BOI THirdNG THIET HAI DO CHAT DA CAM/DIOXIN THEO PHAP LUAT HOA KY
Nguyen NhirPhdt Pham Thanh Trd**
Tom tat: Theo phdp ludt cua Hoa Ky, trdch nhiem ^hdp ly ddi vdi hgu qud cua hanh vi rdi chdt da cam/dioxin thugc logl trdch nhlim boi thudng thiet hgi ngodi hgp ddng. Bdi viit gidi thieu khdi qudt vi phdp ludt Hoa Ky cd llin quan din gidi quyit hdu qud phdp ly cua hdnh vi ndi tren.
Abstract: According to US law, legal liability for the consequence of scattering dioxln/orange agents is liability under the law of torts. This article provides the overview of relevant US laws and regulations with respect to solving such consequence.
1. Khai quat ve dioxin vd phap luat quan ly chat d$c d Hoa Ky
Phdp lugt cdc nudc, trong dd cd Hoa Ky, dgc bidt ehii ttgng tdi qudn Iy nha nude vd sir dyng, sdn xudt va thai khi dgc dioxin do tinh nhiem ddc eao ciia hgp chit hda hpe nay. Nghien cim eho thay, dioxin phan buy rat cham va khi thdi dioxin tir cac nha mdy ciing nhu cdc ngudn ty nhien khac tdn tgi rdt lau trong mdi trudng sdng quanh chiing ta.
Song ttong mdi trudng nhu vdy tat ydu dan ddn nhieu hgu qua lau ddi va nghidm ttgng vd mat sue khde, bao gdm ung thu, di dgng va nhidu rdi loan chiic ndng. Do do, chdt dioxin ludn nam ttong danh sdch ede chdt cd nguy CO nhiem ddc cao cua Ca quan Bdo vd mdi trudng Hoa K5' United States Environmental Protection Agency (ggi tdt la EPA).
' PGS.TS., Vipn Nhi nudc va Phap luat.
" T S . , Dai hoc Washington.
Bai vilt niy dugc cong bd trong khudn kho thyc hien Bk tai cap Nhi nudc: "Nghien ciiv ca saphdp ly vd phugng phdp dau tranh yeu cdu Chink phd vd cdc cong ly hoa chat Hoa Ky chfu trdch nhi?m vi hgu qud chat da cam/dioxin a Viet Nam"; mi s6: KHCN- 33 08/11-15.
Dioxin khdng dugc san xult trye tidp cho cdc myc dich thuong mai, ma Id chit gdy d nhidm phdt sinh ttong qua trinh sdn xudt va chd bien cdc sdn phIm thuang mgi.
Ddc bidt, dioxin duge eoi la sdn phIm phu ciia thudc didt cd 2, 4, 5-T, mdt ttong hai thdnh phin ciia "chdt ddc da cam". Thudc diet ed 2, 4, 5-T dugc ddng ky sur dung tai Hoa Ky tir ndm 1948. Tuy nhidn, sau khi chat ddc da cam duge su dung cho muc dich qudn su ttong cupc chiln ttanh Vidt Nam, gidi khoa hgc bat dau len tidng canh bdo vl hdu qua ciia vide phun ttan Ian chit ddc ndy.
Bdng chiing khoa hgc vl ddc tinh gay di dgng d ngudi ciia chit diet cd 2,4, 5-T la ba CO quan Lien bang Hoa Ky da dinh chi sii dyng chat ndy cho mye dich thuang mai tgi Hoa Ky. Vao ngay 1/5/1970, cdn cur theo Dao ludt Lien bang vl Thudc tiii sdu, diet ndm vd diet chugt', Chinh phii Hoa Ky da nghiem cam hoan todn vide sir dyng chit diet ed 2, 4, 5-T ttdn cdc cdy ttdng luong thue. Ddng thdi, Bg Qudc phdng Hoa Ky
Dieu 6 (b), ten tilng Anh cua Dao lu^t nay li Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA).
77
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT SO 8/2015 cung ydu edu ngung sii dyng chat ddc da cam tai Viet Nam. Din ndm 1971, chdt diet ed 2, 4, 5-T cd ttong chdt dgc da cam hoan . toan bi Iogi khdi luu thdng va sir dung.
