PH6 CANG NHA TRANG THi KV XVIII-XIX

CHUYEN Mgc

si> HOC - NHAN HOC - NGHIDN ci>u T O N GIAO

P H 6 C A N G NHA TRANG T H i KV XVIII-XIX

N G U Y E N VAN GIAC

Cung vai cic pho cang Nw&c Man - Qui Nhan, Vung Lam, Phan Ri, vung Nam Trung Bd cdn CO pho cang Nha Trang - mot tii diem thwang mai dia phwang vi khu vwc. Lei thi vi nguon thwang phim truyin thong da dang chiing loai sin pham trong boi canh nin kinh ti hing hda da tao nen mdt thwang cing Nha Trang noi tiing ma minh chirng ia mire song cd phin phong Iwu cua cic thanh phan cw dan nai day.

C Q A B I E N NHA TRANG

Bd bien Khanh Hda thupe dgng bd bien cao, chgy g i n dudng dang sau vdi 3 logi hinh chD y i u : bd bien da, bd bien cdt vd bd biin vung, vjnh. Bd biin dang trong thdi ky riat (dn djnh), it bj thay ddi, tgo diiu kipn thugn Igi d i thiit Igp eac cang biin, phdt triin nghe khai thdc hai san, lam mudi vd cdc hogt ddng kinh t i bien khdc. Trong 6 cua be trai dpe biin Ddng theo hudng Bae-Nam cua tinh Khanh Hda, Dgi Nha Trang hay cdn gpi Dgi Cu Hudn Id eua khau ddng chu y nhit: cda cdch huypn ly VTnh Xuong 19 dam v i hudng Ddng, cua lach rdng trdn 1.000 trugng, thDy trieu len xudng sdu tren 7 thudc, ta hdu va trudc mat cd nDi dd, dao va bdi cdt, cd dgt thu sd. T i n Dgi Nha Trang cung t i n Van Phong dugc

Nguyin Vdn Gidc. Trudng Trung hpc pho thSng Tr4n Quic Tulln huypn Phu Hoa, tinh Phil Y6n.

djnh Id hai cua biin nhiiu vipc nhit cua tinh Khdnh Hda vdi hgn nggch: t i n thu 2 vien, thupe Ip 5 ngudi (Npi cdc triiu Nguyin, 1993, tr. 389).

Nhd quy ty nhieu y i u td thugn lgi, eua Nha Trang td rit sdm dd trd thdnh nai giao thuang ddng dDc cua cdc t h i hp thuang nhan ngudi Vipt, ngudi Hoa vdi thuang nhan nudc ngodi, d i n dan tgo nen dien mao mdt phd cang do hpi tren nen thanh dia Champa cd td chue the ky trude.

S l / HiNH T H A N H P H O C A N G NHA TRANG Ten gpi Nha Trang cd t h i xuit hipn ngay t u khi luu dan ngudi Vipt djnh eu trdn vung d i t mdi Thdi Khang (1653).

Khoang nua sau t h i ky XVII, trong tgp Thien Nam tie chi IQ do thw do nho sinh hp Do Bd bien sogn dd ed dja danh Nha Trang mdn (cda Nha Trang); mpt dd ban thupe t h i ky sau, Giip Ngp nien Binh Nam dd eua Doan qugn cdng Bui T h i

62 NGUYEN VAN GIAC - PHO CANG NHA TRANG THE KY XVIll-XIX Dat cQng ghi la Nha Trang hai mdn (Buu

Cam, 1962, tr. 98-101, 158-163). Day !d hai tai lieu sdm nhit cua ngudi Viet d i cap tdi cua biin nay.

Trong khi dd, ngudn tdi lieu phuang Tdy ndi d i n Nha Trang cung xuat hien tuang ddi sdm. Giam muc ngudi Phdp Marin Labbe trong thu k l lgi mdt vu dam tdu cua ngudi Ha Lan nam 1714 tgi khu vuc quan dao Paracel, ed nhac d i n dja danh port nomme Nha Tiang (cua biin Nha Trang); d mpt thu khdc dng lai ghi: le canton de Nha Tiang (tdng Nha Trang) (Nguydn Nha, 1975, tr. 268, 272). Nam 1744, thuang gia Phdp Pierre Poivre trong tap Memoire sur la Cochinchine (Hoi ky v i xu Dang Trong) cung ghi Igi dja diem thuang mgi Natlang; hodc mdt Id thu xuat ban nam 1746 eua myc su ngudi Thyy ST M. Faure, md ta cac td y i n dugc xay tren vach da d mdt ngoai vi thdnh pho cd ten la Nathlang, tuc thdnh phd Nha Trang (Nguydn Viet Trung, 1999, tr. 7).

Xuat xd ten gpi Nha Trang dugc gidi thich t u nhiiu gia thuyet khdc nhau, trong dd cd y kien eho rang Nha Trang xuit phat t d mdt dia danh Cham da Viet hda, nguyen la Ya Trang, nghTa la sdng Lau. Tu diin Viet-Cham do G. Moussay va cdng su bien sogn giang nghTa rang Ya: nudc; Trang: lau; Paley Ya Trang:

xd Nha Trang. Cung logi y kiin dd, nha nghien edu Etienne Aymonier ed nhieu nam chung sdng vdi cdng ddng Chdm cho biit danh xung Nha Trang cd t u tieng Tjame (Cham) Nia Trang hay Ea Trang, la Trang deu cung nghTa la "nudc lau say" (Aymonier, 1886, saobiennha trang.net).

T u tuc danh ban dau, Nha Trang d i n d i n trd thanh ten gpi chinh thuc, vda nham ehi hai cua khdu Dai Nha Trang vd Tieu Nha Trang vda de chi rpng ra ten eua ea vung d i t bao quanh.

Trudc khi trd thdnh mdt dia diim giao thuang eua ngudi Viet, cua bien Nha Trang tung Id mdt trong nhung trung tam thuang mgi cua vuang qudc Champa.

Cang thj Nha Trang la nai cung cip nudc ngpt cho cac tau budn quoc td, nhu ghi nhdn trong cde t h i ky Vll-X ddi vdi tau budn A Rap tai cae dja diim Bieh D i m , Bai Tru, D i m Bay... (Tran Quoc Vugng, Cao Xuan Phd, 1996, tr. 14).

Day cDng chinh Id thuang cang quan trpng trong vipc xuit khau trim huang, td hgp, dudng... Id nhdng ddc san tieu bieu vd r i t ndi tiing cua tieu quoc Kauthara (Bao tang Khanh Hda, 2001, tr.

152). Cac nha du hdnh ngudi A Rap va Ba Tu trong t h i ky XIV-XV ghi nhdn Champa la nudc san xuat logi go Id hpi tdt nhdt, ma gd ndy chi cd d dinh Nha Trang (Li Tana, 1999, tr. 92).

Tuy nhien, khi ngudi Vipt t i i p quan vung dat mdi Thai Khang, ede cang thj d ddy rai vao tinh trang tieu dieu do phin Idn ngudi Cham bd di ve phia Nam hoac lui sdu len m i i n thugng nguyen phia Tdy, luu dan ngudi Viet cdn thua thdt vd chua dn djnh cupc sdng. De phdng sy phan edng Igi cua ngudi Chdm, thdng binh Hung Ldc trd thdnh quan tran thu dau tien cua Thai Khang dd chpn nai ddng dinh ben bd Bac sdng VTnh PhO, thudc thdn VTnh Phu nam tren dja phgn phu Thdi Khang/Ninh Hda, bdi vi xet ve mat qudn su, "Nai ddy g i n hgu cu rpng Idn Phu Yen - Binh Djnh, d i dang tiip

TAP CHf KHOA HQC XA HOI sd 6 (190) 2014 nhgn s y chi vipn khi can thiet. Day lai xa each dja ban qudn Chiem Thanh d phia Nam. Day Id vung d i t cgn sdng nen r i t tipn giac thdng vd lam nai tru ddng cua cdc CO thuy dpi, Igi xa bien d i trdnh sy uy hiep cua djch ve mat phia Ddng"

(Nguyin Duy Cang, 2004, tr. 21, 41).

