IUAT
PHAP LUAT VE DAU TlJ RA NUOfC NGOAI CUA VIET NAM:
THlJC TRANG VA DE XUAT
• Dl/dNG THI TUYET NHUNG
TOM TAT:
Dau tif trffc lidp ra nifdc ngodi (OFDI) da va dang difdc cdc nha dau Iff Iff Viel Nam thffc hifin vdi quy md ngay cang tang tai hdn 50 quo'c gia va viing lanh thd. Cung vdi sff phdl iridn cffa OFDL van ban phdp luSt cd lien quan cung dicpc lien toe dieu chinh va bd sung. Bai vidt dffdi day gidi ihieu sd Iffdc sff hinh thanh va phdl trien cua h6 thd'ng van ban phdp luat hen quan tdi dau tff ra nffdc ngoai cua Viet Nam trong giai doan tff 1999 - 2019. Tff nhffng va'n de cdn ton lai hien nay difdc neu ra, mdt sd'kien nghi ve chinh sdch se dffdc lac gia gdi rad va de xua't.
Tijf khda: Diu tff trffc tiep nffdc ngoai, Viel Nam, dau to trffc lidp ra nffdc ngoai, Luat Dau iif, chinh sdch dIu ty.
1. Md Mu
D^u Iff Uifc tie'p nifdc ngoai (FDI) la hoat ddng dau tff phd bidn, luon dong mdt vai trd quan trong trong sff phdl trien kinh te cua moi qudc gia va nen kinh 16' the gidi. Theo Bdo cao dau iff the gidi nam 2018 ciia Umted Nation Conferrence on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), tuy cd sff sut giam nha't dinh vao nam 2018, nhffng ngudn FDI loan clu vln duy tri d mffc 1,3 nghin ty USD. Muc dich cua luong dau tif ra ngoai nay theo nha kinh le hoc Dunning phan dch la de nham hffdng tdi: 1) Thu hut nguon Iffc nham muc dich mua lai va dam bao nguon lu'c, chu yen la tai nguyen thien nhi§n d cac nifdc tiep nhan d^u Iff; 2) Nham md rdng thi Q^dng md rdng san xuat va bdn hang trong nffdc 6 nu:dc ngoai; 3) Cai thien hieu qua giup cai thien nang sua't bang cdch tranh cdc rao can kinh doanh va Idi dung dau vao san xua'l khdng ton kem d nffdc ngoai; 4) De tlm kiem tai san tiep can kidn thffc va cd sd cdng nghe da dffdc ban dia hda. Dau tff van la hoat dpng CO tiem nang Idn trong vi6c giup doanh nghiep md rong thi trffdng, tranh nhffng hang rao bao bp thffdng mai.
Tai Viet Nam, ke tff thdi diem nam 1999, khi Nghi dinh sd 22/1999/ND-CP - van ban phdp ly dau lien quy dmh cu the ve boat ddng OFDI difdc ban hanh, cac doanh nghifep Vi6l da tffng bffdc dffa cac dff dn dau tff tien dan qua bien gidi vdi quy rao dau tu ngay c^ng gia tang Thdi gian sau do, he thd'ng van ban phdp lual cd hen quan cung da dan tffng bifdc difdc sffa ddi, bd sung va didu chinh cho phii hdp yeu cau phat trien. Tuy nhien, vdn cdn nhieu vd'n de ton lai Irong boat ddng d^u lif ra nifdc ngoai can trd sff md rdng cdc hoat dpng dau to nhu ky vong Do do, tren cd sd cdc npi dung dffdc pbdn lich mot sd' kidn nghi ve chinh sdch se difdc gdi md va dd xua'l trong phan cuo'i cua bai viel.
