52 NGON N G f & B(n S 6 N G S 6 II (241)-2Q15
CHUYEN NGf VA KIEM DJNH THANG B0 QUAN NIEM HQC NGON NGf Cf D 6 I TfQfNG
NGirOfl VIET HQC TIENG PHAP
TRANSLATION AND VALIDATION OF "BELIEFS ABOUT LANGUAGE LEARNING INVENTORY" AMONG VIETNAMESES LEARNING FRENCH
N G U Y £ N H C T U BtNH (TS; D f i h^c Ngofi ngft, D^i hfc Bk Nftng)
Abstract: The research auns to translate (from English to Vietnamese) and to validate tix Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (Horwitz, 1988) among Vietnameses learning French as a foreign language. After being translated and modified in a language mofc appropriate to Viemamese context accordhig to method proposed by Vallerand (1989), tiie scale was used to conduct a survey of 344 students m Budn MS Thu^t and Bk L^t The results show that model with 12 variables grouped in S factors fit to data collected. In addition, the research also made a number of recommendations related to translating and testing scale.
Key words: Beliefs about language leamuig; BALLI; French language; scale validation.
1. D$t vin dh ludng. Chhih vl IS ^ , bdi vilt mong muln g^
Vi$c doi mdi phuong [ M p Id vi$c cin ldm i^iln vdo s|^ j4i& triln cfta hudng nghidn cftu M ngay d l ning cao hi$u qud d^y vd hpc ngo^ ngft vj vd hftu ich ndy.
t^ nude ta. D I ^ dyng thdnh cdng [diuong p h ^ day hpc lay ngudi hpc Idm trung tam, can {Mi 1 ^ diiu v ^ vi$c thn hieu c&c d ^ tiift cfta d6i tugmg ngudi hpc. Day cung Id xu thl nghiSn cftu cOa ngdnh gidng d^y i^o^i ngft trong nhtii^ nfim gin ddy. Nhilu nhd i ^ e n cftu ben till ^ d i ^ trung vdo v i ^ tim hilu quan ni$m ci!ia ngudi hpc vl v i ^ hpc ngdn ngft [3]. Hon nfta, moi lien hp ni§t thi^ gifta quan nipm hpc i ^ n ngft (QNHNN) vd h i ^ qud hpc t ^ d3 dugc chftng minh. Wenden [1] cho rfing QNHNN dnh hudng d ^ : 1/Chiln IU^K: hpc t§p md ngudi hpc sft dyn^, 2/Kk qud mong dpi cfta ngudi hpc; s/fidu diuan ddnh gUi hi^u qud cua ho^t d ^ g hpc t ^ vd hodn cdnh x3 h$i tiiu^n Ipi dio v i ^ sft dyng hay tiivrc hdnh ngdn ngft dang hpc; 4/Vipc t ^ bung vdo cdc chien l u ^ hpc t§p ngdn ngft.
Theo Horwitz [ I I ] , \i?c n ^ S n cftu ve QNHNN rat quan ftpng vi hai U do cWnh: (I) QNHNN tdc d$ng din mong dgn cOa ngudi hpc Oxing qud bhih hpc ripsi ngft vd (2) QNHNN d l
<filu chbih hon cdc y ^ ^ khdc nhu ]k (diong cddi hpct$p, d ^ g lyc hpc t ^ .
Tuy nhien, d V i ^ Nam, hudng nghiSn cftu QNHNN chua thyc s\r thu hut dupc s^ quan tam cua cdc nhi n g ^ o i cftu. M$t trong nhfti^ li do quan ftpng Ii6n quan din vipc thieu cdag cy do
2. Cich thftc tiln h&nh
Thit nh^, quan n l ^ hpc ngdn ngft dupc \ok Id nhftng "suy nghT c i ^ nguM hpc v l bdn thfin minh vdi tu cdch Id ngufri hpc, v l cdc ylu t l dnh hudng d ^ vi$c hpc ngon ngft vd v l b ^ chit cOa vi?c d^y vd hpc ngdn ngft" [19].
