NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT
TRACH NHIEM BOI THl/dNG THIET HAI TRONG KY NGUYEN TRI TUE NHAN TAO
Dirong Qu^nh Hoa
TS. Vien Nha niftic va phap luat, Vien Han lam KHXH Viet Nam.
Thong tin bii viet:
Tit khda: Tri tu? nhan t^o, trAch nhi^m phip I^, boi thudng thi^t hai.
Lfch su bdi viel.
Nhgnb^
Bien t^ip Duy^t bii
19/3/2020 22/3/2020 24/3/2020 Article Infomation:
Keywords: Artificial intelligence, legalliability, compensations.
Article History:
Received Edited Approved
19 Mar. 2020 22 Mar. 2020 24 Mar. 2020
Tri tu? nhan t^o dang ngAy c ^ g tich h(;fp lien m?ch vio cugc song hing ngay cua con ngucri; tdc dgng dgn nhieu khia c^nh cua xa hpi vi cong nghi&p, tii kham pha khoa hpc, chim s6c siic khoe vi chin doan y te den chinh phii di?n tit, cac thanh ph6 thong minh, linh vyc bin U, giao thong v^in tai, djnh gii... Sy phit trien nhu vu bao ciia miy m6c ciing dong thai lam phit sinh mgt s6 thich thuc doi vcH xa h6i vi linh vyc phap ly, nhit li nhirng thich diirc trong trich nhi?m boi thutog lhi?t h^i, xie djnh ai chju trich nhi?m phdp ly, va d miic dp nio?
Abstract:
Artificial intelligence is being integrated into our everyday lives.
It also has a significant impact on many aspects of society and industry, from scientific exploration, healthcare and medical diagnostics to e-govemment, smart cities, the retail sector, transport, valuation... The rapid development of machines raises a number of challenges to society and the legal field, which we have not been prepared to deal with. Specially, the liability for compensation to damages, who responsible for legal liability, and to what extent?
L Tii tu^ nhan tao - thdch thirc dat ra dii vdi phdp luat
X6t tinh chat da dipn cua no, tri tue nhan tgo (Artificial Intelligence- AI) da cham din day du cac lmh vyc phdp Iy, tir Iinh vyc nhan quyin, lao dpng, hop ddng, bii thudng thiet hgi, den lmh vyc to tyng. Mac dii trong thyc te, AI mdi chi bat dau trd nen phd bien trong nganh cdng nghi$p phap Iy'.
Truac het, AI ciing c6 the lam phdt sinh chii the cua tpi phgm mdi trong tuang Iai.
Trong mdt tuang Iai khdng xa, cd thi co nhirng dpt bien to ldn do sy phdt trien ciia AI vdi nhiing co may ngay cang co khd nang tu duy, tri tue, cdm xue vd hdnh dpng dpc lap, toan dipn hem con ngudi, tham chi doi binh dang vdi con ngudi. Ciing phdi ke den mpt yeu td niia la tpi pham cong nghp cao, vi day la mpt nguy ca tiem an khap noi. Neu tpi pham cong nghe cao tin cong vao hp thong AI, vao he thong dii Ii?u trong cdc co quan nha nude thi hdu qua se khon ludng. Bdi vgy, trong qud trinh tien hdnh khai thdc thdnh
Miller S (2017), Artificial intelligence and its impact on legal technology: to boldly go where no legal department has gone before Thompson Reuters; https://legal thomsom-euters.com/en/insights/articles/ai- and-its-impacl-on-Iegal-technology.
NGHltN euu I I E S6 9(409) - T5/202oV_ L A P PHAP * ^
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT tyu cua cdch mang cdng nghipp 4.0 va AI, chiing ta phdi no lyc iing phd vdi nhiing thdch thlic, moi de dpa ddt ra, trong dd cd phucmg dipn chinh sdch hmh sy^.