Chinh trong bdi canh vd diiu kipn nhu vay, vdi each thdc hinh thanh cdc dd thj trung dgi Vipt Nam, b i n cang quan trpng cDa dinh Thdi Khang Id mdt cang sdng cgn biin nam phia bd Tay trong vjnh Nha Phu: cang Hd Lien. Vdi vj the Id tri sd dinh Thai Khang, rdi dinh Binh Khang suit td ndm 1653 d i n ndm 1793, trudc khi chuyen ve Dien Khdnh, Nha Phu tdng Id mpt cua biin quan trpng, ddng vai trd cua ngd ra vdo bang dudng bien cua quan dpi vd dgi dipn ehinh quyen chDa Nguyen d day. Cang Hd Lien ke sdt dit liin ben trong, thdng qua he thdng giao thdng bang dudng sdng vao sdu trong npi dja hang chyc cdy so, dam bao thudng xuyen vipc cung dng cae mat hang can thiet, trudc hit Id cho quan binh tran gid. Vi tinh chit nghiem nggt md ly' do qude phdng va an ninh ddt ra luc ndy, nham ngdn can nhdng muu toan phan kich d ca ba hudng Ddng, Tdy va Nam, nen mdi trudng giao thuang b| nen chgt Igi. Chue nang quan su ndi bat eua cua biin Nha Phu at hdn vai trd mdt tDi chda dyng hang hda cua Binh Khang, it ra cho den sau khi tinh thdnh chuydn v i Dien Khdnh dau the ky XIX. Tdu thuyin tup trung tgi cua Ha Lien chD y i u Id cua nhd nudc, thuang nhdn d a phuong va ngu dan danh ca. Ndi each khdc, thuang mgi d ddy ehi mang t i m vdc phu huypn chd khdng chD truong md rpng ben

ngodi. Thuyin budn cae nai ty hpp d mdt vi tri khdc, vua Id trung Id vda Id trung tam ngudn hang hda cua hai phu, d i u mdi cDa nhidu tuyen giao thdng quan trpng ea dudng biin, dudng bd lan dudng sdng, vj tri dd ndm tgi vung cda bien Nha Trang.

Sdng Phu Ldc dd ra bidn theo hai nhanh, tgo thanh hai eua, cdn cd mdc dd rdng hpp md gpi Id Dai Nha Trang/Ogi CD Hudn vd Tiiu Nha Trang/Tiiu CD Hudn.

Vdi md thuc mdt mandala Champa, trudc khi ngudi Viet dgt chdn den, cung vdi thap thieng Pd Nagar va cdc yeu td thieng khdc, Nha Trang dieh thue id cang thi ehinh eua xd Kauthara.

Khai thdc Igi t h i kinh te thuong mgi cua Champa, ngudi Viet tiep tyc chpn Nha Trang Idm ty diim giao thuang cua dinh Thdi Khang. Ndm 1669, sau hdng chyc nam tiin hanh di ddn lgp Idng, ngudi Vipt ddng d i n len, chDa Nguyen Phuc T i n sai van chde Ho Quang Dgi "bdt dau idm viec duyet tuyin d hai phu Dien Ninh vd Thai Khang" (Qudc su qudn trieu Nguyin, 1962, tr. 112). Oieu do cho thiy ddi song eua ngudi Viet tren vung dit mdi dd dn dinh; hang hda, chu yeu id cae mat hdng ndng san, da ddi ddo vd ddt ra yeu eau trao ddi san phdm. Co t h i xem ddy Id cdt mdc cua su phyc hung cang thj Nha Trang, song chde nang qudn sy van la chu y i u . Ndm 1674, ljch sughi nhgn mpt chien tich vang dpi cDa dpi thuyin binh dao Nha Trang xuit kleh cdu vipn phien thin Chan Lgp do cai ca Nguyin Duong Ldm ehi huy. CDng thdi gian ndy, ndm 1671 giam myc Pierre de la Motte Lambert duac cu ldm dgi dipn Tong Tda Nam Vipt vd Gidm tinh mien Nam Trung

NGUYEN VAN GlAC - PH(5 CANG NHA TRANG THE KY XVIII-XIX Hoa cung da theo dydng bien d i n viing

cu'a sdng Nha Trang, dgt ehgn len Chg tVlPi truyin dap, lap hai giao xw dau tien tgi day la giao xw Chp Mdi va giao xw Nha Trang.

Dac phai vien eua Bp Hai quan Phap ding thdi la mdt thypng gia nha ndi, Pierre Pgivre vdi sir menh den Dang Trong nghien cu'u tinh hinh va thilt lgp quan he budn ban, da lyu y trdng hdi ky cua minh vao nam 1744 rang, ben cgnh hgi thypng cgng Idn Hoi An vg Nydc Man, "edn ed nhilu cang nhd khae, nhlt la p Nhatlang..." (Nggyin Phan Qgang, 1991, tr. 75-79).

Trpng Cu Huan xu hii tic (CO Huan dull giac biin) ciia Lam Tra Nguyin Van Chypng ed dogn dgc tg hogt dgng s i m uat eua pho cang Nha Trang rang: "Xir nay, tu- thpi hoang d l Trin Nhan Tdng vao tham nude Chiem, ggi la cira blln Nha Trang. Ben thdi Le trung hung lai gpi la Bdng Hygng (cCra blln phia Bdng XU' trim hypng), cung ggi la cira blln Cu Huan l y vay. Tgi cu'a biin, cd dam Cu Lag, c l u B i n Ca, td'c la ehp Nha Trang.

Thuyin budn nydc ngcai, mdi ngay ypc khcang hon mgt tram chile, ra vao mua ban san vgt" (Nguyin Hing Sinh, H i The An, 1992, tr. 116).

Mira ddng nam 1832, sir doan cua trieu dinh Hue trong chuyin cdng can sang Batavra, khi ngang qua Nha Trang da lyu giu an tupng: "Vung bien Binh Hda thuyen di thep hudng ehinh Bac, gap gid thdi chi trong nwa ngay, lai di mdt nira ngay dem d i n Vj Ne cua Binh Thuan... Ch! ngay hdm l y , thuyin di nhanh nhat, qua cac niri Cti Huan, Thach Bich d i u chi nhin lypt, nypc chay nhu

ten ban, thuyin di nhy bay" (Phan Huy Chii, 1994, tr. 146). Re rang viing bien Khanh Hda ndi chung va vjnh Nha Trang ndi rieng em gid, thuan tien chg cac hogt ddng kinh te vg giag thdng bang ghe thuyen.

Cira Bgi Nha Trang la cira ngd di vao khu vyc trung tam eua pho cang Nha Trang. "Xya kia, sdng Nha Trang vu'a sau vu'a rgng. Cira sdng mp tir Xdm Bdng sang t h i u Ha Ra. Giya sdng khdng cd n i n g C i n De. Tir Nggc Hgi nypc chay thing xucng bien chd khdng phan lyu nhy hign nay", nhg vgy mg "ehiln thuyin cua nha Tay Spn va nha Nguyin mdi cd t h i len xuing thanh Dien Khanh, va ben Trygng Ca, mdi dirng lam npi tranh hung tranh ba..." (Quach Tan, 2002, tr. 97). Cach dd khdng xa la Chp Mdi, tam dilm cua thj tir VTnh Biem.