Thtt hai, thang do Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALU) do Horwitz ^ brien nfim 1988 Id tiiang do Likrat S c ^ d$ (t£r 1 'liodn todn khdng dong y " den S " hodn to^
d^ng f \ gom 34 ehi bdo d u ^ d u a tiidnh 5 nhan to nhu sau: 1/Khd nfing hpc ngo^i ngft (9 chi bdo); 2/Khd khfin tiong vi$c hpc ngo^i n ^ (6 dil bdo); 3/Bdn chit cCa vi$c hpc ngo?! DgS (7 chi bdo); 4/Chiln lu^c giao tilp vd chiln hivl hpc t|ip (8 chi bdo); S ^ n g co hpc t$p (4 cU bdo).
Thu ba, b ^ vilt chpn phuong | ^ chuy^
ngft vd kilm djnh thang do cfta Vall^and [18j dupc thyc h i ^ theo cdc cdng do^n sau 1/ChiQ^ln ngft thang do tiieo phuong 1^1^ djdi- dich l^i (back-translaticHi); 2/Hi$u chinh bdn didi theo ptuiong phdp nhdm c h i Q ^ gja; S/IU n ^ ^ thang do; 4^)dnh gid d$ dihih xde vl nft npi dung (content validi^); 5^)dnh ^ d^ tin c^
(reliability); 6/£)dnh gid <^ dtinh xde v l ni$tdD ttuc (consbuct validhy); 7/lliilt l§p gjd fri diula
S6ll(241)-2015 NG6N NGC* & B(n S6NG 53 Valloand, Haccoun [8] cung dua ra m$t
phuong phdp "tiit h4m vd rdt hOu icfi' cho ph^p ding tii^ ddnh ^ d^ chinh xde v l m$t n$i dung vd dp tin c|y thft n^§m-tiift nghi§m I^i (test- retest). Chuih ^ IS dd phuang phdp cfta Haccoun dupc sft dyng trong de t^.
TM- tu, t$p tnmg khdo sdt quan (film hpc ngo^i ngft cfta hpc suih trung hpc phS thdng cd hpc 1^0^ ngft Bidp vfin khu vyc Tay Nguy€n.
Do hpc smh dupc isp theo ldp hpc nen chftng tdi sft dyng phuoi^ phdp chpn ni§u diftm (cluster 5anq)lir^). Mau ng^Sn cftu bao gim 344 hpc sinh t i ^ ( ^ bdn tiidnh ph6 Budn Ma Thu$t vd tiidnh ph6DdL9t:l.
Bdim 1 •' Thdng tin mdu nghiin cdu BScdiim
LAp nnhthfe
Dja bin GilHtiiih
10 11 12 Neo9i ngit thi^ nhdt NBOeinetttMhai S i Let BufinMaHiuOt Nam NO
•/.
35%35%
30%
40%
60%
25%
75%
44%
56%
Thi 5, sdt dyng phirang phip Haccoun U thiit nghidm hai 1 ^ ta€n cing dSi bitmg : iln 1 ding bing hAi g6c, liin 2 dting bdng djch cho p h ^ d&ih gii d9 tin c$y thli nghi^-thi> nghidm ltd v6i h$ s6 tiiong quan Pearson (r) v i dO chinh xic vJ mjlt nOi dung vdi ki&n djnh khic bijt trung binh (independent t-test).
Vi$c (^nh gii dO gii trj ciu true dupc th^c h i ^ th&ng qua phin tfch nhln t6 khim phi (amloratory factor anafysis) v i phin tfch nhin to khfing dpih (cOT0Tnatory factor anatysis). Trong phin tfch nhin th khfing djnh, chUng t&i sS xem s& cic chi so dinh gii md hlnh sau: •^liS, CFI,GFI, TLI, RMSEA. Cic phin tich duijc th\ic h i ^ vdi phln mem SPSS 20 v i AMOS 20.
