DAU AN PHAT GIAO TRONG PHONG TUC TANG MA TRUYEN THONG CUA NGJdl
KHMER 6 CAMPUCHIA
V U T H I H A I H A *
Tom, tdt: Giong nhU cdc qudc gia Ddng Nam A khdc, ngay td ddu cdng nguydn, Campuchia dd cd dip tiip xiic vd chiu anh hudng mgnh me bdi vdn hda An Dd, trong do nhdng dnh hiCdng ve ton gido Id mgnh me han cd. Thong qua con dudng truyen dgo vd budn bdn, Phgt gido vd Bdlamdn gido dd du nhap vdo Campuchia mdt cdch hda binh.
Ban ddu, Phdt gido dgi thda chiim Uu thi song td thi ki XIII trd di, Phdt gido tieu thda dd ddn vuan ISn trd thdnh qud'c gido d Campuchia^^K Ki td do din nay, Phdt gido dd chi phdi mgi mat ddi sdng cdng nhu phong tuc, tdp qudn cHa ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia.
Phong tuc tang ma cUng khdng ndm ngodi phgm vi dnh hudng dy. Bdi viit dudi ddy trinh bdy nhiing dnh hudng hay nhUng ddu dn cUa Phdt gido trong phong tuc tang ma truyen thdng cUa ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia.
Tii khoa: Campuchia, ngUbi Khmer, tang ma, Phdt gido.
1. Phong tuc t a i ^ ma t r u y l n thd'ng cua ngiidri Khmer of Campuchia
1.1. Giai doqji chudn bi tang ma Khi ed ngudi sap qua ddi, ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia se mdi mdt vi Aehar*^' de'n de giup gia dinh chuan bi viec hau su. Vi Achar thdng thao viec tang ma nay dUde gpi la Achar Dd Ki. Ben canh do, ngUdi ta eung thinh quy sU de'n tung kinh eho ngUdi sap qua ddi de giiip hp dupe thanh than, an nhien trudc cai che't.
1.2. Giai doan tang ma
Khdm liem: Sau khi trut hdi thd cud'i Cling, ngUdi che't dUde Achar Dd Ki vud't mat, midng va dat cac la so pia bdt^^'' Idn
tran, mdi, cam, hai tay va ngiic'^'. NgUdi ta lay ed linh hon dat d dau giUdng ngUdi chet, t h l p nam ngpn tien koV'^^ dat d canh dau, hai ben than va hai chan ngUdi che't.
Achar Dd Ki lay mdt thiing s'rdu kies chang t'bddng^^^ vk mdt vat dung yeu thich khi cdn sd'ng cua ngUdi che't (gpi la c'rUong bdn long) dat d dUdi chan tif thi. Cimg vdi dd, ngudi ta cam mpt hoac hai la ed linh hon d ngay tnfdc nha ngUdi chet va danh cong bao hieu cd ngUdi vifa qua ddi.
TrUdc khi khdm liem, ngUdi che't se dupe tam riia saeh se, lau nude thdm, chai dlu, trang diem va thay quin ao. Sau dd, ngudi ta dat hai tay ngudi che't ap sat vao nhau, de trUdc ngifc rdi dat hoa, nd'n va
'^ T h S . Vu Thi Hai Ha, Vien nghien ciJu D6ng N a m A
yu Thi Hdi Hd - Ddu dn Phgt gido trong phong tuc tang ma truyen thd'ng... 43
nhang vao tay ngUdi chit. Achar Dd Ki tid'p tuc lay day bas ikh'se bas) ^"^'^ budc xac chet lai, that d ba cho la co, cl chan va co tay ngudi chdt. Tie'p dd, ngUdi ta cho vao mieng ngUdi chdt mdt cac vang hoac bac.
Xong xudi, Achar dung mpt t&'m vai trang gpi la rum sop phu Idn th&n ngUdi che't rdi tie'p tue lay day das bude ttf thi them mdt l i n niia. Sau dd, Achar lay mdt ta'm vai trang binh vudng phii len mat ngUdi chit.
