Phat trien n g u o n nhan lua dua vao giao due: Kinh nghiem cua
mot s o quoc giac chau A
Tr^DfeHi^p Truung Dai hoc Kinh [6 - DI-^QGHN
Quy hoach phit tridn li mdt qui trinh lya chpn cich thdc sfl dyng td'i uu cic ngudn Iyc sin cd nhim dat dugc cic myc tidu d i dinh. Trong qui trinh niy, quy hogch ngudn nhin lyc ludn gifl mdt vai trd then chdt, mang tinh ddt phi ddi vdi su ting trudng vi phit triln cila mdi qudc gia. Vdi f nghia nhu viy, hiu hdt cic qudc gia trdn the gidi deu rit chii trgng den viec quy hogch phit trien ngudn nhin Iuc. Dya vio giio due, nhieu qude gia d i thinh cdng trong viee hogch dinh phat tridn ngudn nhin luc theo dinh hudng chien luge. Ct Viet Nam, quy hogch phit tridn ngudn nhin lire giai dogn 2011-2020 d i dugc dinh hinh Kinh nghidm hogeh djnh ngudn nhin iyc dya vao phit trien giao due cua mdt sd qudc gia chiu A nhu Nhit Ban, Dai Loan, An D^ hay Tmng Qud'c chic chin se de Igi nhi^u him f chi'nh sich cho Viet Nam.
Trung Quoc
D^ dim b i o mdt ngudn nhin lyc cd chit lugng, dap ling myc tidu ting trudng, Trung Qudc da day mgnh cii each, phit trien giao dye d tit e i c i p hgc.
Ve giio dye phd thdng, so vdi cic nudc nhu Hin Qudc, Nhit Bin, ty Id nhip hgc cap niy d Trung Qude thip hon nhieu, nhung bat diu cd su thay ddi nhanh chong kd tu diu thap kf 1990 do chinh phu nudc nay bit diu nhin thiic dupc tim quan trpng cua giio due trong phit tridn kinh td. Tmng Qudc d i ning tf le bidt chQ efla thanh nidn len muc 98% vio nim 2007 so vdi miic 94% (1990). Tf Id nhip hoc tidu hgc d Trung Qudc ting tu 113% n i m 1980 Idn 123% nim 1997 va 111% nim 2007. Ty le nhip hgc tmng hgc co sd d Tmng Qudc cflng ting tu 46% len 70% va 76% trong ciing giai doan tuong iing (1980, 1997, 2007). Tf le nhcip hgc tmng hge phd thdng d Tmng Qudc ting tir 2% (1980) len 6% (1997) vi 22% (2007).
d bic giio dye dai hgc, Tmng Qudc md rdng chuong trinh giio dye dai hgc cho sinh vidn vi cd gang hg thip hpc phi. Chinh phfl cdn khuydn khieh cac t6 chiic tu nhin tham gia vio hd thdng giio dye
dgi hge. Theo thd'ng ke ciia chfnh phu Tmng Qudc, nim 1998, Tmng Qudc cd khoang 1274 to chiie tu nhin tham gia vio giao due dai hgc, trong dd cd 37 td chuc duge tryc tidp eip bing tdt nghiep, 175 td chiic khic tham gia lien kdt vdi cic trudng cdng lip d^ cip bing vi 1080 td chiic khic dugc true tidp giang dgy vi cho sinh vien thi tuyen d eae ky thi qudc gia. Tmng Qud'c d i dua cic chuong trinh phat trien ky ning phan m^m vao eae trudng dgi hpe, ddng thdi xiy dung mpt he thdng hoc tip dua tren su i p dung cdng nghe cao.
