N G H I E N C t f U - T R A O D O I
PHAN TiCH SWOT CUA OER TRONG HO TR(I HOC TAP SUOT Ddl: NGHIEN CUlI TRUfliNG HOP CHUONG TRINH GIANG DAY KINH TE FUIDRIGHT
TrUdng Minh Hoa Ctit/dng trinh Giang day Kmh te Fulbrigfit, Tp. Ho Chf Mmh
Tom tat: Diem lai qua trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cua Sang l<ien Tai nguyen Giao due Md (OER) ttiuoc CtiUOng trinti Giang day Kint) te Fulbrigtit (FETP). Ptiin ti'cti SWOT cua FETP OER trong tiS tra tioc tap suot ddi va dda ra mot so ctiien luac ntiam nang cao tiieu qua hoat dong cda FETP OER trong ti6 trd tioc tap suot ddl.
Tii khoa: OER; phan tich S W O T ; tai n g u y e n giao due m 5 ; hpc t a p s u o t ddi.
OER S W O T a n a l y s i s i n s u p p o r t i n g l i f e l o n g l e a r n i n g : C a s e s t u d y o f F u l b r i g h t E c o n o m i c s T e a c h i n g P r o g r a m
Abstract: The article reviews the history of the Open Education Resources initiativeunder the Fulbright Economics Teaching Program and its SWOT analysis in supporting lifelong learning. It recommends some strategies to improve the performance of FETP OER in supporting lifelong learning.
Keywords: OER; S W O T analysis; Open Education R e s o u r c e s ; lifelong l e a r n i n g .
1. T o n g q u a n v a n d e
1.1. Sd Iliac ve Sang kien FETP OER Ngay nay, toe dp phat trien khong ngC/ng cua khoa hpc va cong nghe da tao ra nhOng cuoc each m a n g thiic day xa hpi loai ngudi tien len mdi ngay trong tat ca cac lmh vuc tu kinh t e , chinh tri cho den van hoa, giao due.
B y ra ddi cua nhQng Sang kien Tai nguyen Giao due M d (OER Open Educational Resources) cung dUdc xem nhu" la mpt cupc each m a n g thue s d khi nd vddt qua mpi rao can truyen thong ve khong gian, thdi gian, ehi phi, ngon ngO,.. de tao ra mpt each thifc tiep can m d i . phi truyen thong den giao due eo ehat IQpng cao cho tat ca mpi ngi/di. Tai Viet N a m . trong thdi gian gan day, ed the noi OER la c h u de thu hut s u quan tam dac biet danh cho eae nha lam giao due va t h u vien
khi CO hang loat hpi thao dUde to ehifc de ban luan va d u a ra cac chinh saeh thue day phat trien OER cung n h u chia se vdi cac OER tren the gidi. OER eua ChUdng trinh G i a n g day Kmh te Fulbright (FETP OER) {hay c d n gpi la FETP O C W ) dUpc khdi dpng tU cuoi nam 2 0 0 2 , vdi muc tieu chia se kien thifc vdi mpi ngudi thong qua ngudn t u lieu giang day va nghien cUu chfnh saeh cua t r u d n g . Bat ky ai cd ket ndi Internet c u n g ed the tai tai lieu ve de phtjc vy cho muc dieh hpc tap va nghien CLfucua m i n h . D e n thang 8/2016, FETP OER ed hon 22.000 tai lieu cua toan bp 21 m d n hoe, bao gom de cUdng m o n hpe, bai g i a n g , bai doe, bai nghien c u u tinh h u o n g , bai tap va cac tai lieu chon ioc khac bang ca tieng Viet va tieng A n h . Cac tai lieu nay dUdc h u d n g dan s u dung theo chuan Giay p h e p Creative
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N G H I E N C U u - T R A O D O I
C o m m o n s (CO), q u a d d ngudi d u n g co t h i t u dieu chinh phu hop vdi m u c di'ch c u a minh [TrUdng Minh H d a , 2 0 1 6 , tr. 21] va binh q u § n
m o i t h a n g c d tren 1 5 0 . 0 0 0 lUdt t&i x u o n g tai lieu tC/ F E T P O E R c u a hdn 150 q u o c gia khap t h e gidi.
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Chinh s i c h ngoai Thuong « s Chinh s i c h phai Trtfn ^ P h i l u l ^ n viing vii dia p h u a n g G D Lanh a^o Irong khu vyc cflng CD Q u i n h^ cong e n Q u i n I n nha nude c u L . i l v a chinh s i c h cong SB Tham dmh (T^uiu cong en Ph5n tich l i , chinh OD N h I p mon ke l o i n t i l chmh ™ Kinhte lucmg Lfng dyng n n Cic phuang p h i p nghien con chrnh sich cong PS Cac phi/ong p h i p dinh lupng e a Kinh l€ hgc khu v^/c cdng 5 D
Kinhte h g t v J m f l Ly thuyet va ung dung chinh sich CJ
H f l c k y Hgc ki-Thu 2016 Hoc k^ Thu 2016 Hoc k y ^ u a n 2016 H 5 c k y H e 2 0 1 6 HOC ky Xuan 2016 Hoc ky X u i n 201b Hoc ky xuan 201t Hoc kj He 2016 H o t ky He 2016 Hgc ky He 2016 Hoc ky Thu 2015 Hoc ky He 2016 Hgc ky Xuan 2016 Hgc kp Thu 2015 Hgc ky X u i n 2016 Hoc ky He 2016 Hgc ky Thu 2015 Hoc ky X u i n 2016 Hoc ky Thu 2015
Hinh 1. aiao dl$n OER cua FETP Ngudn: www.fetp.edu.vn
Hinh 2. Till lieu duac cap nhat ISn FETP OFF Nguon: Tie gia tong hgp.