2. Sff phat trien ciia h§ thd'ng cac van ban phap luat Mn quan tdi boat dOng ddu tff ra nffdc ngoai cua doanh nghigp Vi&t Nam
Hoat dpng dau tif trffc tiep ra nffdc ngoai cua Viet Nam dffdc ghi nhan chinh thffc lan dau vao nam 1989 vdi dff dn hen ke't giffa dd'i lac cua Vi6l Nam va mdt do'i lac Nhat Ban, dif an cd so' vd'n dang ky la 586.380USD. Vao thdi didm nay, chffa CO ba'l ky van ban phap ludt cu the nao de cap trffc
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tiep hoac dieu chinh quy trinh thii luc lien quan tdi hoat dpng dau Iff trffc tie'p ra nffdc ngoai cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Do dd, boat dpng dau tff trong giai doan dau khd khd khan va cac doanh nghiep cung chffa chu trpng vao cac dff dn dau tff ra nffdc ngoai. Theo thd'ng ke cua TS. Nguyen Tud'n Phffdng (2013), trong giai doan 1989-1998, cd tdng sd 12 dff dn dau W ra nffdc ngoai dffdc dang ky.
Giai doan Iff 1999 - 2005, nhieu van ban phdp lual dieu chinh trffc tie'p boat dpng OFDI da dffdc ban hanh, gdp phan ho trd va tao dieu kien cho cdc nha dau tff. Van ban dau lien quy dinh cu the ve the thffc, quy trinh va cac va'n de thii luc lien quan tdi boat dpng OFDI la Nghi dinh so' 22/1999/ND-CP cua Chinh phu ban hanh ngay 14/4/1999, theo dd cho phep cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam dffa vd'n bang tien, lai san ra nifdc ngoai de thffc hien dau iff. De lam ro them cac noi dung cd lien quan. Thong tff so' 05/2001/TT- BKH ngay 30/8/2001 hffdng ddn boat dpng OFDI ciia doanh nghiep Viet Nam va Thdng tif so' 97/2002/TT-BTC ngay 24/10/2002 cua Bd Tai chinh hffdng dSn thifc hien nghia vu thuedo'i vdi doanh nghiep Viet Nam trong hoat dpng OFDI da dffdc ban hanh tiep sau dd.
Ciing vdi mot khung phdp ly rd rang hdn, gia tri cdc khoan dau tff cung da tang len dang kd dii trong thdi gian nay nen kinh te Viet Nam van cdn dang trong giai doan dau ciia qua trinh doi mdi.
Theo tho'ng ke cua Bd Ke hoach va Dau tff ihl cd 131 dif an dffdc dang ky trong 6 nam nay, vdi so' vdn dang ky la 1.329,06 trieu USD.
Giai doan 2005 - 2013 la giai doan hoat dpng OFDI ciia Viet Nam cd sff phdl trien vffdl bac va he tho'ng van ban phdp ly lien quan cung ngay cang dffdc hoan thien. Nam 2005, Luat Dau iff mdi dffdc ban hanh trong do da danh ban Chffdng IX cho cac quy dinh lien quan tdi boat ddng dau to ra nffdc ngoai. Tie'p dd, Chinh phii da ban hanh nhieu nghi dinh va van ban hffdng ddn nhff Nghi dinh so' 78/2006/ND-CP ngay 9/8/2006 thay the Nghi dinh sd 22/1999/ND-CP, Nghi dinh sd 75/201 l/ND-CP ve tin dung dau tff va tin dung xua'l kh^u cung cdc Thdng Iff hu'dng dan cung dffdc bd sung, thay the cho phu hdp vdi cac quy djnh mdi... Rieng trong linh vffc dau khi, Chinh phii va cdc cd quan lien quan da cd nhieu van ban rieng biet cho hoat dong dau tff chien Iffdc nay (Xem Bang). Sd Iffdng nhieu lenrd ret ciia cac van ban da cho tbd'y sff quan tam
ciia cac cd quan quan ly nha nifdc ddng ihdi phan dnh thffc le rang OFDI cua Viet Nam da cd sff phat trien vudt bdc.
