NGHIEN CUU SAN X U A T PHAN BON TlT PHE THAI CONG NGHIEP CAM QUYT VA ANH HU^QiNG CUA NO DEN TINH CHAT DAT VA S\f PHAT TRIEN KHOAI TAY
1.DATVANDE
Quyt la cay trdng chinh 6' Jeju, Han Qudc.
Qua cua nd chii'a khoang 35-55% nude. Sau khi chidt riit p h i n nude thi phan cdn lai ciia qua la vd, mang, tiii torn va hat d u g c thai ra nhu rac thai. Phd thai cam quyt nay cd r i t nhieu ifng dung nhu lam sgi, pectin, ngudn flavonoid, chat lien kdt trong cdng nghe thii'c pham, chat len men cho cac protein dgn bao, silage va chat chdng mudi Tuy nhien, viec chuyen ddi nd yeu edu thidt bj va cong nghe r i t cao.
Phd thai cam quyt la mot nguySn lieu tidm nang de chd bien phan bdn. Nhd gia thanh san xuat thdp nen su' dung phan bdn nay giam dugc chi phi san xuat, kich thich dugc nganh trdng trot nhdt la nghd trdng cam quyt va giam thieu 6 n h i i m moi truo'ng. Chdt thai nay ed the dugc lam phan bdn de t§ng gia trj hang hoa cua nd ma khong edn dung eu hay thiet bi dSc bi6t nao. Tuy nhien, phe thai cam quyt cong nghiep bi loai thai ra tii' cSe nha m^y che bien cam quyt sau khi chidt nude lie nhu'ng qua khdng the ban d u g c tren thj trudng ed ty le C/N la rat cao vao khoang 80. Ben canh dd, nd cung chira mot ham lugng Idn cac ehdt dau va pectin - nhu'ng chat gay can trd qua trinh phan huy trong khi chd bidn. Do dd, vdi, phan Ign va khd ddu 1^ cac nguyen lieu d u g c bd sung them de khae phuc nhipng mat hgn che nay trong qua trinh che bidn phan bdn.
Nhu vay, nghien eifu "San xuit phan bon tir phe thai cong nghiep cam quyt va anh hw&ng cua no den tinh chat dit va phat then khoai tay" la rat cdn thiet
Muc dich nghien ciru dat ra la :
+ Xac djnh didu kien tdt nhat cho qua trinh che bien phan bdn tii' phe thai cam quyt
+ Nghien cii-u anh hudng cua phan CIWC ddn tinh chdt ddt va cay khoai tay.
2. 001 TirONG VA PHl/ONG P H A P NGHIEN CUfU 2.1. Ddi tu'cyng n g h i e n CLPU
+ Nguyen lieu; Phd thai cam quyt, vdi bdt, phSn icyn va khd dau cai
'Vien Tho nhir&ng Nong hoa
^ Dai hoc qudc gia Cheju, Han Qudc
Dao QUOC Hu-nq Hyun Hae-Nam + Phan bdn: Phan u tif phd thai cdng nghiep cam quyt (CIWC)
+ Loai ddt: Ddt da bpt
+ Khoai tay: Gidng Solanum tuberosum L.
2.2. T h a i gian va dja didm nghien CLPU + Thdi gian nghien eifu: 2 nam, tif 2003 ddn 2005
+ Dja diem nghien eifu: Phdng thi nghien Dat va Phan bdn va nha ludi, Trudng Dai ho - qudc gia Cheju, Han Qudc
2.3. PhLPO-ng phap nghien CLPU
2.3.1. Ty le phoi hgp giira cac nguyen lieu Phan Ign: Phd thai cam quyt: khd ddu cai:
vdi bpt
Cdng thifc A: 1:0,5:0,50:0 (khong cd vdi) Cdng thdc B: 1:0,5:0,25:0,25 (cd vdi)
Chi tieu theo ddi: do am, chdt hifu co, pH, kali, canxi, magie, lan dugc xac dinh hang tuan;
rieng nhiet dp dugc do hang ngay
2.3.2. Bo tri thi nghiem trong nha luxyi + Cdng thifc thi nghiem;
Cdng thue 1; NPK (ddi chifng) Cong thifC 2; NPK + 200kg CIWC/10a Cdng thifC 3; NPK + 400kg ClWC/lOa Cdng thifC 4; NPK + 600kg ClWC/lOa + Bd tri thi nghiem; theo khdi ngdu nhien hoan chinh, 3 idn lap, dien tieh mdi d thi nghiem la 150m^ phan NPK chua 10%N, 14%P205 va 11%K20
+ Chi tieu theo doi; tinh chdt ddt (4 lan, 1 lan/thang), chieu cao cay (thdi ky sinh trifdng manh nhdt), nang sudt cii, ty le eii tdt, ty le cu mdc benh vay (liic thu hoach)
2.3.3. Phan tich nguyen lieu, phan va dat + Cae nguyen lieu nhu phd thai cam quyt.
khd dau va phan Ign dugc phan tieh cae chi tieu OC, N tdng sd va ty le C/N.