Sau khi mpi cdng vide chuan bi cho kham liem da dUpe hoan tat, ngUdi ta khieng xac chet dat vao trong quan tai va dat d mdt vi tri th&t trang nghidm. Trong khoang thdi gian nay, ngay hai buoi sang, ehilu, ngudi ta thinh quy sU de'n tung kinh cau sieu cho ngUdi da khuat. Tuy theo tifng gia dinh, le dpe kinh nay cd t h i tien hanh trong mdt hoac hai, ba ngdy'^'.
Di quan: TrUdc khi di quan, ngUdi nha se thinh quy sU den tung kinh eau sidu cho ngUdi da khu&'t. Khi lam Id di quan dUa quan tai dd'n ndi hda tang^^', doan dua tang dupe td chUc theo mdt trat tu n h l t dinh, d i n dau la cac vi sU. Nhiing ngUdi dUa dam dlu cam ne'n, nhang va hoa, budc di im lang trong tie'ng doc kinh ciia cac vi sU"-"'.
H6a tdng:'Khi da de'n ndi boa tang, ngudi ta khieng quan tai di vdng quanh dai thieu ba vdng theo hudng ngupe chilu kim ddng ho sau do dat quan tai xud'ng be thieu, dau quan tai quay ve hUdng T&y. Tie'p do, Achar Dd Ki md nap quan tai, md t i m vai hem tren mat ngUdi che't va eat day bupc tii thi. Trong liie nay, cac vi sU cung tung kinh clu sieu eho ngUdi da khult, eau cho linh hdn ciia hp sdm dUde sieu thoat. Sau dd, Achar mdi tat ca mpi ngUdi tdi nhin mat ngudi qua cd lan cud'i. Xong xudi, ngUdi ta cham lila va bat dau hoa thieu.
Trong qua trinh hda thieu, Achar tMnh nha sU cbo mdt ngUdi con trai nao do mud'n di tu dUdc xud'ng toe di tu gpi la buas muk
ph'lang. Day \k tuc cao dau di tu de din dn, bao hieu ddi vdi ngUdi da khu&'t cua con chau. NgUdi nay cd the hoan tuc sau khi le tang kd't thiic hoac cung ed the cU ngu d trong ehua hai ba ngay hoac mdt tuan tuy y. Khi xac chet da chay he't, Achar Ddki la'y nUdc vay vao dan hda thieu, bd'n vi phTuk eung lay nude di vdng quanh cai xac da thieu ba lan rdi xd'i nude dap tat lifa.
Khi Ilia da tat han, Achar Do Ki bat dlu lam le ddi dang {p're rup) trong tieng kinh clu sieu ciia cac vi sU. Sau khi hoan tat le doi dang, th&n nh&n nhat xUdng, nla sach bang nudc chua, nUdc phep va nUde diia tUdi rdi dat xUdng vao mdt chie'e tieu nhd gpi la c6t. Chie'e tieu nay dUdc mang ve nha dat ngay phia trudc bUc anh DUe Phat.
Tdi hdm do, ngUdi ta mdi sU tung kinh, thuye't phap. Sang ngay hdm sau gia quyln se d&ng Cdm len Achar Do ki, buoi trUa dang cdm len cac vi sU^^^*.
1.3. Giai doan sau tang ma Sau khi da hoan tat viec mai tang, ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia se tid'n hanh mdt sd nghi Id sau tang ma danh cho ngUdi da khuat. Thdng thUdng dd la cae le nhu:
le cUng bay ngay {bdn p'rdm pi th'ngay), le cung 100 ngay {bdn muoi rdi th'ngay), le gid (bdn khuop)-.. Trong pham vi bai tap chi nay, ngUdi vie't khdng di sau vao trinh bay cac le nay.
