PHAN TICH CAC KY NANG COT LOI NHAM sH DUNG VA PHAT TRIEN TAI NGUYEN GIAO DUC MO
ThS. Nguyen Danh Minh Tri
Khoa ThU vien - Thong tin hpc, DH KHXH&NV, Dai hoc Quoc gia Tp. Ho Chi Mmh Tdm tat:
Tai nguyen giao due md dang tao ra nhiiu cd hdi hgc tSp hdn eho ca nhin loai. Kho tri thdc dUde eung cap bdi cac tai nguyen giao due md dang dUdc phat trien manh va ngay cang hoan thien hdn. Bai viet phan tich mot so ky nang cot loi can thiet nham sif dung va phat trien cac tai nguyen giao due md mgt each hiiu qua va chat IUdng tiong boi canh giao due md dang trd thanh mot xu hUdng quan trgng ciia thdi dai mdi.
Td khoa: Tai nguyen giao dye md, ky nang, sff dyng, phat trien.
Abstract;
Open educational resources (OER) are creating more learning opportunities for all humanity. The knowl- edge provided by OER Is growing rapidly and getting better. The article analyzes some core skills that are needed to utilize and develop OER in the most effective and quality way in the context of open education is becoming an important trend of the new age.
Key words: Open educational resources, skills, use, development.
1. Dan nhap
Tai nguyen giao dye md (Open Educational Resources - OER) hiia hen se tao ra nhieu chuyen bien ldn trang giao due, dac biet la giao due md. OER la eong cu hiiu qua giup dat myc tiiu thff tff ve phat trien ben viirig ciia nffdc ta den nam 2030: "bao dam cho tat ca mpi ngffdi quyen dude tiep can binh dang vdi mpt nen giao due chat Iffdng, dong thdi tao dffng, thue day cd hpi hpc tap suit dcfi" [5]. Trong boi canh hoat ding truyin thong ve OER ngay cang pho biin, viee cung cap cho mpi ngffdi eae cong cy phii hdp de thay doi thdi quen hpc tap mpt each cd ban va lau dai la viic can thiit [2],
Viec tiip can nhieu nguon OER khac nhau la mpt ldi the ldn khong chi ciia ngffdi hpe ma edn la ldi t h i ciia cac quoc gia trin the gidi. U'u the md ring khdng gidi han da dUa OER trd thanh mpt trong nhiirig kho tii thffe manh va phong phii nhat. Oe tan dung mpt each ed hiiu qua nguon OER, ngudi sff dyng (NSD) a n ed nhiihg ky nang cot loi, khong chi giiip hp sff dyng ma cdn tao cd hpi hpe tap, nghien cuU va tham gia xay dyrig eae OER ngay cang chat lypng hdn.
Bp chuan ky nang cot loi nay da t h ^ hien cam k a eiia To chut Quoc te Phap ngff (OIF), b i n cdsd quan he doi tae vdi LJNESCO, To chffe Giao due, Van hoa va Khoa hpc Lien doan A Rap (ALECSO), Hiep hpi Giao dye md (OEC) va TrUdng Dai hpc ao Tunis ciing xay durig nen tang cho eae gia tri nhan van ehung, dong thdi phat huy ti'nh phong phu ciia da dang van hoa va ngdn ngff nham ho trd, iing hp phong trao sff dyng OER tren khap t h i gidi [2]. Viic pho biin ring rai eac ky nang cot loi nay nhff mpt ehuan thong nhat la viec can lam vdi bat ky quic gia hay to chffc nao t r i n con dffdng tiiam gia mang Iffdi giao dye md ring ldn,
Bon ky nSng ed ban la tim kiem, sff dyng lai, thiit k i va pho biin ddng mot vai trd quan trong trong qua trinh tiep can va sff dung OER. Bon ky nang nay tao nen mpt phffdng phap tiep can nhat quan dffdc xay dffng tren ed s6 tinh den eac yiu cau ve sff pham va cdng nghe. Thanh thao cae ky nang trin se tao dieu kiin cho moi ngffcfi tid thanh chil the ciia doi mdi sang tao, khong ngiirig nang eao ehat Iffdng va tinh eong bang eiia giad due eung nhff tham gia vao mpt edng dong nang ding, ed sffc lan toa toan cau song van bam sat thffe te
va nhu cau cua dja phffdng [2]. Tff dd se giiip phat trii'n cac Idai hinh dao tao phii hdp vdi nhu eau cua nhieu doi tffdng NSD da dang, thffe hiin mue tiiu giao dye rpng rai den toan the mpi ngffdi d khap ndi tren the gidi.