3 . l d t q u i
3.1.Chufin ngit, hl$u chltth, thi ngUpn vi Obik ^d^gUtriifl ^""g vitfUncfy cia BALUphlin bdn nine yi^
BAIXI phiSn Mn tieng Anh dupc chuyin ngU sang ti&ig V i ^ bfing phuong phip djch -dich l»i.
Tiu6c tien, bing h6i dupc djch sang ng6n ngO dich (tifag ViW vi, sau d6, bin ti&ig Vi$t duljc
djch n g u ^ trd l^i ngdn ngCt goc (ti^g Anh) v6i hai ngufri djch dgc l§p. O tiling cdng do^n, hai ngu6i djch so sich hai bin d)ch, thio lu$n cic tru6ng hpp khdng Ifa6ng nhit v i d l nghj m$t cich djch phii hgp dim bio chuyen tii chfnh xic n$i dung ciJa phi€n bin g6c.
O cong do^n tilp theo, bin djch sg d u ^ m$t nhdm chuy€n gia (bao gim nhi ngdn ngQ hgc tiing Vift, nhi n g h i ^ c(tu v i hgc sinh phi thdng) xem K&t]^ nfafimdinh gii ciu fnk c i u , t i } i n ^ d u ^ si> dyng cho d ^ vfin phong tiing Vift Ngoii la, nlidm c h u y ^ gia cOng dinh gii bing hdi cd Id l i n g d§ hilu hay khdng.
M§t s l dilu chinh da dupc thyc h i ^ d l bin djch phu hgp hon vdi bli cinh v i dii tugng nghi6n curu. M$t li, cym tiJl yorvifft language' v i
"Englisff^ trong bin hdi glc dui^ chuyin thinh
"tieng Ph^^ v i "American^' tiiinh "ngudi Vi^f.
Hai li, theo khuvin cio cilia nhdm chuy6n gia, chung tdi d i quylt djnh them mgt vii Idi ch6 giii trong m^t s l trudng hgp d l bin djch dl hilu v i phu hgp hon vdi thvic t l cua Vift Nam, vf dy:
"language iaborator/' thinh "Phdng hoc tiing (hay cdn gpi Id Phong Lab, Phdng N^-NMn, v.v./'.
Sau dd, hai phiSn bin BALLI (tiing Anh v i tieng Vi|t) dugc siii dyng d l tiln hinh thli nghilm tien 12 hgc sinh Ihulc dgi tiiyln hgc sinh gidi tiing Anh cua tiudng Trung hgc phi thdng Bui Thj Xuan. Khoing cich giOa 2 lin dilu tia li IS ngiy. Kit qui cho thiy vdi i=.928, p=.000 hai phi6n bin BALLI cd tuong quan chjt chS vdi nhau. Uieo Vallerand, dilu d6 cho ph6p khing djnh phiSn bin BALLI tiing Vift hgi dii dilu kifn vl d | tin c$y test-retest D l dinh gii d$ chinh xic vl m$t ngi dung, chiing tdi d i tiln hinh thyc hifn kilm djnh khic bi|t tiling binh cho 34 chi bio cik fliang do. Tlieo kit qui independent t-test, gii tij p giao dgng tir p>=.I I din p=.88. Dilu dd cho thiy khdng cd sy khic bift gifla bin glc v i bin djch.
Chfing tdi kit lu|n BALLI phi&i bin tiing Vift d^ d9 chbh xic v l mft n$i dung.
3.2. aim ^nh thang at)
I) Phdn Uch nhdn ^ khdm phd: Chung tdi di thyc hifn S lin phin tich nhin to khim phi (EPA) vdi phuong p h ^ trich "Principal axis factoring' v i phip xoay "PronucC. S l lugng nhin to dugc
54 N G 6 N N G C & Bin S 6 N G S 6 l l (241)-2015
xic djnh thdng qua chi so "Eigfien value" v i bilu dl "Scree pfc(". Nhihig chi bio cd trgng s l nhfin tl (loadings) nhd hon J 2 sg bj k>;d tiieo khuyin cio cda Woithington & Whittaker [20]. Kit qui cho thiy s l lugng nhan to tiich dugc li 5 vdi 12 chi bio. Mft s i chi bio khdng tiioi min cic dilu kifn can dugc lo9i ra khdi md hlnh.