1 I THONG TIN V A T U L I E U - 3 / 2 0 1 7
Hinh 3. So lugt download lai lieu tren FETP OCW ta 6/2015 - 6/2016
Nguon: Tac gia long hgp.
NGHIEN c a u - TRAO DOI
1.2. Khai niem vi OER
Hien nay, cac khai niem ve OER ngay cang dUdc md rpng de bao quat tat ch cac yeu to cija OER. Trong h^u h^t cac khai ni|m v6 OER cua MIT, Quy William va Flora Hewlett, Hiep hoi Giao due Md (Open Education Consortium - OEC), Bo Giao due Hoa Ky (Office of Educational Technology- OET), To chOc vS Hdp tac va Phat trien Kinh tS {Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD), Tuyen bo ve OER tai Cape Town (Nam Phi), Wikipedia, To chOc OER Commons hay cija UNESCO cung deu nhan manh den tinh md, mi§n phf, tu do chia sd cac tai lieu giao due so cd chat lUdng cao, phij hdp cho muc dich hoc tap suot ddi cua ea nhan. Cach tiep can theo phuong phap giang aay dua tren OER cung trd thanh djnh hudng trong triet ly giao due tai cac trddng dai hpc d Chau Au va Chau My, no tao ra hang loat ldi I'ch cho ngudi hpc tren khap the gidi, dac biet la nhu'ng ngudi theo duoi y tudng hpe tap suot ddi. Trong khai niem ve OER, UNESCO cung da bao quat dddc myc tieu nay: "la bat ky loai tai lieu giao due nao nam trong ten mien cong cong hoac dddc dda ra su' dung kem theo mot giay phep md, bat cd ai cung CO the sao chep, sd dung, chinh sCia, va chia s§ Chung mot each tu do va hdp phap. OER gom cac tai tieu td sach giao trinh, chddng trinh dao tao, de cddng mon hoc, ghi chu bai giang, bai tap, bai thi, dU an, am thanh, hinh anh, vaphim /7oaf/7/nrt" [UNESCO, 2016].
Cd the thay, viec sCf dung dinh nghTa nao cung khai quat thanh ba noi dung chinh; Not dung hoc tap, gom cd cac mdn hpe, chUdng trinh giang day, npi dung tUng phan, muc tieu hoc tap, bp sdu tap tai iieu va tap chi; Cong cu, gom CO phan mem hd trd phat trien, sil dyng, tai sCf dung, phan phoi npi dung hoe tap...; va Cac ngudn ldc then khai, gom cd giay phep ve sd hQu tri tue de day manh hoat dpng xuat ban tai lieu md, thiet ke eae nguyen ly hoat dpng tot nhat, va ban dia hda npi dung [Open Educational Resources Asia, 2016].
1.3. Khai niem hoc tap su6t ddi Hpc tap sudt ddi (lifelong learning) ti/ lau dUdc xem nhU mot nhu cau tat yeu cua mdi ca nhan trong xa hoi va trong mot chieng mdc nhat djnh gan nhu khong cd hoi ket [Nguyen HQu Gidi, 2016], bat cd ai cung nen hpc mpi luc, mpi ndi, dudi mpi hinh thCfc va vdi bat ky phddng tien gi,... Hpc tap suot ddi la cau tra ldi cho viec giai quyet cac thach thifc cua toan cau hda, cac edng nghe ky thuat mdi va sd phat triln cija dan sd [Dinevski, 2008, tr. 117]. Trong boi canh dd, OER chinh la chia khoa quan trpng khi ket hdp giQa nen tang cong nghe thong tin va truyen thdng (CNTT va TT) vdi npi dung hpc tap da dddc sd hoa, cung cap cho ngudi hpc edng cu tdi uu de tiep tue viec hoe tap cua minh, phiJ hdp vdi nhu cau "hoc d l biet, hpc de thuc hanh va hpc de trd thanh chuyen gia" [Lane, 2013, tr. 142-143], nhu trong tuyen bo cua UNESCO tai Dien dan Giao due Qudc le d Dakar (Senegal) "mpi ca nhan cd the nhan thdc dupe quyen ldi de hpc tap va hoan thanh trach nhiem cua ho de ddng gdp vao su phat then cua xa hdi" [UNESCO, 2000, tr. 15].
Hpc tap suot ddi, xet trong tiing boi canh cu the, nd tuy thupc vao nhu cau va muc dfch cuatUng ea nhan. Dd la sUtheo duoi kien thdc vi mot trong hai ly do cho ca nhan hoac cho nghe nghiep mot each "tien tuc, td nguyen va cau tien". Do vay, nd khong chi giup tang cddng hoa nhap xa hoi, thUc hien quyen cong dan chu dong va phat then ca nhan, ma con td phat trien ben vdng, cOng nhd kha nang canh tranh viec lam [Wikipedia, 2016]. Viec dinh hudng theo each "hoc tap sudt ddi" da trd thanh mpt chu de quan trpng trong chmh sach phat trien giao due d Chau Au. TU dd tao ra mdt "xa hpi hpc tap" dung nghTa va trd thanh bieu tupng sue manh cho cupc song va cho viee hpc tap ma mdi ca nhan phai khat khao cao dd de dat tdi each thUc phat trien ben vi^ng [European Commission, 2001, tr.9, trich trong Steffens, 2015, tr. 49]. Va OER vdi vai trd nhu !a cudc each mang trong giao due THONG TIN VATULIEU-3/2017 I 5
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thi bat ca ngudi nao tren the gidi cung co the tiep can vao cac ngudn tai nguy§n giao due md ed chat lUdng cao nay de thUc hi§n muc tieu trau ddi kien thdc cua minh.