Thu hai, vipc gia tdng sii dyng loT (internet of things) vd loS (internet of services) se Idm tang nguy ca xam phgm ddi tu, tin cong thong tm, an ninh mang \a nhirng van dl lien quan den trdch nhipm ciia con ngudi trong sir dyng cdc san phdm ket ndi khong day hay cac phucmg tien khdng ngudi Idi, cdc nhdn cdng robot,... se keo theo Id nhung van de phdi gidi quyet ve mgt phdp Iy, tinh hpp phdp ciia cac giao djch qua mgng bing todn bp hogc mpt phin ldn mdy mdc thay thi cho con ngudi. Ngodi ra, ddi hdi thiet ylu ciia vipc duy tri tinh toan v?n ciia qua trinh sdn xudt, trdnh cdc nii ro ve cdng n ^ p thong tin, nhiing yeu to se gay hdu qud xdu cho sdn xuat, doi hoi bdo vp bi quyet cdng nghi?p,...^.
Thir ba, lien quan den bang sdng che vd chat lupng bang sdng che''. Interact van vdt (loT) phy thupc vdo giao tiep giua hai hodc nhieu ddi tupng thdng minh va ngudi tieu diing vd thdch tinic la lipu ngudi phdt minh ra mpt so logi iing dyng loT ndo do cd the vupt qua bdi kiem tra de dii dieu kipn cap
bing sdng chl hay khdn^? Nga\ ca khi hO cd dupc bdng sdng chl ve cdc phuong pnap va giao thiic mdi, cdc bdng sdng che do v cd thi rit khd ching Igi nhtmg vi phgm cua nhieu ngudi*.
Thi> tu, khi vipc thu tiigp va phdn tich dir li?u dang lan rpng din tti cdc cdng ty V^an mem sang cdc cong ty sdn xuat, hp da bat diu khai tiidc cdc khd nang phdt sinh tii vi^c tiiu tiigp va khai tiidc du lipu tiim nang, de CO till tgo ra gid tri gia tdngS nhimg vy "ti-an dii lipu" nay da dgt ra nhihig Io nggi khdc nhau vl mgt phdp ly. Ngudi ta cho rang, dii lipu da trd tiianh nguyen lipu ddu vao can thilt ciia cdng ngh| AI, giiip AI hpc dupc cdch tu duy cua con ngudi, cho ra ket qud cao hon tu duy con ngudi, tao ra nguon gid hi kinh tl va xa hdi mdi to Idn^. Big Data da dupc xdc djnh la "dilu Idn lao tiep theo trong sy dii mdi"^, hay Id "md hinh thir tu cua khoa hpc"'. Tuy nhien, nhihig ngudi co cmyen su dyng dii lipu ndy dat ra cdu h6i rang, dii lipu cd the dupc giao dich hay khong va neu cd thi quy djnh ndo se dp dyng cho dilu nay. De ngdn chan sy suy gidm nen kinh te va ddi mdi dii Ueu, cdn cd quy dinh thdng minh de thiet Idp sy can bang giua vi$c su dung dii lipu co lpi vd bdo v8 quyin
Xem https://viettimes.vn/tri-me-nhan-tao-va-nhung-van-de-dat-r
355220. html, truy cip ngay 13/2/2020. -voi-phap-luat-va-quyen-con-nguoi- ngay 15/3/2020.
Robinson WK (2015b) Patent law challenges for the internet of things. Wake For J Bus Intellert Pmn T =.,.,
15(4).p.658. i-ii-ropi.aw Robinson WK (2015a), Economic theory, divided infiingement and enforcmg interactive natent-j Pi^ T O..,
Rev 67, p. 1961. ^ "t^,riaLaw Bessis N. Etobre C (2014). Big data and interoet of things: a roadmap for smart environments Snrino International Publishmg Switzerland, Basel, Opresnik D, Taisch M (2015), The value of Bi'p n ^ • sen-itization. Int J Prod Econ 165, p.l74. htips://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.12.036 truv can 4°
13,2/2020; Opresnik D va cac tac gii (2013). Information-the hidden value of servitization. In' prahh v Taisch M. Kiritsis D (eds) .Advances in production management systems, sustainable production anH .Z^- ' supply chains Spnnger, Berlin Heidelbe^, pp. 49-56. •'na service Polonetsky J. Tene O (2012), Privacy in the age of big data: a time for big decisions, Stanf Law RPU n ,•
64,p.63. '^'=vunhne Gobble MM (2013), Big data: the next big thing in innovation, Res-Technol Manag 56(1), p,64.