De dn "Thuc day dau tif ciia Viet Nam ra nffdc ngoai" dffdc ban hanh kem theo Quye't dinh so' 236/2009/QD-TTg ngay 20/02/2009 cua Thu tifdng Chinh phii, da cd sff tdc dpng manh me tdi boat dpng kinh doanh va dau tff cua cdc doanh nghiep Viet Nam. Hoat ddng OFDI cua Viet Nam da cd sff bung nd sau thdi diem nay bieu hien d sff gia tang manh me ve so' lifdng dif an va quy md vd'n dau to. Theo thdng ke ciia Bp Ke hoach va Dau Iff, tinh den ngay 20/3/2013, Viet Nam da cd 742 dff dn OFDI vdi tdng vd'n d^u iff dang ky dai 15,5 ly USD. Linh vffc dau iff da da dang hdn vdi cac dff dn ttai rpng Iff khai khodng, ndng ISm nghiep, cong nghiep dien, vien thong... Cdc d\X an tff Viet Nam da Iridn khai lai 59 quo'c gia va vung lanh tho trong dd Lao d vi tri dau chie^m 30,6% so' Iffdng dff dn dau tu', Campuchia dffng ke tie'p vdi 129 dff dn, tiep theo la Lien bang Nga (15,2%), Venezuela (11.8%) va cdc qud'c gia khac.
Nam 2014, Lual Dau Iff 2014 dffdc ban hanh da danh toan bp Chffdng V cho cac boat dpng dau tif ra nffdc ngoai vdi nhffng quy dinh chi tie'l, cu the hdn cho thu luc tridn khai, chd'm dfft cdc boat dpng dau tff. Cdc sffa ddi sau dd nhif cac quy dinh tai Nghi dinh sd 83/2015/ND-CP ngay 25/9/2015 da cd nhffng cai each difdc nhieu doanh nghiep ghi nhan nhif viec dam bao thdi gian hoan ta't thu luc dang ky cdc dtf dn OFDI cd mffc vd'n dffdi 800 ly ddng la 15 ngay, ngoai trff dff dn thupc linh vffc ngan hang, bao hiem, chffng khoan,... cd vd'n dau tff Iff 400 ly ddng trd 16n, hoac cdc dff dn khac cd vd'n dau tff tff 800 ly ddng trd len mdi can sff cha'p thuan chil trifdng cua Thii tifdng Chinh phu. Mffc vdn theo quy dinh trffdc day la tren 15 ty ddng.
Dac biet, ngay ca khi nha dau tff de nghi hinh thffc dau Iff ra nffdc ngoai mdi, chifa cd quy dinh, ihl Nghi dinh 83 cung quy dinh rd viec Thii tifdng se xem xet, quydt dinh tren cd sd dd nghi cua B6 Kd hoach va Dau to.
Vdi quy dinh ve viec nha dau tif phd i dang ky dau tff thdng qua He thd'ng Thong tin qiioc gia ve dau tu' ra nifdc ngoai, cac thong tin da dUdc cung ca'p sdm cho cd quan ca'p gia'y chffng nhl n dang ky dau tffde xff ly ho sd dff an nhanh \a ih..\iip tign hdn. Va ciing vdi bao cdo tinh hinh thifc hien . i,- an do nha dau tif thifc hien trffc toyen se hinh ihanli h j
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^'^^"g dff lieu thong tin qudc gia ve dau tff ra nffdc ngoai cua Viet Nam, cung ca'p thong tin cdc cac cd quan quan ly irong viec giam sdt hoat dpng nay cung nhff trong viec ngbiSn cffu, dinh hffdng ve cd che, chinh sdch.
3. Nhffng thanh tffu va ton t^i 3.1. Nhang thanh tiiu can ghi nhan Trai qua qua trinh hdn 20 nam, hg thdng cdc van ban phdp ly dieu chinh hoat dpng dau tff ra nu'dc ngoai cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam da dan hoan thien va phat trien. Tff mdt Nghi dinh hifdng dan vdi 22 dieu khoan ngdn gpn nam 1999, cdc quy dinh lien quan da phat trien thanh mot he thd'ng cac quy pham bao triim nhilu vd'n dd khdc nhau. Hoat dpng dau tif trong linh vffc chien Iffdc la dau khi da difdc tdch ra de cap tdi trong cac van ban chuyen biet. Ben canh hoat dpng quan ly va thu luc Iff Bp Ke hoach va Biu tff, Ngan hang Nha nffdc va Bp Tai chinh cung da cd cdc van ban hu'dng dan cu the.