2. Da'u a'n c u a P h a t giao trong p h o n g tuc tang ma
Qua tim hieu phong tuc tang ma truyen thd'ng cua ngUdi Khmer d tren, cd the nhan thay phong tuc tang ma cua ngUdi Khmer chiu sU anh hudng khdng nhd cua Phat giao. Dau I n Phat giao the hien ro net qua quan niem ciia hp ve cai chdt, vai trd quan trpng cua cac nha sU trong Id tang cung nhu cac le tue tang ma cd nguon gd'c tu cac su tich Phat giao.
Vu Thi Hdi Hd - Da'u dn Phdt gido trong phong tue tang ma truy in thd'ng...
ngudi sap qua ddi. Tue thinh cae vi sU den de tung kinh cho ngUdi sap qua ddi cua ngudi Khmer d Campuchia b&t nguon tU mpt su tich trong kinh diln Phat giao.
Truyen ke r&ng: "Ngay xua, cd 500 de tif cua Pras Sdray- roth, luc cdn dUPng thdi lam nhieu dieu ddc ae, nen khi che't di, hp deu dau thai thanh 500 con ddi cung sd'ng chung trong mdt hang niii. Mdt hdm, Pras Chetha- puth di vao hgmg niii dd va dng ngdi tung Kinh Apithom, 500 con ddi cham chii nghe dd'n ndi khdng hay bie't qua nui sap dd. Qua nhien nui da do va de chet 500 eon ddi ma bdn tai chiing v i n vang vang nghe tie'ng Kinh Apithom. Sau khi che't, 500 con ddi deu d l u thai lam eon ngUdi.
Trd lai vdi kiep eon ngudi, hp da thiic tinh, chi bie't lam dieu lanh, tr&nh dieu &c, kh6 luyen tu tam, duQng tinh, va khi di tu, hp dlu trd thanh chanh qua"'-^^'.
Ben canh dd, cac tuc nhu tuc lam s'la t'rudi (mdt cudn la chud'i trong dd cd dat trau, cau va huong) dat vao tay ngUdi chet, tuc lam le cung bay ngay eho ngUdi da khuat.. cung xuat phat tU nhiing truyen tich Phat giao. Xuat ph&t tif mot sU tieh nha Phat, ngUdi Khmer eho rkng viee lam s'la t'rudi se giiip ngUdi che't mdt long hudng ve DUc Phat khi n h i m mat lia ddi.
TUdng tu, tue lam le eiing bay ngay cho ngUdi da khuat cua ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia ciing ed ngudn gde tU mdt truyen tich Phat giao. Truyen ke rang thdi dtJc Phat edn tai thd', vp ciia dilc vua P're bat Bosen Kosol la nang Mdlika Tevi vd'n la mdt ngUdi giau tinh thUdng ngUdi song vi pham ldi ndi ddi chong nen khi chet nang bi ddy xud'ng dia ngue. Sau khi chit bay ngay, Mdlika Tevi dupe thoat khdi dia ngue len cdi n i l t ban mdt phan vi ndng da biet SLfa doi ldi l i m tnfdc d&y, mdt phan Id nhd n h a vua da vang ldi DUc Ph&t lam le dang phUdc lanh cho nang*^^'. Can cU vao
eau chuydn nay, ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia- vd'n la nhiing tin do Phat giao ed tuc lam l l eiing bay ng&y cho ngUdi da khult, clu mong cho hp sdm dUdc v l cdi nie't ban.
2.4. Thihi^n qua hinh thUc mai tdng Khdng chi bao gom nhilu nghi Id cd ngudn gd'c tU Phat giao, hinh thUc mai tang cua ngudi Khmer d Campuchia eung dUdc cho la hinh thiic mai tang chiu anh hudng eua Phat gi&o. Thdi xa xUa, ngUdi Khmer khdng hda thieu. Theo ghi ehep ciia Chu Dat Quan tin vao the' ki XIII d Campuchia: "NgUdi chdt khdng cd quan tai, chl bd trong mot loai chid'u, lay vai phu.