Stiawn GO (2012). Scientific research: how many paradigms? EDUCAUSE Rev 47(3), p.26.
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NOHllN CUU /t A P P H A P ^ 86 9(409)-15/2020
rieng nr. khong phan bi^t doi xii va cdc gia tii hpp phdp khdc dupc bdo ve. Viec tiiu thdp cdc tgp dii lipu ldn vd sd dyng cdc phan tich dir lipu hipn dgi cho thiy mdi de dpa rd rdng ddi vdi vipc bdo vp cdc quyen ca bdn cua cong dan, bao gom quyin rieng tu'*'. Trong nhieu trudng hpp, cd nhung ngudi san sdng bit chip khdng gian rieng tu cua ngudi khdc de chiem dogt nhimg du lipu cd nhan nay.
Thic ndm, cong nghp thdng tin va truyen thong dang thay doi vai tro ciia ngudi tieu diing "tii CO lgp sang kit ndi, tii khong biet den biit, tii thy dpng sang tich eye"". Qud trinh ndy doi khi ciing dupc gpi Id "sd hoa"
cua ngudi tieu diing'^, mpi ngudi ngay cang cd the de ddng sii dyng cdc dich vy ky thuat so. Cdc thi hp trfe ldn len vdi ky thudt sd h6a vd luon di dau trong vipc dp dyng cong nghp mdi. Dieu nay co nghia Id cdc gid djnh truyin thing trong lugt bdo vp quyin Ipi ngudi tieu diing rang ngudi tieu dung khdng hieu biit va do dd yeu cau sy bdo vp phdp Iy d§c bipt khong c6n diing niia. Tuy nhien, sy tiiay doi nhanh din miic cac thi h$ "tien Internet" hau nhu khdng theo kip de thich ing, cdc phuang thuc san xuat mdi ciing se mang den nhiing moi nguy hiem mdi cho ngudi tieu dung. Vi vgy, lugt bdo ve quyen lpi ngudi tieu diing phdi thich nghi vdi nhirng thach thiic mdi.
Thu sdu, chinh sdch thue ciing se ddng mpt vai tro rat quan trpng trong thdi dai cua cdc doi tupng thong minh. Trong thdi dgi hipn nay, chi phi danh cho lao dpng ciia con ngudi dang ngdy cdng tang Ien. Do dd, lao dpng cua mdy moc noi chung va tri tue nhan tgo n6i rieng se c6 xu hudng thay the lao dpng ciia con ngudi. Khi ty dpng hda thay
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT the con ngudi, so lupng lao dpng du thira se tang len. ngoai tdc dpng yl kinh tl, sy bat binh dang xa hdi Id van de ddng dupc quan tdm. Vi phin ldn cdc khodn thu thul hipn nay cd ngudn gdc tu lao dpng con ngudi, cac cdng ty se trdnh vipc npp thul bang cdch tdng ty dpng hda. Do ngudi ta cho rdng, robot tri tup nhan tgo kh6ng phdi Id doi tupng phai npp thue cao, mpt so hmh thiic thue ddnh eho ty ddng hoa se dupc dua ra de thay the cho thue ciia ngudi lao dpng.
Ngodi nhung thdch thiic kl tren, vin dl quan trpng raa chiing toi de cap. Id thdch thlic phap Iy lien quan den phdp lugt boi thudng thipt hgi doi vdi cdc doi tupng thong minh. Luat boi thudng thipt hgi chuyen gdnh ngng mat mat tir ben bi thiet hai sang ben co ldi hogc ben phii hpp hon de chju gdnh ngng mat mdt. Thong thudng, mpt ben tim cdch khdc phyc thipt hgi bang cdch yeu cau boi thudng thipt hgi dudi hinh thiic boi thudng bang tien.