Bing 2. KAqudEFA
323 327 317 316 B13 36 315 326 35 322 329 324
1 711 619
2
648 485 372
S
656 517
4
712 .408
S
497 439 403 C i c nhin t l d u g c d$t t6n l i n lugt nhu sau:
Iffifng CO hgc tfp; 2 / a i i l n luge hgc ^ ; 3/Ty tin tiong hgc t ^ ; 3 / K h i nfing h g c t | p ; 4 / B i n chit cCia v i f c h g c n g o ^ n g f f .
2) Phdn tich nhdn to Ui&ig Oink- Phin tich nhin t l khfing djnh ( C F A ) nhfim m y c (Uch dinh g i i d f phii h g p ctia m d hlnh. Tiong p h i n tich CFA, c i c chi s l x^ d i l u chinh tiieo b$c t y d o (x'/df), GFI, CFI, T U v i R M S E A A i g c s d dyng d l dinh g i i d f phti h g p ctia md hinh do ludng.
Md hinh dugc c h o l i p h i h g p khi jt^/df < 5 (vdi m l u n > 200); hay r ' / d f < 3 Odii c S m l u n < 200) thi m d hlnh dui^c x e m I i phii h g p [12]. N g o i i ra, n l u m f t md hlnh nhfn ^ trj GFI, CFI v i T U tfr .90 d i n 1, R M S E A c d g i i t i < .08 thi m d hlnh n i y d u ^ x e m l i phil h g p vdi dCl lif u nghiSn curu
P].
Vdi k i t q u i CFA: r ' ^ d d , * (p=0,000X d f = 4 3 ; x ' di&i chinh theo b | c t y do < 2 Ot'/df=I,55);
G n = 0 , 9 7 ; T L I = 0 3 0 ; C F I = 0 > t v i RMSEA=0,036, chung tdi k i t lufn tiiang do d i l u chinh ( k ) ^ bd m f t s l b i l n quan s i t ) phti h g p vdi d a l i f u t i i u t h f p d u ^ c .
XXTMolufn
D y a theo phuong p h i p d i u y l n n g i v i k i ^ djnh thang d o c i a Vallerand, b i i v i l t da tiln h i n h chuyin n g i thang d o B A L U t i t i i n g A n h sang
tiing VifL M f t s l d i l u chinh d i d u g c thyc h i ^ d l thang d o i ^ h g p h o n vdi d i i tugng nghi&i c i u l i ngudi V i ^ h g c t i i n g P h i p n h u l i ngo^
n g i . D f tin c|iy test-ietest v i d f chinh x i c v l mil n f i dung d u g c d i n h g i i vdi c i c k i ^ djnh d u ^ khuyin c i o .
T i n nhien, c i u b i c n h i n t l c i a B A L U phien b i n tibig Vift khdng tiing khdp vdi b i n g l c . Cu till, c h i n g tdi d i thn ra ^ t r i e g i m S nhin a vdi 12 chi b i o . C i n n h i n m^nh rfing s y khic bift c i u trie n h i n t l c i a B A L U cung l i 1 ^ q u i clb nhilu nghidn c i u d i d u ^ thyc hifn.