Mdt diem dffdc nhidu nghien cffu va doanh nghiep ciing ddng thuan ghi nhdn la sff khdi sac cua boat dpng dau to ra nffdc ngoai thdi gian qua cd mdt phin Idn nhd vide chud'n hda thii luc dau Iff va viec hoan thien hanh lang phdp ly. Bang tho'ng ke (Xem Bang) cho tha'y sff tang tru'dng ciia tdng vd'n dang ky va sd Iffdng cac dff an dIu Iff ra nffdc ngoai theo thd'ng ke cua Bp Ke hoach va Dau tif cho tdi ndm 2016'.
BANG: VON D A U T U T R I / C T|6P RA NUOC NGOAI CUA V | £ T N A M GIAI OOAN 1989-2016 Nam
1989 1999 2006 2011 2012 2013 2014 201S 2016
1998 2005 2010
SodUan 1 18 131 383 82 84 93 109 147 128
ong von < lang ky (trieu USD) 13,6 559,9 3.898,0 2.531,0 1.546,7 3.107,1 1.786,8 1.378,4 1.418,0 HguQii. Cut0aiitiliiiliKngadi(BoKetKiadiviillamu)
3.2. NhSng diem con ton tai
Ben canh sff ghi nhan vdi mot he thd'ng cdc van ban phdp luat da day du va hieu qua hdn, vdn cd nhieu diem ton tai trong he tho'ng cac quy dinh phap luat cd lien quan.
Dau lien cac cd quan quan ly trung u'dng chffa cd mdt khung chinh sdch tdng the cho chien Iffdc dau tff ra nffdc ngoai cua doanh nghiep Viel Nam.
De an "Thuc day dau iff ciia Viet Nam ra nifdc ngoai" nam 2009 tuy c6 muc tieu nham thuc day hdn nffa boat dong dau tff cua cdc doanh nghifip Viet Nam ra nffdc ngoai, nhifng nhdm doanh nghiep dffdc dat trpng tdm van la cdc doanh nghiep cd vd'n nha nffdc. Cdc cd quan quan ly h6n quan ciing chffa cd mot 16 trinh hoac ke hoach xay dffng va hoan thien nhffng bien phdp bd trd cu thd, thidt thifc cho sff phat trien ciia hoat dpng OFDI.
Ben canh do, Viet Nam chffa cd nhieu cac boat dpng hd trd xuc lien OFDI va quy dinh ve bao hidm ddu to. Day la 2 ndi dung ra't quan trpng giup giam thieu rui ro gay idn thd't dai han cho doanh nghiep. Su" hd trd tff cdc cd quan nha nffdc cd thd'm quyen cung se giup doanh nghiep dl dang hdn khi dep can thi trffdng, tich kiem chi phi cho mdi gidi, trung gian nhd mang lu'di tin cdy dffdc chia se va ho trd tff Chinh phu. Hien nay, chffa cd cd quan nao difdc giao nhiem vu thdng tin ve moi trffdng dau Iff, cd che phdp ly, dac diem mdi trffdng dau tif va c6 hpi ddu tu" d cac nifdc ngoai hoat dpng ho trd ciia thffdng vu. Theo kinh nghi&m mfit sd' nu'dc, Chinh phu thanh lap cd quan cd vai trd hd trd va xuc tidn OFDI (nhif JETRO cua Nhat Ban, hoac KOTRA cua Han Quo'c) de giup cac doanh nghiep tlm kiem cd hpi, to chffc doan di tim hieu cd hpi dau tff.
Mot noi dung cung dffdc nhac tdi la hien che tai dd'i vdi cdc nha dau tff khong thffc hien hoac thffc hien khong nghiem tuc che dp bdo cao dinh ky chffa thffc sff cd gid tri ran de. Vdi viec cdc nha dau tif khdng thffc hien nghiem liic boat dpng bao cao, cdc cd quan quan ly nha nifdc se ra't khd trong vi6c kip thdi cd cac bien phdp quan ly thich hop va/hoac cd du so' lieu can de xay dffng ke hoach dai ban.
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4. Mot so' kie'n nghi va dd xua't
De tao dieu kien va ho trd cho boat dpng OFDI, mot so' de xua't sau can dffdc cdc cd quan quan ly can nhac va xem xet dffa vao 16 trinh thffc hidn mot cdch thich hdp.