Sdng Nha Trang dogn tu' cira bien len Dien Khanh kha rdng, rat tign lpi cho lyu thdng tau thuyin. Cung nhy ngydi Vigt, t h i he ngypi Hoa trong dpt di cy dau tien vao xu' Bang Trgng, khi chpn dat Thai Khang lam dilm du'ng chan da chc ghe thuyen theo vao cira bien Nha Trang ngupc sdng len Phyde B i i n (thuge Dien Khanh) ngg cy eirng vdi ngydi Vigt, lgp chira Ong p Dien Lac, lap chg Thanh Minh d l budn ban va chua Ba thd Thien Hau Thanh M l u .

De phu sa vung eCra sdng theo thdi gian b l i l i p , hai ben lyu vye sdng ego din len, bd bien lan ra ngpai nen Nha Trang trp thanh npi thugn tien chc gigg lyu budn bgn. Tir dgy, ben egnh ngydi Vigt tu cy ngay cang ddng, edn ed ngypi Hoa tU' Phydc D i i n ehuyen xuong hoge tir Hgi An, Nydc Mgn di tgn vgo, da lgp nih

TAP CHi KHOA HOC XA HOI so 6 (190) 2014 ede ca sd budn ban nhu eua hipu, chg qudn, ben thuyin... trong dd VTnh Diem Hg cd vj tri thudn Igi v i giao thdng dudng thuy han ca nen "cu dan tap trung ddng due, budn bdn sdm uit, dan d i n hinh thdnh thj t u md trung tam la khu Chg Mdi - mdt khu chg to, dpp nhit Nha Trang" (Bao tdng Khdnh Hda, 2001, tr.

76). Gpi la VTnh D i i m Hg bdi vi "khi ldng dyng ngdi dinh Vinh Diem len chang dugc bao lau, do ddt dai d do sut Id, Tong trudng thdi bay gid Id hp Bui, ban bge vdi eac hao ldo trong lang cho ddi ngdi dinh ve dia diim mdi d g i n khu Cha Mdi... Lang eOng ddi ddn theo v i dd, lay ten Id VTnh Diem Ha" (Tran Viet Kinh, 2004. tr. 73).

Cdn Chg Mdi nam tren con dudng huang Ip xanh mat bdng dua, dua can thi cao vut d i y nhdng qua, dua nude thi san sat dudi rgch. Xen Idn nhung vudn dda tha bdng tren eao la nhung thda dong edi xanh ri, vi vgy day cung Id nai san xuit chiiu ndi tieng. Khu vyc nay k i bien, eu dan dja phuang mdt nua song v i nghe biin, mdt nda sdng ve nghe Idm gim nhung ddu phai dung thuyen lam phuang tien van chuyen nen goi la Xdm Thuyin. Luu vuc sdng Kim Bdng rpng nen tdu thuyen den di, giao thuang nhdn nhjp. Chg Mdi duac thdnh lgp nhu mot nhu c i u tat yeu cua qua trinh thuang mgi dd, tpa lac tren mot khu dit nam giua hai con sdng Kim Bdng va Ba Ve, cd 2 day phd nam ddi dien nhau, chinh gida la mpt con dudng lien huong chgy dpc tu VTnh D i i m Hg thing xudng Ngpc Hpi hai ben dudng cat day hang quan vd cua hipu cua ngudi Hoa xay bang ggch ghe dng, lgp ngdi am duong do ldng Lu

C i m ben cgnh san xuit. Chg bao gdm 2 khu: khu phia Tay gpi Id Chg Tren, khu phia Ddng gpi Id Chg Dudi, song ed hai eung dugc gpi ehung la Chg Mdi. Khi ngudi Phdp dat chan len Khdnh Hda, Cha Mdi Id nai cung cap thyc phdm tuoi sdng eho cac gia dinh gidi ehdc ngudi Phdp, ngudi Viet idn ea Hoa kiiu (Ngd VanBan, 2010, tr. 153).

Vdi vj t h i Id dia diim giao thuang, nai tap trung ddng ddo thuang nhdn ngudi Hoa, md ve sau cdn tiip nhan them mdt sd lugng khdng nho ngudi Hoa - Thanh chay logn trong cudc Chiin tranh nha phiin thdp nien 1840, nhdm Hai Nam lap ra chua Ba d phia Tdy Chg Mdi, nhdm Phudc Tridu (Phue Kiln vd Trieu Chau) ldp chua Ba d ve phia Odng. Hai ngdi chua Trung Hoa lap ra de thd Bd, tde Thien Hdu Thdnh Mdu, nhdm phu dd ngudi Hoa xa xd budn ban lam an. Ben canh chue nang thd ty, chua edn la Hpi quan, "nai trd ehuyen, bdn bge, trao ddi chuyen ldm an, sinh hogt" cua cdng ddng ngudi Hoa theo tdng nhdm Idn, bdi trong chua khdng ed su sdi, chi cd ngudi coi chua va ban quan ly gdm trudng ban, phd ban va thu ky (Thdi Thi Hodn, 2002, tr. 84-86). Hpi quan cung chinh la nhung kho tap k i t hang cua Hoa thuang tgi khu vyc cang sau khi tau cap bin vd trudc khi tdu nhd neo.

Xuat phat td yeu c i u budn ban vd do dat boi ngay edng lin ra biin, pho cang Nha Trang duac md rdng sudt tu Chg Mdi d i n cua biin. 0 t h i ky XIX. de quan ly vipc thu t h u i vd bao ve eang, nha nudc ddt mpt vien thu ngu va mot vien hipp thu d cda Nha Trang (tin cda Idn Cu Huan). dyng phao dai Nmh Hai td nam

NGUYEN VAN GIAC - PHO CANG NHA TRANG THE Ki XVIII-XIX Minh Mgng thu' 17/1836 (Quoc su' qugn

trieu Nguyin, 1971, tr. 104-105).

Vien edng su' lien tinh Thugn Khanh Etienne Aymonier da khai lygc toan canh nhyng tieu diem thypng mgi ciia vung cira sdng Nha Trang khi me ta ccn dydng di tu' thanh Dien Khanh d i n b i n cang Nha Trang vao thgp nien 1880 nhy sgu: "Cgch biin 3 hgi ly theo dydng chim bay la Thanh... lang Phu Ldc d i i dien vdi Thanh p bd phia ben kia. Dan lang chuydn nghe t g spi va khdng cd rudng lua. Chg Thanh a ben canh va p phia Ddng, nd hpp vdi Chp Mdi thanh cai ehp quan trgng nhat trong s l 7-8 chg cua thung lung ,. Phia ban kia eiia sdng ed nhyng ehp nhd hPn, dd la chg Hga Vdng va ehp Miru... Chp Mdi la chp Idn nhlt eua phin dydi thung IDng. Nd nam ben bd mdt ccn kenh. Ngydi Trung Hga, phin Idn la ngudi Hai Nam song d dd rat nhilu, nhilu hpn g bit cir vung nag eua Nha Trang. Chg cd nhilu cira tiem xay bang gach... Tir dd, con dypng cai tiin v l phia cang, ben trai cd mgt lang ggi la Xdm Gd lam ggch vg d l gim... Sau dd, phia ben trai ccn dydng la xudng su'a ehu'a tau ciia quan linh nha vua... Cuoi cung, con dydng di tdi cang Cira Nha Trang, each Thanh 3 gid hoae 3 gid rupi di bd. Dan lang thygng hanh nghe danh ca" (Aymonier, 1886, saobiennhatrang.

net). Cira Nha Trang luc nay dype E.

