KHOA HOC C 6 N G N G H £
G I A I P H A P P H A T TRIEIM B U D 1 DIEIM T H E O HUOIXiG BEIV vCnvG
Nguydn Cdng T i ^ i
T6MTAT
Buoi Dien la mot loai trai cay c6 miii dac san ndi tieng tir lau doi cua Ha Noi. Diing truoc bdi canh do thi hoa nhanh dien tich buoi DiSn tai xa Phii DiSn - Tir Dem - Ha Noi c6 nguy ca bi thu hep va c6 the mai mot dan trong tuong lai khdng xa, viec nghien ciiu va de xuat cac giai phap nhim duy tri va phat tridn loai cay an qua quy nay la het siic can thiet Ket qua nghien ciiu da dua ra cac giai phap nham duy tri va phat trien san xuat buoi Diin theo huong ben vung nhu sau: Quy hoach vung trdng buoi Diln; tang cudng cong tac khuydn nong cho nguoi dSn trong buoi; lua chon ky thuat duy tri gidng gdc, cSy dau dong va ky thuat canh tac cay buoi Di6n; bao ton ngudn gien buoi Di§n; thu hoach, bao quan nang cao gia tri san pham buoi Difen;
xay dung thuong hi?u buoi Difen Tir Liem.
Tu kh6a: Buoi Diin, giai phap, phat triin bin vung.
L D A T V A N D E
Buoi Didn la mot loai trai cay cd miii dac san ndi tieng cua Ha Noi va midn Bac Vi6t Nam. Buoi DiSn cd dac trung la qua vira phai, vd mdng, miii day, cang, mgng nuoc, vi nggt dam mat nen ngudi tieu dimg rat ua thich; vao miia thu hoach trdn thi tnrdng buoi Didn thudng khong dap ling du nhu cau tieu dimg cua ngudi dan Ha Ndi va cac tinh lan can [1] [4].
Buoi Didn cd ngudn gdc xa xua tir xa Phii Didn, Tir Udm, Ha Ndi. Mac dii la loai qua dac san, nhimg tnrdc day buoi Didn chira dugc chii trgng phat trien.
Chi khi chuong trinh 06 cua Thanh liy Ha Ndi (1996) vd phat tridn kinh td ngoai thanh va xay dung nong thon mdi dugc tridn khai tai viing ndng nghiep thanh phd thi buoi Didn moi dugc quan tam. Sau khi chuong trinh dugc tridn khai, xa Phii Didn da lap du an dd nghi huyen Tir Li6m cho nong dan xa chuyen ddi mot phan dien tich trdng liia sang trdng buoi.
Den nay, didn tich trdng buoi Didn ciia xa vao khoang 75 ha, vdi trdn 500 hd trdng [6].
Buoi Didn dugc trdng chii ydu phan tan theo quy md gia dinh, nho le va manh miin. Ciing nhu cac loai cay an qua khac buoi Didn ludn trong tinh trang dugx: miia thi mat gia, dugc gia thi mat miia. Chinh vi vay, cac cau hdi tieu thu a dau va tidu thu nhu the nao? ddi vdi ngudi ndng dan van con rat nan giai trong bdi canh thdng tin thi tnrdng va truydn thdng cho ndng dan vd kidn thiic thj tnrdng, gia ca, chat lugng san pham va hinh thiic tieu thu con han che.
Khd khan trong san xuat buoi Didn la phat tridn tu phat, chua cd su quan ly va dinh hudng thdng
Truong D^ii hgc Nong nghidp Ha Ngi
nhat, ngudi mua thi khdng phai ai ciing bidt phan bidt dau la buoi Didn dau la cac gidng buoi khac. Vi Igi nhuan, ngudi ban hang mua nhidu loai buoi khac rdi trdn vdi nhau dem ban cho khach hang dSn den ngudi tidu diing m^t dan nidm tin khi lua chgn mua buoi Didn [4]. Hd trdng buoi thi lai khd khan do nang su^t, chat lugng buoi khdng dn dinh. Dd gdp phan giai quydt nhinig khd khan nay, vide nghidn cuu de xuat giai phap bao tdn va day manh phat tridn san xuat buoi Didn mdt each cd hidu qua, bdn virng, nhim giu gin ngudn gien quy ciia mdt loai trai cay dac san ciia mien Bac la rat can thiet ddi vdi cac nha quan ly va hd ndng dan trdn dia ban xa Phii Didn.
L PHUONG PHAP NGHBV CUU
Trong nghidn cuu nay da chgn Phii Didn lam didm vi xa Phii Didn huydn Tir Udm, thanh phd Ha Ndi la ndi xuat xu ciia birdi Didn.