2. Phan tich cac ky nang cot loi nham sii dung va phat trien tai nguyen giao due md
OER rat da dang va luon dffdc phat trien khong ngimg. Do vay, qua trinh tiip can cae OER eung ddi hdi NSD ed kha nang thich urig linh hoat va nhtihg ky nang tffdng tae tot trong nhieu hoan canh khae nhau. D i i tffdng NSD eiia OER eiing vi the ma rat da dang, tff nhtirig ngffdi ehi sff dung tai nguyin giao due eho den eac nha nghien cffu, nha tai trd, ngffdi ddng gdp, cac to chffc, cd quan thong tin...
Mpt bp ky nang cot loi cho OER da dUdc xay dffng va cung cap d i n NSD nhff mpt chia khoa quan trpng trong viec tiep can va tffdng tae vdi OER.
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Hinh 1. dc diuan ky nSng OER [2]
2.1. Ky nang lam quen vdi tai nguyen giao ducmd
Nhdm ky nang cot loi dau tiin dffde ke den dd la ky nang lam quen vdi eac nguon OER. Diiu nay giup cho NSD phan biet OER vdi mot nguon tai nguyen khae. NSD se cd kha nang dinh nghia OER theo each eiia minh, phan anh dffdc nhan tiiffc ciia hp ve OER. Ben canh dd, hp eiing can nam dffde eae dae diem chinh eua mot OER, de giup eho viic
djnh hffdng sff dung va phat trien OER sau nay dffdc thuan ldi va de dang hdn.
Ngoai viic dinh nghia va xac dinh die trurig eiia OER, NSD cung can nam dddc mpt so nhan to dan tdi sff nil len cua OER. De lam dffde viec nay, NSD can phai mo ta dffdc vj tri eua giao due tiong cac muc t i i u phat trien ben vuhg cua quoc gia ciing nhff ciia Liin Hiep Quic. Cy the hdn, hp din nhan biet dypc nhtihg ngffdi khdi xffdng, eae tac gia da va dang tham gia xay dyrig va pho bien cac nguon OER.
V i ban than NSD, ho can xac djnh vai trd eu the eiia minh trong phong trao OER. Hp can nam duUc cac yiu to lam nen dac ti'nh ciia mpt tai nguyen md phi ban quyin. Vi cot loi eiia OER la d yeu t i md va tuan thii cae dieu khoan ciia viec chia se.
Dae tinh eua mot tai nguyen md phi ban quyen ed tiie dffdc bam tat tiong 5R bao gom: reuse (sff dung lai), revise (lam lai), remix (pha trin), redistribute (phan phoi lai) va retain (giff lai). Ngoai ra, khi da tham gia vao mang Iffdi giao due md, NSD eung can phai xae dinh la hp cd the ddng gdp dffde nhtirig gi cho phong trao OER trong hiin tai va tffdng lai.
Xae djnh ro mye tieu la dieu quan trpng trong bat eff viec gi chff khong chi viic xay dyrig cac OER.
Nhdm ky nang lam quen OER nay rat quan tiiDng.
Nd tao nin nen tang ban dau de tien xa hdn tiong wee sff dung va phat trial eae nguoi OER trong ti/dng lai. Hau nhff tat ca dii tudng NSD deu can phai co ky nang nay khi tiip can eae nguon OER tiiDng giai doan dau.
2.2. Ky nang tim kiem tai nguyen giao due md
Mpt ky nang khae quan trpng khdng kem dd la ky ning tim kiem cac OER. Nhdm ky nang nay bao gom: ky nang sff dyng edng cu tim kiim d ^ tim kiem OER, ky nang chpn Iffa cae OER phii hdp dda tren k i t qua tim dffdc.