Aymonier dya theg sach ehi d i n hang hai xac dinh ring khr thuy triiu xucng thip, nydc sau khdng qua 1 thydc, va bgi vl thuy triiu khdng can qua 2 thydc, cho nen cira sdng chi cho ghe thuyen cao khdng qua 2,40m ra vag; khi thuy triiu len, ccn nydc ed t h i vao sau tgi 1

hai ly. Nhy vgy, chd lue nypc trieu dang, tau thuyin cd the tiep can khu vye Chg Mdi de t i i n hanh mau djch. Hpn nu'a, lpi ich eua sdng Nha Trang cdn dypc d l cap nhy mpt y u the so vdi ea mien Thuan Khanh; " N l u sanh vdi nhyng seng khae cua Binh Thuan va Khanh Hda thi sdng Nha Trang v i n cdn nhieu nydc trcng mOa can. Ghe va be cd t h i di lai quanh nam tren mgt quang sdng dar chu-ng 50-60km" (Aymonier, 1686, sao biennhatrang.net). Rd rang, viee trao doi mau djeh ndi vung khdng h i bi gian dngn tgi mgt tu diem dan cy bge nhat eua Khanh Hda, bat k l mua nao trong nam.

Culi t h i ky XIX, vdi mye dich khai thae Khanh Hda ndi rieng va khu vyc Trung Ky ndi ehung, Chinh phii thuge dja da xiic tiin vigc d i u t u va nang cap Nha Trang trd thanh mgt dd thj va b i n cang cao d p vdr nhilu hgng muc kiln true cung cac CP SP thypng mgi hign dgi p day.

HOAT DONG C O A P H O C A N G NHA TRANG

Mac du khdng dypc eac chua Nguyin eat dat thanh dinh tran bien nhy Phu Yen da tirng dam trach s u i t ttr nam 1629 din 1598 nhyng tren thye t l . Thai Khang tir sau nam 1653 d i n trydc nam 1693 la mdt dpn vj hanh chinh d p dinh ddng tren vung dat bien v i l n . Do vay, nhiem vy chu y l u cua dinh Thai Khang trong s u i t nira t h i ky XVII edn lai la trin giy dja d i u phia Nam cira d i t Dang Trong.

Phai sang the ky XVIII trp di, vai trd thuc d i y kinh t l ndi chung, thypng mai phi cang ndi rieng d day, luc nay doi gpi la Binh Khang dinh, mpi dypc ph^t huy dung mirc.

TAP CHI KHOA HOC XA HQI sd 8 (190) 2014 Ngudn Igi khai thdc t d hai phu cua Binh Khang Id r i t Idn. Thdng qua cac trgm djeh nhd nudc dgt d nhung d i u mdi giao thuang nam sdu trong ndi hgt, san vat ddi ddo eua miin rung nui va tmng du da bd sung cho qudc khd mpt lugng tien t h u i va hipn vdt ddng ke. "Phu Binh Khang, ngudn nhd Ddng Huang, Ddng Nhung (Ddng Nai), hang nam tiin t h u i 2.279 quan 3 t i i n 30 ddng (...) Phu Dien Khdnh, ngudn Nha Trang hang nam tiin thui 1 vgn quan" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007, tr.

270-271). Nhu vay, chi mdt nguon Nha Trang tien t h u i da han le thue d i u ngudn cua hai phu Qui Nhan vd Phu Yen cdng lgi (5 ngudn phu Qui Nhan tien thui tdng cpng 5.965 quan, 4 ngudn phu Phu Yen tien t h u i tdng cdng 4.003 quan), nhieu vugt trpi so vdi tat ca edc nguon dpe suit t u chau Bd Chinh vao tdi Gia Djnh.

Td ba ngudn tren, cdc logi gd quy (san, giang huang, sao, mun), may hoa, la budng, dau rdi, d i u trdm cung ngd voi, cpp, gau, nai, sap ong, mat ong, ldc nhung. ggc huau. mat g i u , da te te. Idng cdng, Idng tri, ma vT, i dT, md tien tu, sa nhdn, hdng hoa, trau khdng vd dae biet la ky nam, td hgp huang, tram huang duge chuyen chd v i Chg Mdi, trung tam cua thi t u VTnh Diem. Thuyin budn cua thuong nhdn trong va ngoai nudc dang dgi dudi ben cang g i n dd de gom hdng ehuyen di.

Lgi ieh t u cdc d i m , vung dugc nhd nude khuyin khieh khai thae da lam phong phu them ngudn hang hda xuit khau eua Binh Khang. So vdi phu Binh Khang, phu Dien Khanh vua nhieu dam, vjnh vda gidu cd hai san nen mde t h u i nha nudc

tgn thu eao hon: tdng cdng tien t h u i d i m , vyng ed phu Dien Khanh, noi cd thuang cang Nha Trang, len tdi 2.258 quan 4 tien, khdng tinh sd vdng 12 hdt va sd bge 19 hdt, dd g i p 6 lan hon phu Binh Khang (372 quan 2 tiin 12 hdt bge), vugt trpi so vdi cdc dinh phD khae t d Thudn Hda vao tdi Gia Djnh (hai phu Thdng Hoa vd Oien Ban cua Qudng Nam: 128 quan 8 tien 30 ddng, Phu Yen:

415 quan 4 tiin, Gia Dinh: 91 quan), chi xep sau phu Qui Nhon (3.905 quan 5 tiin) (Le Quy Ddn, 2007, tr. 271-273). Diiu ndy cho thiy phd cang Nha Trang da thu hut ddng dao thuang nhan ben ngodi bdi cae san vdt khdng ehi d ngudn ma cdn noi dam bai ven bd.

Mgng ludi thuang nghipp npi hgt thuc day giao luu hdng hda tgi khu vyc phd cang. Viec danh thui eua sd Tuin ty de kiem sodt sd lugng hdng hoa luu chuyin qua lai eua biin, deo, ai, cua sdng cung chdng td tinh hinh budn bdn phin thjnh cDa Binh Khang. Vdo the ky XVIIl, tdng cpng tien thue hdng hda luu thdng cDa 2 phu Id 985 quan 2 tien. "Neu dem so sdnh vdi phD Phu Yen, tiin thui 629 quan vd phu Qui Nhon, tien thui 820 quan thi rd rdng vide budn ban cua dinh Binh Khang (Khdnh Hda ngay nay) phon thjnh han nhilu" (Huynh Lua, 2002, tr.

12-13). Neu tinh ludn tiin thui chg, ben dd thi thui hang hda cua dinh Binh Khang len d i n 1.546 quan, trong dd cd nhung chg vuan len ngang t i m thi tu, tap trung quanh khu vyc cang phd Nha Trang vdi mat dp dan cu ddng due va lugng hang hda mang den mua ban, trao ddi ddi dao. Cd the ndi nhu vdy khi nhin td dinh mue tiin thue md nhd nudc qui

NGUYEN VAN GlAC - PHQ CANG NHA TRANG THE Kt XVIII-XIX djnh: chg dinh Nha Trang (60 quan 6

tien), chg VTnh An (52 quan 8 tiin), chg PhD Vinh (nop chung tidn t h u i vdi dd Xuan Hpi 37 quan 6 tien) (Le Quy Ddn, 2007, tr. 276-277).

Vdi sd lugng tdu thuyin cdng len tdi 75 chiic, ehi x i p sau Qui Nhan (93 ehiic), nhu thing ke nam Mdu Ty (1768), hogt dpng van tai dudng biin cua dinh Binh Khang trong t h i ky XVIIl chiim uu t h i so vdi nhidu dinh/phu thudc xd Odng Trong.