Cac d(T lidu thii «ip phuc vu cho nghidn cuu nay dugc thu th$p tir cac bao cao hang nam ciia Phdng Thdng kd xa Phii Didn, cac bai vidt trdn tap chi va Internet Cac dir lidu sa c^p dirge thu thap qua didu tra 50 hd trdng buoi Didn tai xa Phii Didn. Cac du lidu nay dugc tdng hgp, phan td, tinh toan va xu ly tren may tinh bang chuong trinh Excel; vide tinh toan chii ydu sijr dung hai chi tidu la kdt qua va hidu qua. Van dung cac chi tidu nhu sd tuydt ddi, sd tuong ddi, sd binh quan, tdc do phat tridn binh quan dd phan tich miic do va xu hudng bidn ddng ciia cac tidu thiic nghidn ciiu. Su dung phirong phap phan tich SWOT dd phan tich didm manh, diem ydu, ca hdi, thach thiic ciia hd ndng dan trong qua trinh san x u ^ tidu thu birdi Didn. Ngoai ra dd tim hidu Ijch sii, d$c tinh kinh td ky thuat ciia buoi Didn da true tidp xin y 8
NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN
N 6 N G THON- KY 1 THANG 8/2011
KHOA HOC C O N G NGHfi
kidn tham van cua cac chuydn gia va chii hd ndng dan cd kinh nghidm trdng va tidu tiiu buoi Didn lau nam.
H. KET QUA NGUra CUU VA THAO illAN
1. Tdng quan phAt tridn sin xu^t buoi Didn 6 toin xa Phii Didn, huy^n Tu lidm, tiianh phd Ha Ndi
Sau khi chuong trinh 06 ciia Thanh iiy Ha Ndi (1996) vd phat tridn kinh td ngoai thanh va xay dung ndng thdn mdi dugc tridn khai tai mdt sd viing ndng nghidp ciia thanh phd, trong dd, tap trung ddu tu phat tridn san xuat cay an qua, dac bidt la mdt sd cay an qua mang tinh dac san, nhidu hd ndng dan a x a da chuydn muc dich sir dung dat canh tac liia sang trdng buoi Didn (didn tich buoi Didn trdng tren dat
vudn, dat thd cu cd xu htrong giam qua cac nam do qua trinh dd thi hda tang nhanh, didn tich buoi Didn ciia xa Phii Didn tang la chii ydu la do chuydn ddi muc dich tir dat liia sang trdng buoi). Nhd cd chii truong nay ma didn tich buoi Didn trdng chuydn canh cua xa khdng ngimg tang Idn. Tinh ddn nam 2010, tdng didn tich vimg biroi Didn tap trung cho thu hoach ciia xa vao khoang 75 ha, vdi trdri 5(X) hd trdng, phan bd or 4 thdn la Diic Didn, Kieu Mai, Dinh Quan va Phii Didn, trong dd cd 35 ha buoi a do tudi tir 5- 10 nam, 40 ha birdi a dd tudi trdn 10 nam, didn tich buoi dugc trdng tap trung nhidu nhat d thdn Diic Didn (bang 1).
B a n g l : Sdhd,didt Didn giai
1. Sd hd trdng buoi Didn 2. Didn tich buoi Didn 2.1. DT buoi tir 5-10 nam 2.2. DTbudi ti-dn 10 nam 3. Nang suat
4. San lugng buoi
1 tich, nan DVT
Hd Ha Ha Ha T i n / h a
Tan
g su£t, san lugng 2007
420 60 35 25 8,31 203,00
2008 500
70 30 40 2,90 498,60
)u6i Didn toan xa 2009
500 75 35 40 7,56 565,6
2010 500
75 35 40 7,68 567,00
Phii Didn
TdcddtangBQ(%) 105,98 107,72 100,00 116,96 96,90 104,38 Ngudn: Thdng kS xa Phti DiSn [6]
Nam 2007, buoi Didn cd nang su^t cao, udc tinh san lugng dat 110 120 van qua, vdi miic nang suat trung binh la 40 - 50 qua /cay (8,31 tan/ha). Nam 2008 do anh hudng ciia thdi tidt ndn nang suat buoi Didn thap hon nhidu so vdi nam 2007, cay buoi 15 tudi tiidng thudng cho nang suat qua tir 80 100 qua/cay (16,62 tan/ha), tuy nhidn trong nidn vu buoi nam 2008, trung binh mdt cay buoi chi cd khoang 25 qua. San lugng buoi Didn nam 2008 udc tinh chi b k g 41% san lugng nam 2007. Nang sujit tiiuc td cua budi Didn nam 2008 ciia cac hd didu tra cd vudn budi trong giai doan san xuat kinh doanh ndi chung chi or muc 21 kg/cay (2,9 t ^ / h a ) , chi b ^ g 35% so vdi miic nang su^t ti-ong cac nam dugc miia.
Nhung nam gan day, dac tinh vd su dn djnh nang su^t va chit lugng san pham ciia budi Didn khdng cdn dugc nhu bardc. Cd nhidu nguydn nhan nhung ddn nay chua cd mdt nghidn ciiu nao dua ra dugc giai phap tiiuc su phii hgp dd mang lai su dn djnh cho nang suat cua gidng budi nay ciia xa. Didu dd din ddn su khdng dn dinh ti-ong ngudn cung d p , lam cho gia budi ti-dn tiij tiirdng tang cao, chat lugng san phdm chua dap iitng dugc nhu cdu cua ngudi tidu dimg. 6 mdi giai doan hidi cua cay budi tiii nang suit
va chat lugng khac nhau, hay ciing vdi didu kidn cham sdc va chit Ait thi tudi cay budi cang cao chit lugng budi qua cang ngon. Nang suat budi qua ciing phu thudc vao tudi cay budi.