DUa ma tnfdc eiing diing cac loai cd xi nhac trd'ng, rdi lai lay hai m&m dung day gao rang, ndm quanh dUdng di, ganh de'n chd heo l i n h xa xdi khong ed ngudi d ngoai thanh thi vUt xudng rdi bd di, dpi dieu, qua, ehd de'n an. Trong giay lat an he't tbi lai bao rang eha me ed phiic ndn dUde b&o dap nhu vay. Nay d i n dan cung cd ke thieu hda, thudng thudng deu la eon chau ngUdi Trung Qud'c. Cha me che't khdng ed tang phue gi khae, eon trai thi cao trpc tdc, con gai thi eat tdc trudc tr&n Idn bang dong tiln, lay the' lam hie'u. Vua cung cd thap de mai tang, nhiQig khdng biet chdn ngUdi hay chdn xUong"'^'*. Sau nay, ngudi Khmer chuong ldi hda tang va trai qua nhilu the ki d&y la binh thiic mai t&ng pho bie'n cua hp. Theo cac tac gia cudn Vdn minh Khmer xuit ban nam 2013 ciia Hpc vien Ngoai ngU, Dai hpc Hoang gia Pbndm Penh, tue hda tang eua ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia la do anh hudng eiia Phat giao'^^'. TUdng tu, trong cudn NgUdi Viet gd'c Mien, tac gia Le Huong eung eho r i n g hda tang la mdt tue le cua dao Phat nganh tilu thUa*^^'. Tuc hda tang rat pho bien d cae qud'e gia theo Phat giao Theravada (Phat giao tilu thUa) khae nhu Thai Lan, Lao, Myanmar. Hinh
46 Nghien edu Dong Nam A, sd'4/2019
thilc hoa tang dUde coi la giup than xac ngUdi ehd't ehdng tieu tan, giiip hp khdng cdn quyln luye'n thSn xac, de sieu thoat va r l t phti hdp vdi quan nidm eua Phat gilo Theravada. Cd quan diem cho rang le hoa tang cua ngUdi Khmer dupe md phdng theo le hoa tang eiia DUc Phat xUa \dd^^^K
2.5. The hien qua mot sd triet li Phqt gido
Thdm vao dd, mdt sd triet h cua Phat gi&o cung dUde the hidn kha rd qua cac le tuc ngudi Khmer lam chd ngudi da che't nhu trid't li ve sU luan bli, triet h ve budng xa.. Theo dd, trid't K ve sii budng bo the hien qua c&c le tue nhu tue cho cae bac (v&ng) vao midng ngUdi che't, tuc dimg day kh'se bas bupc xac che't d ba chd la cd, co ehan, el tay ngUdi chet... Trong dd, tuc dUng day kh'se bas budc xae che't d ba ch5 lidn quan dd'n ldi day eua DUc Phat: con ngudi ta rang budc vdi tran the bdi ba dilu la vd (hoac chong), con cai va ciia cai. Ai thoat khdi ba mdi rang bupc ay se dupe v l ndi vinh hang. Do dd, "ngUdi ta bupc spi chi bdng xung quanh c6, vdo cd tay, cd ehan d l nhac nhd ngUdi chet phai vOft bd nhCfng Sdi day budc minh vdi cdi ddi thi mdi cd the thoat tue dUdc"*^-^'. Tuc cho vao midng ngUdi che't mdt cac vang hoac bac bat ngudn tU quan niem eua ngUdi Khmer:
trong cupc ddi eua mdi eon ngUdi, ta chang mang theo dUdc gi vd cung chang lay dUde gi tu cupc ddi ay. Ngay ea mdt eae vdng trong mieng nay, ta cung khong the mang theo khi chit di'^^'. Do dd, hay budng bd de di sang the' gidi ben kia dUde thanh than.