Ddng hdng hda chay t d "Thang Hoa, Dien Ban, Quang Ngdi, Qui Nhan, Binh Khang vd dinh Nha Trang, dudng thuy dudng bd, di thuyen di ngua" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007, tr. 295) dd vdo tui hdng khdng Id d Hdi An, md chu y i u la chuyin van bang phuong tipn tdu thuyin di dpc bien, khdng chi chung to vai trd trung tam cua quoc cang Hdi An ma cdn cho thay kha nang cung ung cung nhu phdt tan hang hda hdng dau cua ede thuang cang phia Nam Odng Trong, trong dd phd cang Nha Trang giu vai trd d i u mdi khu vyc cyc Nam Trung Bd, cd the bao gdm ca phu Gia Dinh, khi vung dat nay chi vua mdl dugc ehinh phuc hodn toan vao nua sau t h i ky XVIIl va sd thuyin van tai nhd nude eCJng chi dem duac cd 7 chide,

Khdng ddng lai d Hdi An, cdc thuyin budn t u cang khau Nha Trang cdn vugt len hudng Bic, true tidp giao thuong vdi Phu Xuan qua cang Thanh Ha. Jean Koffler, mdt giao sT ngudi Ddc Idm ngu y trong phu chua Nguydn Phuc Khodt eho bidt: "Nhdng sy trao ddi gida cac tinh miin Bac vd miin Nam (cua Dang Trong) ldm cho thuang mai tang them tam quan trpng. Hang hda ddn theo dudng bd va

dudng bien d i n kinh dd rdi dugc mang t d ddy di ban vd t u d i y ngudi ta igi dugc mua nhieu thu khdc nua" (Cly ban Quic gia, 1991, tr. 238). Nhdn xet cd can cd cDa ngudi ngogi qude ndy cang dugc eung cd bang mdt k i t luan chae chan qua nhung khao sat thye t i cua mpt vj quan duong nhiem ddng thdi Id su gia danh tidng, rang "xu Quang Nam la dat phi nhieu nhat thien hg" (Le Quy Ddn, 2007, tr. 432), trong dd Nha Trang Id mdt dja chi.

Ngoai t i n g Idp thuang nhan chuyen nghiep lam n g h i budn ban tgi khu vyc phd cang Nha Trang ma da sd la ngudi Hoa va mpt it ngudi Nhdt (nhung chi c6 ngudi Hoa dinh cu Igi) vdo luc ndng nhdn cdn cd "nhung ngudi di budn chuyin, hp mua eac san pham d dja phuang minh dem bdn d nai khdc roi mua hdng hda d nai dd dem v i dja phuang ban kiim Idi" (Oy ban Nhan ddn tinh Khanh Hda, 2003, tr. 276). Hogt ddng thuong mgi, bdi the edng tdng them phan nhdn nhjp.

Cung gidng nhu cde mat hdng dugc thuyen budn nude ngoai nhap d cang Hpi An, hang nhgp d cang Nha Trang chu y i u gdm 51 loai theo danh myc ke trong PhO bien tap luc. Mdt dieu luu y la n i u nhu "trong the ky XVII, hdng xa xi chiem mdt ti Id quan trpng trong nen thuang mai d Odng Trong thi vdo the ky XVIIl cac mat hang thudc loai su dyng hang ngdy ddi vdi ngudi dan thudng lai chiem sd lugng Idn han trong sd hang hda", md theo su khao sdt cua thuong gia P. Poivre, cd t h i mang them tu ehau Au sang "Do ngu kim, dd thuy tinh, vai bdng mdu sac sd nhu mdu dd chang

TAP CHl KHOA HQC XA HQI sd 6 (190) 2014 hgn" {Li Tana, 1999, tr. 124). Tu cang khiu, hang hda nhgp ve dugc phat tan d cac chg vd thj t u trong vung. Mdt sd mat hang tieu dung thiit y i u duge thuang nhan ngudi Vipt vd ngudi Hoa chd len tan cac chg vung cao de ddi lay lam san quy dem v i xudi bd mdi cho dgi ly hogc cac mdi lai trung gian vdi thuang nhdn nude ngodi.

G i n hai thdp nien dudi thdi Tay San (1775-1793) id mpt thdi ky sdi ddng cua dinh Binh Khang cung cang khiu Nha Trang. Nhd cd ngudn lgi y i n sdo vd cung quy gid md td chue Hung Qude hdi nam giu vd khai thdc, dem bdn cho tdu budn nude ngodi "roi mua lai sat, thep, dong, thiie, chat nd... dodn thuyen chiin hang tram chiec, trang bj tu 60-70 dai bae vdi 600-700 thuy thu ddng day dgc quanh edc vjnh Vdn Phong, Nha Phu, D i m Vdn, Nha Trang, Cam Ranh... do Trgi Thuy, Xdm Xudng, lang due Phu Lpc tgi tinh nay Idm ra, ca trang phuc cho quan dpi todn miin" (Nguyin Hdng Sinh, H i T h i An, 1992, tr. 38).

Ngugc Igi, trong khi phuc vy cudc trung hung nhd Nguyin dudi ngpn ed can vuang Nguyin PhDc Anh, dpi ngCi sT quan Tay phuang vdn khdng quen quyin Igi ed nhan vdi vipc Idm gidu bdng hogt dpng thuang mgi dudng biin, trong do ed Id trinh qua cang khdu Nha Trang.

Thu cua Olivier de Puymanel td Sai Gdn gdi di Malacca d i ngdy 15/7/1796 thdng tin tinh hinh budn ban cDa dng ring

"Chut it thdnh cdng ma cho d i n nay vide thuong mdi nho be cDa tdi cd dugc van chua eho phep tdi gui gi v i eho gia dinh tdi. Tuy nhien... Trong luc chd dgi, tdi gui chiec tdu budm di theo hgm dpi cua

due vua d i chd ggo d Nha Trang" (Dd Huu Thanh, Hd Xuan Liem, 2004, tr.

478). Cdn day Id buc thu dai cua Barisy d l ngdy 11/4/1801 k i Igi vu dau ddc vien thuyin trudng ngudi Anh Henderson tai Sdi Gdn da d i y tdi tinh canh phu phang d i n mde khd tin nhu sau: "Thuyin trudng Henderson chang cd dd dgc ndo ngodi cdi bdn gidy ma vg dng ta dd bdn d Nha Trang, mdt thang sau khi dng ehet, dng Chaigneau (Jean Baptiste Chaigneau) dd mua bdn dy vdi gid 14 ddng... Va dng Henderson da mang di Nha Trang tren tau La Lur ba cai ruang ehua do quin cua bd vd eua chdng" (Do Huu Thgnh, Ha Xuan Liem, 2004, tr. 504). Bd goa phu xd Viet nay dd doan tuyet vdi vj phu qudn sT quan thuyen trudng ngudi Anh bang mdt thuang vy nhu vdy tgi phd cdng Nha Trang luc chien thing dang v i tay qudn Nguyin.

Ngay sau khi chiim dugc Phu Xudn, vdo ndm 1801 nhdng chuyen hdng dac bipt chd cdc vat dung can thiit cho vipc tdi thiet kinh dd vd ddng mdi tau thuyen phuc vu viec phdng thu da dugc xuat di td cang khau Nha Trang, gom budm Id, d i u rai, nhya tram, may sat, mdy nudc, song vd n i n Idn n i n nhd (Quoc su quan triiu Nguydn, 1963. tr. 432).

Hai thdp nien sau khi ndi chiin kit thuc, pho cang Nha Trang vdn chua hoi phyc hodn toan. Thuang tich nang ne cDa chiin tranh cdn hdn v i t d nai ma trudc ddy nguyen Id khu vuc qudn su cue ky quan trong cDa qudn dpi Tdy San. Dgi quan triiu dinh Truang Dang Q u i nhdn ehuyen kinh ly vdo Nam, khi ngang qua Nha Trang cd ghi mpt vai ddng md ta quang canh sinh hogt vgt chat dgm bge

NGUYEN VAN GlAC - PHO CANG NHA TRANG THE KY XVIII-XIX noi day. Du vay, dgi quan hp Truang

cung ehi thodng qua quang canh ben ngodi vjnh bien, bdi nai dau thuyen thudc cua Tieu Nha Trang chich ve phia Nam chd khdng phai phd cang Nha Trang nam sdu ben trong, dogn dpc sdng Cdi len thanh Dien Khanh, nhu trong dogn thg ung tac: "Ky Xuyen qua khdi canh budm duang/Thang d i n Cu Hudn Nhd nghi thuyen..." (Le San Phuang Ngpc, 2007, tr. 131).