2. Thyc tr^ng sAn xult budi Didn ciia hd ndng dan
Of xa Phii Didn, cay budi Didn rit phu hgp vdi didu kidn khi hau, dat dai ciia dja phuong lai khdng tdn cdng cham sdc ndn dugc cac hg lua chgn la cay trdng chinh ciia gia dinh. Trdn tiiuc td cay budi Didn da mang lai hidu qua cho dja phuong, giiip cai tiiidn ddi sdng ciia nhan dan trong xa. Phan tich, danh gia thuc trang trdng budi Didn ciia 50 hd ndng dan trong xa dirge thd hidn qua cac khia canh sau:
* VS diSu kidn san xudb Didn tich ti-dng budi binh quan 1 hd la 737,8 m^ Cac hg didu ti-a ddu khdng dugc dao tao vd ky tiiuat san xuat ndng nghidp, chii ydu trdng budi theo kinh nghidm, hgc trdn sach bao ho$c hgc hdi ISn nhau. Do budi Didn la loai cay khdng tdn cdng cham sdc, quy md trdng nhd va phan tan ndn cac hg chi sir dung lao ddng trong gia dinh. Cac hd ddu chgn each ti-dng budi thuin, mdt sd it hd ti-dng xen vdi cay rau, gia v}, cay hg dau.
cac hg ddu tu tiic von diu tu san xult budi Didn,
N 6 N G
NGHIf
P V A PHATTRIEN
N 6 N G THONKY 1 - THANG 8/2011
KHOA HQC CdNG NGHfi
khdng cd hd nao phai vay von.
* VSkjt thuit trong va chSm sdc: da sd cac ho
tiiirdng trdng 63(V690 cay/1 ha; mat dp nay dap ling cho cay budi phat tridn tot, cho nang suat cao. Ky thuat nhan gidng budi Didn cd hai loai chinh la: cay ghep m^t va cay chidt; da sd cac ho van chgn cay ghep mat dd trong bdi gia thanh ciia cay gidng nly re, lai dd van chuydn cay vdi sd lirgng Ion. Budi dtrgc trdng theo 2 phuong thiic trdng phan tin va trdng tap trung. Budi ghdp va budi chidt cd su khac nhau rd rdt trong 4 nam diu vd nang suat va chat lugng qua.
Budi ghep nhiing nam dau cho qua chat lugng kem, vd day va an ngam ngam dang. Ngugc lai, budi chidt cho qua ngon ngay tir nh(rng nam dau cho qua, vi didu nay ma budi ghep nam dau thudng khdng ban dugc hoac ban rat re. Kd tir nam thu 4 tra di budi ghep cd thd dat tidu chuan chat lirgng ciia gidng budi Didn.
Sii dung phan chudng, nhat la phan ga u vdi mim va cac chat hiru ca, rat tot cho budi Didn, cac hd thudng bdn 20-30 kg/gdc cay (tuong duong 12,6 - 20,7 tIn/ha). Thdi gian bdn 3 lan/nSm, lan dau sau khi thu hoach vu tnrdc, lan hai khi bdt dau dau qua va lan thii ba khi qua vao nude, phan dam cd lugng bdn chidm ty Id rat it trong lugng phan bdn vd ca.
Chii ydu cac hd dimg lan, kali, NPK tdng hgp. Lan, kali dugc bdn trong thdi ky nay gap 3-5 lan so vdi cay budi trong thdi ky kidn thidt ca ban. Kali la chat rat cuan trgng mang lai do mgng nude va do nggt cho trai budi. Lugng kali bdn trung binh 415,5 kg/ha vdi chi phi gin 200 nghin ddng; vdi nhiing cay 7 tudi tra Idn, lugng kali dugc d$c bidt chii trgng. Ly do la trong do tudi nay budi cho qua cd chit lugng cao hon, an nggt hon va ban dugc gia hon.
Ddi vdi budi Didn clc hd ndng dan cdn ngam dau tuong trong ba thang, Ai dau tuong phan hiiy hdt rdi dem tudi xung quanh gdc budi. Day la ngudn cung cap chat dinh duong rit tot cho cay budi Didn.
Ngoai ra loai phan hiru ca nay cdn giiip cay cd kha nang chdng chiu dugc sau bdnh tot hon.
Vd nang suit, cay budi chief trong nhiing nam diu thudng cho ndng suit cao hon hln budi ghep; tir nam thii 5 trd di, hai ky thuat nhan gidng nay cho nang suit tuong duong nhau, ddn nam thii 10 nang suit cua hai ky thu^t nhan gidng on djnh, ddn giai doan gia cdi san lugng qua giam dan nhu 2, 3 nam dau cho qua. Trdng budi chief cd nhidu im thd vd chit lugng hon trdng budi ghep, nhung ngudi dan
thudng chon trdng cSy ghep mit la chii ydu, bdi theo phuong thuc nay tuy cd nhiing nhugc didm, song c ^ khoe hon, chdng chiu dugc sau bdnh tot hon va thdi gian cho qua bdn hon.
* VS dau tu chi phi: Cay budi 11 cay lau nam, c6 chu ky khai tiilc dii, lai dugc trdng ca phan tan va xen ghep, do dd khd tach dugc cic chi phi dau tu cho cay birdi. Trdn thuc td, sau khi trdng tii 3 nam cay budi Didn mdi cho thu qua, chi phi cham sdc budi trong thdi gian nay dugc tinh vao giai doan kidn thiet ca ban, cac hd ddu cd miic dau tu tuong duong nhau.