Bdng X Nhdn tS thudng gSp N b t n l i
Khi n&ig hQcngofi ngit
DQng CO hpc tip
Hsiao v i Chinig ^ 1 1 1 ) ; 02006); Faik (1995); Ril|
C2009):Nikitina&Fliniolia ;Yii (1992)
IV tin trong h p c l ^ Khd khan tnmg bee
M t t l n h
Hong (2006) ;NikitinaviFliniolli; | Park (1995); Riegir (2009); liuil | (1995)
Hong (2006); Paik (199S); Trail^
(1995);Yani!0992) Hsiao v i Chiang (2010); radlimvl Punnja ;'Iiiiill(1995) Tim quan upng Ola Hong (2006); Tniitt (1995); Ysi|
hinhflifti: (1992)
Khi x e m x6tkik q u i d ^ d u g c m f t c i c h chi tiJ ban, cho tiiiy c d 2 n h i n t l b i n g khdp hoin toi:"
mdi m d Mnh c i a Horwitz (1988): "Bdngcahfc td^ v i "Edn chdt ciia vi$c hoc ngogi ngff'. Tuy nhi&i, cung n h u m f t s l n ^ d n c i u d i dugc tiqic hifn, c h i n g tdi tim t h i y 1 n h i n t l khdng dugc tic g i i e i a B A L U d l c$p. D d l i budng hgp cia n h i n t l "TV tin tnmg hpc tdf/'. Lifn quan d&l khii nifm n i y , Bandura [ 4 ] djnh n g l i b tii tin tiong hgc tSp l i "niim lin da cd nhdn vl tfni^
ndng id ch^ vd thfi: thi chudi hdnh vi cin tf0 died dupc kit qud mtmg muirf^. Cic tAAh&oaSi^
"Toi tin Id cuoi ciing tdi sS ndi til tiing Phd^ yL., so is "Tdi cd Oii Old ndngdihfKlSlliil^PUfg^, h o i n t o i n p h i h g p vdi ^ n h n j ^ c i a BandiaB.
N g o i i IB, c d m f t s i chi b i o khdng n h i m v i ^ j n h i n t l dung tiieo m d Mnh c i a Horwitz (1988):
H i i nhit, chi b i o s i 2 4 "M$i <if Aon U A ^ nvl ngoqi n ^ x u i t h i f n b o n g n h l n t i "Khd ning hpc ngopi ngir. H i f n k h i i nifm "khi nfin^ da cd c i c c i c h h i l u k h i c nhau. Theo Bogaaids [5],
S6 11 (241)-2015 NG6N NGC & B(n S6NG 5 5
"liin quan din yiu ti thich gidc. ngudi ta khdng nggc nhien khi nd xuS hien trong gidng dgy ngdn Mgff thit hai, tinh vgc md khia cgnh nghe-ndi ddng vai trd khd quan trpn^'. C6 IS d6i tupng tham gia trd lin phieu hdi cfta (^ tdi ^ tiiftc tilni quan trong cua n ^ - n o i trong vipc hpc ngo^i ngii. Hp cho rdng ng}ie-n6i phdi dugc coi Id m$t Id ndng d b du^ phdt t r i ^ bong qud trinh hpc ngo9i ngft cfta minh.
Thft hai, chi bdo so 16 "Phdn quan trgng nh^
cda hgc ngpgi ngfi Id hgc tit vgn^' ndm trong nhan to "Chiln lupc hpc t ^ " . Bihi ndy c6 till dupc gi^ thfch bSng h i ^ tupng ngixin d^y vd ngufri hpc ft V i ^ Nam c6n ^ trung khd n h i ^ vdo kh6i k i ^ tiiftc li6n quan den hlnh thftc (forni). Trong m$t ng^&i cftu vk cdch hpc tft vi^ng, Duong & N ^ y S n [6] dS. nh$n x ^ "da so sinh viin (96%) lAdng dpdt dimg chiin litgc ghi nhd di hgc tit vgn^\ Y ki&i ndy tiftng khdp v(5i kit lu§n cOa Magno [13]; "nghiin cdu ^chira r^g ngudi hgc chdu Acdxu hudng sit dgng cdc chien luge ghi nhd theo hinh thdc hgc tht^
Idng'. Hlnh tiiftc hpc ndy phS biln t ^ nude ta vd c6 thl dnh hu6ng tiSu c\ic den hi^u qud hpc t$p.
