Trdn N a m T i l n . Vien trg qudn su cita Hoa Ky...
Vien tro quan sy cua Hoa Ky
cho Chinh quyen Viet Nam Cong hoa giai doan 1955 - 1963**
Tran Nam Tien*
Trudng Dgi hoc Khoa hgc Xa hot vd Nhdn vdn - Dai hgc Qudc gia TP. Ho Chi Minh Ngdy nhdn bdi: 25/01/2019. ngay giri phdn bi^n. 20/03/2019, ngay duyet ddng 9/05/2019
J^ugc thdnh lap ndm 1955, Chinh quyin Viet Nam Cong hda da nhdn dugc su ho trg ldn TUtit Hoa Ky, dgc biet Id viin tra qudn su, nhdm biin miin Nam Viet Nam thanh thupc dia kiiu mdi eua Hoa Ky. So vdi eac logi hinh viin tra khac, vien trg qudn su cua Hoa Ky ddnh cho Viet Nam Cpng hda ludn d mue eao nhdt vdi nhiiu cdp dp vd thi logi. Bdi viit tap trung trinh bdy vi viin trg qudn sie cita Hoa Ky cho Chinh quyin Viet Nam Cpng hda thdi ky cdm quyen cua Tdng thdng Ngd Dinh Diim (1955 - 1963). citng nhieng tdc ddng cua nd din suphdt trien vd sup do ciia che dp Diim.
Tir khda: Hoa Ky, Viet Nam Cong hda, vien trg qudn su
Sau khi Phap thdt bai tai Dien Bien Phii vd phai ky Hiep dinh Geneve (thang/1954), Hoa Ky bdt dau thay thi hodn todn vai tro qudn sy eiia Phdp tai mien Nam Viet Nam. Ngdy 13/12/1954, Cao iiy Phap tudng Ely va tudng Hoa Ky Collins da ky Hiep ude ve viec Hoa Ky thay the Phdp trong van de quan sy tai mien Nam Viet Nam vd td chirc Phai bp Cd vdn Qudn sy Hoa Ky (MAAG - Military Assistance Advisory Group) se dam trach nhiem vy nay.
Nhu vay, dii khong chinh thiic nhung Hoa Ky, dai dien la he thdng co vdn qudn su se trye tilp
"chi huy" cac dan vj qudn dpi Qudc gia Viet Nam, tir nam 1955 la Viet Nam Cpng hda. Giiia nam 1955, Hoa Ky bat dau chii trpng ung hg cho Ngd Dinh Diem tien hanh cupc "trung cdu ddny" gat Bao Dai de tien tdi thanh lap Chinh quyln Viet Nam Cpng hoa. Sau khi thilt lap quan he ddng minh vdi Viet Nam Cpng hoa
* thanhhal60685@yahoo.com
** Nghien cuu n^ duoc tdi trg bai Dgi hoc Quoc gia Thdnh pho phi Hd Chi Minh trong khuon khd de ldi C2017-18b-04.
Nghienciiu AnDpvaChau A. Sd 5-2019, tr.22-29
(1955), Hoa Ky quylt djnh ddy manh su hd trp quan sy cho Chinh quyen ciia Tong thdng Ngd Dinh Diem. Nhiing khoang vien trg khdng Id ciia Hoa Ky da co tac dpng nhat dinh den sy phdt trien cCia Chinh quyen VietNam Cpng hda, tuy nhien dieu do ciing lam cho chinh quyen mien Nam Viet Nam le thupc khd ldn vao Hoa Ky.
1. Giai doan 1955 -1960
Trpng tdm dau tien trong hgp tdc qudn sy giiia Hoa Ky vd Viet Nam Cong hda la ho trp Chinh quyen Ngo Dinh Diem xay dung quan dgi virng manh, du siic doi dau vdi cac luc lugng chong ddi d mien Nam Viet Nam. Bat dau tir nam 1955, Hoa Ky da dua luc lugng cd van sang mien Nam Viet Nam d l tap tmng giiip Ngo Dinh Diem xay dyng thye luc qudn dpi.