2. Phan tich SWOT cua FETP OER trong ho trp hoc tap suot ddi
Trong phcin nay, nghien cUu se dUa tr§n khung phan ti'ch SWOT de danh gia nhOng diem manh (Strengths), diem y^u (Weaknesses), cd hpi (Opportunities) va thach thdc (Threats) ma FETP OER dang ed va dang ddi mat, tU do se dua ra nhQng de xuat chien lupc phii hdp nham thue day ngudi hoc tiep can nhieu hdn nQa den FETP OER de phuc vu eho myc dich hpe tap sudt ddi, nhat la trong boi canh FETP da va dang trong qua Irinh chuyen doi thanh trudng Dai hpc Fulbright Viet Nam (Fulbright University Vietnam - FUV) - md hinh Dai hoc khong vi ldi nhucin dau tien d Viet Nam.
2.1. Phan tich ve diem m^nh Tai nguyen giao due md cua FETP OER ddng vai trd vd ciing quan trpng trong chddng trinh giang day va dao tao tai trudng, ben canh cae tai nguyen so khac nhu eae nghien cUu tinh hudng (case studies), eae bao cao chinh saeh, ti/ dien thuat ngQ va cac bai ddi thoai ehinh sach. Day chinh la the manh eua FETP trong vi§e eung cap eho ngudi hpc kha n&ng tiep can den viee sd dung FETP OER de phyc vu eho muc dich hpc tap suot ddl.
Cac diem manh dd la:
- FETP OER se la djnh hudng nam trong tam nhin chien lupc phat trien dai han eua he sinh thai trudng Dai hoe Fulbright Viet Nam (FUV), dua tren nhQng cam ket va hudng tdi duy tri nhiing tieu chuan hpe thuat cao nhat va se tien phong trong Ung dung cdng nghe de cai tien cac hoat dpng giang day, nghien eUu va eac hoat dpng hudng tdi edng ddng [FUV, 2016]. FETP OER se dUde md rong ve quy md va da dang hda ve ndi dung de dap Qng cho nhu eau chuyen doi sang md hinh dao tao da nganh. Nhd dd, ngudi hpc se cd 6 I IHONGTIN VATULIEU-3/2017
th§m nhieu sd lya chpn trong dinh hUdng hpc tap suot ddi cCia minh.
- Cach thQc \6 chdc cua FETP OER chi tiet den tQng mon hpc nen cung cap cac diem truy cap rat thu§n tien va hoan toan mien phi den cac ngu6n tai li§u giao due co chat Iddng cao, da dang va phong phu cho ck hpc vi§n va giang vien, giup nang cao tri thQc va nhQng ky nang nghe nghiep cho ngddi hpc.
- Cho phep tiep can khdng gidi han den cac tai lieu mien phi, khdng bi rang budc bdi luat bSn quyen. Ttr do, thuc day tU do nghian cQu, chia se, phan phoi, tang tinh da dang eho cac nhu cau hpc thuat va lam djnh hddng cho xu hudng giao due lay ngUdi hoc lam trung tam, dat chat Iddng dao tao lam tieu chi hang d^u.
- Tao ra mpt di§n dan hang dau Viet Nam trong thao luan eac van d6 ve chinh sach trong khu vUe edng ma ngddi hpc quan tam, nang cao tu duy phan bien, kha nang phSn tich van de de giai quyet cac thach thdc trong cong viec hoac tir thuc te cho chinh ngudi hoc.
- Thuc day tu do hpc thuat bang each giup gi^ng vien cat gi^m thdi gian va chi phi trong viec xay dung va bien soan giao trinh cho moi mdn hpc.
- Tao ra trien vpng mdi trong sy hdp tac va ehia se vdi cac OER khac, lam thay doi cd ban ve nhan thdc cua nhOng ngudi true tiep tham gia vao cac sang kien phat trien va xuat ban npi dung OER, cung nhU tao ra nhOng thanh cdng dien hinh eua ngudi hoc trong viee lua chpn OER cho qua trinh hpc tap suot ddi.
2.2. Phan ti'ch ve diem yeu
Ngoai nhQng diem manh nhu da neu tren thi FETP OER edn ton tai mdt so diem y^u nhu sau:
- La eac tai lieu ehuyen nganh thuoc ITnh vuc: kinh te, tai chinh, ngan hang, quan trj, luat, cac nghien edu, bao cao ehinh sach,...
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI do dd no chi phij hdp vdi mot s6 d6i tddng
hpc tap nhSt dinh ma khong phai ai cung co the sCr dyng dUdc.
Thieu cac cong nghe ma nguon md di ho trp cho viec xay dung npi dung, Idu trQ, to chdc tim kiem, cung nhd phyc vy cho vi$c hpc tap online.
- Ben canh cac tai li$u sSn co dddi dinh dang file Pdf, Word, Powerpoint hoac file Excel (sCr dyng trong bang tfnh) thi chua da dang trong cac loai djnh dang khac nhau nen ngUdi sQ dung khong ed nhieu Ida chpn de ti^p c§n den npi dung cac bai giang b^ng am thanh, hinh &nh.
- Thieu cac tieu chuan phap ly doi vdi mpt OER ma trong dd viec bien tap tai li§u theo chuan Giay phep CC la vd cimg quan trpng.