Doi vdi ky nang sff dung edng cy tim kiem de tim kiim OER, NSD can hieu ro ngff nghia eiia mpt so thuat ngff nhff ngan hang, dang, danh mye, chuan tai nguyin va cd kha nang nhan biet cac thuat ngff tren vdi t y each la dae tinh nguon eiia mpt OER. Sau dd, hp s i thyc hien viee tim kiem OER tren Internet thong qua tim kiim ddn gian
va nang cao bang each k i t hdp cae thong so tim kiim de tim OER theo nhu cau [2].
Ngoai ra, NSD cting can biet eae danh mye Idn ve OER va ed kha ning xac djnh ro cae danh mye phii hdp nhat vdi nhu cau ca nhan ciia minh. Niu khing tiie nhd ro, NSD cd tiie tra cffu danh mye tren eae bang tra cuff hoac t y liiu Iffu trff. Viec xac djnh danh mye phii hdp la quan trpng vi neu xac dinh sai danh muc, NSD cd the se mat nhieu thdi gian nhurig k i t qua tim kiem lai khdng dffdc nhff mong ddi. NSD cting can nam ro vai trd ciia chuan hoa sieu dff lieu (metadata) nham bao dam ti'nh lien thing giffa eae he thing vdi nhau. Cd nhy vay thi viec tim kiem se dd mat thdi gian hdn nhd kha nang liin thong va theo chuan.
Ve ky nang ida chpn eac OER phii hdp dffa tren kit qua tim, NSD a n nam vurig cac tieu ehi chat Iffdng ciia mpt OER va cae cd che ehurig nhan chat lUdng OER. Bin canh do, NSD eung can neu lin dffdc mpt so thdng tin ehinh can Iffu y de xac djnh dung tae gia cua OER, cung nhff nhan biit dUdc mpt giay phep va cd kha nang xae djnh xem tai nguyen do ed giay phep hay khdng. Nhting yeu t i nay nham xae dinh mpt OER la phii hdp vdi myc tieu tim kiim hay chi la mpt k i t qua gan diing, hoac la mdt kit qua khong phii hpp can loai bd trong qua trinh tim kiem.
Nhdm ky nang tim kiim OER ehiim mdt vj tii quan trpng. Tuy nhien, nhdm ky nang nay sff dung khdng thffdng xuyin, chii yiu khi ed nhu cau tra ciiti, truy tim thdng tin cac OER.
2.3. Ky nang sd dung tai nguyen giao due md
Day la nhdm ky nang quan trpng nhat trong viee sff dung va phat tiii'n cac OER. Nhdm ky nang nay bao gom: ky nang phan biet cac loai giay phep Creative Commons, ky nang tdn trpng dieu khoan eua giay phep Creative Commons. Nhffng hieu biit ve viec chia se va quy trinh cap phep vdi OER la mpt ddi hdi thiit yiu niu NSD muon sff dyng dung va hieu qua OER.
Giay phep Creative Commons bao gom mot sd giay phep ban quyen ra ddi vao ngay 16/12/2002 bdi Creative Commons (CC). Day la mot to chffe
phi ldi nhuan eua Hoa Ky ed tham quyen cap phep cho viic sff dyng, chia se kien thffe va sff sang tao thong qua eae cdng cu phap ly mien phi [3], [3].
Giay phep theo dang Copyrights se nam ben huU, bao v i cae quyen ldi eua tae gia, trong khi giay phep Copyieft nam ben ta, bao ve quyen than nhan nhurig khong eho phep kinh doanh. NSm d giGa hai thai effe nay la Creative Commons (sang tao chung). Creative Commons cd nhieu loai giay phep, cho phep ngffdi nam giff ban quyen iffa chpn nhiirig quyen gi se dffdc gui cpng dong, nhiihg quyen gi se dffde giff lai. Mdt giay phep Creative Commons cd ban se gom 3 loai: giay phep dffdc viS dudi ngon ngff may, giay phep dffdc viet dffdi ngon ngff thdng thudng va giay phep dUdc viet dUdi ngdn ngff luat [1].