Dual su hd trg ciia dpi ngii co vdn Hoa Ky, Chinh quyen Viet Nam Cgng hda da tap tmng cdi to todn dien (tir hinh thiic din ngi dung) he thdng quan dgi quoc gia. Tir nam 1955 trd di, viec huan luyen quan dgi phat triln tiieo md hinh 22
x ^
Tran Nam Tien. Vien trg qudn su eua Hoa Ky ...
qudn dgi Hoa Ky dugc tien hanh. Mot s6 sT quan cua qudn dpi Viet Nam Cong hoa dugc gCri sang Hoa Ky, Philippines de hgc tap, hudn luyen, dac biet la nhihig ky nang d l chdng chiln tranh du kich'. Trong qud dinh ho trg Ngo Dinh Diem lap ra d mien Nam Viet Nam mpt Chinh phii than Hoa Ky, Hoa Ky da cii tuang J. Lawton Collins, nguyen Tham muu trudng Luc qudn Hoa Ky, sang mien Nam Viet Nam vdi tu each Id Dai sii dac biet, dugc Eisenhower giao quyen hanh rgng rai d l chi huy, sir dung va kiem soat mgi co quan vd ngudn luc eua Chinh phu Hoa K5' li6n quan din Viet Nam^.
Thang 3/1955, Hoa Ky ky vdi Chinh quyln Ngo Dinh Diem Hiep dinh thu hh\ vu khf, trang bi thuoc vien trg qudn sy Hoa Ky. Tren co sd nay, mia ddu ndm 1956, Hoa K5' cho thanh lap Phai bp Thu hoi Quan dung tam thdi (TERM - Temporary Equipment Recovery Mission), mpt bp phan cua cd van quan su dugc tang cudng vao Nam Viet Nam vdi 250 ngudi, lam nhiem vu kiem Ua cac chiln cy theo thoa thuan giiia Phap va Hoa Ky tmdc dd^. Dau nam 1955, Phdp da chuyin giao trach nhiem quan su cua hp cho Phai bg Lien lac vd Huan luyen (TRIM Training Relations Instmction Mission) cda Hoa Ky. Ddy Id phai bg CO vdn hon hgp ciia Hoa Ky va Phdp dupe thdnh lap vdo ngay 20/1/1955, nham giiip chinh quyen (than Hoa Ky) d cac nude Ddng Duong to chirc, hudn luyen vd phat trien qudn dpi. Phdi bp Lien lac va Huan luyen do tudng John O'Daniel ehju trach nhiem chi huy, tdi to chiic va huan luyen qudn dgi Quoc gia VietNam (tir thang lO/1955 Id VietNam Cgng hoa). Phai doan nay gom khodng 200 sT quan Phdp va 217 sT quan Hoa Ky da dugc bd Ui lam
nhiem vu co vdn tir Bd Tong tham muu xuong den cdc dan vj, cdc qudn tmdng va cac Trung tam Huan luyen ciia Quan dpi Qudc Gia Viet Nam.
Tuy nhien, do su bat dong quan diem glQa cdc sT quan Phdp va sT quan Hoa Ky nen viec tai td chiic va huan luyen Quan dpi Quoc gia Viet Nam chi thye sy dugc tiln hdnh khi Quan dgi vien chinh Phdp nit het khoi Nam Viet Nam vao thdng 5/1956. Tir giuxi nam 1956, cdc c6 vdn Hoa Ky ndm toan bp quyen ho trg, huan luyen va phat trien quan dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda''. Sau khi quan Phap nit khdi Viet Nam, Phai bg Lien lac va Huan luyen (TRIM) "giai tdn", Hoa Ky cho thdnh lap Td chiic Huan luyen cac binh chiing tdc chiln (CATO - Combat Arms Training Organization) de true tiep cd van cho quan dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda^.
Tir ngdy 24/10/1955, tudng Samuel Williams dugc cir sang mien Nam Viet Nam lam Tu lenh Phai bg co van vien trg qudn su Hoa Ky (MAAG).
Ong cdi td quan dpi cua Ngo Dinh Diem theo hudng chong lai cuoc tiln cong ciia Chinh phii Viet Nam Dan chu Cpng hda tir mien Bac xuong mien Nam Viet Nam. Sau do, dng thanh lap CATO de td chiic huan luyen vii khi tac chien gom toan CO van quan su Hoa Ky. Giong nhu nhiing ngudi tien nhiem cua minh, tudng Williams tin rang viec tiep xuc vdi cdc tmdng vd phuang phap ddo tao cua Hoa Ky se giai quyet dupe nhilu van de cua qudn dpi mien Nam Viet Nam. Ong chu truang dua mgt so lugng Idn cac sT quan ngudi Viet tham dy cdc tmdng hgc vd cdc khda hpc quan sy d Philippines, Nhdt Bdn vd Hoa Ky. Trong niia dau ndm 1956, hon 300 sT quan mien Nam Viet Nam va nhimg ngudi nhap ngu hoan thanh cdc khoa hpc tai cac trudng dd^. Cac vi mdng cao cdp cua Viet
' Richard F. Newcomb (1987), p.31.