+ Phan CIWC dugc phan tieh cac chi tieu OM, N, P2O5, K2O, CaO, MgO. NaCI, Cu, Zn, Pb, Crva Pb.
+ Ddt thi nghiem dugc phan tich cae chf tieu; pH nuoC, EC, OM, N tdng sd, P2O5 huu hieu, K', Ca"", M g " , Na* trao ddi, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, do am. dung trong, [y trong va do xdp.
Chi tieu Ten phuong phap, thidt bi . pH nudc
i Dd dan dien (EC) I OM (ddt)
OC (nguyen lieu), OM (phan) I N tdng so
P2O5 (phan) I P2O5 dd tieu (ddt)
' K2O. CaO. MgO, NaCI, Cu, Zn, Pb,
! C r v a Pb (phan)
I K". Ca"*. Mg"" va Na" trao ddi (dat) I Cu, Zn. Pb, C r v a C d (dat)
! Dung trong (D)
! Ty trong (d) I Dd xdp (P)
Do am
Lac theo ty le dat/nudc la 1:5, do tren may do pH dien cue thuy tinh (EN 50082-1, Sentron, Netherlands)
L i e theo ty le ddt/nude la 1:5, do tren may do EC dien cue thuy tinh {MCI26, Mettler toledo. Switzerland)
Walkley-Black
Ld nung (600°C), {F6730-80 Thermolyne. USA)
Kjeldahl; cdng pha mau, sau do cdt b i n g may cdt ban tu dong {2300 kjeltec analyzer unit. Foss tecater U.S.A).
Cong pha, len mau va do tren may t r i e quang {Genesys 5, Spectronic instruments. U.S.A)
Lancaster; chidt, len mau va do tren may t r i e quang (Genesys 5. Spectronic instruments, U.S.A)
cdng pha b i n g hdn hgp H2SO4 dac va HCIO4, len djnh mire va do tren may AAS {SpetraAA 220 FS. Verian. Australia) Chidt b i n g CH3COONH4, do tren may AAS {SpetraAA 220 FS. Verian. Australia)
Chidt b i n g DTPA va do tren may AAS (SpetraAA 220 FS.
Verian. Australia) j Ong ddng
I Piendmet . r "
I Tinh tif D va d I Say(105°C) 3. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN 3.1. Ty le C/N cua cac nguyen lieu du'a vao tron
Nhifng nguyen lieu da dugc sif dung de lam phan tron gdm cd phan Ign, phe thai cam quyt, khd d i u va voi bpt. Ty le C/N cua phan Ign va phe thai cam quyt la rat cao tuong ifng la 48.04 va 77,30; trong khi do ty le C/N ciia khd dau thi rat t h i p 8.94 (bing 1)
Bang 1 Ham luang caebon, nita va ty le C/N ciia cac nguyen lieu
Nhu vay, vdi la yeu td anh hugng eo tinh quyet dinh den qua trinh phan giai c h i t hu'u eg cua vi sinh vat.
35-
Phan Ign
Phd thai cam quyt Kho dau
Caebon (%) 54,24 52,60 51,88
Nito' (%) 1,13 0,66 5,93
Tyle C/N 48,04 77,30 8,94
Thai gian u (ngay)
Sa do 1. Sif thay doi nhiet dp trong qua t inh chh bign
3.2. S I P thay doi cac yeu to trong qua trinh chd bidn phan bon
3.2.1. Nhiet do va do am
Trong qua chd bien, nhiet do 6' cdng thifc A h i u nhu khong thay ddi, trong khi do a cong thifc B nhiet do da tang r i t nhanh len tdi 7G°C chi trong vong 4 ngay, sau dd giam d i n xudng nhiet dp mdi trudng 23°C (so dd 1). Keo theo v i n de nay, d* cdng thifc B dp i m giam nhanh va on dinh a khoang 30% trong 4 t u i n con g cong thii'C A dp i m chi giam nhe (so dd 2).