Thd nha't, Chinh phu va cdc cd quan quan ly cdn tiep tuc xdy dffng va hoan thien khung phdp ly, chinh sach ve dau tff ra nffdc ngoai nham tao dieu kien thuain Idi va dinh hifdng cho cac doanh nhan vd doanh nghiep dau tff ra nffdc ngoai an toan va hieu qua.
Tint hat, can tiep tuc tang cu'dng cai tidn thii tuc hdnh chinh dd'i vdi dau iff ra nu'dc ngoai theo hffdng ddn gian thuan tien, tang quyen chu dpng.
Iff chiu irdch nhiem ciia chii dau tif. Diem dau lien la vd'n dd ddn gian hda ibii luc xin ca'p gid'y chffng nhan dau tff hoac loai bd thu tuc nay thay bang thii tuc dang ky dau tu' Theo kinh nghiem ciia Trung Qud'c, ihii luc chap thuan dau iff ra nffdc ngoai dd'i vdi dff dn ciia doanh nghiep nha nffdc Trung ffdng Trung Qud'c va Dff an cd quy mo Idn (tff 300 trieu USD trd 16n) chi can xem xet, cha'p thuan cua Uy ban Cai each va Phat trien; dd'i vdi cdc dff dn khac, lily thupc muc tieu, quy mo, tinh cha't cd the dffdc phan cd'p cho Uy ban Cai each va Phat irien Qud'c gia va Bp Thffdng mai, Sd Thffdng mai.
Thii tuc xin y kien cac cd quan quan ly ca'p sd cung nen difdc xem xet va nit gpn. Quy djnh phdp ludt hien nay chi neu chung pham vi thd'm dinh cua cdc cd quan dffpc hoi ky kie'n la trong pham vi chuyen mdn thuoc thdm quyen quan ly nhd nffdc dffdc phdn cdng (Dieu 10.5 Nghi dinh 83/2015). Dieu nay dan tdi cac Sd, Bo hen quan cung se chi cho y kie'n trong pham vi chuyen mdn rieng. Nhff vay, ngoai canh bao ve an loan tai chinh hoac canh bdc rui ro dau tff, nhffng tham dinh chuyen mdn sau hdn vao npi dung linh vffc boat dpng cu the cua dff dn dau tff se can dffpc xem xet bdi quyen iLf do kinh doanh va dau tff ciia doanh nghiep da dffdc Hie'n phdp va phdp luat quy dinh. Viec Iffa chon va cha'p thuan hay khdng dd'i vdi dff an dau tu'se do nffdc tie'p nhan dau tff tham dinh va doanh nghiep phai chiu trach nhiem tff than vdi quyet dinh kinh doanh ciia minh. Vay nhffng y kie'n chuyen mdn qua sau tff cdc Bp, Sd ciia Viet Nam (trong trffdng hdp doanh nghiep da tuan thii day dii cac quy dinh ve pham vi ban che
ve linh vffc dau tif) se chi mang tinh hinh thffc.
Mffc ban che vd'n vay d 70% gia tri dau tff theo quy dinh tai Thong tif sd 36/2018/TT-NHNN cung can xem xet theo quy mo va tinh cha't cua tffng dff an. Vdi cac dff dn mang tinh cha't sang lao, cdng nghe mdi, cd the mffc dau itf ban dau khdng qua Idn, nhifng khoan vay de phat trien san pham va md rpng thi trffdng vdi san pham cdng nghe tiem nang se vifdt qua ban mffc neu tren.
Sff ban chd tren se khien cac doanh nghiep khd khan khi phat tnen tham chi se khien ho phai ban lai cho mot nhd dau Iff nffdc ngoai vdi tiem Iffc tai chinh manh hdn.