^ Nam 1962, phai doan vien Ug quan sir Hoa Ky (MAAG) dirtrc tang cirdng bing Bo Chi huy quan sir Hoa KJ* tai miln Nam Viet Nam (U.S. Military Assistance Command, Vietnam - MACV) 1^ ca quan chi huy quan sir thong nhit dfli vdi cac dem vi quan sir ciia Hoa Ky tai Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A, Sd 5 - 2019, tr.22-29
mien Nam Viet Nam trong thai ky chien tranh Viet Nam.
Xem Graham A. Cosmas (2006), p.42.
^ George S. Eckhardt (1991), p.l5.
^ David. L. Anderson (1991), pp.134-135.
* Ronald H. Spector (1983), p.289.
^ Memo, Chief, TERM, for Chief, MAAG, 27 Sep 56, 23
Trdn Nam Tien. Vien trg qudn su cm Hoa Ky..
Nam Cpng hoa nhu Duong Van Minh vd Le Van Kim da tham du cac khoa hpc dao tao sT quan cao cap Tmdng ST quan Chi huy va Tham muu Fort Leavenworth tai Hoa Ky. Nhilu tmdng qudn sy dugc md d Sdi Gdn, Thii Diic, Da Lat, Nha Trang,... theo hudng hien dai hda, vdi day dii trang thiet bi vd hien dai, gdp phdn ddo tao dupe nhilu sT quan ndng cot cho Chinh quyen Viet Nam'.
6 miic dp khu virc, Hoa Ky dua Viet Nam Cpng hoa vao su bao hp ciia lien minh qudn su Ddng Nam A do Hoa Ky chii tmong thdnh lap.
Ndm 1954, Hoa Ky cung cdc dong minh thdnh lap khoi SEATO (Td chiic Hiep uoc Ddng Nam A) nhdm muc dich ngdn chdn sy lan rpng cua chii nghia cgng sdn d khu vyc ndy. Thong qua SEATO, Hoa Ky da hgp thiic hda cho nhimg hdnh dgng ciia minh vd cac nude dong minh trong viec can thiep quan sy vdo Nam Viet Nam. Thuc chdt, SEATO Id mdt to chiic dugc Hoa Ky Uidnh lap dk ho trg cho chiln tranh Ddng Duong vl phuong dien qudn sy. Theo cac dilu khoan an ninh ciia td chiic SEATO, Hoa Ky ddt mien Nam Viet Nam dudi cai 6 bao hg ciia td chirc nay. Mac du khdng tham gia SEATO nhu mpt thanh vien, nhung Viet Nam Cpng hda cGng tham gia nhilu boat dpng ciia td chiic nay, thdng qua Hoa Ky, nhan su bao hg ve an ninh^.
Ben canh cdc hoat dpng xdy dung, huan luyen vd dao tao luc lupng qudn dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda, mpt npi dung Idn trong hgp tdc quan su giira Hoa Ky vd Viet Nam Cdug hoa vien frg quan sy. So vdi cac ddng minh khde d chdu A, Hoa Ky da ddnh mpt chuang hinh vien tig quan sy khdng lo vdi su
"uu di" ldn cho Viet Nam Cgng hda. Vien trg quan su ciia Hoa Ky cho Viet Nam Cong hda thi
hien dudi nhieu hinh thiic va bang nhieu con dudng. Tir nhung viec dan gidn nhu Hoa Ky doi dollar Idy tiln Viet Nam cho sy chi tifiu ciia dpi ngii cd van My tai Nam Viet Nam, cho quan dpi Vi?t Nam Cpng hoa, cung nhu nhiing chi phi "ngam"
dl Ngo Dinh Diem mua chupc quan chiic, phe phdi ddi lap, nuoi luc lugng an ninh rieng cua vj tong thong nay,... den nhiing van de ldn ban nhu dira luc lugng cd van quan su sang mien Nam Viet Nam, thilt kl, ho^ch djnh cdc chien luge quan sy, vien trg tien ciia khong lo, dua sang chien tmdng Viet Nam phuang tien chiln tranh hien dai vd ddt dd,... Ngay ca mgt so vien trg ve hinh thiic mang tinh ddn sy nhung lai phuc vu cho mye dich qudn su nhu cac chuang trinh phat trien nong thon "dinh diin", "khu trii mat "...^.