• o O
Thcyi gian Ci (ngay)
Sa do 2. Sy thay doi dp am trong qua trinh che bien
3.2.2. Ham lu^yng cac chat dinh duKyng, OC, C/N va pH
Theo kdt qua bang 2 cho thay, ham lugng cac c h i t dinh duong nhu CaO, MgO, K2O, P2O6 va OM a cong thifc A h i u nhu khdng thay ddi, trai lai ham lifgng eae nguy&n td nay da tang len r i t nhanh a cdng thirc B Day la kdt
thifc B. Ty le C/N va gia tn pH cua ca 2 cdng thifc ddu ed xu hudng giam nhe va dn djnh sau khoang 21 ngay. 6' cdng thifc A ed gia tn pH t h i p hcyn cdng thue B, edn ty le C/N thi ngugc lai. Trong qua trinh phan giai c h i t htfu co nha vi sinh vat thi CO2 da bay hai lam giam ham lugng C Xu hudng nay triing vdi nghien ciru cua Tiquia va cdng su (1998).
qua cua ham luang nude mat nhanh 6' cdng
Sang 2 Su thay doi mot sd yeu td trong qua trinh che bien phan bdn Chi tieu
N , % P2O5, % K2O, % CaO, % MgO, %
i
OfVl. % , C/N
pH
Cdng thifc A B A B A B A B A B A B A B A B
0 ngay 0,78 1,16 1,00 1,56 0,58 0,55 4,74 4,09 0,31 0,62 26,98 25,61 34.71 9,52 8,31 13,06
7 ngay 0,79 1,13 1,01 1,81 0,71 0,84 4,72 6,72 0,34 0,95 27.16 29,41 29.22 8,69 6,12 10,52
14 ngay 0.82 2,53 1,12 2,50 0,77 1,20 4,52 6,36 0,36 1,07 27,88 45,35 28,13 5.77 5,12 8,96
21 ngay 0,82 2,70 1,06 2,63 0,82 1,15 4,55 6,43 0,39 1,28 28,36 49,58 27,56 6,33 4,55 8,86
28 ngay 0,83 2,79 0,98 3,10 0,89 1,83 4,75 9,82 0,40 1,46 28.95 55,42 27,01 5,90 4,12 7,80
35 ngay 0.85 1 2,64 1,23 3,26 0,95 1,86 4,72 6,07 0.42 1.53 29,05 59,71 26.88
5,30 1 4,11 1 8,75 j 3.2.3. Chit luvrig phan CIWC
Sau qua trinh che bien thu dugc san pham ed ten la phan bdn CIWC vgi chit lugng dam bao
tieu chuan cho phep cua Cue quan ly phat tnen ndng thon H^n Qudc (bing 3)
Bing 3. H^m lu'gng cac nguyen td trong phSn CIWC
! Chi tieu 1 N (%) j P2O5 (%)
K20(%) CaO (%) MgO (%) NaCI (%) OM (%)
Phan CIWC 1 Tieu chuan Han Quoc 1,51 (±0,16)
2,17 (±0,10) 0,54 (±0,01) 10,86 (±0,96)
0,65 (±0,01) 0,64 (±0,04) 26,86 (±0,23)
Chi tieu DO am (%) Cu (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Cr (mg/kg)
Phan CIWC 30,87 (±0,17) 104,50 (±8.74) 127,45 (±3,86) 0,00 (±0.00) 0,00 (±0,00) 64,00 (±7,67)
Tieu chuan Han Quoc (Toi da)
50,00 300,00 900,00 150,00 5,00 300,00
3.3. Anh hipo-ng ciia phan CIWC d i n tinh
chit dit
Tif ket qua bing 4 cho thay, gia tri pH d i t d nhO-ng 6 co bdn phan CIWC khdng bieu thi SI/ thay ddi trudc va sau thi nghiem. Tuang tu ddi vdi dd dan dien (EC). Do phan nay ed chira ham lugng chat huu ea kha cao (26,8%) nen chi tieu nay trong d i t sau thi nghiem da tang nhe Cac nguyen td dinh duang khac nhu dam, lan kali, magie. natri ddu tang len mpt lugng nhd so vai trudc thi nghiem d cdng thire bon ohan
CIWC, dac biet canxi da tang han 2 l i n so vdi ddi chirng (K,ndng bdn phan trdn). Ham lugng CaO trong phan nay kha eao 10,86% Nhirng nguyen td Cu. Zn, Pb. Cr va Cd trong d i t khdng ed bieu hien tang so vdi ddi chirng. Benh canh dd, tinh chat vat ly dat cung dugc eai thien dung trong d i t ed xu hudng giam so vdi ddi chirng ddng thdi do xdp ed xu hirdng tang. Rd rang, bdn phan CIWC da gdp phin eai thien tinh chat d i t ve mSt hda tinh, ly hda tinh cung nhu ly tinh dat.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1 Anaso. H.U.. LE llouno. D. Onuorah. and
SC Umene 1990 Protency of orange peel as a mosquito fumigant. Biol. Wastes 34, 83-89.