FETP OER chi dua ra mpt each ehung chung ChQ chua cSp giSy phep eho tQng loai tai lieu eu the nao.
- De tham djnh va danh gia chat lUdng eac tai lieu tren FETP OER thi can cd cd ch^ va cdng cu khach quan, dang tin eay dya tren mdt nghien cdu khao sat hoac cua mpt t6 chdc trung gian. Thdng qua dd cd the xay dung them cac chUdng trinh hoac mdn hpc phu hpp vdi viec hpc tap sudt ddi.
Thieu su hdp tae toan dien giQa FETP OER vdi eac to chQc khac. Cac OER nay hoat dpng dpc lap va chua co bSt ky sU phoi hop nao de thue day hdp tae, trao ddi kinh nghiem trong xay dung va trien khai hoat dong. OER d mdi to chdc la khac nhau, cd ndi dung kha da dang, neu hpp tac chat che thi se ddng gdp dang ke vao van hda hpc tap online va hpc t§p sudt ddi.
- Dpi ngu nhan lUe edn thieu, chua nam bat dupe eae ky nang va yeu cau ean thiet de phat trien eac phUdng phap giang day va hpc tap thong qua OER, eung nhu thieu ddng cd de khuyen khich san xuat noi dung va sQ dung OER.
2.3. Phan tich vied hpi
Dda tren thdc trang ve doi mdi cua giao dye Vipt Nam va nhu cau hpc tap suot ddi cua ngddi hpe, FETP OER ddng trUdc mpt sd cd hpi nhd sau:
- Chi^n Idpc quoc gia ve ddi mdi can bSn, toan dien giao dye va dao tao, dac biet, giao dye dai hpc (GDDH) la quoc sach hang dau de thuc hien myc tieu thien nien ky„. jThu tudng Chinh phu, 2005, tr. 1]. Do vay, sii phat trien cua FETP OER se mang lai ldi ich to Idn eho viec thdc thi cae chien lUdc quoc gia.
- Nhu cau cap bach trong ddi mdi chUdng trinh giao dye dai hpc dang tao ra dong lUc manh me thuc d^y phat trien cac OER. Vdi toe dp phat trien va hpi nhap nhanh chdng v^ KT-XH eua Viet Nam, doi hoi ph^i co mpt h^ thong cau true giao dye mdi vdi nhQng tfnh nang vUdt trpi ve cdng nghe, npi dung va each truy cap mdi cd the dap dng ddpc nhu cau nay. FETP OER tao ra nhdng khac biet ve chat Idpng diJ de ho trd cho qua trinh hpc tap sudt ddi cua mpi ca nh§n.
- Bat dau dua vao thCr nghiem phat trien cac mdn hpe dUdi dang video bang each ghi hinh eac budi giang va seminar dUde td chdc dinh ky tai trUdng, sau dd bien tap lai npi dung va se xuat bltn len FETP OER.
- Md ra cd hpi trong vi§c tfch hpp eae tU lieu cua FETP OER vdi eac OER khac khdng chi trong pham vi quoc gia ma con d pham vi quoc te. Qua dd, co the tien tdi xay dung cac ChUdng trinh dao tao tQ xa thong qua OER va cap tin chT eho ngudi hpc.
- Thuc day su canh tranh giQa cac trudng dai hpc tai Viet Nam bang each nang cao chat lUdng giao due va dao tao. TQ dd, ddng vai trd xuc tae, gdp phan gian tiep viec nang cao nang ldc canh tranh quoc gia va su tang trudng cua nen kinh te tri thUc.
- Md rdng tfnh quoc te trong giao due dai hpc. Thuc day sU hpp tac da ITnh vde de phat trien va sQ dung cac OER cd chat lupng cao.
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thich hpp eho nhQng ngudi hpe tap sudt ddi [Falconer et al., 2013, tr. 41], song song vdi toan cau hda kinh te thi toan eau hoa ve giao due cung vo cung quan trpng [Cheng-lin &
Jian-wei, 2016, tr. 489] va viec phat trien FETP OER eung la mdt cd hpi Idn va rat can thiet d l gidi thieu va ddng gdp eho cpng dong quoc te cac mdn hpe cd chat lUdng cao.
2.4. Phan tich ve thach thdc Cac thach thdc ma FETP OER dang gap phai hien nay la:
- Thach thQc hang dau la su hieu biet va nh&n thUe cija cpng dong ve tam quan trpng cua OER ddi vdi hpc tap suot ddi la chua eao.
Su cham tre mang tcim quoc gia trong chien lUdc xay dyng OER cija Viet Nam ndi ehung va cua eae trUdng dai hoc noi rieng khi ehUa khuyen khich va thCic day trao luu xay dUng OER, eung nhu ban hanh eac khung khd phap ly de hudng dSn thuc hien [Le Trung NghTa, 2016]\ Do vay eac trudng dai hpe gan nhu phai "tu than" trong thiet ke va xay dUng OER rieng cho minh.
Thach thdc trong ehuyen ddi toan bp nen tang cong nghe tQ cdng nghe co ban quyen sang edng nghe md, phan mem ma nguon md de ho trp cho viec quan trj, phat tnen, sQ dung, tai sQ dung, phan phdi npi dung, td ehUc va tim kiem, edng cu ho trp hpc tap online,.,, la khong he ddn gian. Mot phan do thdi quen sCf dung eae cong nghe ed ban quyen va phan khae la lo ngai ve van de bao mat doi vdi eae he thong cong nghe md.