Nhu vgy, chat diet cd 2, 4, 5-T cd chiia chat ddc dioxin khdng edn Id ddi tugng dieu ehinh tryc tilp eua phap ludt Hoa Ky lien quan ddn cdc chdt vd khi thai doe hai. Tuy nhidn, phdp ludt vd khac phye d nhidm vd phye hdi mdi trudng vdn dp dyng ddi vdi cdc CO sd san xuat Iogi thude diet cd ndy. O pham vi chimg hon, chat ddc dioxin thai ra tir nhidu ngudn khac nhau, nhu thudc tru sdu vd diet chupt, khdi byi edng nghidp, ddt rimg vd cdng nghidp sdn xudt giay, se chiu sy dieu chinh eiia ede Dgo lugt Lidn bang chuydn bipt:
Thir nhdt. vipc sdn xudt va luu thdng cac chdt cd chiia dioxin do Dao ludt Kidm sodt cdc chit dgc hgi dilu chinh (TSCA)^.
Tuy nhidn, neu chat dioxin nay lidn quan ddn cdc sdn phdm tni sdu, diet nam vd chugt hay bat cii ndng sdn nao, Dgo lugt lien bang ve Thude trir sdu, diet nam vd diet chupt (FIFRA) sd dugc dp dung.
Thii hai, do chdt dioxm thdi ra gdy d nhiem mdi trudng nudc vd khdng khi, ndn ba Dgo lugt chinh duge ap dyng Id: Dgo ludt Nuac saeh (CWA)\ Dgo luat Khdng khi saeh (CAA)"*, vd Dgo luat An toan nudc udng (SDWA)'.
Thic ba, vide xir ly cdc chit thdi ndi chung, ke cd chat thdi gay hgi vd khdng gay hgi, chiu sy dieu chinh cua Dao ludt Bdo tdri vd phye hoi tai nguydn (RCRA). Dgo ludt ndy la mgt hp thdng cac quy dinh toan didn
^ T6n tilng Anh li Toxic Substances Control Act.
' Tfin tilng Anh Ii Clean Water Act.
* Ten tilng Anh li Clean Air Act.
* Ten tilng Anh li Safe Drinking Water Act.
dilu chinh vide vgn chuydn, xu ly vd Iogi bd chdt thdi, gdm cd chit thdi rdn. Dgo lugt cd hieu lye ndm 1976, sau khi dugc sira ddi tir Dao luat 1965 vl Xir Iy chdt thdi rdn. Dgo ludt mang tt'nh chdt phdng ngira, dilu chinh hdnh vi ciia cdc td chiic, cd nhan cd hogt dgng 1dm phdt sinh chdt thai hogc qudn ly chit thai, nhdm phdng ngira kha nang d nhilm xay ra. Tuy nhidn, do bdn thdn TSCA vd FIFRA dd bao gdm cdc dilu khodn vl xii ly chdt thdi, RCRA khdng dp dyng ndu chit thdi cdn xu ly lidn quan ddn thudc trir sdu, didt cd hodc chdt ddc gay ung thu nhu dioxin. Tuy nhidn, myc tidu truac mat cua gidi ludt Viet Nam Id tap trung nghien ciiu phdp ludt Hoa Ky vl chit dgc da cam/dioxin vd ttdch nhipm tix dd ddi vdi siic khde con ngudi nen RCRA sd khdng lien quan tryc tilp din pham vi nghidn ciiu nay.
Hon niia, muc dich ciia nghien cihi khoa hgc ndy Id tim hidu khd ndng khdc phye, chti khdng phdi phdng ngira hdu qud do chit dpe da cam gay ra. Vi vgy, Dgo Iuat vd ling phd sy CO mdi trudng, Bdi thudng thiet hai va Trach nhipm ddi vdi hdnh vi vi pham (CERCLA) ddng vai ttd quan trpng hon . Day la Dgo Iuat Lidn bang chinh quy dinh ede bipn phdp phuc hdi mdi trudng vd bdi thudng thidt hgi do eac chit dgc hai gdy ra.
Vi vdy, nghidn ciiu phap ludt Hoa Ky lien quan ddn vipc sdn xudt, sii dyng va trach nhidm bdi thudng thiet hai ddi vdi hgu qua do vi^c sii dyng chdt da cam/dioxin gay ra se phdi quan tdm ddn cdc Dao ludt: TSCA FIFRA, CWA, CAA, CDWA vd CERCLA.
Cac dao lugt neu ttdn dugc thyc thi bdi cdc eo quan hanh phap, trong do EPA ddng vai ttd chu dao. Trong trudng hgp ed vi
* Ten tieng Anh li Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act.