Chu ky san xult kinh doanh ciia budi Didn trung binh khoang 30 nam. Toan bd chi phi thdi ky kidn thidt ca ban dugc coi nhu nguydn gia vudn cay, sii dung lam ca sdr dd tinh miic khiu hao hang nam tren mdt don vi didn tich.
Trong thdi ky kinh doanh, cac hd chii ydu sir dung phan chudng va die chit hiru ca khac dd bdn ndn lugng phan vd ca bdn cho cay khdng nhidu. Kdt qua didu tra va tinh toan cho thay chi phi trung gian ciia 3 nhdm hd khdng chdnh lech nhau nhidu. Trong cac hgp phan t^o ndn chi phi trung gian thi chi phi bao vd thuc vat chidm ty trgng Idn nhlt Trung binh 1 thang cac hd phun vudn budi mdt lan. Bdi budi Didn rIt nhay cam vdi clc loai sau bdnh, dd bi nhidu loai sau bdnh hai trdn than, qua, la. Dac bidt trong thdi ky ra hoa tao qua, thudc sau phai phun lidn tuc dd phdng hoa bi thdi, khdng cd kha nang tao qua ho^c tao qua kem chit lugng.
Budi Didn dugc trdng chii ydu or dat vudn voi quy md didn tich nhd, nhidu hd sii dung 498,6 cdng lao ddng cho mdt ha budi/nam.
Binh quan chi phi san xult tinh cho 1 ha trong budi ciia cac nhdm la 32,56 tri^u ddng/ ha.
* VS kdt qua vi hi6u qua
Qua sd lidu didu tra, kdt qua da tong hgp va tinh toln mdt sd chi tidu kdt qua va hidu qua trdng budi Didn tai xa Phti Didn; thd hidn a bang 2.
Binh quan 1 ha budi Didn thdi ky cho san phim
cd thd dem lai hon 200 tridu ddng gil trj san xult
Trung binh cii bd ra mdt ddng chi phi trung gian thi
hd thu dugc 6,88 dong gia tq san xult vl 5,88 ddng
gid tri gia tdng. Ndu gia dinh toan bd tidn dIu tu cua
ho la di vay, tinh binh quan cho mdt don v\ di^n tich
trdng budi 1 ha, vdi lai suit la 8%/nam, nam thii 6 h6
cd thd hda vdn vd NPV tang din cho ddn nam thii
19. Voi lai suit 14%/nam, den nam tiiii 8 hd sd hoa
10 NONG NGHlfP VA PHAT TRIEN
N 6 N G THONKY 1 - THANG 8/2011
KHOA HOC
C 6 N G N G H | vdn va NPV cung tang din. Didu nay ehiing td videsan xult budi Didn tai dia phuong la cd hidu qua kinh td cao, ndn tidp tuc phat tridn va ma rdng san xult kinh doanh cay budi ra didn rdng nhdm tan dung tdi da cac Igi thd ciia dia phuong or hidn tai ciing nhu tuong lai.
Bang 2: Mdt sd chi tidu kdt qua vd hidu qud trdng budi Didn ciia hd ndng ddn tai xa Phii Didn, huyfn
Tir Udm, Hd Ndi
(Dir lidu didu tra hd ndm 2010, tinh binh quan 1 ha) Didn giai
Sd hd dieu tra
1. Nang suat binh quan 2. Gia ban binh quan (P) 3. Gia tri san xuat (GO) 4. Chi phi trung gian (IC) 5. Gia tri gia tang (VA) 6. Gia tri san xult/chi phi trung gian (GO/IC)
7. Gia tri gia tang/chi phi trung gian (VA/IC)
DVT hd tan/ha
1000 d/kg 1000 d 1000 d 1000 d Ldn Lan
BQ chung 50 7,68 25
207750
30209,36 177540,64
6,88 5,88
* VS thi trudng tieu thu budi DiSn
Hidn budi Didn dugc tidu thu theo cac kdnh phan phdi nhu sau:
Kdnh 1: Hd trdng budi ^ Ngudi tidu dimg, (cac ca nhan, CO quan, doanh nghidp): qua didu tra, san luong budi theo kdnh nay chidm 30,15% san lugng budi ciia xa Phii Didn, ngudi tidu dung mua tai vudn, hg tiiudng lua chgn rIt ky, ddi hdi chit lugng budi cao. 6 kdnh nay tiii hd trdng budi hxic tidp Id ngudi phdn loai chit lugng qua.
Kdnh 2: Hd trdng budi — • Ngudi ban budn—•
Ngudi tidu diing: San lugng qua kdnh nay chidm 18,6% san lugng san xult ra.
Kdnh 3: Hd ti-dng budi • Ngudi tiiu gom Ngudi ban le — • Ngudi tidu dung: Lugng tieu tiiu budi qua qua kdnh nay chidm 39% san lugng san xult ra. Ddy la hinh tiiiic tidu tiiu dugc cac hd ti-dng budi lua chgn, vi tidu tiiy qua kdnh ndy, hd trdng budi khdng phai tiiam gia vdo tiiu hoach, bdo quan, bdn dugc vdi khdi lugng Ion.