4. Thay cho kit lu$ii
Thay cho lin kit chung tdi xm ngu mpt s6 kinh n ^ ^ trcHig vi$c chuyin ngft vd kilm djnh tiiai^do.
Hift n h ^ phuong p h ^ chuyin ngft 2 liin m$c dCl ni& nhilu thdi ^ a n vd cdng sftc nhung cSn tiiilt d l c6 bdn djch d^ y6u cki cho n ^ e n cftu.
Thft Ym, nh6m chi^'Sn gja ddnh gid bdn djch c ^ c6 ^ di$n tiiupc doi tw;mg nghiSn cftu. EHIU ndy d$c b i ^ c ^ thi^ doi vdi cdc n ^ 6 n cftu tien dii tupng ti:6tu6i c6 kiln tiiftc c6n h^n chi so vcW ngufti tiudng tiidnh.
Cu6i cftng, d6i vdi thang do Likert, ehung ta nen thi^c hi$n phdn tich nhdn to dl kilm djnh l^i md hlnh vd tiln hdnh dilu chhih (nlu cin) dl thang do F^ft hpp hon vdri b6i cdnh n ^ & i cftu.
TAI U^V THAM KHAO 1. Wenden, Anita vd Rubin, Joan (1987), learner strate^es in language learning, Proitice/Hall Intonational.
2. Aftan, Mustapha X.(2006), Belief about languor learning of foreign langitage- mcgor
tffttversity students, Australian Journal of Teacho- Education. 31(2X ft. 44-52.
3. Bandura, Albeit (2003X Auto-efficaciti. Le sentiment d'effkacitiperscmnelle, De Boedc
4. Bogaards, P.(1988), AjOitutk et c^ectivUi dans I'c^jrentissage des langixs itran^es, Cr6dif- Didier.
5. DucHig, Thi Hoang Oanh vd Nguyen, Thu Hien ^006), MemorizOion and EFL students' strategies at universiiy level in Vietnam, TESLrEJ.
10(2Xtr. 1-21.
6. Dussauh, Maic, Villoieuve, Paul vd Deaudehn. Colette (2001X L'icheUe d'autoefficaciti des enseignants : vdidation canadienne-frar^aise du Teacher efficacy scale. Revue des scioices de r&hication. 27(1), tr. 181-194.
7. Haccoun, R.R.(1987), Une nouvelle technique de viriflcation de riqtfyvalence de mesures psychdloffques tradtdtes. Revue qu^idcoise de psychologie. 8(3), tr. 30-39.
8. Hair, Joseph F. vd cdc cOng svr.(1998), Multivariate data cmafysis, 5, Prraitice Hall.
9. Horwit:^ Elaine K. (1987X Surveying student belief about language learning, trong Wenden, A ^ Rubin, J., chd bi€n, Learner strategies in language learning, Pioitice Hall, Camtxigde, tr.
119-129.
10. KettingCT, WJ. vd Lee, C.C.(1995), Exploring a "gcq>" model of i/^brmation service qudity, Infixmation Resources Mana^ment Journal. 8(3), tr. 5-16.
11. M^DO, Carlo (2010), Korean stucknts' Language learning straegfes tmd years of studying English as predictors of proficierycy in En^ish, TESOL Journal 2, tr. 39-61.
12. Vallerand, Robert J (1989), Vers une m^thahlogie de validation trans-culturelle de questionnaires p^hohgfques: Indications poto" la recherche en lanffte frangaise, Psydiologie canadienne. 30(4), ft-. 662-680.
13. VKtori, Mia vd Lockhart, Waher (1995), Enhancing metacoffiition in self-t^rected language learning, Systran. 23(2), ft. 223-234.
14. Woitiungton, Roger L. vd Whittaker.
Ti&iQ' A.(2006), Scale development resecffck A conterU ancdysis tmd r^xtmmaiehtions for best practices. The Counselii^ Psycholc^st 34(6), ft.
806-838.