78
Bdi THlfCfNG THI$TH4IDO..
pham phdp Iuat, cd nhan td chiic ed quyln khieu ngi vdi EPA hoge khdi kidn tgi Toa dn ydu cdu dp dyng cdc bidn phdp ehl tdi theo luat dinh. Trudng hgp cd thiet hgi cd nhdn do vide su dung hoac thdi cac chit ddc hgi gay ra, ca nhdn ed quyln vd lgi ich hgp phdp bi xdm hgi cd till kidn ddi bdi thudng thidt hai theo an Id Hoa Ky.
2. Can cir phat sinh trach nhiem hhi thudng thiet hai
2,1. Xam pham quyin, /jn' ich chung vd cua cd nhdn ("public and private nuisanc")
Mdt ca nhan cd the ydu cau bdi thudng thidt hgi khi mdt quydn hay Igi ich chung bi xdm pham ddng thdi cung gay ra thidt hgi cho chinh ca nhan dd. Dd cd thd kidn trdn cdn cu ndy, nguydn don phdi chiing minh dugc ring thidt hgi dd mang tinh d^c thii khac vdi loai hinh thidt hgi xdy ra ddi vdi bp phdn cdng ehiing/egng ddng ndi chung . Do nhdm cdc thiet hgi gdy ra bdi cae chat nguy hai vd d nhiem mdi trudng mang tinh chung, vi du nhu ung thu, di tat khi sinh d tre so smh, mdt ca nhdn khd ed thd chiing minh rdng ngudi dd chiu thiet hai khac vdi nhdm thidt hai gay ra cho egng ddng.
Kidn ttdn co sd quydn vd lgi ich rieng bi xam phgm ddi hdi nguyen don trude hdt phdi ehiing mmh quyln su dyng va hudng thy tai sdn cua minh bi xdm pham mgt cdch bit hgp phdp. Trong trudng hgp chit ddc mdu da cam, ed thi chiing minh rdng vipc phun tiiudc trie ed 2, 4, 5-T gdy d nhiem ddt, nudc, khdng khi va mdi trudng xung quanh, khiln cho nha cira ciia nguyen don mit/giam gia tri hay huge nguydn don phai
' prosser. The Law of Torts (Lu§t vl Bii thudng thi^
hai), xuit ban lin 4, tham khao tai tr. 153.
di rdi di noi khde. Ndi cdch khdc, quydn sir dyng va hudng thu tdi san cua anh ta dd bj hgn chd bit hgp phdp. Sau khi chiing minh ylu td khach quan cua hdnh vi bi kipn, nguyen don sd phai chiing minh yeu td chu quan (ldi vd y hay cd y), vd mdi quan h§
nhan qua giu:a hdnh vi va thidt hgi. Kipn ttdn ed sd phdp Iy ndy khdng h&u ich 1dm eho cdc ngn nhan cua "chat ddc da cam", bdi hg chi ed thi ydu cdu bdi thudng thi^t hai vl tai sdn (bdt ddng san), vd chi co ehu sd hiiu hay ngudi cd quydn sir dyng bat ddng sdn dd mdi cd quydn kidn. R6 rang, rat nhidu ngudi ttong so nhirng nan nhan cua chdt dpc man da cam khdng phdi ai ciing Id ehu sd huu nhiing mdnh ddt hay nhd ciia d khu vye hi d nhiem.
2.2. Xam phgm quyen sd huu tdi sdn ("trespass")
Cdn cir nay ddi hdi nguydn don phdi ehiing minh rdng bi don c6 ^ va trye tiep xam pham quyen sd hiiu ddc quydn ddi vdi tdi san eiia minh. Vi dy: ndu ddt dai nhd eiia ciia cac ngn nhan chat dpe da cam b) bao phu bdi chdt ddc dioxin, quyln sd hiiu dlt dai eua hg dd bi xdm pham. Tinh "cd y" eua hanh vi xdm pham ttong trudng hgp chat dgc da cam khd ro rang, do cac khu vuc noi thuoc trir ed 2, 4, 5-T dugc sit dyng dlu ddng ddn cu vd qudn dgi Hoa Ky bidt rd viec phun thudc se gay d nhilm cho nhung khu vyc dd. Tuy nhidn, gidng nhu cdn cii xdm pham quyen va lgi ich ridng ndu d trdn, cdn cii nay ddi hdi phdi chiing minh thidt hai cy thd xdy ra cho bdt dgng sdn vd quyln sd hiiu bat dgng sdn dd cua ngudi diing don kien. Trong khi dd, cac thidt hgi md cdc ngn nhan chat ddc da cam phai gdnh chiu phin Ion lien quan din thidt hai vl con ngudi. Do dd, ba cdn cu tidp theo ddng vai ttd quan ttpng hon cho vu kipn chdt dgc da cam.