Trong he thdng giio due bic cao, Tmng Qude d i de ra cic bien phip cii cich mgnh me vao cac nim 1995 va 1998. Nam 1995, chinh phu Tmng Qudc ban hanh De an 221 nhim xay dung 100 trudng dgi hpc hang diu dip iing nhu cau eua the ky XXI. De i n nay xem xdt nang cao chit lugng giing diy, nghien ciiu, quin If trong cae tmdng dgi hge, phit trien mpt sd nginh hpc mdi, phit trien he thdng dich vu cdng cdng trong giio due dgi hgc va bac cao hon. Tdng chi phi cho de an niy giai dogn 1 la 18.300 trieu Nhin din te vi giai doan 2 li 18.400 trieu Nhan din te. Vao nim 1998, De i n 985 ra ddi nham phit trien mpt sd trudng dai hpc Idn dang cap qudc te. Muc tieu ciia Di an 985 li trong giai doan I (1999-2003) se phit trien tu 10-12 trudng dai hpc len dang cip qud'c te, vdi khoan dau tu tren 14 ty Nhin din te ; va giai doan 2 se hd trp 39 trudng dgi hgc khac ning cap chit lugng dao tao giang day Idn ding cap qudc te. Giai doan 2 dugc tidn hinh tir nim 2004 den nim 2007. Vao nim 1998, Tmng Qudc cd 1022 trudng dai hge, dio tgo khoing 3.408.760 sinh vidn. Cung tu' nam 1998 trd di, Tmng Qud'c md rdng lien ket dio tgo sinh vien vdi nudc ngoii tii cic khu vue chiu Au, chau My, chiu dgi duong, chiu Phi, chiu A. Cae hiep dinh hgp tic giio due eua Tmng Qudc kf kdt vdi nude ngoai ngiy cang ting len, dien hinh la nim 1997 kf ket vdi Ai Cap va Hungary, nam 1998 ky kdt vdi Belarus, Ukraine, Mongolia, Nim 2000 kf kdt vdi Beiams, nim 2002 kf ket vdi Kyrgyzistan, Diic, nim 2003 kf ket vdi / ^ h , Phip, Uc, New Zealand v.v... Vio nim 2002, Tmng
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Nghien cuu | Research Asia-Pacific Economic Iteview Qud'c cd trdn 2000 tmdng dgi hpe, khoing 1400 td
chiic giio dye b i e cao hon, trdn 600 td chiie giio dye b i e eao giinh ridng eho ngudi ldn. Sd sinh vidn nim 2002 la 11.256.800 ngudi. Vio n i m 2005, Tmng Qudc cd khoing 4000 vidn nghidn cuu. Nim 2008, sd sinh vidn nh$p hgc ting Idn dgt 15 tridu ngudi. Ndu nhu nam 1990, Tmng Qudc chi cd dudi 4% trong tdng sd ngudi dg tudi 18-24 tham gia hpc dgi hpc, thl nam 2005 con sd niy d i li 22%.
An Dp
Nhin thirc dupc tim quan trgng cua giio dye ndi chung ddi vdi chidn luge quy hogch ngudn nhin lyc vi muc tidu ting tmdng vi phit tridn toin didn kinh td xi hpi, An Dd d i sdm tip tmng diy mgnh cii eich giio dye.
Trudc tien, An D^ d i rit thinh cdng trong vide thyc hidn cac chuong trinh giio due co bin, ning tf Id bidt chiJ cua thanh nidn ldn muc 82% vao nim 2007 so vdi miic 61% (1990). Ty Id nhip hpc tidu hpc d d Xn Dd tang tir 80% n i m 1980 Idn 100% nim 1997 va 112%
nam 2007. (3 An Do, tf le nhip hgc tmng hgc co sd ting tu 30% (1980) len 50% (1997) va 55% (2007). Ty le nhgp hgc tmng hoc phd thdng d An Dd ting tu 3%
(1980) len 5% (1997) vi 12% (2007).