Nhin chung, Hoa Ky rat hao phdng chi tieu qudn su doi vdi Nam Viet Nam vi muc dich chong Cgng toi da d khu vyc Dong Nam A. Ngdy 1/6/1956, tai Hgi nghi "Nhieng ngiedi bgn A^ ciia Viet Nam" (American Friends of Viehiam), Tliii hTjdng phu trach cac vdn d l Vien Dong cua Hoa Ky Walter S. Robertson da the hien tinh tiidn vi?n fro qudn sy ciia Hoa Ky cho miln Nam Viet Nam:
"Nhieng cd gang ddu tien cua chiing ta nhdm giup Viet Nam duy tri cae luc lumig an ninh gdm mpt ddi qudn chinh quy 150.000 ngudi, mpt dpi ddn ve ca dpng 45.000 ngudi vd nhimg dan vi dia phuang chdng lat do trong cdc Idng xd. Chung la dang cung e^ cho cdc luc lugng nay tiin, thiit bi vd chung ta cd nhiem vu hudn luyen qudn dpi Vi^t Nam. Chung ta giup to chuc, hudn luyen vd trang bi cho cdnh sdt Viet Nam'"^'^. Nhu vay, Hoa Ky da vien trg rat nhieu tiln cua, nhdn luc dl quan dpi
sub: Review and Analysis of MAAG Programs, Williams Papers. Ronald H. Spector (1983), p.282.
Jeffrey J. Clarke (1988), p.7.
' Ve CO ban, Hi?p dmh Geneve nam 1954 khong cho phep cac quoc gia d Dong Duong (ke ca hai chinh quyen a Vift Nam) tham gia vao cac lien minh quan s\f. Tuy nhien, Lao vh mien Nam Vi?t Nam m5c dii khong tJiam gia
Nghien ciiu An Dp vd Chdu A. Sd 5 - 2019, tr.22-29
SEATO vol tir each thanh vien chinh thiic, nhung dS tham gia cac dilu khoan ciia Hiep urdc Manila, chi cd Campuchia quyet tam the hi?n tinh trung 14p ciia minh va tir choi sir bao ho ciia SEATO. Xem Marilyn B. Young (1991), p.46.
" Mark T. Berger (2004), pp.235-236.
'" U.S. Congress, Senate (1967), pp.92-94.
24
Tran Nam Tien. Viin trg qudn su eiia Hoa Ky ..
Viet Nam Cpng hoa co the cam sung chien dau bao ve che do Viet Nam Cpng hoa, nhung Idn han la bdo ve lgi ich qudc gia ciia Hoa Ky d mien Nam Viet Nam vd Dong Nam A " . Din thang 5/1960, Hoa Ky tdng lye lugng quan su d mien Nam Viet Nam len gdp doi tu 327 len 685 ngudi'^.
Chuang trinh vien trp qudn sy cd the ke tmdc het Id vien trg qudn su true tiep. Nam 1955, vien trg quan sy ciia Hoa Ky cho chinh quyen Sai Gdn la 234,8 trieu USD, nam 1956 la 102,2 frieu USD, naml9571a200frieuUSD'lHoaKycdnyyctilp cap vao mien Nam Viet Nam vii khi, qudn trang, qudn dyng, vat lieu xdy dyng qudc phdng, phuang tien, mpt sd lugng idn hang hda,... Nam 1956, Phdi bp vien trg Hoa Ky cho Ngo Dinh Diem vay 21 trieu USD de sung vao ngdn sach qudc phdng. Cdc vien trg quan su cua Hoa Ky chu yeu tap tmng vao quan dpi Viet Nam Cgng hoa. Nhin vao bdng ben dudi, chiing ta c6 the thay chuong trinh vien trg rieng cho quan dpi Viet Nam Cgng hda da gidm ciing vdi su phdt trien cua quan dgi qudn dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda giai doan sau dd. Tuy nhien, "mien Nam Viet Nam la ngudi nhgn vien tra ldn thie 5 ", gdn 80% vien trg cua Hoa Ky da tap tmng hd trp qudn dpi (bao gdm hd trg gian tilp, nhu xay dung dudng cao tdc ma tudng Williams yeu cdu "cho muc dieh qudn su")^"^.