79
NHA NUdc VA PHAP LUAT SO 8/2015
2.3. Vd y gay thiet hgi ve nguai nhit sue khoe ("negligence")
Vd y gay thiet hgi la trudng hgp mdt ngudi khong ed hdnh vi hgp ly de bdo ve ngudi khac khdi thidt hgi xdy ra. Tinh hgp ly cua mpt hanh vi phy thude vdo ba yeu td:
(i) Khd ndng thdy trudc hdnh vi cua minh ed the gay thidt hgi; (ii) Mire dd nghidm ttgng cua thiet hgi; vd (iii) Chi phi bd ra dd ngdn chdn thiet hai*. Ndu chi phi bd ra dd ngdn chdn thidt hai se Idn hon thiet hgi cd thd nliin thay trudc, rd rang vide khong hdnh dpng Id hgp ly vd do dd ngudi gdy thiet hgi khdng ed loi vd y'. Vi dy, nguydn don cd thd kidn nhd sdn xudt hay ea sd lam phdt sinh chdt nguy hgi ddi bdi thudng thidt hgi neu nhiing ddi tugng nay khdng cdnh bao trudc ve tinh nguy hidm eiia vide sii dung eac chdt dpe hgi dd. Traeh nhidm bdi thudng do khdng cdnh bdo trudc phdt sinh khi nha san xudt bilt hoac ed Iy do dl bilt mpt chdt nguy hgi hay thudc trir sau, diet cd se gay hgi eho bdn thii ba, vd da khdng cd nhung hanh dpng hgp ly dl ngdn chan ngudi sii dyng khdi thiet hgi do san phIm do gdy ndn.
Ngodi ra, ttdch nhidm bdi thudng thiet hai ngodi hgp ddng ehi phdt sinh khi cd thidt hai cy the xay ra, va cd mdi quan he nhdn qua giiia thiet hai xay ra va hdnh vi trdi phdp ludt. Ndi each khde, thidt hai xdy ra phdi Id hdu qud tat yeu eua hdnh vi trai
Mary Cabrera, "Legal Remedies for Victims of Pesticide Exposure" (Cic bien phip khic phuc theo luat dinh cho cic n^n nhan nhilm thudc trir sau), xuit bin tren tap chi Kansas Journal of Law and Public Policy, nim 199I;tham khic tai tr. 116.
Morgan Spector, "Compensating Victims of Hazardous Wastes", (Bdi thudng thi?t hsti cho cic nan nhin ginh chju hau qua ciia cic chit thai dpc hai), xuit bin trSn t^p chi Glendale Lavi- Review, nim 1984; tham khao tai tr. 137.
phdp ludt vd ngugc Igi, hanh vi ttdi phap ludt la nguydn nhan duy nhat gay ra thiet hgi. Trong trudng hgp chat ddc da cam, thidt hai lien quan ehii ydu ddn siic khde va tinh mang, vi dy nhu ung thu, vd sinh, di dgng... Tuy nhidn, chiing minh mdi quan he nhdn qud khdng don gidn. Dd chiing minh, cdc ngn nhdn ciia chdt ddc da cam phdi chi ra dugc rang; (i) Hg da hi tidp xiic voi chit dgc hai ttong mdt khodng thdi gian dii ddi dd bdnh tat ed thd hinh thanh, vd (ii) Bdnh tgt hg ganh chiu Id do chit ddc hgi hg tilp xiic gdy ra. Mac du da eo bdng chiing khoa hgc do Vien Han lam Khoa hgc qude gia Hoa Ky cung cap vd mdi quan hp nhdn qud giiia chat ddc da cam va bdn benh (benh budu md mem, bdnh u lymphd khdng Hodgkin, bdnh Hodgkin va bdnh chiing ban do) , nghien ciiu chua cho phep chiing ta khang dinh dugc rang tdt ed nhung bpnh md nan nhdn chat ddc da cam da vd dang gdnh chju dlu phat tiidn ttong nhung ndm chit ddc da cam dupc sii dung" Thyc td cd nhieu bdnh ehi phdt sinh nhieu ndm sau khi thudc diet cd 2, 4, 5-T dugc sii dyng, ttong khi phai chiing minh dugc thidt hgi vd siic khde la do vide sii dung chit ndy tryc tilp gdy ndn. Ndi cdch khde, nguydn don cdn chiing mmh 1dm the ndo chdt nguy hgi gay ra dugc bdnh tdt ma nguydn don dang gdnh chiu. Hon nira, ttong dilu kidn chiln ttanh ' khdc nghiet, nhiing bdnh tgt do ciing cd thi phat sinh tii nhieu nguydn do khac nhau, ttong dd bao gdm chit dgc da cam. Nhu vdy, de chiing minh mdi quan he nhan qud giiia hanh vi va thiet hgi can cd blng chiing i
'" Vi^n Y hgc (thudc Vien Hin lim Khoa hpc quIc gia) - Institue of Medicine, Veterans and Agent Orange, Nxb. Vi|n Hin lam qu6c gia, nim 1996, '•
tham khio t^i tr. 5. li
"Nhu tren, tr.8-14. ^ 80
Bdi THUdNG THI$THAIDO.