Trong linh vuc giao dye dai hpc. An Dd eflng cd nhidu tidn bp; duge dinh gii li nudc cd sy chuyen bie'n mgnh me trong linh vuc giao dye niy. Nim 1947 khi An Dd giinh duoc dgc lip, dat nudc nay cd 19 trudng dgi hgc. Vio nam 1980, sd luong trudng dai hgc d An D6 la 132 va dit nudc niy bit dau i p dung he thd'ng giao due dai hgc 5 nim. Tdc dd ting ty le nhgp hpc cua sinh vien la khoing 7%/nam trong giai doan 1987-1993, sau dd giim con 5,5% nhung nim sau do. Vao nim 2009, An Do cd tren 215 tmdng dgi hgc qudc gia, tren 100 trudng duge coi la trudng dai hgc (Deemed University), 5 vidn nghien ciiu dau nganh va 13 vien nghien ciru quan trpng khac. Nhieu tmdng dai hgc trong sd do cd bg phin nghidn ciiu va phit trien. Ngoai ra. An Do hien nay cdn cd khoang 16.000 tmdng cao ding, 1800 tmdng dai hgc giinh rieng cho phu nu. Nhung vidn nghidn ciru ndi tidng ciia An Dd nhu Vien nghien ciru cdng nghe cd chire ning d i o tao giio due toin cau, thu hut khoang 8000 sinh vien mdi nim, dong gdp rit ldn cho c i c khu vyc tu nhin vi cdng cdng cua An Do. Hien tai. An Do cd 3 trudng dai hgc dugc xdp vao 200 tmdng dgi hpe ldn nhat trdn the gidi, do la Vidn Nghidn ciiu cdng nghd An DO (Indian Institutes of Technology), Vien nghidn ciiu quan If An Dp (Indian Institutes of Management) vi Tmdng dai hpc Jawaharia! Nehm. He thdng giio due dai hoc d An Dp do ca khu vyc nha nudc va tu nhin dam nhan. Vio nim 2001-2002, cd tdi 42% sd tmdng dai hoc d An Dd la do tu nhin quin If, ehidm 37% sd
sinh vidn nh$p hpc cung nim, khoing 3,1 tridu trong tdng sd 8,4 tridu sinh vidn. Hiiu nhu sy gia ting tf Id nh^p hpe dgi hgc efla Xn DO trong thdi gian gin diy la do khu vue tu nhin d i m nhidm. Tham gia vio quin If hd thdng giio dye dgi hgc d Xn Dd bao gdm: +) Uf ban phy trich c i c vin di trg c i p dai hgc (University Grand Commission — UGC); +) Hdi ddng dinh gia va ehflng nh^n qude gia (National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC); +) Uf ban chiing nhin qude gia (National Board of Accreditation — NBA);
Ngiy nay, khi cdng nghd ph^n mdm phit hidn mgnh me d Xn DO, nen NASSCOM cflng dupc chip nh|n nhu mOt td chd'c tham gia vio vin dd quin If giio due dgi hge d Xn Dd. So vdi c i c nude khic trdn thd gidi, Xn DO li nudc ed hd thdng giio dye dgi hpc dupc phit tridn nhanh, manh, dimg thu 3 thd gidi sau Mf vi Tmng Qudc. Chi tidu eho giio due dgi hpc Ii do nhi nudc vi tu nhin cung thyc hidn. Tf Id eiii tidu GNP eho giio dye dgi hgc d Xn Dd la khoing 0,19% trong nim 1950-1951, sau ting ldn khoing 1% GNP trong nim 1980-1981, vao n i m 1999-2000 giim cdn 0,47%
GNP, n i m 2000-2001 la 0,49% GNP, n i m 2001-2002 li 0,39% GNP, nam 2002-2003 la 0,40% GNP vi nim 2003- 2004 la 0,37% GNP. Vao nim 2000-2001, An Dd cd 266 tnrdng dai hgc, trong do cd 245 trudng dai hgc do chinh phu cap tai chinh va 21 trudng dgi hpe do tu nhin cap tai chinh. Vio n i m 2005-2006, Xn Dd ed 348 trudng dgi hpc, trong dd cd 278 trudng do chinh phfl cap tai chinh, 70 trudng do tu nhin cap tai ehinh. Ngin sieh giio due dgi hpc cua chinh phfl dugc tip tmng dau tu cho nhung tmng tim nghien ciru v i dao tao dgi hgc ldn nhu Vidn Y hgc toin An, Vien Khoa hge edng nghd Xn Do tai Bangalore va Vien Ky thuit An Dd (IIT). Chinh nhung tmng tim nghidn ciiu ldn niy da gdp phin tgo d i dua An Dd nhanh chdng kdt ndi vdi nen kinh td tri tnic toin cau. Nhung hirdng hgc thudc Vidn khoa hgc cdng nghd Xn Dd va \^idn ky thuat An Do dugc chinh phu chi dinh nhu Ii mdt bg phin tdi quan trpng cfla dit nudc trong con dudng tidp cin kinh td tri thuc. Cic trudng hpc nay dupc tin hudng tdi da tu do hpc thuit, ty chu trong quan If, dua ra nhflng nganh d i o tgo chit lugng cao vi cd f nghia quan trgng trong cdng nghd, ky thuit, khoa hpc ung dyng, khoa hpc quan If. Vide tuy^n sinh dupe thyc hien rat nghiem ngat dya trdn phim chit vi thanh tich thdng qua mdt ky thi tuyen het sue egnh tranh. Ngiy nay, cic trudng niy thu hut sinh vidn gidi nhat cd quan tim dd'n cdng nghd vi khoa hpc iing dung. Vao nim 2009, An Dp tuyen bd sd tao ra 30 trudng hpe dang eip qudc te, 8 vien khoa hpc cdng nghd mdi, 7 vidn khoa hpe quin If mdi trong vdng 5 nam tdi.