Bang: Vien trg quan sy ciia Hoa Ky cho qudn dpi Viet Nam Cong hoa (1956 -1960)
(Don vi tinh: trieu USD) Nam tai khoa
1956 1957 1958 .1959 1960
Vien trff Hoa Ky 176,5 119.8 79.3 52.4 72.7 Ngudn: Douglas C. Dacy (1986), p.200
2. Giai doan 1961-1963
Trong nhung nam ddu thdp nien 1960, quan he giua Viet Nam Cgng hoa vdi Hoa Ky bat ddu xudt hien nhiing bat dong. Tren thye te, chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem khong muon de cdc cd van Hoa Ky can thiep va dieu khien d cdc don v| cdp chiln thuat ciia qudn dgi Viet Nam Cpng hda. Tuy nhien, sau "Dong khdi" (1960), dac biet la sy ra ddi cua Mat tran Dan tpc Giai phdng mien Nam Viet Nam (ngay 20/12/1960), Ngo Dinh Diem bugc phdi chdp nhdn sy chi phdi gia tang ciia Hoa Ky ve ca bp may chinh quyen lan qudn dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda. Khi Tdng thdng John F. Kennedy len nam quyen vdo ddu nam 1961, Hoa Ky trien khai chien luge qudn sy todn cau "Phdn ieng linh hoat", day manh su doi dau vdi Lien Xd va phe xa hpi chu nghTa' ^. Ddi vdi mien Nam Viet Nam, Hoa Ky tien hanh chien luge "Chien tranh ddc biit"
(Special War) vdi cdng thirc: quan dgi Viet Nam Cpng hoa + co van Hoa Ky, vu khi vd phuong tien chien tranh ciia Hoa Ky'^. De tang cudng sire manh cho qudn dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda, cudi nam 1961, Hoa Ky tang cudng cung cdp cho quan dpi Viet Nam Cong hda nhieu phuang tien chiln franh hien dai nhu cac dpi "true thdng van", "thiit xa van " M-113, mdy bay yem frg chien thuat, phi dgi C-123 rai thuoc khai quang, mdt dan vj hdi qudn chdng xam nhap dudng bien. Cac phuang tien chien tranh hien dai dugc sii dyng de phye vu cho chien luge "Chiin tranh dgc biet" cua Hoa Ky d mien Nam Viet Nam.
Tdng thdng Kennedy da dong y de nghi ciia IVIAAG ve viec tang vien trg quan su nham tang kha nang chien ddu cua qudn dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda d cd hai binh dien: vii khi, trang thilt bi chien tranh va quan sd. Tdng thdng Kennedy da quylt djnh vien frg 28,4 trieu USD cho quan dpi Viet
" Orrin Schwab (1998), pp. 19-20.
'^ Louis Peake (2007), p.337.
"Nguyen Kien (1968), p.34.
Nghi6n ciiu An Do vd Chdu A. S6 5 -
1^ Mara E.Karlin (2018), p.105.
'^ Robert H. Donaldson (2014), pp.97-98, 1^ Edward Miller Maiden (ed.) (2016), p.97.
Tran Nam Tien. Viin trg qudn su eua Hoa Ky ..
Nam Cdng hda vd vien frg quan su tdng the da tang tir 50 frieu USD/nam len 144 frieu USD vdo nam 1961'^. Trong nam ddu tien ndm quyen, Tong thdng Kennedy, Phai bp C6 vdn Quan su (MAAG) da hpp tdc chat che vdi cac quan chiic qudn sy vd ngoai giao d miln Nam VietNam de phat frien mpt kl hoach doi phd vdi chien franh du kich dang phat trien d mien Nam Viet Nam. Cac sang kien chinh ciia cac chuong trinh nay bao gdm viec ciing cd qudn dpi Viet Nam Cgng hda de chdng lai luc lupng du kich ndi day nhdm ciing cd vj the chinh trj cua Tong thdng Ngo Dinh Diem.
Ngay 31/8/1960, tudng Lionel C. McGarr thay the tudng Williams lam chi huy cua MAAG.
Dau nam 1961, tdng so co van qudn sy Hoa Ky tai miln Nam Viet Nam ude khoang 900 ngudi.
