lg nhflng pham chat ciia ngUc^i dan lao ddng yeu thien nhien, giin bd vdi thien nhien va mong mudn cudc song hda dong,
Thfl thach Idng nhan hau cua nhan vat mo cdi, tac gia dan gian thUdng sfl dung mdtip la cac nhan vat than ki bien hda thanh nhflng dng, ba lao an may, ngheo nan rach rUdi den de xin va cay nhd nhan vat md cdi Trong Iruyen Sif tich con khi, khi moi ngUdi xua duoi "cu giii ngheo khd (thuc chat la Dflc Phat hien thanh), dang dieu met nhoc den xin uong nUdc" [2; tr 106] thi co gai md cdi Iai "quay g i l n g vuc nUdc len iin can mdi cu" nen cu gia bao cd "Ta la Dflc Phiit, thay con la ngUdi ngheo kho mil cd Idng tdi, ihUng ngUdi nen mudn ban thifdng cho con" Hay de thfl thach chang Trieu trong Quan Tneu rd chiee cio Icing h'mh, vi than lien da hda thiinh cu giii an may khdng manh vai che than n i m ben dUdng nhung chang Trieu dii cdi ngay chiec ao dang mac de cho cu giii. Cam ta t i m long nhan hau ciia chang nen cu gia an may da tang cho chiing chiec ao limg hinh Cung cd khi, sU thU thach Idng nhan hau cung dUdc tao nen bdi chinh nhflng nhan vat mo coi, Chang So Dfla trong truyen So Dita ddi Idt ia "cue thit lan Idng ldc" de thfl thach ddi vdi cd gai lit. Chang Nia Td'ng trong truyen Chdng Nu Td'ng vd ndng Gdl Nao Va ngUdi co tai ihoi siio rat dieu luyen, chang muon liy dUdc ngUdi con giii tdt bung va thUc sU yeu thUdng minh nen da tU
"iiy nhg ndi boi mat, mac quan ao rdch rUdi ngoi trUdc leu" [ 11; ir. 124] vii khi cd ai di qua thi xm m i i n g thit trau. Khi nhflng ngUdi con gai khac di qua deu tfl chdi nhUng chi cd niing mo coi Got Nao dong y va da liy dUdc Chang Nu Tong.
Motip Ihfl thach sfl dung cam, long Ihuy chung thfldng dUdc diit trong mdi quan he gifla nhan vat mo coi vdi cac the life thii dich, ddi lap luon tim moi each de pha hoai tinh yeu, hanh phuc gia dinh Nhflng ihfl thach dUdc dat ra khong chi phiin iinh sU khac nghiet cua hoiin ciinh sdng ma qua dd di' nhan vat mo coi bdc lg pham chat, the hien tin nang vii vach Iran biin chat dgc iic, tham lam, bdc lot cua giai c i p thong trj. Chang Bun Thong irong truyen Bun ihimg Ca la Chdu da vUdt qua moi khd khan nguy hiem tren hiinh trinh di lim niing Ca la Chau Nhflng vUc sau thiim
47
Iham, nhflng ngon thac cao dflng dflng khdng liim chiing run sd, nhflng niii vang. nfli bac khong lam Chang lay chuyin tam can va cuoi ciing chiing da liy dUdc con gat vua Thuy Te lam vd la nang Ca la Chau. Chang Nf trong truyen Chdng Ni vd i d id Vildm eon chiia da vUdl qua nhflng anh tai had han, mdt minh c i m rUa di thing viio trong din b i t lie quy de cflu nang lit Vilam. Chiing no bdc Phu Hay trong truyen Phu Hav da dem Idng yeu con giii tdc irUdng nen bi diinh dap vii dudi ra khdi biin T^nh yeu ciia chiing nhU fling sao vui irdi xanh hda ciing dong nU6c mat ngUdi con gai bien thanh con suoi trong xanh dii trd nen vinh hang . .