2. Ashbell, G, and Z.G Weinberg. 1988.
Orange peels; the effect of blanching and calcium hydroxide addition on ensiling losses. Biol.
Wastes 23. 73-77
3 Braddock. RJ.. and TR. Graumlich. 1981.
Composition of fibre from citrus peel, membranes, juice vesicles and seed. Lebensm-Wiss Teehnol.
14. 229-231.
4 LoCurto. p.. M.M. Tripodo, U. Leuzzi. D.
Giuffre. and C. Vaccarino. 1992. Lavonoids recovery and SCP production from orange peel.
Biores. Teehnol. 42. 83-87.
5 Ma, E., Q. Cervera, and CM. Sanchez.
1993 Integrated utilization of orange peel. Biores, Teehnol. 44, 61-63.
6 Tiquia. S.M.. N.F.Y. Tam. and I.J.
Hodgkiss. 1998. Changes in chemical properties dunng composting of spent pig litter at different moisture contents. Agriculture, Ecosytems and Environment 67, 79-89.
7. Sinclair W.B. 1984. The Biochemistry and Physiology of the Lemon and Other Citrus Fruits University of California, Division of Agriculture and Nature Resources.
8. Vocancano. C. R. Lo Curto. M.M. Tripodo.
R. Patane, G. Lagana, and A. Ragno. 1989 SCP from orange peel by fermentation v*/ith fungi-acid- treated peel. Biol. Wastes 30, 1-10.
9. Van Heerden I., C. Cronje. S.H. Wwar and J.M. Loteze., 2002. Microbial, chemical anc physic aspects of citrus waste composting. Biores.
Teehnol. 81, 71-76.
Summary
COMPOSTING OF CITRUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND EFFECTS OF THE COMPOST ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND POTATO GROWTH
Citrus industrial waste, which was discarded from citrus factories after extracting juice of non- marketable citrus fruits, has a high C/N ratio of 80.
It also contains high amount of oil and pectin which limit the composting process. This research was conducted to find the mixing condition of better composting and to investigate the effects of citrus waste compost on soil properties and potato growth
When pig manure, rape oil waste and citrus waste were mixed without lime, there were not any composting symptoms like changes in temperature and chemical components. On the
Dao Quoc Hung Hyun Hae-Nam other hand, citrus waste was mixed with pig manure and rape oil waste after being treated with 12,5% of quicklime, occurred as temperature reached to about 70°C in 4 days; water contents dropped; pH changed to around 7 Final product of composting process is called CIWC This compost was applied to volcanic soil that grown potato at rates of 200, 400 and 600 kg/IOa. The result showed that soil properties were improved better than tnat of control (no compost). The growth and yield of spnng-potato gradually increased with the rate of the compost applied and the optimum is considered to be 400 kg/10a.
Keywords: Compost, Pig manure, Citms industnal waste, Rap oil waste. Lime
Rat mong cac tac gia xem ky va thuc hien The le viet va gCri bai eho tap chi khoa hoc dat;
SCra ky ban danh may trudc khi gi>i tdi Ban bien tap. Pliai giri dia CD hoae E.mail. LLTU y cac yeu cau ve quy each bai bao, each viet va danh may. .
Khdng diing font Times New Remain hoae font VNI-Win de danh ban thao giJi eho Tap ehi Khoa hpc dat, ma diing font chCr VNTIme, VNArial Narrow.