ChUa cd mpt md hinh OER mang tam quoc te nao d Viet Nam (ea ve npi dung lan eong nghe) de eo the trao ddi, hpe hoi kinh nghiem trong each thUe xay dyng va van hanh de h5 trp cho muc dfch hpe tap suot ddi.
Thach thQc v^ vi pham bitn quyen, dac bi§t trong sCr dung lai, chia se tddng tU va ghi eong tac gia. Trong thdc t^ co khdng ft cac trang mang da sQ dung lai nguon tai lieu mi§n phf cd tren FETP OER de phuc vy cho muc dich thUdng mai ma khong xin phep FETP.
- Cac ky nang CNTT eung la rao can lam eho ngudi sQ dung khdng the tiep c§n den tai lieu ed tren FETP OER. Them vao do, sis thay ddi va phat then khdng ngdng eua CNTT va TT cung la thach thQc trong qua trinh Ong dyng cdng nghe sd vao hoat dpng tao lap, quan ly va phan phdi OER cua FETP.
Rao can ve ngdn ngQ. Trong mpt s6 mdn hoc tren FETP OER, ngudn tai lieu sil dung eho mdn hpe ehi dudi dang tieng Anti, trong khi dd, ky nang ngoai ngQ eua ngubl hpe eung chua the dap Qng dupc yeu cau dl cd the dpe thong thao nhQng tai lieu nay nen da anh hudng den mue tieu hpe tap sudt ddi cua ngudi hpc.
- Thieu ngudn lUe de phat tnen (nguon nhan luc va nguon tai chfnh). FETP ph^i tra mpt nguon kinh phf dang ke cho viee mua ban quyen tai lieu va ehuyen ngQ sang tieng Vietva bp phan thQ vien phai dam nhiem toan bo eac khau trong hoat dpng xuat biin tai lieu len FETP OER. Hoat dpng nay gay tdn kha nhieu thdi gian va cong sQc khi phai dinh dang lai tai lieu theo tieu chuan eua FETP va cap Giay phep sQ dung.
2.5. Phan tich ma tran SWOT cua FETP OER trong hS trd hgc tap suot ddi
Phdi hdp nhQng diem manh, diem yeu vdi nhQng cd hoi, thach thdc cua FETP OER, qua do lap dUdc ma tran SWOT de dua ra cac chien lupc thich hdp nham nang eao hieu qua hoat dpng eua FETP OER trong hd trd hpc tap sudt ddi:
'Cho ldi Ihdi dilm hien lai, cht co mot Quyet dinh s6 187B/QB-BGDDT do B6 Giao due va Oao lao ban hanh nakv 02/nfi/?ni<! v^ Th4 \6 ..1^°"^. "i^ ^^.*^^^^"."! Commons Attnbutionl hoac Creative Commons Ghi cong - Chia se tUdng 1^ - CC BY-SA (Creative Commons I cua cuoc thi, nhif dJOc neu trong Digu 1 khoSnc. l a f l l xSy di/ng OER pUgc I suot ddl, hoc qua mang, dao t?o Id xa qua mang.
Attnbution - StiareAlike) phiei vu day. hoc irong va ngoai nha trucing, phuc
t THONG TIN VA TU LfEU - 3/2017
NGHIEN ClJru - TRAO Heiil
Diem manh (S):
- FETP OER nSm trong chien lUdc phat then dai han cua h§ sinh thai FUV;
- Se dUdc md r6ng ve quy m6 va da dang hoa ve npi dung.
Diem yeu (W):
- La tai lieu chuyen nganh thuoc khu viic cong, do do FETP OER chi phu hdp vdi mpt so ngi/61 hpc nhat djnh.
- DUdc sap xep chi tiet tCfng mon hpc;
- Cung cap cac diem truy cap thuan tien, mien phf den cac nguon tai lieu giao due co chat lUdng cao.
Thieu cac cong ngh§ md ho trd cho viec tao lap npi dung, lUu tru', td chijfc tim ki^m thdng tin.
- Cho phep tiep can khong gidi han den cac tai lieu.
- Chda da dang trong djnh dang tai lieu.
d. - Tao dien dan hang dau Viet Nam trong thao luan cac van de ve chinh sach khu vdc cdng.
d. Thieu cac tieu chuan de chuan hoa quy trinh xay ddng va then khai OER.
- Thuc d l y tu do hpc thu^t. - ChUa cd cd che va cdng cu tham dinh, danh gia khach quan ve chat Iddng ci^a FETP OER.
- Tao ra triln vpng mdi ve hdp tac va chia sd vdi cac OER khac.
Dpi ngu nhan liic con thieu, nang luc chUa cao.
1. - Chi^n lUdc qudc gia v^
ddi mdi can ban, toan di§n giao dye va dao tao.
!a^
- Thuc d l y ck\ each va nang cao chat lUdng GDDH thdng qua OER.
- Tidp tyc md rdng va phat trien npi dung cua FETP OER theo hddng da nganh.
THONG TIN VATl/LIEU-3/2017 I 9
NGHIEN ClJfU - TRAO DOI
- Nhu c i u cSp bach ve ddi mdi chuang trinh GDDH.
Da d^ing h6a c4c chuang trinh/l<h6a h(jc dao t?o iii xa, co oh&
IU(?ng cao va mi6n phi.
- Tap trung v i o chSt lu<;ing gido dgc;
- Qng dgng CNTT, c6ng ngh$ s6 tign tien vao ho?it dpng giing d?y vS hpc t$p.