Tinh chdt da dien ciia tri tup nhdn tgo tgo ra thdch thirc trong ITnh vyc dieu chinh phdp lugt ve trdch nhiem boi thudng thipt hai do cdc vat the thong minh gdy ra. Khd ndng tich liiy kinh nghiem va ty hpc hoi, cQng nhu khd nang hdnh dpng dpc lap vd dua ra quyet djnh rieng, tgo ra nhimg dieu ki?n cho Ai lam phat sinh thiet hai. Han niia, su pho bien cua AI trong xa hpi co nghia la ngdy cang nhieu ngudi sir dung AI, khd nang vi pham phdp ludt cang cao. Su phdt trien cua AI vd vipc sir dung thuc te AI ngay cang nhieu doi hoi phai thay doi quy dinh phap luat, chang han nhu cin phdi co cau lai he thong phdp ludt.
NIU tri tue nhan tao (robot tri tue nhan tgo) dupc tao ra giong nhu con ngudi la co suy nghi vd cam xiic, thi phap luat phai dupc
Brkan M (2015), Data protection and european pnvate international law. SSRN Scholarly Paper ID 2631116. Social Science Research Network, Rochester; Lynskey O (2014), Deconstructing data protection:
the 'added-value' of a right to data protection in the EU legal order, Int Comp Law Q 63(03), pp.569-597.
Prahalad CK, Ramaswamy V (2004), 'Co-creating unique value with customers'. Strategy Leadersh 32(3), pp. 4-9; https://doi.org/10.1108/10878570410699249. truy cap ngay 15/2/2020.
Maenpaa R, Korhonen SJJ (2015), Digitalization in retail: the impact on competition, In: Colin va cac tac gia (ed.) Vol. 7. Ttansition: IT Leadership in Transition, Aalto University. Helsinki, pp.89-102.
NOHltN CUU S6 9(409)-T5/2020V_IAP P H A P
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NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT thay doi de ma hda vai tro cua robot trong xa hpi'\ Dieu d6 cd nghia Id cac nhd ldm lugt phai xem xet khuon khd phdp !y hipn co yd sua ddi, bd sung cho thich ung vdi nhu cdu thay doi ciia xa hpi.
Mac du hogt dpng ciia AI chua dupc phap lugt quy djnh cy the nhimg chiing ta van phdi giai quyet van de udch nhiem doi vdi cdc thipt hgi do hdnh dpng ciia AI gdy ra.
Theo quy djnh hipn hdnh. cdc tiiipt hai gay ra bdi hdnh dpn^ bit hpp phdp ciia ngudi khdc phai dupc boi thudng. Van de chinh Id cho din thdi dilm hipn tai, cac quy djnh hien ndy khdng cdng nhdn AI Id mpt chii the ciia phdp lugt. Dilu nay c6 nghia Id AI khdng the chju trdch nhipm cd nhdn ve nhimg tiiipt hgi md no gay ra. Vi vgy, mpt logt cau hoi dupc d$t ra; ai se phdi chju trach nhiem cho nhiing thipt hgi do hdnh dpng ciia tri tu? nhan tgo gay ra? AI c6 khd nang gay nguy hiem va cd the gay ra thi?t hgi khong? AI co the chju trdch nhipm cho hdnh dpng ciia mmh hay khdng? Cdc quy dinh cua phdp ludt dupc sir dpng trong vipc xdc djnh cac trudng hpp boi thudng thipt hgi do AI gay ra Id gi?