NSD can nam dUde mot each ngan gpn ldi the so sanh ciia giay phep Creative Commons. Dieu nay la quan trpng de ida chpn giay phep cho OER. Ngoai ra, NSD can hieu cac trffdng hdp ngoai le khong ap dyng luat sd huti tri tue va niu dffdc it nhat hai trffdng hdp ngoai l i ap dyng trong giang day.
Bin canh dd, b i n sff Iffa chpn ed ban v i giay phep Creative Commons cting rat quan tipng, bao Ghi nhan cing cua tae gia (CC By), Ghi nhan cing eiia tac gia - Phi tiiUdng mai (CC By-NC), Ghi nhan cdng ciia tac gia - Khong phai sinh (CC By- ND), Ghi nhan eong ciia tac gia - Chia se tffdng tff (CC By- SA). De thuan ldi cho viec cap phep cae OER, NSD cting phai biit cae ky tff viet t3t va giai thich dffde y nghia ciia cac loai giay phep nay.
Trong viic sff dyng OER, NSD eung can tdn tnpng cac dieu khoan cua giay phep Creative Commons.
Viec nay bao gom each thffe sff dyng va chia se mpt tai nguyen theo giay phep Creative Commons, tuy thupe eae ngff canh khac nhau. Thong qua dd, NSD ed tile hieu hdn ve he thong giay phep Creative Commons t r i n thffe tien.
2.4. Ky nang tao ra tai nguyin giao due md
Ngoai viee sff dung eac OER, NSD cting cd kha nang tao ra OER. Qua trinh xay dyrig va phat tiien cae OER dffa t r i n viee ddng gdp eua cdng dong
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la mdt yeu to then chot. Nhdm ky nang tao ra OER nay bao gom: ky nang thiit ke mpt OER, ky nang thay doi mpt OER, ky nang k i t hdp eae OER va ky nang hdp tae de eiing tao ra cac OER.
Doi vdi ky nang thiet k i OER, NSD cd the tao ra eae nil dung nguyen ban hoac ed the sff dyng lai, tap hdp dffdc thanh mpt tac pham ed the dffdc cap phep de trd thanh mpt OER. Thong qua dd, NSD s i ed t h i m ky nang ve thiit k i tiong dd tinh d i n khia canh sff pham va van hoa cua tai nguyen, chat Iffdng ky thuat, cting nhff cae khai niim cd ban bao dam cho tai nguyin dUde phat hiin va ed the tiip can dUdc. Oieu nay rat quan bxmg VI naj NSD thiet: ke mpt nguon tai nguyen giao due it gia tri va khd tiip can thi mye t i i u giao dye eiia OER se dat k i t qua khong eao. Tuy nhiin, de thiet k i mpt OER tot eung khdng phai la dieu ddn gian, nd ddi hdi sy kien nhan va xem xet nhieu khia canh khae nhau ciia nguon tai nguyen sap xay dyrig.
Sau khi thiit ke OER, NSD ed the thay doi OER cho phii hdp vdi ngff canh. Ky nang thay doi OER cho phit hdp vdi yeu cau dat ra hien tai la kha quan trpng. NSD can ed dii nang iffc xae djnh va phan biit mdt tai nguyen ed kha nang tuy chinh vdi djnh dang md (dac biet tren ed sd chac chan cd djnh dang thiit k i g i e ) . Bin canh dd, hp cung can nam dddc cae kha nang chuyen the mpt OER (dich thuat, xff ly am thanh, minh hoa, kha nang tiep can, dieu chinh phii hdp vcfi boi canh sff dyng...) de giup cho viic thay doi dUde thuan ldi va de dang hdn.