Khdng ehi v&y, viec lam thang ba bae dat ben ngUdi che't ciing nglm the hien mdt quan nidm mang mau sac Phat giao.
Vdi viec l&m thang ba bac nay, ngUdi Khmer nham the hien ngu y ve quy luat sinh ttf la vile khdng t h i tranh khdi. Con ngUdi khi chit di khdng phai Id mdt sii ke't
thiic ma chi la sii ehuyin tiep sang mdt the gidi khlc.
Nhu vay, ed t h i ndi phong tuc tang ma t r u y l n thdng cua ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia mang dam mau sac Phat giao, dupe t h i hidn rd net qua quan niem cua bp v l c&i ehet, vai trd quan trpng eua cac nha sU trong l l tang, cac l l tuc tang ma cd ngudn gd'c tU c&e sii tieh Phat giao eung nhu mdt sd triet h ciia Dao Phat dUpc the hien qua phong tue tang ma. D&y la mot dac tning r l t de dang K giai ddi vdi mot dat nUdc cd Dao Phat la quo'c giao nhu Campuchia./.
CHU THICH
1. Theo Viln Ngbifen cdu Dong Nam A (1994), Tim hiiu lich sd- vdn hda Campuchia (t&p III), NXB KHXH, Ha Ndi, tr 70- 71.
2. Achar la nhOfng vi trudng lao biet nhilu vide, thong hilu phong tuc, tap quan, thu6c kinh sach, tbudng thay mat ba con trong cac 11 cUdi, ma chay, cung chua, lam phep.
3. Sd pia bdt la cac t i m mong dUpc lam bing v&ng, bac hoac ddn gian bdn la lam tU giay, la CO. Theo cac tac gia Dao Nam Sdn, Le Thanh Suf trong bai viet "Cac le tuc truyln thdng trong chu ky ddi sdr^ cua ngUdi Khmer d Cam-pu-chia" dang tr&n tap chi Ddn tdc hgc, sd 3, 1994 thi day la c&c "la bua" (tr 23).
4. Theo T'rang Nghia (1974), Van minh Khmer, Phndm Penh, tr 193 (tilng Khmer).
5. MCit loai den chuydn dimg trong cac dam tang 6. Thiing s'rdu kies chang t'bddng dUng lua, mat vo'c bac, nam hdt vai trang, mot nai chudi chin va mot ngpn dfen dlu 7. Kh'se bas 1& loai day chuyen dting trong
dam tang dl buoc ngudi chet 8. Tong hop theo:
Vu Thi Hdi Hd - Ddu an Phdt gido trong phong tuc tang ma truyin thong...
9. Hgc vi&n ngoai ngU, Trudng Dai hpc Hoang gia Phndm Penh (2013), V&n minh Khmer (Danh cho nam hpc cd sd), tr 220 (tidng Khmer).
10. Trang Nghia (1974), Van minh Khmer, Phndm P6nh, tr 194- 195 (tieng Khmer).
11. Theo phong tuc truyln thd'ng, ngUdi Khmer d Campuchia chuong ldi boa thieu ngUdi chit. Theo do, hda tang la binh thdc mai tang pho bien ciia dai da s6' ngUdi dan Khmer (trif nhung trUdng hpp chet bat tbudng nhu tii td, chet do tai nan..).
12. Theo Hpc vien ngoai ngU, TrUdng Dai hpc Hoang gia Phndm Pdnh (2013), Vdn minh Khmer (Danh cbo n&m hoc cd set), tr 221 (tieng Khmer).
13. Theo Hpc viSn ngoai ngU, TrUdng Dai hpc Hoang gia Phndm Penh (2013), V&n minh Khmer (Danh cho nam hpc cd sd), tr 222 (tieng Khmer).