2. Luat boi thirdng thift hai - quy tdc dp dyng doi vdi trdch nhipm phdp ly va an todn san pham/djch vu
Theo hpc gid Abbott, vipc boi thudng thipt hai cua robot dya tren quan diem cho rang may moc se an todn hoac it nhdt Id co
khd nang an toan han so vdi con ngwoi Mgc dii cd nhieu bdng chiing cdc vy tir vong lien quan den phin mim xe ty ldi Tesla, nhung nhin chung, ngudi ta \an cho rang xe n^ ldi gdy ra tai ngn it hon so vdi con ^S^^
ldi xe, cd khodng 94% cdc vy tai ngn hen quan din loi ciia con ngudi'*. Han niia, loi^y tl Id mpt trong nhimg nguyen nhdn hdng dau gdy tii vong'^ Do dd, cdc hp tiling tri tu?
nhdn tgo, nhu Watson ctia IBM", phan tich hi sa bpnh an vd dilu tri cho b?iih nhan khong cin phdi hoan thipn dl tang cudng sy an todn thi ciing da tot hon so vdi con ngudi.
Mac dii hipn nay, cdc nhd san xuit vd tiiilt ke robot luon tgp vung vdo viec hodn tiiipn h? tiiong cua hp dl co dO tin cgy 100%
ldm cho vin dk tiich nhipm khdng phdi Id van dl ddng phdi Io ling'^ Tuy nhien, van cd kha ndng sdy ra cdc van de phdt sinh lien quan den dp an todn trong cdc he thong ty dpng. Cong ngh? robot co thi thit bgi do Idi vd y hogc do thilt kl, dan din thiet hai tdi san, thucmg tich hogc tmh mgng". Trong trudng hpp nay, lu^t trdch nhipm san pham tniyen thong se dupc dp dyng, co nghia Id nha san xuat se phdi chju trach nhiem do mpt bp phan cua robot bj true trac. Ciing co nhiing trudng hpp tinh den Idi cua nha san xuat hoac loi cua cd nhan khi tiep quan chiec xe^°.
NIU giam thieu tai nan thyc tl Id m^t ti-ong nhiing vin de trpng tam cin quan tam,
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Richard C Sherman (1998), 'The Surge of Artificial Intelligence: Time To Re-examine Ourselves, Implications: Why Create Artificial Intelligence?', http://www.umts.muohio.edu/psybersite/
cyberepace/aisurge/ implications.shtml, truy cap ngiy 20/2/2020.
Abbott R (2018). The reasonable computer disrupting the paradigm of tort liability, Geo Wash L Rev 86, p. I.
S i n ^ S (2015). Critical reasons for crashes investigated in the national motor vehicle crash causation survev US Department of Transportation, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/PubLc/ViewPublication/81211S im.,
c4pngay 15/2/2020. "D.truy Kohn LT, Corrigan J, Donaldson MS (2000). To err is human: building a safer health system, National
Academy Press, Washington, DC. www.nap.edu/catalog/9728.html, truy cap ngiy 13/2/2020.
Watson la mgt chuong trinli phan mem tri m? nhan tao do IBM phat trien vcri myc dich dua ra loi din cho cac cau hoi d u g t neu len bang ngon ngir ty nhien. Chuong triim nay dygc dat ten ciia nha sang lap cono ty IBM la Thomas J. Watson, Watson dang du(;rc phit trien nhu mpt phan ciia dy an nghien cim mane te DcepQA.
Kirkpatrick K.(2013), Legal issues with robots, Commun ACM 56(11), pp. 17-19, https:/doiorgTO.1145 25:4713 2524-20, truy cap ngiy 15/2/2020.
HilgendorfE (2014), Robotik im Kontext von Recht und Moral. Nomos Verlagsges, p.27.
HaHllN CUU
L A P P H A P _ / S4 9{409) - T5Q020
thi myc dich chinh cua lugt boi tiiudng thiet hgi Id cin dilu chmh cdc tieu chuin vl trdch nhipm boi thudng trong trudng hpp thipt hai gay ra bdi cac vgt the thong minh theo hudng luat khuyin khich dau tu vao tri tue nhan tgo dl tang sy an todn cho con ngudi.