NSD cting can trang bj cho minh ky nang k i t hdp eae OER. Di" k i t hdp dUde eac OER, NSD can biet tao ra mpt OER tff nhiiu OER khac nhau dong thdi ri'nh d i n dae tinh ciia eac giay phep va tiem nang pho biin chung. Nam vurig giay phep va tiem nang pho bien se giup ho k i t hdp t i t eae OER phii hdp vdi nhau tao nen mdt mang Iffdi tai nguyen giao dye chat Iffdng va phong phii hdn. Ngoai ra, NSD cung cd the tao ra mdt OER tff nhieu OER khae nhau va tff cac npi dung khong md tren cd sd t i n trpng quy djnh ap dyng vdi eac tac pham hon hdp di doi vdi quy djnh quyen gin lien vdi tffng nil dung khae nhau. OER khdng nhat thiit dffde tao ra tff cae OER, ma nd cdn dffdc tao ra
thong qua qua trinh k i t hdp nhiiu phan nil dung va tai nguyin ed lien quan, theo diing quy djnh ap dung eho tai nguyen dd.
De cd dffde cae OER ngay cang chat Iffdng va phong phu hdn, NSD eung can cd ky ning hdp tac de ciing tao ra eac OER. Trdde tien, NSD can phan biit cae phffdng thffe khae nhau ciing tao ra OER nham Unh hpi dimg dan eac phffdng thffe nay phyc vy viic xay durig eae OER. Nam dUdc cac phUdng thffe nay se giup NSD cd cai nhin ro hdn va tff dd biet dffdc each thffe nad la phii hdp de tao nin OER. Ben canh dd, eung can xae dinh nhtirig ngffdi ddng gdp tham gia thyc hien OER thdng qua qua trinh lap va niu ro mffc dp ddng gdp va sd huU tri tue eiia timg ngffdi. Trong mpt nhdm phat trien OER, viec nam dffdc kha nang ddng gdp eua tiirig thanh vien la mpt yeu to then chit de phat huy toi da hiiu qua lam viee va djnh hffdng t i t hdn.
2.5. Ky nang chia se tai nguyen giao due md
De mang Iffdi OER phat trii'n ring Idn va d i n dddc vdi nhieu NSD hdn, nhdm ky nang chia se OER la ran thiit va quan trpng. Tff viec chon giay phep cho OER de xac dinh ro pham vi chia se cho d i n viec thuc day NSD sff dung OER la ca mpt qua trinh ddi hdi nhieu cong sffc cung nhff sff kien nhan ldn.
De chpn dypc mdt giay phep phii hdp cho OER, NSD can am hii'u nhieu Idai giay phep chia se khae nhau, hp ran ed nang Iffc chpn giay phep phii hdp cho OER cita minh. Dieu nay giup hp xae djnh rd giay phep nao phii hdp hdn va nin k i t hdp nhtirig loai giay phep nao khi ran thiit. Nam vtirig v i cap phep eung la nam vtirig ve OER do minh tao ra, tff dd phat huy toi da t h i manh giao due eua OER.
Ky nang phan bo diing giay phep cho OER eung ia mpt ky nang quan trong khac phyc vu viec chia se OER. NSD ran nam vting viee phan bo giay phep Creative Commons eho tai nguyin va ehurig minh eae each lam mau mffc ve xae dinh cha de eiia san pham doi vdi cae tae gia eua OER dffdc sff dyng lai cung nhu doi vdi cac san pham rieng eiia ho. Khi dffdc phan bo dung giay phep, OER se dUde pho biin ro rang va diing din hdn, tranh nhffng nhap nhang ve quyen sd hiili, quyen tae
gia cung nhy cac van de phap ly khac.
Sau khi chpn dddc giay phep phii hdp, viic eong bo OER la khau quan tipng tiip tiieo. Ky nang edng b i OER liin quan din viic sff dung mot OER tren ed sd tdn trpng thong tin ghi ngoai ciia san pham va giay phep nham bao dam kha nang hiiu dung. Tff do se cung cap tai nguyen thdng qua tat ca cae phffdng tien va giup cho viec xae djnh cac danh mye ldn OER trong dd cae nha sang tao OER CO the cdng bo cdng trinh cua minh m i t each minh bach va cong khai theo dung eae dieu khoan.