Thd ba, can quy dinh ddng bp cac bien phdp hd trd dau iff ra nffdc ngoai, tang cffdng cdng tdc xiic tie'n OFDI vao nhffng dia ban, ITnh vifc ffu tien. Cdc cd quan dai dien ciia Nha nffdc d nffdc ngoai nhff Dai sff qudn, Tong Lanh sif qudn, cd quan Thifdng vu can cd cdc hoat dpng ho trd vd thdng tin thi trffdng, thdng tin phdp ly. Dieu ndy se tich kiem cho cac doanh nghiep nhieu thdi gian va chi phi. Nhffng canh bao dd'i vdi khu vffc, dia ban hoac linh vffc ma Viet Nam va qud'c gia sd tai chifa cd quan he ngoai giao va/hoac chffa CO cdc hiep dinh hd trd thffdng mai cijng cdn difdc cdng bd'. Ngoai ra, cdc cd quan ngoai giao ciing can tang cffdng hdp tdc chat che vdi Chinh phii nifdc sd tai trong viec trao doi thdng tin, khai thac cd hieu qua cdc nguon Iffc, phd'i hdp giai quydt cdc vffdng mac, khd khan ciia doanh nghidp. Cdc nha dau iff cung can cung nhau lap cdc hi6p hoi di cd the chia se kinh nghiem va hd trd nhau hidu qua hdn trong hoat ddng kinh doanh.
5. Ke't luSn
Dau tu' trffc lidp ra nffdc ngoai da va dang ddng gdp tich cffc cho sff phat trien kinh le cua Viet Nam.De lidp luc hd trd cac boat dpng dau tif ciia doanh nghiep Viet, viec tiep tuc nghien cffu de dieu chinh, bd sung cdc quy dinh phdp lu3l cd lien quan la vd cung can thie't. Tff kinh nghiem va cdc vd'n de dffdc dd cap, mot trong nhffng didm can chu trpng la sff ddng bp trong trien khai cdc chinh sach va boat dpng hd trd nha dau tu". Sffbd trd trffc tiep tff cdc cd quan quan ly, cd quan ngoai giao, thffdng vu se giiip cdc nha ddu tir yen tdm hdn trong boat dong kinh doanh tai di, ban nffdc ngoai, ddng thdi cung se tang cffdng hieu qua giam sat cua Nha nifdc •
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TAILlfeUTHAMKHAO:
/. Bo Ke hoach vd Ddu tu - Cue Bdu tic nude ngoai (2017), Bdo cdo von ddu tu true tiep ciia nude ngoai vdo Viet Namtitl9S9den2016.
2. Doan Thanh Nghi (2012), Bdu tu true tiep ra nude ngoai cua Viet Nam: Thanh cong vd han che. Tap chi Kinh te vd Dubdo, so 9. tr 26-28.
3. Nguyen Thi Nguyet (2014), Ddu tu ra nude ngoai ciia doanh nghlSp Viet Nam, Tap chi Nghien cUu Tdi chinh Ke toan, sS4 (129J-2014, tr. 47-49.
4.TS Nguyen Tuan Phuang (2013), Ddu tura nude ngoai cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam trong dieu kien hoi nhap kinh tequSc te. Tap chlTdi chinh Doanh nghiep, so 03 (II6)-2013, tr. 36-38
5. Dunning, J. H (1988). The eclectic paradigm of international production: A restatement and some possible extensions, Journal of International Business Studies. 19(1), tr 1-31.
Dunning, J. H. (1998). Location and the multinational enterprises: A neglecled factor? Journal of International Business Studies, 29, tr 45-67.
6. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2018), World Investment Reporl 2018, United Nations.
Ngay nhSn bai: 13/2/2020
Ngay phan bi$n danh gia va su'a chita: 23/2/2020 Ngay cha'p nhan dang bai: 4/3/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
DUCfNG THI TUYET NHUNG Trif&ng Dai hpc Mo - Dia chS't
VIETNAM'S LAW ON OUTWARD FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT:
CURRENT SITUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
• DUONG THI TUYET NHUNG Hanoi University of iviining and Geoiogy
ABSTRACT:
Vietnamese investors have increased their outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in more than 50 countries and territories. Along with the increase in the OFDI flow of Vietnam, Vietnam's regulations on OFDI have been constantly amended and supplemented by state administrative agencies. This article generally presents the process of formation and development of Vietnam's legal provisions of OFDI in the period from 1999 to 2019. This article also proposes some recommendations to address remaning issues related to Vietaam's law on OFDI.
Keywords: Foreign direct mvestment, Vietnam, outward foreign direct investment. Law on Investment, investment pohcies.
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