khoa hgc vd dich td, md nhiing bang chiing nay cho din nay chua du de thuydt phye Tda dn Hoa Ky xur kidn ed lgi cho ede nguydn don trong cdc vu kien lien quan chit ddc da cam.
2.4. Thiet hgi ve tinh thdn ("infliction of emotional distress")
Viec sir dyng cdc chat nguy hgi trai vdi phdp lugt cd the gay thidt hai vl tinh thin, vi dy khien ngudi sdng trong khu vyc bi d nhiem lo Idng vd su an todn eua mdi trudng song hay bdnh tat ed the phat sinh. Cdc nguyen don ed the lap lugn rang, cdc cdng ty hda chat Hoa Ky da cd y hoac vd y gay thidt hgi vd tinh than eho hg thdng qua viec sdn xuat va phan phdi thudc diet cd cd chiia dioxin. Dd chiing minh loi ed y, nguyen dan phdi ehi ra dugc rang eac hanh vi san xuat, phan phdi ndy la thai qua, nghiem trpng, va khdng cd cd sd bidn hg nao. De ehiing minh loi vd y, nguydn don phai chiing minh thiet hai thi chdt di kem vdi thidt hai tinh than'^.
Tuong ty nhu can eii vd y gay thiet hai vl ngudi nhu siic khde, viec ehiing minh thiet hgi vl thd chit khdng dd ddng, dgc biet nlu tinh din khoang each thdi gian kha ddi giiia thdi dilm tidp xiic vdi thude diet cd va thdi dilm thiet hai vl the chdt phat sinh.
2.5. Thi^t hgi do ldi sdn phdm ("strict products liability")
Ngudi sdn xudt cdc chat dpe hai se phdi chiu trdch nhiem eho sdn phdm eiia minh nlu san phIm bi ldi hodc nguy hilm. Mdt sdn phIm cd thi hi loi ttong qua trinh san xult hodc chd bidn, va nd mang tinh nguy
'^ John G. Sprankling vi Gregory S. Weber, "The Law of Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Substances"
(Phip luat v^ cic chit thai vi chit ddc hai), xuat ban lin 2 nim 2007, Nxb. Thomson/West, tham khao d tr. 480.
hiem ndu ngudi sdn xudt khdng canh bao trudc eho ngudi tieu dimg vd didu nay. Kd cd neu nha sdn xuat cd cdnh bao ve mpt hoac mgt sd riii ro, ma khdng cdnh bao vd tdt cd cdc nguy eo eiia mgt san pham thi nha san xuat dd vdn cd thd phdi chiu ttdch nhidm ttdn co sd thiet hai do Idi sdn pham.
Tda an thdng thudng se khdng dp dgt nghia vy bdi thudng ndu nha san xudt khong biet trudc hodc khdng the biet rdng san pham dd cd loi hay/sd gay nguy hiem cho ngudi tieu dung. Ddi vdi san phdm trir sdu diet ed, thdng thudng nha sdn xuat khdng thd khdng biet ve kha nang nguy hgi eua loai san pham nay, do EPA cd nhung quy dinh rat chat che vd dan nhan va canh bao ttdn nhdn. Cdc ngn nhan chit dgc da cam cd the Idp ludn rdng, cae cdng ty hda chat Hoa Ky khi tudn thu vdi nhQng quy dinh vd dan nhdn han da phdi biet vd kha nang thude diet cd 2, 4, 5-T se gay hgi eho mdi trudng vd siic khde con ngudi. Mdc du vdy, nhung cdng ty ndy van sdn xudt va eung cdp cho Chinh phu Hoa Ky sii dung d Viet Nam md khdng cdnh bdo trudc eho bdt cii ai vd didu ndy.