- T h i nghiem phit trien Vigo ghi hinh c i c buoi giing va seminar, sau do xuit b i n len FETP OER.
- Co hpi tich hop FETP OER vdi c4c OER l(hac 6 pham vi quoc te.
- Hoin thi$n FETP OER thang qua hap tac va chia se trong pham vi quoc gia v i qudc te.
- C i p giiy phip CC d l tao thu$n ioi cho nguM hpc l(hai thac v i chia s i tai ii§u.
- Thilic d i y sU canh tranh giQa cac trudng d^i hpc.
- Khuyen Ithfch viec sQ dung FETP OER.
Thiet iSp cac ti§u chuan tham djnh va dinh gia chat iuong cia FETP OER.
- Md rOng tfnh qudc te trong GDDH;
Thuc day su hpp tac da ITnh vgc d l phdt trien va suf dung cac OER co chat iupng cao.
Thuc day quing ba chit lupng GDDH Vi§t Nam thong qua OER tr§n bing xdp hang gido due toan c i u .
Nang cao nang li/c dpi ngu nhan iifc tham gia vao sang l<idn FETP OER.
Thach thiJc (T):
- Chda cd nh§n thdc dung dan vS tam quan trpng cua OER;
Sd chSm tre trong chi^n lUdc xSy dUng OERcCiaVi§tNam.
- Chi^n lUdc c&i each GDDH;
- Tdi da hoa thanh tdu hpc tap trong viec ti^p c§n den chddng trinh dao t^o ch^t Iddng cao thdng qua OER.
- Tang cudng phd bien va nang cao kien thdc cho ngddi hpc ve ldi fch va vai tro quan trpng cCiaOER.
10| THONG TIN VATULIEU-3/2017
NGHIEN ClJfU - TRAO DOI
b. Thach thCrc trong chuyen ddi cong ngh^
hien cd sang cdng ngh§
md, ph^n mem ma ngudn md.
c. - Thach thdc ve vi pham b^n quy^n.
d. - Thieu cac ky nang v§
CNTT va nSng luc thong tin (NLTT);
- Sd thay ddi va phat trien khong ngdng cOa CNTT va TT.
e. - Rao c&n v6 ngon ngd.
f. Thieu ngudn luc d l phat trien OER.
b. - Cai thien va n§ng cao each thdc tim ki^m tai lieu tr§n OER.
c. - Hudng dan, nang cao y thQc cua ngudi dung trong sii dung va chia sd FETP OER.
d. - To chdc dinh ky cac budi tpa dam, hpi thao chuyen de offline tai FETP.
e. Cung cap cac cdng cy va hd trp cac djch vy chuyen ngQ trUc tuyen.
f. - Dd xuat cac gi^i phap thay the trong viee tim kidm va Ida chpn cac OER mien phf, cd chat lUdng eao trdn thd gidi.
b. - Can nhic trong viec Ida chpn cac cong nghe va ph^n mem ma ngudn md phu hdp.
c. - D l y manh vi^c xu^t ban, chia se cac tai lieu, bai gi^ng phuc vy hpc tap.
d. Md cac dien dan, khda hudng dan ve CNTT va NLTT nham khai thac hieu qua ngudn OER cua FETP.
e. - Xay dung cd che danh gia, thang do chat (Udng eua FETP OER.
f. - Keu gpi su hd trd ve tai ehinh cho viec phat trien FETP OER;
- Md eae khda dao tao ky nSng ve sCr dung va quan ly OER.
Viec phan tich va so sanh cd he thdng tQng cap tUdng Qng eac yeu td dUde liet ke thupc diem manh, diem yeu, ed hpi va thach thQc tren ma tran SWOT cija FETP OER de tao ra cac cap phdi hdp logic, tQ dd gdi y cae chien lUde ehu yeu nham nang eao tinh hieu qua eija FETP OER trong ho trd hpc tap sudt ddi nhd sau:
Chien lUdc 1: Xay dUng va md rpng hdp tac vdi eae OER hien ed d Viet Nam va qude te de tao tinh da dang va dap Ung nhu cau hpc tap sudt ddi cho ngddi hpc.
Chien lUde 2: Trien khai tap huan, huan
luyen cho dpi ngu nhan lUe cae kien thQc ve OER.
Chien lude 3: Thu hut ngudi hpc trong va ngoai nude tiep can den FETP OER.
Chien lUdc 4: Khuyen khi'ch sQ dung cd hieu qua FETP OER cho ngudi hpc trong muc dich hpe tap sudt ddi.
3. Mpt so gdi y chmh sach
3.1. Nhom chinh sach ve khung kho chinh sach va phap ly
Thd nhat, vdi chien lupc "xa hpi hda giao due" va "ddi mdi can ban, toan dien giao dye THONG TIN VATULIEU-3/2017 |11
NGHIEN ClJU - TRAO DOI
va dao tao" [Ban Chap hanh Trung Udng, 2013] thi nha nUde can tdn dung ldi the eCia eae OER de thUc hidn chij trUdng nay. Do vay, vdn de cap bach hien nay la nha nUde can gap rut ban hanh mot khung khd chinh saeh va vdn ban phap ly ro rang, eu the de lam djnh hUdng eho vide phat triln QER t^i Viet Nam. Dd se la cong cu can thiet giup cac trudng dai hpc, cae doanh nghiep cung cap npi dung, ca nhan va edng ddng lam can cd d l tham gia vao viee phat triln OER tUdng hdp vdi ngudn lUe hien ed cua td chUc minh.