3. Mdt sd nhdn td dnh hudng tdi phdt tridn sdn xult budi Didn theo hudng bdn viing
Thuin H khd khin cua ho tiSng budi
Kdt qua didu tra vd thuc trang san xult budi cua cdc hd trdn dia bdn xa da chi ra nhiing khd khan ma hd trdng budi trong giai doan sdn xult kinh doanh gap phai la vin dd sau bdnh, ty Id dau qud thip, chit lugng qud khdng ddng ddu, md chua cd bidn phj^ cu thd ndo dd khdc phuc dugc khd khan dd. Nhfimg khd khan ndy dan tdi ngudn cung ling vd chit lugng san pham khdng dam bdo, 1dm gidm thu nhap ciia hd vd anh hudng ddn qud trinh tidu tiiu sdn phlm. Hidu bidt vd ting dung ky thuat canh tdc ciia ndng ddn cdn han chd, nhat la trong vide cham sdc, phdng trir dich bdnh, do dd nang suit nhidu vudn thIp, dnh hudng ddn chit lugng vd mau ma budi. Mat khac,. ngudi trdng budi cdn thidu chu ddng trong vide tim kidm thi trudng tidu thti, vide khdng chii trgng ddn tim kidm thdng tin thi tnrdng ciing la han chd trong vide dua ra quydt dinh vd tidu thu budi Didn. Tuy nhidn, hidn nay ciing cd thuan Igi ca bdn Id cdc hd trdng budi khdng khd khdn trong tidu thu san phlm, md ngudi tidu dung, ngudi mua budn, dai ly, sidu tiii tim ddn tan noi, it khi phdi tu mang ra thi trudng tu tidu thu. Bdn canh dd. Id su hd trgr ngudi sdn xult ciia cdc d p chinh quydn dia phirong, cdc td chiic hdi nhu ndng ddn, phu n(^ hd trgr yd mat ky tiiuat ciia cac ca quan nghidn ciiu, nhd khoa hgc dd giiip ndng dan ydn tam phat tridn sdn x u l t ndng cao chit lugng san pham.
- Cicnhaa tSanh hudng
Cung nhu cdc loai ndng sdn khdc, budi Didn chju anh hudng cua rIt nhidu ydu td khdc nhau trong qua trinh sdn xult vd tidu thti, duoi ddy la mdt sd ydu td chii ydu sau:
+ Ydu tSsd lugng vi chat lugng
Trong 4 nam trdr lai day, nang suit va chit lugng, budi thudng khdng dn dinh nang suit gidm sau mdi nam, dnh hudng ddn lugng hdng cung ting ra tiii trudng. Sdn lugng gidm lam quy md vd boat ddng ciia cdc tdc nhan bi thu hep, budi or cdc viing khdc cd co hdi chd, trdn vdo, 1dm mit uy tin, fliuong hidu ciia budi Didn chinh gdc.
+ Gia bin sinphim
Budi Didn Id mgt logi ddc sdn ndn tiiudng cdgid cao hon rIt nhidu so vdi cdc loai budi khdc. Nhdm ngudi tidu dimg budi Didn thudng Id ngudi cd tiiu nhap khd ti-d Idn, sdn pham ndy dugc tidu tiiii chii ydu trdn tiij trudng Hd Ngi.
+ Cac sinphim canh tranh
NONG NGHI?P VA PHAT TRIEN
N 6 N G T H 6 N- KY 1 THANG 8/2011
11KHOA HQC
C 6 N GNGHfi
Budi Didn dac sdn, cung gidng nhu cdc loai ndng sdn khdc, bi canh tranh bdi cdc sdn pham thay thd.
Thu nhlt mdt sd loai budi trdng or vimg Idn can cung lly tdn Id budi Didn nhung chit lugng thi kem hon, gid ban thIp hon. Thti hai. Id cdc loai budi dac san trong midn Nam dugc van chuydn ra thi trudng Ha Ndi vdi sd lugng ngay cdng Idn, cd mau ma dep hon.
Do dd, budi Didn cung bi mIt di mdt phan thi trudng.
Tuy vay, budi Didn dugc trdng or dia phirong van rIt dugc ngudi tidu dung HI Ndi ua thich.
+ Thuong hiSu cua sin pham
Mac dii cd gia cao hon cac loai budi khac, nhung budi Didn van rIt dugc ngudi tidu diing Hd Ndi ua chudng lira chgn dd mua vdi sd lugng Idn 1dm qud bidu vdo ngdy Tet chinh vi vay md nhu clu loai budi ndy vdo dip Tdt Id khd Idn vd nd cd thd canh tranh dugc vdi cdc loai budi ddc sdn ciia midn Nam dua ra Budi Didn da cd chd diing trdn thi tnrdng Ha Ndi, vi vdy, dd phat tridn thuong hidu ndy thi ddi hdi ngudi trdng budi phdi ddm bdo dugc sd lugng vd chit lugng sdn pham cung ting ra thi tnrdng, cd nhu vay thi thuong hidu budi Didn mdi khdng bi mai mdt
+ Thu nhap cua ngudi tidu dung
Khi ndn kinh td phat tridn cdn thIp, thu nhdp cua cdc ting Idp ddn cu cdn han hep thi nhu clu vd sdn phlm qud cdn thIp cd vd sd lugng vd chit lugng, vd hg thudng quan tdm nhidu ddn gia cd sdn phlm.