Thfl thach kha nang kheo leo cua nhan viit mo cdi difdc gin liln vdi nhflng hoat dong smh hoat trong ddi song Dd lii nhan val mo coi difdc dat trong ciic cudc thi (thi nau cdm) nhiim the hien sU kheo leo cua minh de gianh chien Ihang nhU ngUdi vd ddi ldi cdc trong Iruyen Lav vd ede, nang mo cdi Ggi Nao irong truyen Chdng Nu Td'ng vd ndng Gdl Nao,..
De cd difdc cudc sdng am no, hanh phuc, ben canh mdlip nhiin val mo cdi phai vUdl qua nhflng khd khan, Ird ngai bing pham chat, tiii nang ciia minh ihi mt")lip nhan Vi'il mo Coi cflu vat, vat tra dn cung lii mdt mdlip phd' biln irong Iruyen co tfch than ki Viet. Lao Motip niiy dUdc dien bien khi nhan vat mo cdi ngheo khd nhung chain chi, giiiu linh thUdng da cflu giiip nhflng con val bi nan, hoac bj hai nhUng lai tha miing va sau dd dUdc viit den dn. Nhflng con viit xuat hien trong mdtip cflu vat vat trii dn irong truyen co tfch than ki ctia Viiit Nam !ii nhflng con vat nhd be nhUng gan gui va than thiei nhU con cho, con meo. con chim s e . . Nhflng con val xual hien trong mdtip cflu val vat trii dn trong iruyen co tfch than ki cua Lao ihudng lii qua, Iran, khi. dai bimg, voi, ran n u d c . . . til ca deu gan vdi moi IrUdng song nUdc hay mii rifng, khf hau nhiet ddi ciia hai quoc gia ndi rieng vii khu vUc Ddng Nam A ndi chung Trong Iruyen Ai mua hdnh toi, chiing mo cdi da cflu song con chim .se va chim se da tang chiing lo nUdc thin. Nhd lg nUdc thiin mil \ d chiing xinh dep hdn, chiing cflu dUdc vd vii dUdc ngoi len ngai viing Chang ngheo khd trong Iruyen Con ilii: eon meo vd anh chdng ngheo kho da cflu con chd. con meo. con rin va dUdc con rim bieu vien ngoc bang xuyen. tang anh nhilu vang bac, con chd \ii con meo guip anh chien thang ke gian Chang md COI Irong Iruyen Chdng md eoi dii diing loiin bd sd nen cua minh mua vii giiii ihoiil cho Iran, qua, khi va dUpc cac con viii bao diip giup anh lily dUdc con giii Pha nha dep ngUdi dep net vit chang trd thanh vi Pha nha dUdc than dan kfnh men, cac mudng giin xa kieng ne. Chang Kham Pha trong truyen Khdm Pha ndng Ngd dii tha mang cho chiia cao, chua dai biing, chua sU tfl. chiia vol khi den pha ray vii cac con vat da gnip dd chiing gianh lai dUdc vd minh tfl ten Chiiu mUdng gian a c . . . Cung cd khi mdtip val tra dn bang each hien thiinh nhflng co gai xinh dep vii trd thiinh vd cua nhan vat mo cdi.
Nhan vat mo cdi vfldi qua dUdc nhflng khd khan, thfl thach irong cugc song va dat den hanh phuc bao gid ciing can den yeu l6 than ki giup dd. Dd lii siT giup d6 cua dng But doi vdi chang Khoai Irong Cdy lie irdin dot, sU giup dd cua Dflc Phat doi vdi cd gai trong iruyln Su lieh eon khi, vi than rflng vdi chang Khiim Pha Irong truyen Khdm Pha ndng Ngd... D o viiy, mdlip lUc lUdng than ki ludn dUdc sfl dung irong truyen co ifch than ki Vill - Lao vii la mdtip khong the thilu trong qua trinh dat den hanh phiic, biln tfl khong din cd ctia nhflng con ngUdi nho be, ngheo kho.