Mpt nguyen nhdn khae khiin cho quang canh eac thj trin duyen hai Nam Trung Bd ndi chung, Nha Trang ndi rieng trdng dan so tam bg, do Id do ngn hai tac cua gidc Tau 0 . Edward Brown, nan nhan true tiip cua bpn hai khiu ndy trong mdt vy eudp tau g i n mui Varella da khiin dng luu Igc nhiiu nai tren dat Khdnh Hda nhung nam 1857-1858 eho biit: "Mdt trong nhung diim khae biet giua vung bd be vd vung npi dja la v i kien trDc eua edc tda nhd... nhung thanh phd ven bien, ngay ca nhdng thj tran rdng Idn nhu Nha Trang, nhd cua d i u Idm bing dat vd Igp bang ram ra, vd nhd nao nhd ndy dung sat canh nhau, khien cho khach Ig cd cam tudng Id dan ehung phai sdng mdt cudc sdng ngheo khd vd chen chDe. Di sau vdo ndi dja... mdi thiy rang da sd nhd eua cua dan chung trdng khd rdng rdi, xay bang ggch vd lgp ngdi" (Honey, 2001, tr. 130-149).

Vao sdu mdt dogn, d i n khu vyc VTnh Oiim/Ngpe Hipp quang canh hoan todn khae han. Chg Mdi, trung tam cua phd cdng Nha Trang dugc xdy dgng t d t h i ky XVIIl tiip tuc "trd thdnh mdt thj cang vd la mdt trung tdm thuang mgi qude te d i u tien cua Khanh Hda trong sudt t h i

ky XIX" (Oy ban Nhan dan tinh Khdnh Hda, 2003, tr. 130). Khdng chi cd quan he rpng rai vdi thuang nhdn cac thuang cang khu vuc va trong nudc, Chg Mdi cdn giao thuang manh me vdi thuyen budn nude ngoai, nhit Id vdi thuyen budn thudc,edc nudc quanh vDng Ddng Nam A, cd ea Trung Qudc lan Nhgt Ban lue nay da m d cua, trong thdi ky nha Nguyin hgn che t i i p xuc vdi phuang Tdy.

Cac mat hang phd b i i n ban cho thuang nhan nudc ngodi tgi Chg Mdi/VTnh Diem trude h i t la san pham cua mdt logt cac ngdnh nghe khai thae, ehe bien tgi d\a phuang nhu ede logi gd quy, nhat Id gd Id hdi, do gdm, ede loai lya, chieu cdi, nudc mam, cd khd, cung nhieu mat hang ndng san vd san vdt tren rung dudi bien khdc. Tram huang, ky nam, yen sdo luc dau mua ban t u do, v i sau nhd nudc x i p vdo hang cam dodn, vipe budn ban chi d i i n ra len IDt. Du vay, vi dugc lai cao nen thuang nhan nude ngodi van kiim duge sd lugng dang ke mdi khi tau rdi ben. Hdng ban t d thuyen budn edc nudc, ehu y i u Id Trung Qudc thdng thudng van la thudc bac, tg lya, d i thuy tinh, dd su, kim khi, Ign D va ea thuoc phien nhgp Idu.

Cdc qui dinh v i thue ddi vdi thuyen budn nude ngodi den Binh Hda (ten gpi moi cua Binh Khang, sau ddi gpi Id Khanh Hda) eung cung ngach nhu cac cang thudc Quang Nam, Binh Djnh, Phu Ydn, Binh Thuan va Bae Thanh. Tu ndm Gia Long thu 8/1809 trd di, so vdi tdu thuyin cac nudc khdc, sd lugt tdu budn cua Ha Tien vd Xiem La den Nha Trang tang len dang k i do qui djnh cua nhd nudc han

TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA HQI sg 6 (190) 2014 che diem den cua tdu budn 2 xd ndy, tn>

4 tran thdnh Gia Dinh va 5 trin miin Trung, trong dd cd Binh Hda. Do ngn budn lau thdc gao ban ra nude ngodi, Igi nhgp Idu thudc phien t d nude ngpdi dem ve trong nude xay ra nghiem trpng, td nam Minh Mgng thd 17/1836, nhd nudc da "Chuan truyin ehi cho eac vien tdng ddc, t u i n phu, bd chinh, an sdt d cde tinh Khdnh Hda, Binh Thuan vd 6 tinh trong Nam Ky biit, phai nghiem c i m edc thuyin budn trong hgt, khdng duge chd trpm thdc ggo ra ngoai cdi ban cho con budn ngudi Thanh va cde nude ngoai...

Quan dja phuang sa suit trong vlec kham xet cung phai giao cho Bp ban xet nghiem nggt trdng phgt, nhat djnh khdng khoan tha" (Npi eac trieu Nguyin, 1993, tr. 508-509). Dieu ndy cho thiy tdu thuyen xuit nhdp b i n cang Nha Trang ed van chuyen sd lugng Idn hai mat hdng qude cam tren day, nhu chinh cdc phai vidn cua triiu dinh khi cdng edn d Singapore da bat gap: "khi thuyin d i n Hg Chdu thudng thiy thuyen cua dan nha nude nhan viec t u den xd i y bdn ggo, hipn cdn dgu d day, khi thiy thuyen cdng nudc nha d i n mdi sg hdi tan di edc nai. Lgi nghe thay, thudng thudng cd ke bj ddn mpi dao Dd Bd cudp mat, ke nao may khdng bj bpn cudp bat, thi lai mua giiu thudc phien Id thu thudc dpe dem v l ban ddi cho nhau. Cac moi te nhu t h i , khdng phai ehi cd mdt l i n " (Npi cdc triiu Nguyen, 1993, tr. 508).

Nhu vgy, sy trao ddi mau djch gida pho cang Nha Trang vdi eae thuang cang miin Hg Chau tien trien mpt each khdng chinh thuc. Mdt so thuang gia Nha Trang thudng xuyen len IDt dt budn d

Singapore, thdm chi ed ngudi edn lap cac ca sd thuang mgi hogc d han Igi lap nghipp tgi day. Hdi ky cua ngudi Anh Edward Brown gap nan luu Igc tren d i t Khanh Hda dugc ke bdi mdt nhan vdt thd ba cho biit chinh dng da tdng tiip xDc vdi mdt thuang gia ngudi Vipt nhu the vdo thdi diem trudc khi d i qudc Phdp chinh thuc md cudc t i n cdng qudn su ddi vdi vuang qudc Dgi Nam: "Nhung Idi budn Viet Nam thudng lui tdi Tdn Gia Ba, cd ngudi tdi sinh eu lgp nghiep d do, nudi nang eon cdi eho d\ hpc d d i y tgi eac trudng Anh. Trong khi Brown ngu tgi Khdnh Hda, dng ta da nggc nhien khi ggp mdt thanh nidn Viet Nam an mgc rat chinh t i , cd ve gidu cd lam, vd ngudi nay dd ndi chuyen vdi Brown bang tiing Anh rit thdng thgo. Ong ta cho Brown rd Id dng ta Id mot thuang gia, thudng budn bdn vdi Tan Gia Ba vd ciJng hay di Tan Gia Ba xem xet. Thud nhd dng ta d ben dd vd theo hpc d mpt trudng hoe eua ngudl Anh, vi the mdi hpc vd ndi thgo tieng Anh d i n t h i " (Honey, 2001, tr. 130- 149). Cd lieu ndy chdng td hogt dpng mau djeh phi quan thuang van hdnh nhu mpt Idn sdng ngdm, diin ra khdng ehi giua cang khiu Nha Trang ma cdn ca miin Nam vd Nam Trung Bd vdi cde thuang khau phuang Tdy ddt tai xu Ha Chau hai dao.

Ddy cung Id thdi didm nhd nudc quan ly nghiem nggt hoat dpng xuat nhgp cang do tp nan budn lau tran lan, vi t h i thuang cang Nha Trang hoan toan vang ve cdc doan thuyin budn nudc ngodi.