Thu nhap ngdy cdng tdng, nhu cau vd vat chit vd tinh than ciing thay ddi theo hudng vira tang vd sd lugng, vira ndng cao chit lugng vd gid cd cd tinh canh tranh.
Nhu clu sdn phlm budi qud hidn nay dang ngdy cdng tdng ciing vdi ydu cdu qud cd chit lugng tdt, mau md dep, ddm bdo vd sinh an todn thtxc pham.
+ Ydu to thi trudng tidu thu sinphim vi thi hidu
cua ngudi tidu dimgSdn xult budi cd ddp ling ydu cau ciia thi trudng thi liic dd sdn pham mdi cd thd tidu thu, cd vi the vd sue canh tranh trdn thi trudng.
Thi trudng tidu thu sdn pham budi ngdy cdng didn ra su c^nh tranh manh me bdi ngudn ndng sdn tir bdn ngodi ti-dn vdo thj tnrdng, vdi sd lugng vd chit lugng cao. Nhu cau tidu dimg budi ctia con ngudi ngdy cdng tang Idn, cimg vdi nd Id ydu clu vd sdn phlm cQng ngdy cdng cao. Thi trudng cdng canh tranh khdc lidt vd ydu cau cua khdch hdng ngdy cdng cao thi didu cin thidt dd san phlm cd chd diing trdn thj trudng Id phdi khdng ngimg ndng cao chit lugng
vd hodn thidn mau ma sdn pham phu hgp vdi thi hidu ngudi tidu diing. Chit lugng budi phai ddm bdo dd nggt dp brix vira phdi, it xa vd hat mdu sdc dep vd dd ddng ddu cao. Hon nira budi phdi dam bdo Id san phlm sach, dam bdo tidu chuin vd sinh an toan.
Trong khi dd sdn phlm btroi Didn Phii Didn hidn nay ctia cdc hd sdn xult chua tuan thii quy trinh san xult sach, qud trinh thu hdi vd bdo quan sdn pham nhidu liic chua dugc ddm bdo 1dm dnh hudng khdng nhd ddn chat Itxgng va mdu ma sdn phlm.
Trong bdi cdnh hdi nhdp hidn nay, vide san xult cdy an qud phdi tudn thii cdc tidu chuIn qudc td vd ndng sdn vd thtjc phlm. Cdc tidu chuIn ndy quy dinh khdt khe vd qud trinh sdn xult thu hoach ndng san, didn hinh Id sdn xult theo tidu chuan VietGAP: doi hdi khdng cd du lugng thudc trir sdu vd thudc kich thich tang tnrdng ndng phlm. Do vay, can phai doi mdi cdng nghd sdn xult trong trdng budi ddi hdi dua vdo sdn xult gidng mdi nang suit cao, chit lugng qud tdt thich nghi vdi didu kidn dia phuong, chdng chiu sau bdnh vd ddm bdo quy trinh sdn xult
"sach", ddp ting thi hidu ngudi tidu diuig, dap ting vdi cdc tidu chuIn ky thuat qudc td dd cd stic c^nh tranh khi tidu thu trong nude ciing nhu xult khIu.
3. Gidi p h ^ bdo tdn vd phdt tridn sdn xult budi Didn
Cung vdi mdt sd khd khdn trdn, trong qud trinh sdn xult ngdy nay, do tdc dg dd thi hod tdng nhanh ndn didn tich budi Didn ciia xa Phii Didn gidm nhanh chdng. Nhidu gia dinh da chat bd nhiing cay budi Dien 3040 nam tudi chit lugng cao dd chuydn ddi sang dit a hodc bdn dit vi Igi nhudn cao hon gip nhidu lln so vdi dit Ai trdng budi. Vi vdy cdn nghidn cthi vd thirc hidn tdt cdc giai phdp bao tdn vd phdt tridn sdn xult budi Didn. Tir nhiing kdt qua dd phan tich, mdt sd gidi phdp dugc Ak. xult nhu sau:
Quy hoach vimg trdng budi DiSn
Vdi muc dich dua phdt tridn budi Didn vdo quy hoach phdt tridn kinh td - xa hdi ciia cdc xd thugc huydn Tir Ddm vd cdc huydn khdc thudc ngoai tiidnh Hd Ndi ndn quy hoach phdi thd hidn khd ndng phdt tridn ciia cdc loai trdi cdy ddc sdn, trong dd cd buoi Didn, cam Canh; gin phdt tridn ddc san budi Diin vdi du lich sinh thdi vudn ciia Hd Ndi vd gin voi quy dit hidn cd.
Ddi vdi xd Phti Didn trong nhiing ndm tdi do xu
hudng dd thi hda nhanh, didn tich dit ndng nghidp
cd xu hudng chuydn ddi sang cac mtic dich sii dung
12 NONG NGHIfP VA PHAT TRIEN
N 6 N G T H 6 NKY 1 - THANG 8/2011
KHOA HOC C O N G NGHi khdc, 1dm cho didn tich dit trdng budi cd nguy ca bi
thu hep, vi vdy, vd Idu ddi quy hoach vimg trdng budi Didn khdng chi trong pham vi huydn Tir Lidm md cdn phdi phdt tridn d cdc huydn khdc cdn quy dit nhu Dan Phuong, Ung Hda, khu vuc ttii xa Son Tay...Ddi vdi Phii Didn cIn tap trung quy hoach mdt sd didn tich nhlt dinh 1dm noi bdo tdn ngudn gien budi Didn.