Hiu hit cdc thuang tich ma con ngudi gdy ra diu Id do bat can. Vi vgy, hp se phdi chju trdch nhipm boi thudng do co nhihig "hdnh vi khong hpp Iy". Khi mdy tinh gdy ra thuang tich tucmg ty thi se dp dyng tieu chudn ve trdch nhipm nghiem ngdt, cd nghia Id khdng xem x6t din yeu to loi trong vipc gdy ra thipt hgi. Ben bj thipt hai khong phai chi ra loi hogc sy bat can cua nha sdn xuit md chi cin chi ra sdn phim c6 khuyet tat vd gay nguy hiem khong hpp Iy khi dupc sir dyng theo cdch thuc thong thudng vd co the dy Hpu dupc. Tuy nhien, vipc yeu cau nhd sdn xuat phdi boi thudng vi trach nhipm nghiem ngdt nhu the ndy, dong nghia vdi vipc khong khuyen khich ty dpng hoa. Bdi vi, nhd sdn xuit hogc chii sd hihi phdi chju trdch nhipm vl cdc doi tupmg dupc dilu khien bang tri tup nhan tao Idn han so vdi sy dieu khiln cua con ngudi.
Vi trdch nhipm phdp ly ddi vdi san pham la trdch nhipm nghiSm ngat, khong phu thupc vdo 16i, trong khi hoat dpng cua con ngudi dupc do ludng theo tieu chuan ciia
"mpt ngudi hpp ly", co y kien cho rang, de khuyen khich ty dpng hoa va cai thipn an todn hem nua, can phdi ap dyng bien phdp boi thudng thipt hgi doi vdi tri tue nhan tao nhu mpt con ngudi han la mpt san pham. Do do, khi ty dpng hoa va so hoa nham cai thien sy an toan, cac doi tupng thdng minh can
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT dupc ddnh gid theo tieu chudn sa suit, bit can thay v\ tieu chudn frdch nhipm nghiem ngat va xdc djnh trdch nhipm dii vdi thiet hai Ilic nay se dupc so sdnh vdi "mpt ngudi hop ly"^'.
Ben canh do, ciing co nhieu y kiln co suy cho viec dp dyng trdch nhiem nghiem ngat doi vdi cdc vdt the thdng minh, yeu ciu md rpng phgm vi cdc ehii tiie phdi chju trdch nhipm - tii nha sdn xudt, nha phan phdi, ngudi ban, tham chi cd nhd cung cap vien thong. Vi dy, d Lien minh chdu Au, Chi thj Trdch nhiem san phim (85/374/EEC) khong dp dyng ddi vdi hang hda vd hinh, dich vy khdng day du, tu van bat can, chan dodn sai vd thdng tin sai sdt. Tuy nhien, dieu quan trpng la neu thiet hgi xdy ra do mpt sdn phim dupc sii dyng trong dich vy bj loi thi no se van dupc dp dyng theo Chi thi Trdch nhiem sdn phdm^-, quy dinh kiem tra trdch nhipm nghiem ngdt. Do do, nhieu hdnh vi ciia robot se nam trong phgm vi ciia Chi thj nay, bao gdm cd phan mem dupc liru trii tren phucmg tien hiiu hinh. Dieu nay co nghTa Id trong trudng hpp xe 6 to cua ngudi tieu diing gay ra tai nan do phan mem bj tryc trgc, hogc benh nhan sii dung sai lieu lupng phong xa ma nguyen nhdn la do true trac trong phan mem ddnh cho ngudi tieu diing thi hp cd the dua ra khilu nai theo Chi thj Trach nhiem sdn phdm doi vdi nhd san xuat phan mem^-'.
Tuy nhien, khi phin mem duoc cung cap qua Internet (dupc gpi Id phan mem khong nhiing), cac khiem khuyet tiem an khong nim trong pham vi ciia Chi thi ndy vd cdn co mpt chi thi cu the ve trach nhi?m ciia cac nhd cung cap npi dung so.
Schellekens M (2015), Self-driving cars and die chilling effect of liability law, Comput Law Secur Rev:
Int J Technol Law Pract 31, pp. 506-517; https://doi.Org/10.10I6/j.clsr.2015.05 012.
Abbott R (2018), The reasonable computer: disrupting the paradigm of tort liability, Geo Wash L Rev 86, p. 1.