14. Trong do, Mot kiip ludn hoi \k m6t c&u chuyen cd c6 nguon gd'c Phat giao th^ hien ro quan niem nay cua ngUdi Khmer. Truyen ke ve hoang hau Ubbari chi lo cham s6c cbo minh, cho chong ma khdng lo giiip d8 i ^ d i khac ndn khi chet di n&ng ph&i phai dlu thai fb&nh mot loai con trting.
15. Xem th6m trong Le Huong (1969), Truyen cS Cao Mien (tap 2), Nha sach Khai Tri, Sai Gdn, tr 263- 272.
16. Theo Le Hudng (1969), NgUdi Vipt gde Mien, tr 107, thu vien Vien nghi&n cUu Dong Nam A, VB 3700.
17. Theo Le HUdng (1969), NgUdi Viet goc Mien, tr 105, thu vien Vi&n nghien cUu Dong Nam A, VB 3700.
18. Theo T t ^ Van Bin (2002), Phong tuc vd nghi 1% vong ddi ngUdi Khmer Nam Bg, NXB Dai hpc Qu6'c gia Ha Npi, Ha Ndi, tr 98.
19. Hpc vifen ngoai ngii, Tnfdng Dai hpc Hoang gia Pbndm Penh (2013), V&n minh Khmer (Danh cbo nam hoc cd sd) (tieng Khmer), tr 223.
20. Theo Chu Dat Quan (Ha Van T ^ dich) (2006), Chdn Lap phong thd ky, NXB The gidi. Ha Noi, tr 44
21. Hpc vi|n ngoai ngU, TrUdng Dai hpc
Hoang gia Phndm Penh (2013), Vdn minh Khmer (Danh cho nam hpc cd sd) tr 219 (tie'ng Khmer). Ddng quan diem, tac gia Tran Van Bin trong cudn Phong tuc vd nghi li vong ddi ngudi Khmer Nam Bg, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Noi cung cho ring IS hda tang cua dong bao Khmer la mo phong theo ll hda t&ng cua dilc Phat Thich Ca Mau Ni (tr 104).
22. Theo L6 HUdng (1969), Ngi£n Viet gd'c Mien, tr 103, thU vi&n Vien nghien cilu D6ng Nam A, VB 3700.
23. Theo Tran Van Bon (2002), Phong tuc vd nghi le vong ddi ngUdi Khmer Nam Bd, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Npi, 104- 105.' 24. Theo Nguyin Bac (1983), Phong tuc tap
qudn Campuchia, HiViln Dong Nam A, tr 9.
25. Theo T'r&ng Nghia (1974), Vdn minh Khmer, Phndm Penh, tr 195 (tieng Khmer).
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1. Nguyen B5c (1983), Phong tuc tap qudn
Campuchia, H:Vien Ddng Nam A.
2. Trln Van Bon (2002), Phong tuc vd nghi U vdng ddi ngiM Khmer Nam Bg, NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Ndi, Ha Npi.
3. Hpc viSn ngoai ngCf, Tnfdng Dai hoc Hoang gia Phndm Penh (2013), V&n minh Khmer (Danh cho nam hpc cd sd) (tieng Khmer).
4. L& Huong (1969), Truyen c6 Cao Mi%n (tap 2), Nha sach Khai Tri, Sai Gdn.
5. L6 Huong (1969), Ngudi Vipt gde Mi'en, thu vien Vien nghi&n c(iU D6ng Nam A, VB 3700.
6. Chu Dat Quan (Ha Van Tan dich) (2006), Chdn Lap phong tho ky, NXB The gidi, Ha Npi.
7. Dao Nam Son, U Thanh Sif (1994), "C&c ll tuc truyen thdng trong chu Iq" ddi song ciia ngUdi Khmer d Cam-pu-chia", Ddn tgc hgc, so' 3.
8. T'rang Nghia (1974), Van minh Khmer, Pbndm Penh (tieng Khmer).
9. Vien Nghifen cdu Ddng Nam A (1994), Tim hieu lich sd- vdn hda Campuchia (tap III), NXB KHXH, Ha Npi.