Ting aidng cdng tic khuydn ndng cho ngudi dan tiong budi
Su am hidu vd nghd lam vudn cua ngudi ddn la ydu td quan trgng. Dac bidt trong xu thd phat tridn hidn nay, vai trd ctia cdng tdc khuydn ndng, Hdi ndng dan phdi dugc phdt buy trong vide xdy dung cdc lop hgc, td chiic budi hdi thao chuydn dd, hdi nghi tham gia md hinh...Td chiic cdc td hgp tdc 1dm noi tidp nhan vd dp dung chuydn giao tidn bd khoa hgc ky thuat cho ndng ddn. Ddng thdi day manh tuydn truydn, khuydn khich ngudi dan tan dung ngudn luc dat dai nhu vudn nhd, dat ndng nghidp cua dia phuong dd chuydn ddi sang trdng budi, tich cue dp dung tidn bd khoa hgc ky thuat vdo qud trinh sdn xuat
Lua chgn ky thuat duy tri gidng gdc, cay dau ddng vi ky thuit canh tic ciy budi DiSn
Trong ky thuat canh tdc vudn cdy can chii y 3 nhdm ydu td sau:
+ Bdo tdn gidng: Vd kinh nghidm trdng budi thi ngudi ddn xa Phii Didn da cd rIt nhidu, tir trudc ddn nay hg van trdng vd cham sdc theo each truydn tiidng, cho nang suit cao. Sau khi budi mIt miia, nhidu hd cdn cdng phu thud ngudi eg riia gdc vd timg canh nhdm "fliay da" cho cdy nhung van khdng ddu qua. Ngodi nhung kinh nghidm tiiiydn tiidng, dd khdc phuc tinh trang budi mIt miia, HTX tich cue phdi hgp voi Tram Khuydn ndng huydn td chiic cdc lop tap huln ky tiiuat IPM ti-dn cdy dn qud; chuydn giao tidn bd KHKT trdng vd chdm sdc budi Didn cho ndng ddn, mdi cdc chuydn gia dau ngdnh vd cdy dn qua ddn nghidn ciiu, tim tiiudc chira ti-i cho cdy budi nhung mat miia van hodn mIt miia. Ong Phi Ld Binh, Chii tich UBND xa Phii Didn cho bidt budi mIt miia khidn didn tich ti-dng budi Didn trdn dia ban xa da vd dang tiiu hep din. Theo ehiing tdi, can nghidn ciiu cdc bidn phdp gin giii vd bdo tdn gidng budi Didn gdc tai xa Phu Didn.
+ Ky thuat cdi tao vudn d i t ti-dng vd cham sdc:
tuydt ddi khdng sii dung gidng cay khdng rd ngudn
gdc, khi trdng phai dam bdo mdt*dd, dp dting cdc bidn phdp tudi nude, bdn phdn diing quy trinh, thttc hidn phdng trir tdng hgp, tidu didt mdi trudng Idy bdnh.
+ Td chiic kidn toan mang ludi chuydn giao tidn bd ky thudt ddn timg ngudi lanh dao vd ngudi trdng budi, ndng cao hidu qud cho vide phdt tridn sdn xult budi Didn d hidn tai vd tuong lai.
- Bio ton ngudn gien buoi DiSn:
Ndng cao nhdn thiic cua ngudi ddn ciing nhu cdc d p chinh quydn dia phuong trong vide giir gin ngudn gien, ddc bidt la gidng gdc cd chit lugng cao, coi dd nhu vide giir gin di sdn van hda ciia ngudi Ha Ndi. Ddi vdi cdy gidng gdc cIn dugc hd trg ky thuat dd chdng sau bdnh, cd gidi phdp chidt ghdp mdt dd nhan gidng vd luu giir ngudn gien budi Didn. Bdn canh dd, phdi hgp mdi cdc trudng dai hgc, vidn nghidn ciiu quan tam xdy dung khu bdo tdn, luu giii ngudn gien cdc loai cdy an qud dac sdn, trong dd cd budi Didn dd kip thdi nhdn gidng khi ngudi ddn cd nhu cdu trdng d e cay an qud dac sdn.
Song song vdi vide bdo tdn gidng gdc budi Didn cd chit lugng cao, d n chii trgng cdng tdc tuydn truydn, ndng cao nhdn thtic cho ngudi thu gom, tidu thu budi Didn; d n dua ra tii} trudng diing ehiing loai, khdng trdn d c budi khdc vdo budi Didn khi tidu thu;
chinh quydn kidn quydt xii ly d c trudng hgp vi pham dd gdp phan giir virng uy tin thuong hidu cua sdn pham budi Didn.
Thu hoach, bio quin ning cao gii tri sin pham budiDiSn:
Qud budi sau khi tiiu hoach dem bdn nguydn theo dang qud, dd tranh tdn thit trong vd sau khi thu hoach d n dp dung cdc bidn phdp KHCN bao quan nhdm ndng cao gid tri vd chit lugng sdn phlm.