Trong nam 1961, khi cupc chien d Viet Nam md rgng, Hoa Ky da quyet djnh ndng con so cd van vdo khodng 3.200 ngudi d miln Nam Viet Nam vao cuoi nam 1961' ^. Lye lugng co van Hoa Ky dupe phdn cong xuong den cap tieu dodn, tilu khu vd chi khu lam nJiiem vu hd frg true tiep cho cac don vj chien dau ciia quan dpi Sai Gdn. Sau khi cd bao cao danh gid tinh hinh cua lye lugng dac nhiem Hoa Ky (ngay 8/5/1961) ve viec chinh quyen nen tiep tuc ho frg Ngd Duih Diem, trong Bidn ban ghi nhd An ninh Quoc gia sd 52 (NSAM- 52), Tong thong Kennedy da cho triln khai tdng them qudn cho qudn dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda, ddng thdi md rpng trdch nhiem MAAG bao gdm hd trg qudn ty ve vd luc lupng dan quan'^. Thdng 5/1961, Chinh phu Hoa Ky gui mpt luc lugng dac nhiem gom 400 ngudi sang mien Nam Viet Nam^''. Luc lupng nay dugc trien khai bi mat d l hd Ivg viec ddo
tao lye lupng dac biet cho quan dpi Viet Nam Cgng hoa, cGng nhu co quyen han tham gia vao cdc hoat dpng tinh bdo bi mat d phia Bdc, phia Nam vd mpt loat cdc budc de tang sy tin tudng ciia Diem doi vdi Washington^'. Mac dii lien tuc tdng cudng vl qudn so, trang thiet bj vd ca luc lugng cd van Hoa Ky, nhung quan dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda vdn khong dii siic ngdn can cupc dau franh vu frang each mang ciia nhdn dan mien Nam biing len manh me tir nam 1960. Tren ca sd do, Chinh phu Hoa Ky chu tmong thanh lap them mgt ca quan chi huy quan su, vdi muc dich huan luyen cho quan doi Viet Nam Cpng hda vd xa hon nira Id dua qudn dpi tham chien true tilp tai mien Nam.
Trong hoan canh do, ngay 8/2/1962, Bp Chi huy Vien trg Qudn sy Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam (MACV The U.S. Military Assistance Command, VieUiam) dugc tiianh lap. To chiic nay nam dudi quyen cua Tu lenh Bp Tu lenh Thai Binh Duong cua Hoa Ky (CINCPAC - Commander-in- Chief, U.S. Pacific Command). Sau khi thdnh lap, MACV frd thanh co quan ndm quyen cao nhat chi huy cdc luc lugng qudn su Hoa Ky tai mien Nam Viet Nam, ddc lap vdi MAAG. Bg Chi huy Vien frg Qudn su Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam do tudng Paul Harkins, ngudl tiing dung ddu Phdi bp C6 van Vien frg Quan sy d Viet Nam, ndm giu. Din cudi nam 1962, so nhdn vien cua phdi bp da tdng len 11.300 ngudi^^. Chinh phu Hoa Ky ciing gia tdng so lugng c6 van sang mien Nam Viet Nam. Tinh din nam 1963, so lugng co van Hoa K^ d miln Nam Viet Nam tang len 16.000 ngudi^^ Vai fro ciia cac dpi ngu co van Hoa Ky cung tang len, phdn Idn dong vai fro chii chot frong cdc don vi qudn dpi
'^ Records of the United States Forces in Southeast Asia, 1950-1975 (RG 472), Records of the Military Assistance Advisory Group Vietnam, 1950-1964, Adjutant General Division, https://www.archives.gov, ngay truy cap 22/7/2018.
'« Richard L. Schreadley (1992), p.39.
" U.S. Department of Defense 1971 b, 13; Leslie H. Gelb Nghien ciiu An Do vd Chau A. Sd 5 - 2019, tr.22-29
and Richard K. Belts (1979), p.69.
^^ Prouty, L. Fletcher (1992), p.I67; Lien-Hang T.
Nguyen (2012), p.59.
^' Michael R. Adamson (2004), p.247.
^^ Dan theo Nguyen Quang Trung Tien (2014), tr.53-56.
"Douglas Dacy (1986), p.8.
26
Tran Nam Tien. Viin trg qudn su ciia Hoa Ky ..
Viet Nam Cdng hoa. O mien Nam Viet Nam,
"khdng CO mpt nha/sd, mpt dan vi qudn dpi hay mpi gudng may hdnh chinh ndo md khdng co su hien dien cua cdc ed vdn Hoa Ky"^^. Tir dau nam 1961, quan dgi VietNam Cgng hda dugc frang bi va hudn luyen trye tiep bdi cac c6 vdn Hoa Ky. Ben canh dd, sT quan Viet Nam Cgng hda cung tiep tuc dugc phia Hoa Ky giri di dao tao d cdc can cii quan sy CLia Hoa Ky d Philippines, Nhat Ban, Han Quoc, Hoa Ky.