Ky nang cot loi quan trpng cuoi ciing liin quan din sff phat trien ciia OER, dd la ky nang thiie day viec sff dung OER. Mye tieu sau eiing eiia viic xay dyrig OER ehinh la phyc vu mpi ngffcfi tham gia hpe tap, nghien ciiu, trao doi va ddng gdp xay durig tai nguyin giao dye md ngay cang chat IUdng va phong phu hdn. Oe lam dUdc nhy vay, NSD ran hieu ro vdng ddi ciia mot tai nguyen ndi ehung va OER ndi rieng, hp can trang bj ky nang sff dung mang xa hdi nhff cong cy htiU I'eh d i quang ba OER. Ngoai ra, NSD cung can xac dinh cac cpng dong sff dung de kham pha va phan tich each diing OER, Viec xae djnh nay cung giiip dinh hydng sff phat triin tidng tddng lai ciia eae OER, giup dda ra eac phUdng an xay dffng OER phiJ hdp va bin vtirig hdn.
3. Ket luan
Xay dyrig cae OER chat Iffdng la m i t ddi hdi tat yeu tiong qua trinh phat trien mot nen giao dye md chat Iffdng cao theo hffdng hiin dai. Doi tudng NSD rat da dang va d nhiai cap dp khac nhau, nen se ddi hdi nhiiu sff khae biet ve ky nang. Bon ky nang cot loi la tim kiim, sff dyng lai, thiit k i va pho biin ddng mpt vai tid rat quan tipng trong qua trinh tiip can va sff dyng OER. Theo do, nhurig ky nang c i t loi de tffdng tae vdi OER la can thiet va can dffdc quan tam chu trong hdn ntiti trang tffdng lai. Viec ap dyng eae ky nang de sff dyng hieu qua eae OER khong ehi la mye tiiu eua ca nhan ma edn la muc tieu ciia cae quoc gia va ea the gidi, khdng ehi rieng giao due md ma cdn la eiia ea nen giao dye ndi chung.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Ban quyen, nguon md va creative commons -
Phan 1. https://concuamaixanh.com/2013/04/04/ban- quyen-nguon-mo-va-creative-eommon-phan-l-giffl- thieu-so-qua-ve-cac-khal-niem/.
2. Chuan ky nang tai nguyen giao dye md. https://
www.franeophonie.org/IMG/pdf/ehuan-ky-nang-tai- nguyen_giao-duc-mo.pdf.
3. Giay phep Creative Commons. https://vi.wildpedia.
org/wiki/Giay_phep_Creative_Commons.
4 Hoi thao Quoc te Tnen khai tai nguyen giao due md trong giao due Dai hpc. https://www.vnu.
edu.vn/ttsk/?C1654/N21314/Hoi-thao-Quoc-te- Tnen-khai-tai-nguyen-giao-duc-mo-tnang-giao-duc- dai-hoc.htm.
5.17 muc tieu phat trien bin viing quoc gia den nam 2030. http://vard.org.vn/vn/17-mue-tieu-phat- trien-ben-vung-cua-lien-hiep-quoc-den-nam-2030- dcl7l.
6. Thy vien Hpe lieu Md Viet Nam (VOER). http://
voer. edu.vn/.
7. Tinh md ciia cac nguon tai nguyen giao due.
http://voer,edu.vn/m/tinh-mo-eua-cae-nguon-tai- nguyen-giao-duc/lcl7da0f.
8. Tong quan ve tai nguyen giao dye md - OER (Open Educational Resources) va mpt Iqeh ban gia urdng ve tydng lai eiia giao due Viet Nam - Phan 1.
https://letrungnghia.mangvn.org/Education/tong- quan-ve-tai-nguyen-giao-duc-mo-oer-open-educa- tional-resources-va-mot-kich-ban-gia-tuong-ve- tuong-lai-cua-giao-duc-viet-nam-phan-l-5393.html.
9. Butcher, N. A Basic Guide tx) Open Educational Resources (OER), Commonwealth of Leaming Publisher, 2011.
10. Center for Educational Research and Innovation, Giving Knowledge for Free: The emergence of open edurational resources, OECD, 2007. http://www.oecd.
org/edu/ceri/38654317.pdf.
(Ngay ti3a soan nhan bai: 22/10/2017; Ngay phan biin danh gia: 18/5/2018; Ngay chap nhan dang:
22/5/2018)