Giii phip vS xay dung thuong hidu budi DiSn Tu Lidm. dd san phlm budi Didn ddn dugc tdn tay ngudi tidu dung Vidt Nam, cung nhu vuon ra thf trudng thd gidi, hudng tdi xult khIu, trdnh sti nhdp nhdm trdn lan ciia cdc sdn pham budi khdc, d n thidt phai xdy dung tiiuong hidu budi Didn, ddng tiidi ddye manh quang bd tiiuong hidu; cdc hg ndng ddn, trang trai san xult budi Didn phai hgp tdc, lidn kdt lai vdi nhau, xdy dung chudi cung ting tir noi sdn xult ddn cdc sidu thi, dai ly phdn phdi cd uy tin. Ddng tiidi, xdy dimg chi din dia ly cho sdn phlm budi Didn.
N 6 N G
NGHIfP
VA PHAT TRIIN N 6 N G TH6N- KY 1 THANG 8/2011
13KHOA Hpc CdNG NGHfi
nr.KETLUAN
Budi Didn Id loai cdy mang tinh ddc san, dua lai thu nhdp cao cho ngudi trdng budi. Tuy nhidn hidn nay sdn xult budi Didn vdn cdn gap khdng it khd khan vd chiu tdc ddng ciia nhidu nhdn td, vi vdy day manh phdt tridn sdn xult bdn virng theo hudng ddu tu thdm canh, gdn vdi du lich sinh thdi Id rIt cIn tiiidt
Ddng thdi, diy manh khdu tidu thti hudng ra xult khIu dd tang gid tri ciia sdn phlm. Phdt tridn sdn xult budi Didn nhdm dap ting dti nhu d u ngdy cdng tang ciia khach hdng, nhlt Id nhiing ngirdi cd thu nhdp cao thi phdi khdng ngimg ndng cao chit lugng. Ddng thdi, quy hoach viing san xuat budi Didn dr nhiing noi cdn quy d i t
De phdt tridn sdn xult vd tidu thu budi Didn mdt each cd hidu qua trong nhiing ndm tidp theo thi d n thtrc hidn ddng bd mdt sd giai phdp Id; gidi p h ^ vd quy hoach viing sdn xult budi Didn, bdo tdn ngudn gien budi Didn cd chit lugng cao; gidi phdp ky thudt trong dd chii y san xult theo tidu chuan VietGAP;
gidi phdp vd thi tnrdng.. .ddng thdi thuc hidn tdt khdu lidn kdt trong sdn x u l t xdy dtmg vd qudng bd thuong
hidu budi Didn.
TAI Liu HUM nUo
1. Boun Keua Vong Sa Lath, Nguydn Vdn Bd, Hoang Nggc Thuan. (2004). Kdt qua dieu ti^ vd tinh hinh sdn xult cay cd miii or Hd Ndi. Tc^ chi Ndng nghidp va Phdt tridn ndng thdn sd 4, tr.490491.
2. Dd Dinh Ca, Vu Manh Hdi, Pham Vdn Cdn, Dodn Thd Lu vd cdng sir (2000). Tdi lidu tdp huln cdy dn qud. Vidn Nghidn ciiu Rau qud.
3. Cdng ty TNHH Ddng Tdm Xanh (2007).
Hudng dan ky thudt trong vd thdm canh budi Didn.
4. Ddng Minh (2007). Ndi nidm budi Didn. Bao Sai Gdn Gidi Phdng, sd ra ngdy tiiti 2,31/12/2007.
5. La Thi Nguydt (2008). Nghidn ctiu xdy dung quy trinh nhdn gidng in vitro budi Phti Didn vd cam Xd Dodi 1dm vat lidu xti ly da bdi in vitro bdng conchixium. Ludn van thac sy ndng nghidp, Dai hpc Ndng nghidp Hd Ndi.
6. Phdng Thdng kd xa Phti Didn. Bao cao ket qud sdn xult ndng nghidp- Dich vii thuong mai nam 2007,2008,2009, 2010.
THE MEASURES FOR DEVELOPING CULTIVATION OF DIEN SHADDOCKTOWARDS SUSTAINABLE ORIENTATION
Nguyen Congllep Summary
Buoi Dien is a special citrus fruit from the oldest known from Ha Noi. Facing the context of rapiad urbanization in the area of perfomances Phu Dien - Tu Liem - Ha Noi risk can be narrow and gradually eroded in the near future, the research and propose solutions to maintain and develop this precious fruit trees is essential. Results of studies made solutions to maintain and develop the production of performances in a sustainable manner as follows: Regional planning in Buoi Dien; strengthening extension for grapefruit growers; select technical maintain prototype and initial plants and cultivation techniques Buoi Dien Conservation of genetic resources show; harvesting, preservation and enhance the value of the product Buoi Dien; brading Buoi Dien - Tu Liem
Key words.-ZVeo shaddock, measure, sustainable development Ngudi phdn bidn: PGS.TS Nguydn Thi Ngpc Hud
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NONG NGHIEP VA PHAT TRIEN NONG
T H 6 N- KY 1 - THANG 8/2011