Ben canh nhflng ni-t tUdng dong trong mdtip xiiy dflng nhiin viii mo cdi irong truyen co tich than ki Viet Nam, Lao ihi vim cdn nhflng nel khiic biel the hien rd nhit d ciic linh lilt, cac chi Iiel nghe thuat.
Ve dep cua nhan vat mo cdi trong truyen co tfch than ki Vicl Nam la dflc ifnh chiu ihUdng chju kho, cham chi hoc hiinh, quyll tam diii miii kinh sfl Hinh iinh nhiin viii mo cdi thudng xual hien vdi tU each la anh hgc trd nhii ngheo ham hoc, cu6i ciing do dat vinh hien, vinh quy biii l6 nhfl chang mo cdi trong iruyen So Dfla da dUdc liic gia dan gian hoim thien bflc chiin dung ve chimg la hoc gidi va do trang nguyen Hinh iinh nay khdng xuit hien trong truyen co tfch thin kl cua I i o .
Mdtip xdy diOig nhdn vdt iih' L in Irang truyen ed rich than ki Viel Nam - Ldo
Chiing md cdi Irong truyen co Ifch than ki Liio hien lanh, cham chi vii dac bill cd tin thoi sao liim say dam Idng ngUdi vii rung ddng nui rflng nhu chiing trai trong Sudi Ta Ngdu, Chang Nu Tdng trong Iruyen Chdng Nu Timg vd ndng Gdl Nao . da phan anh dac diem Iam If yeu ca hat, chuong am nhac cua ngUcii Lao
Nhan vat mo cdi cua dan tdc Viet Nam thUdng dUdc dat trong khong gian ciia vung sdng nudc menh mdng, rdng Idn. Cac nhan viit mo cdi Ihudng sdng bang nghe chai lUdi, quanh nam suot thang gan vdi sdng nudc menh mong nhu chiing mo cdi Irong truyen Quan Tneu vd chiec do tdng hinh, Chfl Dong Tfl trong truyen Chu Ddng Tit - Tien Dung Khdng gian nui rflng la khdng gian noi bal, xual hien nhieu lan trong truyen cd tich than ki Lao. Dd khong chi lii ndi kiem ke sinh nhai ciia nhflng con ngUdi ngheo khd mil cdn lii ngUdi ban gan gui, ndi nUdng tUa cua con ngUdi Hinh anh rflng nfli dUdc xay dUng nhU nhflng vi than dem lai hanh phuc cho nhan vat mo cdi nhU vi than rflng trong truyen Kham Pha ndng Ngd..
Cac lUc ludng than ki trong truyen cd tfch Viet Nam nhU Trdi, Phat. Than lien, ludn dai dien cho le cdng bang va Idng nhan iii, giup dd ngudi mo cdi ngheo khd de gianh chien ihang va cd dUdc cuoc song i m no, hanh phiic. Cdn cac the lUc yeu ma, quy lii dai dien cho sU xau xa, tan bao. NgUdc Iai, trong cdc truyen cd tfch thin ki cua Liio thi the gidi than uen vii ma quy cung cd hai mat Idt va xitu, lUdng thien va ddc ac.
3. Ket luan
Su lUdng dong ve dieu kien tU nhien, khdng giiin dja li vii khi hau cua khu vUc da lao nen sU gan gui thong n h i t v l van hda, viin hgc dan gian ciia ciic quoc gia Ddng Nam A Trong do. hai quoc gia Viet Nam, Liio cd nhieu net tUdng ddng khi xay dUng nhan vat md cdi trong truyen cd tfch than ki, Dd lii nhflng nhan vat ngheo khd, b i t hanh nhUng lai co phii'm chat cao dep, nhan hau, vi tha, chiim chi. Nhflng nhan vat nay dai dien cho cai Dep. cai Thien va khat vong lU do, hanh phuc, binh dang cua quan chung nhan dan. Do dd, yeu to than ki dUdc sfl dung thong qua mdl sd mdtip cd ban nhU motip thfl thiich, mdlip lUc lUdng thin ki, mdtip cflu vat dUdc vat tra d n . . . Tuy nhien, d mdi quoc gia deu cd stf sang tao rieng tao nen ban sac van hda, van hoc neng cua dan tdc minh.