Thd hai, eae cd quan quan ly nha nude can tiep can ngay de nam vQng eac quy dinh ve quyen s6 hQu tri tue trong he thdng Giay phep CC va trien khai eac dpt tap huan, hudng dan, hd trd thuc thi ve viec cap Giay phep eho eac tai lieu dupe xuat ban len OER, Thd ba, nha nude can xem xet den viec xay dung khung cap phep md va cac quy chuan md [UNESCO & Commonwealth of Learning, 2011, tr. 11] de tang cUdng hoat dpng cap phep md va thue day ehia se tai nguyen md thdng qua cac dilm truy cap md nham ddm bao tfnh ben vQng eua ngudn tai lieu tren OER,
Thd td, cac trudng dai hpe da, dang va se xay dung eae OER thi phai ap dung he thdng Giay phep eua CC de dam bao thuc thi quyen sd hQu tri tue trong cac van de lien quan den viec sQ dung, tai sQ dung va phan phdi OER, 3.2. Nhom chinh sach ve phat trien ngi dung cua OER
Thd nhat, nha nude can cd nhQng cd ehe chinh sach khuyen khich cae trudng dai hoe day manh hoat dpng bien soan cac giao trinh md, ddng gdp vao OER ehung cho ea cpng ddng. Ben eanh do, nha nude nen manh dan eho phep cac trudng dai hpc xay dung thf diem eae ehUdng trinh dao tao cap chdng chi dua tren OER.
Thd hai, eac doanh nghiep phat then npi dung so tai Viet Nam can bat kip xu the giao 12| THONG TIN VATULIEU-3/2017
due dUa trdn OER d l tan dyng dUde ldi the vd CNTT va TT trong ddi mdi phddng phap gidng day va hpc tap tai cac trddng dai hpc.
Them vao dd, cd the tham gia true tiep vao qua trinh bien soan giao trinh, cac mdn hpc, eac bp sUu tap sd, tap chi, cac bp CSDL sd va cae djch vu san co d l thoa man tdi da nhu edu hpe tap da dang ciJa ngUdi hpc va hudng tdi vide "chuyen doi sang mpt van hda hpc tap mdi" [Yuan, MacNeill & Kraan, 2016].
Thd ba, cae trudng dai hpc edn edn nhac den y tudng bat buoc giang vidn can phdi bien soan mon hpc, giao an dien tCr va ngudn tai lieu sd d l xuat ban Idn OER, va xem dd la tieu chf d l danh gia chat lUdng giang day cung nhu mdc dp trach nhiem trong hoan thanh edng vide [TrUdng Minh Hoa, 2016, tr. 269],
Thd td, eae trudng dai hpe eung can day manh muc tieu xay dUng npi dung OER trong ngan han va dai han d l dam bao bat kjp xu hudng mdi trong giao due dai hpe d eac nddc phat triln trdn the gidi. Day chinh la myc tieu chien lUdc cue ky quan trpng trong nang cao nang luc canh tranh va ddi mdi chat lUdng giao due d eac trUdng dai hoc va gdp phan tao ra tinh ben vQng trong vide phat triln npi dung eho OER.
3.3. Nhom chfnh sach ve cong cu, ky thuat
Thd nhat, nha nude can ban hanh chfnh saeh va eac ed che khuyen khich, lUa chpn sQ dung va chuyin ddi td cac phan mem co ban quyen sang eac phan mem ma nguon md de tao dieu kien eho vide xay dung ha tang ky thuat CNTT va TT phue vu eho cac du an OER. Trong dd, quan trpng nhat la cac nen tang cdng nghe tUdng thich vdi nhieu h&
thdng khac nhau d l giup ngudi dung cd the truy cap, sQ dung, tai sQ dung, tao lap ra noi dung mdi va xuat ban npi dung Idn Web.
Thd hai, cae doanh nghiep kinh doanh cong nghe md can nam bat ddpc xu the phat then nay d l hpp tac vdi nha nude va cac trudng dai hpc trong vide nghien cdu va phat
trien cac nen tdng cdng nghe md, cung cdp cac giai phap cdng nghd, cac djch vu trpn gdi.
Dieu quan trpng trong cong nghd md ndy la phdi dap Qng dUdc tidu chf linh hoat, nen tang md rpng dd dang, cd khd nang thich ilng cao doi vdi cac h$ thdng khac nhau td tim kiem, sD dyng, tai sijf dyng, tao lap ndi dung, xuat ban npi dung cho den cau true qudn trj, luu trd trong he thdng cua OER [Yuan, MacNeill
& Kraan, 2016].
Thd ba, cac trudng dai hpc da co OER cd t h i dua vao bdt cdnh d^c thu cQa minh de lap ke hoach lUa chpn nen tang cong nghe md, phdn mdm ma nguon md thfch hdp, sau dd
"bdn dja hda" va chuyin ddi sang hd thdng mdi. Mpt lua chpn khac la cac trudng cd t h i tu phdt then nen tang cong nghe rieng cua K W d l sCr dung cho OER. Tuy nhidn, cdng ngh| nay phai ddm bao "tinh md" va cung dUdc cdp phdp nhu la phdn mem tU do hoac phan mem ma nguon md {nhung thdch thUc Id thudng ton rat nhieu chi phf cung nhu nhan lUcde phdt trien).