Gida ndm 1857, sy kipn mpt hoa tieu ngudi Nga ten la Huy Liem Oanh Xich Coc trong khi chgy trdn bpn eudp bien

NGUYEN VAN GIAC - P H 6 CANG NHA TRANG THE KY XVIII-XIX Trung Hoa va bi quan quan tinh thanh

Khanh Hda bat giam, sau khi tra xet t h i y khdng phai la ngogi gjgn nen dyge phdng thich trp v l t l qudc, "nhyng vi d tinh l y khdng eg tau be Au chau qua lai, va cung r i t it tau be ngypi Han Thanh de ma cd the dap nhd, vay nen di nghj giai ngydi dd giap che tinh Gia Bjnh d l tuy tien ma dap tau v l nude." (Van Vinh, 1962, tr. 9). Ldi t i u trinh tu- tinh thanh Khanh Hda nay cho thiy tinh hinh ngoai thypng nha nydc bj sa sut do nan cypp bien hdanh hanh, tgi mdt thdi dilm nhgy cgm trydc khi nhu'ng biin e l Idn cira vypng quoc ddn dgp xay ra. Ngay trong nam 1857 cDng cd doan tau budn Trung Hoa den Khanh Hda nhung da bj bgn cudp biin t i n edng: "cd mdt doan ngydi Thanh di budn vao viing blln Khanh Hda bi bgn cypp trpng vung hanh hung, bi thypng 50 ngydi trgng tong s l 222 ngypi. Quan dja phypng tau ve Triiu dinh. Ty Birc ben cho thiy thuoc va ngydr d i n d p ciru, dong thdi cdn trp giup cho nhCrng ngudi bj ngn 100 phuong ggo d l hg an cho d i n khi binh phyc v l nudc" (Chau Hal, 1994, tr. 32- 37).

Quan he giya Nha Trang vdi cac thupng cang trong nude dupe tang cydng trong bli canh d i t nypc thong nhat. N l u nhy trong t h i ky XVIil, thuyin budn tir Nha Trang thydng xuyen giao djch vdi Hpi An, Thanh Ha p khu vye phia Bae thi sang t h i ky XIX, lien kit thypng mgi grya Nha Trang vdi Gra Djnh, Ha Tien thuoc Nam Ky trd nen thit chat hpn, khdng chi giao thong dypng blln d phia Nam tien lor va an tcan, thdc ggo va san phim dia phygng ddi dao, phong phu

ma edn bPi sire h i p d i n , Idi cuon cua hang hda nydc ngoai ehp d i n bay ban d i y ap vdi gia re npi day. Nhd vgy, su'c tieu dung tren thj trydng Khanh Hda tgng cao, dap u'ng nhu cau ddi song ed phan phgng lyu, thgai mai eua cy dan xir sd trim hypng sp vpi cae tinh Nam Trung Bd ian cgn nghec khd nhy Phu Yen, Binh Djnh.

Nhg Trgng edn ed mdt cu'g blln khae, ggi la T i l u CU Huan nam v l phia Nam, dygc xem nhy la mgt ve tinh eua pho cang Nha Trang, danh xyng Trypng Tay, tyc danh la Pho Ddt hay Chyt, cd dinh lang thd eung T h i n Nam Hal, ngoai biin dygc che chan bdi q u i n dao Hdn Tre vdi nhieu hdn, cu lao noi tieng cua x(r so chim yen. Ngydi Phap md ta hap din theo each rieng: "mdt me cung gom nhyng hdn dao nhd va hdn cu lao Tre Idn p ngpai khpi chan l l y vjnh Nha Trang va cir mdi dpt gig mua Igi tao cho cac loai thuyen be khae nhau mgt npi tru I n " (Parmentier, 1908, tr. 24). Vira la dilm dirng ehan tren nhiJng chuyin hai hanh Nam-Bae va ngypc Igi, vira la vj tri - tgp k i t trygc khi tien vao khu vyc trung tam Chp Mdi/VTnh D i l m , b i n dau Tilu Nha Trang dype md ta; "tau thuyin tu tap, gid bac thi tau dd p phia Nam nui, gid tay nam thi dd d phia Bac nui, diu dype yen I n . Hdn Lam Nguyen ed dan cy, pho xa lien t i l p nhau, gan dd cd thdn Trypng Tay, tyc ggi Phd Bdt, lyng dya van niii, mat trdng ra biin, mua thu mua ddng, gid tp tung cat, khcng t h i p dypc, phai ddi d i n hdn Lam Nguyen, d i n mua xuan mua hg Igi trd v l " (Quic sir quan triiu Nguyin, 1971, tr. 105-106). Vi khdng dn dinh nen Chyt khdng phai la dja dilm

TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA HOI so 6 (190) 2014 didn ra hogt dpng budn bdn trao ddi hdng hda ma chu y i u Id cac hdng quan an udng, giai tri phyc vy cho cdc Idi, thuy thu vd gidi thuang nhdn cDng nhu noi s i m sua cae vat dung ghe tdu di biin, nhu trong Ve cic iai ngang qua Nha Trang eho biet

Nha Trang xudng Chut bao xa Ke vo mua dem, ngw&i ra mua chang Anh em mirng ra lang xang Ngwai hdi tham vao, ke hoi tham ra Anh em che rwgu hi ha...

(Ngd Van Ban, 2010, tr. 109-110) Hogt ddng cDa phd cang Nha Trang cdng sdi ddng bdi sy gdp mat cDa cde thuyen cdng. Thuyen van tai trin Binh Hda thudc dgo Nam Tao, ndm Minh Mgng thd 7/1826 ddt Idm mdt dodn gpi Id dodn Hda Thanh. Cho du thuyin cdng, song cung nhu cde dodn thudc dgo Nam Tao khae, mpt sd thuyen cua dodn Hda Thanh van dugc phep di budn. Khi ndo trieu dinh yeu cau vgn tai ggo td tinh thanh Dien Khanh ra d i n H u i thi dugc c i p khiu hao mdi 100 phuang ggo cho 3 quan 7 tien. D i n ndm Thieu Tn thd 7/1847,

"thuyin Nam Tao hdng ndm bat di van tai t i t ca" vd dugc c i p them tiin cude t d tinh thanh Didn Khanh v i kinh dd 6 quan 5 tiin. Ty Birc nam thu 2/1849, do vide cdng nhieu len, trieu dinh lgi ed Idi nghj trung dyng them thuyin hd (dai dich, miln djch) de van tai, v i kinh hogc cdc tinh thdnh trong ca nudc (Npi cdc triiu Nguydn, 1993, tr. 363-366).

Kho hang nhd nudc dat tgi tinh thanh Khanh Hda, ngoai thdc ggo vd hien vdt npp thui cDa cdc hp lam nghe, hang hda thu mua do Bp Hp giao cho quan tinh cung duge chua tgm thdi d day, khi can

hogc du chuyin vd cd lenh cua triiu dinh mdi van tai v i kinh dd bang cde tdu Hai Van. Danh muc hdng mua edc nam 1833, 1834, 1848, 1851 eho biit Khanh Hda dd eung dng eho triiu dinh edc logi san vat:

sa nhan qua, ldc nhung, nhung nai, mgt gdu, da te te, sap ong, Idng dudi cdng, ma vT, da trdu, mam tdm cd, mam rudt cd, mam chua, vdy ddi mdi, san hd, da nui, den mdn tudng xich, dau chai, nhya tram, mdy mat, thgeh long dang, buom bang (mdi cudn ddi 2 trugng), ludi rach, la dda hang Idn, gd mun, gd cim lai...

(Npi cdc triiu Nguyin, 1993, tr. 466-490).

Ngodi vai trd mdt pho cang d|a phuang, Nha Trang cdn dam trdch chue nang trgm dung ehan cua cde dpi tdu viln duang do triiu dinh cu di giao thuang d miin hai ddo Hg Chau tren Ip trinh ve.