Liic nay, Hoa Ky vien frg kinh t l cho Viet Nam Cpng hoa phat trien quy md he thdng cdu dudng, san bay, ben cang nhdm de phye vu cho muc dich quan su la chinh. Mgt nhdn xet chung:
"Ngudi ta thdy Nam Viet Nam tu trang bi cho minh mpt loat nhieng con dudng rdng tdi 10m, vai nhung cdng trinh cdu cdng cd thi chiu dung nhimg xe hai van tdi ndng 30 tdn. Dieu ky lg han niea, nhieng con dudng nay chd yeu diu quy ve hudng mdt viing thua ddn cu nhdt, kinh ti kem phdt trien nhai trong nude, tire Id vitng Tdy Nguyen"^^. Cdc sdn bay Tdn Son Nhat, Bien Hda, Da Ndng, Phii Bai, Nha Trang dugc md rpng va frang bi hien dai.
Can cii hdi qudn dugc md rpng, lye lugng khdng quan tir chd hau nhu khong co gi nam 1954 sau do da phdt hien kha manh ciing vdi mang ludi cdc cdn cii khong qudn.
Mac dil do nhieu tien cua, vu khi, phuong tien chiln tranh vd dgi ngu co vdn My vao mien Nam Viet Nam nhung Hoa Ky cung khdng the ciiu van dugc sy khung hodng cua Chinh quyen Viet Nam Cpng hda ca ben trong lan ben ngoai tir sau phong trao Ddng Khdi nam 1960. Chinh cdch doi xii
"dgc tdi", "gia dinh tri" ciia Chinh quyen Ngd Dinh Diem da tao ra mdu thuan ddi khang frong long ddn chung d miln Nam Viet Nam. Ben canh do, lye lugng each mang mien Nam phye hdi va
phat trien manh sau phong trao Ddng khdi. Thdt bai trudc luc lugng each mang dtran Ap Bac (ngay 1/1963) da khiln uy tin ciia Chinh quyln VietNam Cpng hoa suy gidm frong con mdt ciia ngudi My.
Cd the noi, that bai nay cho thdy sy ylu k^m cua lye lupng quan dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda von dugc Hoa Ky dau tu rat lan cd ve lugng vd chat, vdi sy chi dao vd huong dan cua mgt lye lugng co van My dong ddo d mien Nam Viet Nam. Nhung kit qua tren chien truang va nhiing bao edo dugc giri ve tii mien Nam Viet Nam vao dau nam 1963 da khien Chinh phii Hoa Ky lo Idng.
Ben canh sy ylu kem ciia Chinh quyln Viet Nam Cgng hda, su "khdngphuc tiing" cua Tdng thdng Ngo Dinh Diem da khiln Hoa Ky khong hai long. Trong khi tinh hinh mien Nam Viet Nam dang khiing hodng nghiem trgng, Tdng thong Ngd Dinh Diem vd Cd van Ngd Dinh Nhu vdn td ra lac quan vd phdn bdc tdt cd nhimg edo huge ve tinh hinh mien Nam Viet Nam dang xau di. Tham chi vao dau nam 1963, thong qua sy tu van ciia Co van Ngo Dinh Nhu, Tdng thong Ngd Dinh Diem da chii tmong thye hien "ehu nghia xet lgi" frong quan he vdi Hoa Ky, cu the xem xet lai todn dien nhimg dieu khodn ma theo dd, Hoa Ky cung cdp vien frg va tham gia chuang trinh kien thilt quoc gia cua chinh quyen Viet Nam Cgng hda. Giua thang 4/1963, Co quan Tinh bao Tmng uong Hoa Ky (CIA) da cho rdng nhung cao bugc ciia phu Tdng thong Viet Nam Cpng hda ve viec Hoa Ky xdm pham chu quyen ciia Viet Nam Cdng hda da tao ra su cdng thdng ddng ke giO'a hai chinh quyen^'^. Va frong so nhung npi dung can xet lai, ngi dung gay tranh cai nhat chinh la viec Co van Ngd Dinh Nhu keu gpi ddo nguge su gia tang manh me cua so lugng co van My 6 mien Nam Viet Nam, khi ong nay de nghj phia Hoa Ky giam
^^ Tap tai li?u ciia Giao sir Nguyen Van Hao nhan dinh Luu trii Quoc gia II, tr.32.
v6 tinh hinh kinh tl, tai chinh VietNam tir nam 1955- " Vien Thong tin Khoa hoc Xa hoi (1973), tr.52.