Bing 4. Tinh chat dat trudc va sau khi thi nghiem
Chi tieu pH H2O EC. pS/cm OM, % N tong so, % P de tieu, ppm K", meq/IOOg ddt Ca"", meq/100gdat Mg*", meq/IOOg dat Na*. meq/100g ddt Cu, ppm
Zn, ppm Pb, ppm Cr. ppm Cd, ppm
Dung trong, g/cm^
Do xdp, %
Tru-dc thi nghiem
5,42 174,2
2,20 0,20 4,20 0,08 1,89 0,85 0,18 0,24 0,40 0,19 0,03 0,008
1,30 51,95
Cong thirc 1 5,23 131,5
2,91 0.15 8,26 . 0,07
2,00 0,96 0,19 0,25 0,52 0,22 0,00 0,01 1,30 51,95
S a u t h Cong thipc2
5,47 188,5
3,05 0,18.
11,98 0,09 4,15 1,36 0,25 0,29 0,64 0,19 0,00 0,01 1,21 63,21
i nghiem Conq thirc 3
5,57 204,8
3,08 0,24 14,63
0,11 4,80 1,37 0,29 0,30 0,73 0,19 0,00 0,01 1,18 61,46
Cong thirc 4 5,53 222,5
2,53 0,23 14,62
0,13 4,00 1,30 0,36 0,29 0,63 0,16 0,00 0,01 1,17 58,74 3.4. Anh hu-ang ciia phan CIWC ddn
sinh tripo-ng, nang suat va benh vay tren khoai tay
Bon phan CIWC da lam tangchidu cao cay theo mifc bdn so vdi ddi chirng. Tuang ty, tdng nang s u i t va nang s u i t cu ngon ddu tang dang kd so vdi ddi chirng. Ty le eu ngon cung tang
Bing 5. Chieu cao cay, ty le
len theo lugng phan bdn nay. Hieu qua ndng hpc dat cao n h i t a cong thirc 3 la 1,14kg eu khoai tay ngon tren 1kg phan CIWC bdn vao.
Ben canh dd thi viec bdn phan u nay da lam tang mire nhiem benh vay tren vd khoai tay theo lirgng bon. Didu nay r i t c i n thidt ed nhirng nghien ciru cu the them.
benh va nang suit khoai tay Chi tieu
Chieu cao cay (cm) Tong nang suat (kg/lOa) Nang suat cu ngon (kg/lOa) Ty le cii ngon (%)
Hieu qua nong hpc (kg cii/kg phan) Ty le nhi§m benh vay tren cii (%)
Cdng thirc 1 51,1 1749
866 49,7
-
10,2
Cong thirc2 54,5 1829 1012 55,3 0,73 13,9
Cdng thirc 3 55,8 2134 1320 61,8 1,14 16,4
Cdng thirc 4 56,1
2138 1 1352
63,2 0,81 18,6 3.5. Lipa chon mipc bon phan CIWC cho
khoai tay
Nang s u i t cii khoai tay vu xuan - loai eu d u g c thj trudng c h i p nhan - d cdng thire 3 (1320 kg/lOa) so vdi cdng thirc 4 (1352 kg/lOa) la khdng khac nhau d mire y nghTa thdng ke 95%, nhung cao han mpt each dang ke so ddi
4 9 x • 8 6 3 2 2
Phan u vo quyt
So do 3. Quan he giira mire bdn va n§ng suit khoai tay
chirng (866kg/10a) va cong thirc 1 (1012kg/10a).
Nhu vay, mire bdn phan CIWC tdi uu cho khoai tay xuan tren d i t da bpt d u g c khuydn cao la 400 kg/1 Oa (so dd 3).
4. KET LUAN
Vol la ydu td cd tinh c h i t quydt djnh tao moi trudng thuan Igi cho s u phan giai hgp chit hu'u ea ciia vi sinh vat trong khi chd bidn phan bdn CIWC tif cac nguyen lieu phe thai cam quyt, phan Ign va kha d i u cai. Ty le thich hgp giu'a cae nguyen lieu la 1:0,5:0,25:0,25 (phd thai cam quyt; phan Ign ; kho d i u : vdi bpt).
Phan bdn CIWC dat tieu c h u i n ciia Cue quan ly phat trien ndng thdn Han Qudc va ed anh hudng ro ret ddn nang s u i t khoai tay, ehieu cap cay cung nhu cai thien tinh c h i t d i t so vdi ddi chirng. Mire bdn khuydn cao cho khoai tay xuan tren d i t da bpt la 400 kg/lOa Tuy nhien, cGng giong vdi mpt sd loai phan u khac benh vay thong thudng tren cu khoai tay da tang theo luang bdn phan CIWC V i n dd nay c i n d u g c nghien ciru ti mi them