3. Chu the chiu trdch nhidm phdp ly va ngoai Ip doi vdi nha thIu Chinh phu
Mac dil hdnh vi ciia Hoa Ky vd cdc cdng ty hda chdt sdn xudt eung cap chdt ddc da cam cd thd cdu thdnh vi phgm trdn co sd mgt ttong nhiing cdn cii phdp ly ndu trdn, cdc vy kidn ciia cdc nan nhdn chat ddc da cam d Hoa Ky vd Viet Nam ddu khdng thdnh cdng. Tda dn Lidn bang Hoa Ky da dp dung nguydn tac midn trir trach nhidm phdp ly ddi vdi Chinh phu Lidn bang va nha thIu Chinh phu dd tu chdi tham quydn giai quylt vu viee -
" Xem vu Isaacson v. Dow Chem. Co, 2004; vy In re "Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation", 81
NHA NUdc VA PHAPLUATSd 8/2015
Theo phap ludt Hoa Ky, Chinh phu Lien bang duge midn trir ttdch nhidm phdp ly vd do dd khdng thi bi kien bdi bit cii ai ttong cdc vy kien \ l bdi thudng thidt hgi ngodi hgp ddng, ttir trudng hgp Chinh phu tir bd quyln midn ttir ndy ttong mdt dilu ludt cy till''*. Chinh phii Hoa Ky da hgn chd mdt phin quyln mien trir cua minh ttong Dgo ludt Lidn bang vl Bdi thudng thidt hai ngodi hgp ddng ("the Federal Tort Claims Act").
Theo dd, Chinh phu Lidn bang se phdi chiu trdch nhiem bdi thudng thidt hgi gay ra bdi nhdn vien Chinh phii khi thyc hidn nhidm vy cdng. Mac du Dgo luat Lien bang ve Bdi thudng thiet hgi ngoai hgp ddng khdng de cap den mien tru trdch nhidm ttong trudng hgp Chinh phii Lien bang cd quan he hgp ddng vdi mgt ben thii ba (nhd thdu Chinh phu), eac tda dn dd thdng nhat dp dung mdt ngoai le dugc thiet lap bdi Tda Tdi cao:
nguyen tac mien trir trach nhiem cho nha thau Chinh phi. Nguyen tac nay ydu eau cac tda an tu chdi thdm quyen giai quydt cdc khidu kidn vd bdi thudng thiet hgi ngoai hgp ddng, trong dd bi don la cdc nhd thdu Chinh phii da san xudt vd cung cap eac sdn phdm quan sy bi loi'^. Toa an tdi cao da xae dinh ba tidu chi dd xem xet lieu nguyen tdc mien trir trach nhidm eho nha thdu Chinh phii cd duge ap dung hay khdng:
- Chinh phii Lien bang Hoa Ky da dgt hang vd phd chudn nhirng ddc dilm ky thuat cua sdn pham;
1987; v i vy In re "Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation" cua cac nguyen don Viet Nam, nim 2005.
" Xem vy kien Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 507 (D.C. Cir. 1983)
Xem vu Boyle v. United Technologies Corp., 1988.
- Sdn phdm, thidt bi dugc sdn xudt ddp ling tit cd eac dae didm ky thugt dd;
- Nhd thdu Chinh phd cdnh bao cho Chinh phii vd nhGng nii ro cua vide sur dyng thilt hi hay san phdm dd md Chinh phii khdng dugc bidt.
Chinh phii Hoa Ky da tryc tidp xdc lap cdc tidu chi ky thuat cho cac Iogi thudc diet cd dimg d Viet Nam; cdc thudc diet cd dd dugc sdn xudt va cung cap theo diing ydu cau, va cac edng ty hda chdt, thdng qua vide tuan thii vdi ede quy dinh ciia FIFRA vd ddn nhan tren cdc sdn phdm diet cd, dd cdnh bdo trude cho Chinh phu vd nii ro eua vide sii dyng nhiing sdn phdm ndy. Do dd, cdc nhd thdu Chinh phii khdng phai chiu trach nhiem phdp ly.
Cac nguyen don Vidt Nam ed thi lap luan ngugc lai rdng, ngoai Ip danh eho cae nhd thdu Chinh phu khdng dp dung, ndu chiing minh duge sy tham gia tich cue ciia cdc cdng ty sdn xuat chat dgc da cam vdo vide xdc lap vd phe chuan cdc chi tidu kj thuat cho chdt nay. Phia nguydn don ciing cd thd chi ra rang, cdc nhd thau Chinh phii cd kien thiie sau vd rdng ve Iogi sdn pham diet ed nay vd hodn toan cd thi bilt trudc dugc dpc tinh cao eua nd, tuy nhidn hg dd im lang tdidng ed phan ling gi tir Iiie hdu qua eua chdt ddc da cam dugc phdt hien eho din khi chit ndy bi elm sir dyng nam 1971.