Grubb A, Howells GG (2007), The law of product liability, Butterworths, Oxford.
Wuyts D (2014), The product liability directive-more than two decades of defective products in Europe, J Eur Tort Law 5(1), p. 5; https://doi.oig/I0.1515/jetl-2014-0001, truy cap ngay 15/2/2020.
NGHltN CUU I i n S6 9(409)-T5/2020V_LAP P H A P
NHA NUOC VA PHAP LUAT Thyc te cho tha\. ddi tupng thong minh cdng ty chil thi chiing cdng it dupc coi la cdng cy dan gian trong tay cac chii the k h a c " va vipc quy djnh nghiem nggt qua raiic, mong dpi sy hodn hdo thay vi cd the chap nhgn nhimg hdnh vi robot co the khong khuyen khich cdc nhd sdn xuat ddu tu tien vdo vipc ddi mdi, chdng hgn nhu xe ty Idi, mdy bay khong ngudi ldi va may ty dpng^.
Do do. vipc ban hdnh cdc quy djnh thdng minh Id rdt cin thiet.
Trong khi cdc doi tupng thong minh dang bit chudc cong vipc ciia con ngudi, rapt cau hoi ciing dupc dgt ra Id Ii?u robot c6 dupc quyin kipn, bj kipn vd ciing dupc tham gia vdi tu each la nhdn chiing cho myc
dich chirng cu hay khong? Hipn tgi khong t h i kipn mpt robot vi chimg dupc coi Id tai sdn. Cdc d i i tupng thdng minh khong c6 W cdch chii till phdp ly va chua dupc stia dot d l CO t h i kipn hodc bj kipn. N I U robot gay hgi, ben bj thuang phdi kipn chu nhan cua nd. Tuy nhien, so sdnh robot v6\ cac cong ty, cdc c6ng ty ciing khong dupc coi la cdc tiiyc t h i phdp Iy rieng bi^t vcri chu sd hiiu la con ngudi trong mpt thdi gian ddi trong ljch sd^'*. Tuy nhi^n, theo tiidi gian, cdc nha lgp phdp da tii bd mo hinh coi cdc cong ty chi la tdi san va trao cho chiing mpt tu cdch nhan tgo dpc lgp (phdp nhdn) cho phep chiing kipn vd bj kipn. Do do, doi vdi cdc robot, no se cdn phdi dupc thiet Igp tu cdch chii the nhu vdy^' •
European Commission (2014), European Commission calls for tough standards to regulate civil drones.
Press Release IP-14-384, 8/4/2014, p.59; http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-I4-384_en.htm, truy cap ngiy 15/2/2020.
Richards NM, Smart W (2013), How should the law think about robots?, http://papers.ssm.com/
sol3/papers.cfin?abstract id=2263363, truy cgp ngiy 16/2/2020; Chopra S, White LF (2011), A legal theory for autonomous artificiafagents. University of Michigan Press, Michigan.
Abbott R, Sarch AF (2019), Punishing artificial intelligence: legal fiction or science fiction.
Michalski R (2018), How to sue a robot, Utah Law Rev 2018(5), p.3.
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fliep Iheo trang 14) tien hdnh tnmg cau gidm djnh tam thin hogc gidm dinh phdp y neu c6 nghi ngd ngudi bi to gidc khdng c6 nang lyc trach nhiem hinh sy. Neu ket qua gidm djnh Id ngudi do da mac b?nh tam than, hoac mpt b?nh khdc dan den khong cd khd nang nhan thiic, khong c6 khd nang dieu khien hdnh vi thi khong co bit ky mpt cdn cii phdp ly ndo de dp dyng bien phap bdt bupc chiia bpnh doi vdi ngudi do.H? qud la ngudi do vdn hang ngdy sdng chung vdi cpng dong vd co the gay nguy hiem cho xa hpi bdt cu liic ndo. Ddy la mpt khoang tring phdp lugt can phai sdm khdc phyc d l tgo thugn lpi cho thyc tien hogt dpng o n I NOHltN cuu /
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