TAI LIEU T H A M KHAO
[ I ] Ngd Van Doanh, 1995. ASEAN - Nhimg moi litdng dihig vdn tic>a. Tap chf Vie! Nam vd Dong Nam A ngdy nay, so 1, tr.37.
[2] Xuan Dien - Le Chf Que, 2001 Tiiye'n lap truyen co tich Vie! Nam (plidn cd'tich iigudi Viel) Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia, Hii Ngi
[3] Dinh Gia Khanh. 1968, Sa ho inn hieu nhirng vdn de ciia Iruyen co lich qua Iruyen Tam Cdm N x b Van hda, Hii Ndi.
[4] Nguyin Xuan Kfnh, 1998. Vdn hda ddn gian Ifie hien hdn sdc van hoa ddn Idc. Tap chf Viin hoa dan gian so 2, tr. I -7.
[5] Lai Phi Hung, 2004. Nhitng tuang ddng vd khdc biel Irong mpi sfi kieu iruyen ddn gian d Ldo vd Viel Nam. Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi, Hii Noi
[6] Nguyin Hao Hung, 1993. Viet Nam - Dong Nam A - Quan he lieh sir vdn hda. Tap chf Nghien cflu Ddng Nam A so 4, tr.l07-108
[7] E M. Melentinxki, 1969 Nlian vgt iruyen cd lich Ihdn ki (1958). Ban dich tai ThU vien Vien Viin hgc. Ha Noi.
[8] Le Chi Que (Chu bien), 2001. Van hoc ddn gian Viel Nam Nxb Dai hoc Quoc gia, Ha Ndi 49
Le Thj Bfch Thuy
[9] Dflc Ninh, 1993. Nhidig dde diem rieng giira vdn hoe Viet Nam vdi ede nen vdn hoe khdc ii khu vitc Ddng Nam A. Viet Nam - Ddng Nam A quan he lieh .sir van hda. Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia. Ha Ndi.
[10] Dflc Ninh, 1999. Van hoc cdc nUdc Ddng Nam A. Nxb Dai hgc Quoc gia, Ha Ndi.
[11] Tuylt PhUdng, Dmh Kim CUdng, Vd Quang Nhdn, 1981. Hop tuyen vdn Iwe Ldo. Nxb Van hgc. Ha Ndi.
[12] LUu Dflc Trung, Dinh Viel Anh, 1989 Van hoe An Dp - Ldo - Campuchia. Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi
[13] Nguyin Van Vmh. 2005. Vdn hoc ddn gian ede ddn loc Lao. Nxb Lao dong, Hii Noi A B S T R A C T
Motifs of o r p h a n c h a r a c t e r creation in miracle fairy tales of V i e t n a m a n d Laos Le Thi Bich Thuy Institute of Culture and Development. Ho Chi Mmh National Academy of Politics Coming from the same folk culture and folklore resource of South East Asia, miracle fairy tales ofVietnam and Laos have many similarities in the motif of orphan character creation. Orphan characters in fairy tales of Vietnam and Laos are often born in poverty and are much miserable in life who are often oppressed and exploited. Howevei, with their kind nature and characteristic, they receive help from miraculous forces to overcome all difficulties and challenges to gel a happy life. On the journey to a happy life, the Vietnamese and Lao folk authors make Iheir orphan characters overcome many challenges with typical motifs such as. motifs of challenging the quality, characteristic, talent, bravery, and loyalty: Motif of miraculous forces, motif where animal is saved, it will show Its gratitude. However, when creating orphan character with Ihe beauty of nature and characteristic as well as using motif of miracle in miracle fair>' tales, each nation has .shown ii,s own cultural identity.
Keywords: Molif of orphan character, miracle fairy tales of Vietnam and Laos