Mdt khd ndng lap luan niia la loi ciia sdn pham (thude diet cd mang dgc tinh cao) dan den vide san phdm khdng tudn thu vdi cdc ehi tidu ky thuat dd ddt ra.
Tuy nhien, lap ludn ndy ehi mang tinh hgc thuat. (Juyet dinh mien ttdch nhidm phdp ly cho nhd thau Chinh phu trong cdc vu kidn lien quan ddn chit dgc da cam da ttd thdnh dn Id d Hoa Ky. Cdc don kidn tieu bidu cua cae cyu chidn binh My tham gia 82
Bdi THUdNG THIET H^ DO.
chidn ttanh tai Viet Nam''', vd ciia cdc nan nhan chdt dgc da cam ngudi Viet Nam'^ da bi bde bd ca d cdp so thdm va phiic tham ttdn CO sd quyen mien ttit trdch nhidm eua cdc lihd thau Chinh phu' . Tda phiic thdm khu vyc 2 d New York da ket ludn rang,
"lgi ich hgp phdp cua Chinh phii Lidn bang trong qud ttinh thyc hidn nhidm vu edng ddi hdi phdi mien trir trdch nhiem cho cdc nhd thdu Chinh phii trong mgt sd trudng hgp"''.
Tda an tdi cao Hoa Ky, trong phdn quydt ngdy 2/3/2009, ciing bde don khang cao eiia cac nguyen dan vd tuydn bd tir chdi xem xet lai cdc ban an eua tda phuc tham Lien bang cac cdp dd xir thdng kidn cho bi don ttdn co sd quyen mien trir ndy. Sau phdn quydt ciia Tda an tdi eao, nhidu vdn phdng ludt d My da tu chdi nhan bdo ve quydn lgi cho cdc ed nhan, td chirc mong mudn kidn cdc cdng t\
san xudt chdt ddc da cam ydu cau bdi thudng thidt hgi^°
Ngogi Id ddnh cho cac nha thdu Chinh phii khdng dp dung trong trudng hgp cd vi phgm phdp luat qudc td vd nhdn quydn hoge vi phgm Ludt vl Bdi thudng thiet hai cho ngudi nudc ngodi ("Alien Tort Statute" 28
'* Xem Isaacson v. Dow Chemical Co. (In re "Agent Orange" Prod. Liab. Litig), 304 F. Supp. 2d, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Ne\\
York, February 9, 2004. Stephenson v. Dow Chem.
Co. (In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig.), 220 F.R.D. 22, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, February 9, 2004.
" Xem Nguyen Thang Loi v Dow Chem. Co. (In re Agent Orange Prod. Liab. Litig.), 373 F. Supp. 2d 7, United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, March 10, 2005.
'* Xem In re "Agent Orange" Prod. Liab. Litig., 517 F.3d 76, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, February 22, 2008.
" Nhu tren.
-" Vi du vin phdng luit Lamb Law Office' http:/'"«w.Iamblawo ffice.com/Agent-Orange- infomialion.html.
U.S.C. § 1350). Tuy nhidn, nhu ttdn phan tich, vide phun thude diet cd cd ehiia dioxin d Viet Nam trudc nam 1975 khdng vi pham phdp lugt qudc td cung nhu Ludt vd Bdi thudng thidt hai eho ngudi nudc ngodi (sau day ggi la Ludt ATS). Vy kidn hdu qud chdt dgc da cam ttong chidn tranh Viet Nam vdi ban dn eua thdm phdn Jack Weinstein thugc Tda an Lien bang tai qudn Brooklyn cho thay rd vide su dyng chdt dgc da cam la hgp phap theo Luat qudc te vdo liic Hoa Ky sii dung nd. Lidn quan ddn Lugt ATS, Tda dn d p qudn d Hoa Ky cd tham quydn xet xir cac vy kien yeu cdu bdi thudng thidt hgi ngodi hgp ddng eua cdc nguyen don ngudi nudc ngoai ddi vdi mdt sd hanh vi vi pham
"iuat cua cdc qude gia" (tiic la eac nguydn tie phdp luat ndn tang dugc hau het cdc qudc gia edng nhdn) hay mpt dieu udc qudc te md Hoa Ky tham gia. Tuy nhidn, mdt quydt dinh gan day eiia Tda dn tdi eao Hoa Ky giii nguyen bdn an phiic thdm ciia Tda phuc tham khu vye 2 ttong vy Kiobel v.