3.4. Nhom chinh sach vi cac nguon ldc thUb hi$n
Thd nh^t, de thdc hien dUdc ede dU an QER thi ngudn nhan luc va nguon tai chfnh dong vai trd then chot. Difa tren kinh nghidm cua the gidi, cac ben tham gia gdm cd nha nude, cac trudng dai hpc, doanh nghiep, ea nhan (cdc nha lam nghien cQu, lam chfnh sach, sinh vien, giang vidn„) vd td chdc (thu vidn, vien nghien cUu_.) tai Viet Nam cd the ddng gdp ngudn nhan lUc vd huy ddng ngudn tai chinh cho du an. Cd mot sd mo hinh huy dpng nguon tai chfnh cho cdc dU dn OER theo nhidu cdch khdc nhau tU kinh nghiem qudc td ma chfnh phO va cac trudng dai hpc Viet Nam cd t h i linh hoat dp dung^ "Tinh bdn vOng"
cija mpt du an OER thudng se phu thupc rat nhidu vao ngudn tdi chinh dn djnh d l dam
bdo cho mpt dU an hoat ddng va van hanh dn dinh, qua dd se thdc day sU phdt trien mgnh me trao tUu nay trong pham vi qudc gia.
ThCt hai, cdn cd su quydt tam va no luc Idn giQa cdc ben tham gia d l theo dudi myc tidu ndng cao nhan thdc cpng ddng, lam thay ddi van hda hpc tdp cita ngUdi hpc thdng qua vide thuc hien chien lUde qudng ba rpng rai trong cpng dong ve tam quan trpng ciia OER trong ddi mdi giao dye, dao tao va hpc tdp sudt ddi.
Thd ba, nha nude nen thanh lap mpt Cly ban Qudc gia vd OER [Do Van HCing, 2016, tr. 103], Oy ban nay se chju trach nhiem trong viec thuc thi cac chfnh sach cua nha nUdc vd OER, ddng thdi phdi hdp vdi cac trudng dai hpc td chdc cdc budi hpi thao khoa hpc, hdi nghi qudc td vd OER d l thdo luan cac gidi phdp, chfnh saeh co lidn quan trong vide thuc day sU phat then cua OER Viet Nam.
Ben canh dd, cung nen cdn nhac ddn y tudng thanh lap Hiep hpi OER Viet Nam gdm cdc trUdng dai hpc, cao dang, cae td chUc gido dye khac vdi sU tham gia cua nha nude ddng vai tro nhu cau noi lien ket cac OER Vidt Nam de tang cUdng hieu biet, chia se kinh nghidm vd day manh hdp tac qudc te ve OER.
4. Kdt ludn
Trong ndn kinh te tri thdc, chat lUdng ngudn nhdn life ddng vai tro then chot trong ndng cao ndng luc canh tranh qudc gia trudc cdc thdch thdc vd cdng dn viec lam va phat triln ben vdng, dac biet Id 6 nen kinh te mdi ndi nhu Vidt Nam. Be dat dUdc dieu dd thi ndn giao due Viet Nam can phdi da dang hda cdc loai hinh dao tao, tap trung vdo chat luong giao dye, nhat la phai tan dyng dUdc hdt cac the manh cda OER d l tao ra mpt mdi trudng hpc tap tU do, midn phi, cd chat lupng eao eho tat ca moi ngudi. Vide hpc tap sudt
' M6 hinh quyen gop (Endowment model). M6 hinh thanh vien (Membership model): Mo hinh hign tang (Donations model); Mo hinh chuyin a6i (Conversion model). Mo hinh cflng t i c - bk phi (Contributor - pay model): Mo hmh tai ira (Sponsorehip model); Mo hinh t6 diiJc (Institutional modeO va Mil hmh chinh phij (Governmental model) (Wiley, 2007, tr 15).
T H 6 N G TIN VATI/LIEU-3/2017 [13
N G H I E N CUfU - T R A O D O I
ddi t h o n g q u a cac O E R se m a n g lai niiieu idi ich c h o ngudi hpc, giup n a n g c a o l<ien thijfc c h u y e n m o n va !<y nang nghe nghiep, dac bi§t i<hi Viet N a m t h a m gia v a o Hiep djnh D d i tac x u y e n T h a i Binh DUdng (Trans Pacific Partnership-TPP). C a c rao c a n va rang buoc v ^ q u y e n s 6 hffu t r i t u e trong Hiep djnh nay d cac iTnh vUc i<inii te, c o n g n g h e , giao due... se duoc thao g d va m d ra mot trien vong mdi i<h!
Cham dirt duoc tinh trang vi pham q u y ^ n s d hOu tri tue v o n da t r d t h a n h mot rao cSn idn cho Viet IMam trong tien trinh hoi nhsip quoc te qua nhieu thap ky.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
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14| THONG TIN V A T U L I E U - 3 / 2 0 1 7
djnh so 187B/QD-BGDDT ngay 02/06/201f ve viec ban hanh the le cuOc thi qudc gia thi^l kd bai gicing e-Learning lan thtf 4 cLja 8 0 Giao due va Dao tao", Dropbox.eom, truy cap ngay 3/8/2016 tai dia chi:
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pdf?dl=C
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"A Study of the Current State of Play in the Use of Open Educational Resources in the Asian Region", oerasla.org, truy cap ngay 26/07/2016 tai dja chi:
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content&view=artiele&id=9<emid=11 10. Steffens, K. (2015). "Competences, Learning Theories and MOOCs: Recent Developments in Lifelong Learning", European J o u m a l o f Education, 50(1), t r . 4 9 . DOI: 10.1111/
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13 U N E S C O (2000). The Dakar Framework for Action, tr. 15.
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(Ngay Toa soan nhan dugc bai: 10-11-2016:
Ngay phan bien danh gia: 15-3-2017: Ngay chip nhan dang: 28-4-2017).