Khae vdi cdc ham tau ngoai quoc thdng thudng chpn Poulo Condore/Cdn Dao Idm trgm trung gian, quan thuyin cua trieu dinh sau khi xong viec thi dong budm thing hudng den Nha Trang. Vipc dung chan tai phd cang Nha Trang nay cd nhiiu muc dfch chd tdu, chua tdu, ddi tdu, bdc dd hang hda chat vao kho hogc nguac Igi, Lien tue cde bdo edo eua trin quan Binh Hda hodc cua cdc phdi vien ehi huy tdu viln duong tu Binh Hda trong cdc nam 1825, 1826 v i tinh hinh van hanh tdu thuyen va van chuydn hang hda cho thiy chinh hoang d i Minh Menh da true tiip giam sat toan bd hoat dpng mdu djch quoc t i nay. Ban tau cua phai vien Nguyen Van Phong ngdy 16 thang 6 ndm Minh Menh thd 6/1825 cho biit:

"ChDng thin . phung chi quan ITnh hai thuyin Idn Thyy Long va An Duong di Hg Chau edng vy. Cdng viec xong, vdo

NGUYEN VAN GlAC - PHO CANG NHA TRANG THE KY XVIII-XIX ngdy 6 thang nay hai thuyen t u Tan Gia

Ba quay Idi trd v i . Khi ay ed giao hpn ring, sau khi hai thuyen qua khdi nOi Dien Bdn, n i u thuyen ndo di trudc thi phai dung Igi d cua biin Cu Huan trong ky hgn 5 ngdy. Nay thuyin Thuy Long eua chung tdi tdi cua Cu Huan trudc dung neo, chd thuyen An Duong d i n se di tiip"; ban t i u eua phai vien Tran Hung Hda va Le Quang Quynh quan tdu Binh Duong ngdy 17 thang 5 nam Minh Menh thd 7/1826 t u eua cdng Nha Trang giai trinh hipn trang dung tau rang "Nay bpn chung than cDng nghi tgm mdt ngdy d i sua sang thuyen, budm, lay them cDi nudc, hen d i n ngdy 18, thuyen bpn t h i n cung hai chiic TTnh Ba se d i u nhd neo vugt bien v i kinh dng hdu" (Dgi hpc Hue, 1998, tr. 157-158, 644). Ndm 1832,

"Thuyen Djnh Duang di viec cdng v i , dd d cua biin C i n Hudn (Cu Hudn) thudc Binh Hda. Vua eho rang thdi tiet da sang cudi thu, ve kinh chua tipn, vay du cho phdi vien Id T r i n Cdng Chuang xet xem cdc dd vgt cDa kho, thd nao edng kinh ma nang, thi cho de vdo kho d tinh, thu ndo nhe md tien van tai, thi vdt ngua trgm chd di dudng bd..." (Qude su quan triiu Nguyin, 1964, tr. 171). Nhu vay, cd thd ndi cDng vdi hai cang Tourane, Nha Trang mang hinh thdc dgc biet cua mdt thuang cang qudc npi danh cho hogt dpng ngpgi thuang cua nhd nudc trong t h i ky XIX,

Hogt ddng budn bdn dudng biin dem lgi sy giau ed nhanh chdng cho tang ldp thuang nhan, tuy nhien hp phai thudng xuyen de phdng ngn cudp biin. Od ngan chdn te cudp biin ddng thdi tang cudng he thdng phdng thu tai eang khau Nha

Trang, nam Minh Menh thd 15/1836, nha nudc cho xay dung d me nDi cda blln phdo ddi Ninh Hai, dgt dai bac, phai linh ddng giu nham bao vp.

Trong van tai dudng biin, yeu cau an toan ddi vdi tai san qudc gia duge ddt len hang ddu, cho nen viee thudng phgt thda dang la dieu phai qui djnh rd rang.

Nam Minh Menh thd 15 nam 1834, cd ehi du: "Ldn ndy Khdnh Hda phai mpt chiic thuyin Dien Hal ITnh chd cua cai.

Nay da den kinh dugc dn thda. Tru ra biin binh cd le thudng tien luang nda thang. Cdn bao nhieu dan phu cho thudng mdi ten 5 tien" (Npi edc trieu Nguyin, 1993, tr. 371). Dudi gdc dp sinh hoat kinh t i , thuyen budn cung nhu thuyen van tai nhd nude, thuyin hd cQng nhu thuyen cdng, vdi s y hipn dien eua ddng dao dpi ngu thuong nhdn d dja phuang, trong vd ngodi nude, hogt ddng thuang mgi sdi ddng eua phd cang Nha Trang da kich thich manh me n i n san xuit hdng hda tgi Khdnh Hda trudc nhung ddi hdi mdi cDa Ijch su.

Trong phong trao Can Vuong chong thuc dan Phap vdo nhdng nam 1885- 1887 nd ra d ram rd d khu vyc Nam Trung Bd, tai Khanh Hda va PhD Yen cd sy hudng dng tich cue eua gidi thuong nhdn ngudi Hoa. Nhung chuyin tau chat ddy hang hda, vdn Id san pham dja phuang cua hai tinh gdm to t i m , mgt ong, cao nai, t r i m huang... va mdt mgt hang chae chan khdng t h i khdng ed, hip dan cde ldi budn Trung Hoa va phuong Tay Id yen sao. Cdc thuyin chd y i n sao xuit phdt t d phd eang Nha Trang, ghd qua VDng L i m , vugt bien sang thing Hongkong, Thuang Hai de ddi l i y vu khi

TAP CHi KHOA HQC XA Hpi so 6 (190) 2014 Chg nghTa quan, do Ngd Kiem Ky phg trach. Thypng gia Ngd Kiem Ky p Vung Lam, thuOe ddng doi Ngd Kim Lan va Le Thj HuyIn Tram, hgg dug 4 dpi eua ehua dao y i n Hdn Tre, ngydi "vIn tilp tgc t l chirc dOi hai ve tren vung dao Hdn Tre d l khai thae y i n sao va lam lam thiiy dac san, ban cho thypng nhan nydc ngoai, gay quT..." (Nguyin Hong Sinh, Ho The An, 1992, tr. 76). Dgy lg mdt trong nhyng sy kign Ijch sir chirng td m l i quan he giO'a Nha Trang va Vung L i m vdi eac thypng cang Trung Hca trcng heat ddng khai thae va tieu thy cac mat hang chiin lygc d hai tinh Phir Yen va Khanh Hda the ky XIX.

NhD'ng nam euli cOng cua t h i ky XIX dygc danh dau bang mdt logt cac cdng

trinh kiln thiet tgi Nha Trang nham bien npi day trd thanh mpt dd thj hien dai P khu vye Nam Trung Ky, lam d u noi cho cdng cugc khai thae nguin lpi thuge i^a cua thye dan Phap giya Nam Ky vdi Trung Ky va Tay Nguyen. Phi cang Nha Trang tiep tyc "la trung tam dilm cua nganh thypng mai. Dg la ngang n i l giu'a Sai Gdn va cae tinh p phia bac Bee Ga nhy Tuy Hda, Qui Nhgn" (Quach Tan, 2002, tr. 360-361). Tuy nhien, t i m nhin chien lygc cua ngydi Phap v l mgt eang nydc sau d bd vinh Cam Ranh phia Nam hay Vung Rd phia Bac khien cho eang blln Nha Trang dydng nhy khdng dupc ehu y dung mirc. Lich sii" da sira chya sy t r i nai nay bing nhyng nd lyc tang t i c d cae t h i ky sau. •

TAI LIEU TRICH DAN

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Tgp chi Nghien ctru Ljch su". So 4.

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76 NGUYEN VAN G I A C - P H 6 C A N G NHA TRANG THE KY XVIII-XIX

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