Royal Dutch Petro. Co^^ da Iogi trir kha nang cdc nguydn don Viet Nam cd the kidn ttdn CO sd Ludt ATS. Tda an tdi eao Hoa Ky da khang dinh lai kdt ludn cua Tda phuc thdm rang, "ludt eua cdc qude gia*' khdng thira nhdn phdp nhdn Id chii thd chiu trdch nhidm phdp ly. Do dd, nguydn don khdng thd kidn cdc cdng ty ydu cdu bdi thudng thiet hgi do vi phgm "ludt eua cac quoc gia".
Ndi each khdc, tda an Hoa Ky se khdng cd thdm quydn xet xir cdc vy kidn edo budc ttdch nhidm ciia cdc cdng ty hda chat Hoa K> ttdn CO sd Ludt ATS.
Thay loi kit
-' Xem vu Kiobel v Royal Dutch Petro. Co., 133 S.
Ct. 1659, Supreme Court of the United States, April
83
NHA NLOC VA PHAPLU.iTSO8/2015 Sy dau khd ciia cdc "ngn nhdn da cam"
vd gia dinh eiia hp ludn la vd tan. Trach nhidm khde phye hgu qud cua chat da cam/dioxin ddi vdi mdi trudng va con ngudi la trdch nhiem ciia luong tdm vd thdi dgi, bao gdm ed ttdch nhidm phap ly. Bang cdch nhin nhan dao vd than thien, ngudi My eung chiing ta da vd dang cd nhiing cd gang hgp
tdc nham khdc phye hau qud cua da cam/dioxin ddi vdi mdi trudng va ca ddi vdi cdc "nan nhan da cam", vd dd cd nhiing kdt qua nhat dinh. Tuy nhidn, cudc dau ttanh phdp ly cua cdc "ngn nhdn da cam" vdn chua cd hdi kdt vd cdng ly vdn chua dugc khdng dinh, con dudng cua cdc "nan nhan da cam" van edn day khd khdn vd ttd nggi.
(Tiep theo trang 55 - Mpt so vdn de vi ca che ...) va dp dat TRIPS+ ttong cac Hiep dinh thucmg mgi quoc te (nhu TPP). Trong dd, ydu cdu bdo hg cae dgng thiic su dyng mdi ciia mpt chdt dd biet thudng dugc de cap.
Ddy thyc chat Id cdch de keo dai thdi gian bdo hd sang chd ciia cae dugc pham da bidt (dugc bidt ddn vdi thuat ngii "evergreenmg") vd vdn de nay dang dugc phia Hoa Ky nd lyc dat duge thda thudn trong dam phdn TPP.
Theo mpt bdo cao khao sdt ciia WHO ndm 2010, gia thudc dgi tta tai Viet Nam cao gip 11,41 lln gid thude trung binh trdn the gidi, gid thudc dac tri eao gIp 46,58 lln gid tnmg bmh ttdn thd gidi". Trong bdi cdnh dd, Viet Nam eIn cdn nhdc dl khdng ddnh ddi lgi ich thilt thyc ciia egng ddng lay hiia hen lgi Ich khdc.
Ngoai ra, khoan 2 Dilu 125 Luat Sd hihi tri tue 2005 liet ke cdc tnximg hgp chii sd hiiu sang ehl khdng duge phep ngdn elm ngudi khde sir dyng sang ehl, ttong dd cho
phep sur dyng sang chd "nhdm phuc vy nhu cdu cd nhdn hodc myc dich phi thuong mgi hoac nham muc dich ddnh gid, phan tich, nghien ciiu, gidng day, thu nghiem, sdn xudt thir hodc thu thap tiidng tin dl thyc hien thii tuc xin phep san xudt, nhgp khIu, luu hdnh sdn phdm". Tuy nhien, phdp luat Vidt Nam chua cd quy dinh ede trudng hgp ngogi Id md ben thii ba duge phep sir dyng sang chi dang dugc bao hd vd khdng bi coi la xdm pham quyln phu hgp vdi Dilu 30 Hiep dinh TRIPS. Day cd thd dugc xem la mdt each tidp can ddm bdo can bdng lgi ich xa hgi vd lgi ich ehu sd hiju ttong hodn cdnh Viet Nam hidn nay'^
Bio cio; '"Gid thuoc khiin ngu&i ddn 6m yiu han vd ngheo han", VSn phdng WHO tai Viet Nam 2010.
Bii viet ciia tic gii; ''•yi ngogi I4 trong bdo hp sdng che dugc vd vdn de cdn bdng lgi ich giira cdc chu thi lien ^uan ", T^p chf Khoa hpc vi Cdng ngh§
Viet Nam, sd 11 nim 2014 84