1970, H6 sosfl 2415, Phong De nhi Cong hoa, Trung tam ^* U.S. Department of State (1988), pp.246-247.
Nghien cuu An Dp va Chdu A. So 5 - 2019, tr.22-29 27
Tran Nam Tien. Viin tra qudn su cua Hoa Ky ..
sd lugng cd vdn My xuong cdn khoang 4.000 ngudi frong thdi gian tdi^^. Mac dii phia Hoa Ky da nhieu lan de nghi Tong thdng Ngd Dinh Diem thay ddi, dac biet tien hanh cai td bg mdy chinh quyen nhdm cim van tinh hinh, my nhien Tdng thong Diem da khdng dap img nhiing yeu cdu ciia phia Hoa Ky.
3. Ket luain
Tir khi thanh lap nam 1955, Chinh quyen Viet Nam Cpng hoa da nhdn dugc sy hd frg ldn hi phia Hoa Ky, dac biet la vien frg qudn sy. So vdi cac loai hinh vien frg khde, vien frg qudn su ciia Hoa Ky danh cho VietNam Cgng hda ludn d mirc vien frg cao nhdt, bao gdm dpi ngii co van quan sy, tiln bac, vii khi, qudn trang qudn dung, hgp tdc xdy dung va phat frien qudn dpi Viet Nam Cpng hda...
Trong giai doan 1955 -1960, dpi ngii cd vdn qudn su Hoa Ky da phy frach toan bp su phdt trien ciia qudn dpi Viet Nam Cong hoa cd ve sd lugng ldn chat lugng. Tren co sd do, chinh quyen Viet Nam Cpng boa da lien hdnh nhieu chien djeh "td cdng, diet cpng" nham dan dp manh me phong trao ddu tranh ciia nhdn dan mien Nam, phd hoai Hiep djnh Geneve. Tuy nhien, nhiing sy hd trg tich cyc ciia Hoa Ky ciing khong the giiip Chinh quyln Ngd Dinh Diem ngan can dugc sy phdt trien ciia phong frdo ddu tranh cua nhdn ddn miln Nam, dinh dilm Id cao trao Ddng khdi nam 1960.
Sau khi len nam quyln, Tong tiling Kennedy quyet djnh tien hanh chiln luge "Chiin tranh ddc biet" nham chdng lai phong trdo dau tranh ciia nhdn dan mien Nam. Mac dii dua ra chiln luge cu the, tang vien trg quan sy, lye lugng vu trang cho Chinh quyln Viet Nam Cgng hoa. Tuy nhien, chien luge "Chien tranh dae biet" cua Hoa Ky cd nguy CO that bai sau frdn Ap Bdc ddu nam 1963,
frong do the hien ro su yeu kem quan dpi Sai Gon mac dil cd su ho frg hda luc manh hi Hoa Ky.
Trong khi dd, Chinh quyen cua Tong thing Ngo Dinh Diem lai dang tao ra nhiing su khung hodng frong ngi bg mien Nam Viet Nam, ddng thdi ngay cdng mau thuan sdu sac vdi Hoa Ky. Trong khi do, thai dp thieu thien chi vd nhimg hanh dpng can frd Hoa Ky trong viee can thiep sau vdo miln Nam Viet Nam da khien ngudi My tin rdng quan he ddng minh giira Viet Nam Cpng hoa - Hoa K^ se mau chdng sup do. Nhiing ca sd neu tren da khien Hoa Ky tin rang Ngd Dinh Diem khdng cdn la mpt con cd chinh trj ciia ngudi My ma Diem da chu dpng dieu hanh chi dp ciia minh vdi tu each ddc lap ban rat nhieu. Thuc te nay bupc Hoa Ky phai tinh den viec phai thay Ngo Dinh Diem va tim kiem mpt "tay sai" men. Thang 11/1963, Hoa Ky da "bat den xanh" cho luc lugng tudng ITnh Sai Gon tien hanh cupc dao chinh lat do sy cam quyln cua Tdng thdng Ngo Dinh Diem, ddy tinh hinh chinh trj d mien Nam Viet Nam vao thdi ky khiing hodng sau sac va todn dien.
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