Bai Loan
La mdt vung linh thd it tai nguyen thidn nhidn vi
40
KINH T^ CHAU A - THAI BINH DUONG S6 385 (12/2012)vay ngay tii diu Dii Loan d i coi phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc dya trdn giio dye li ddng luc mgnh nhit dd phit trien. Dii Loan cd mdt tim nhin chien luge toin didn cho sy phit tridn ngudn Iyc con ngudi vi diu tu rit manh eho giio dye d tit c i cic cip. Theo nghidn ciiu ciia TS Phgm Thi Thanh Binh, myc dieh cua chinh sach giio dye d Dii Loan cho ddn thip nidn 1980 chu yeu tip tmng vio vide hogch dinh cae mye tidu phat tri^n kinh td qud'c gia. Cie ke hoaeh phit trien ngudn nhin Iuc duge xiy dyng trong Kd hogeh phit tridn kinh td 5 nim. Bude vao thip nidn 1980, cung vdi sy bien ddi nhanh chdng cfla tinh hinh trong nudc vi qudc td, Dii Loan nhin thiy cin phii tidn hinh cii each giao dye, vi thd d i dd xuit thinh \$.p Nhdm Nghien cflu vd giio dye. Nhung cii cich trong giio due dugc thyc hidn trong vdi myc tieu cao nhit li nd luc dua thanh nidn Dii Loan trd ndn ning dpng vi cd the Itu'ch nghi vdi mdt thd gidi dang bien ddi nhanh, sang tao trong tu duy vi nhin vin trong eich sd'ng.
Dii Locin rit chu trgng dau tu ngin sach cho phat trien giio dye, xem dd nhu la mdt phuang cich huu hieu de khai thic td't kho biu tri thuc ddng thdi nhim xiy dung dugc mdt he thd'ng giio due tien tien vi chat lupng nhit de hoin thinh muc tidu xiy dyng mdt Dai Loan sing tao - Nhin ra thd gidi. Chinh sach giio duc nay cfla Dii Loan dugc the hien d mirc ngin sach c6ng ma chfnh quyen cic cip bit huge phai dinh cho Hnh vyc vin hoa giao dye: 15% d cip tiTjng uong, 25%
6 cap tinh, va 35% d cic c i p dia phuong.
Dai Loan d i ddi mdi he thdng giao dye dd ed thd cung cip cho ndn kinh te nhting nhi ky trl, cac kf su va nha khoa hgc dugc d i o tgo co ban. Dai Loan phat trien cic dich vy tin hge bing viec ap dgt tin hpc hda hoat dgng cua cic co quan nhi nudc, xiy dyng eac to chiic nghidn eflu ding cap thd gidi d^ phit trien cac c6ng nghd tien phong. Vdi tmyen thdng de cao dao hoc, hon 80% hgc sinh Dai Loan theo hpc bic phd thdng trung hpc. Khoing hon 40% hgc sinh tmng hpe tidp tue cac bic dgi hpc, eao ding. Sd con lgi dugc dao tao hudng nghidp. Hien nay Dai Loan cd khoing 120 tnrdng dai hge vi cao ding, bao gdm cic trudng cQng vi hd thdng tmdng tu. Sue manh ciia nen giao due dai hge Dii Loan khdng ehi thd hien d s6 lugng nii d ca chat lugng vi uy tfn d i o tao eua c i c trudng dgi hpc; tinh chuyen nghiep vi chat Iuong efla he flidng cac co sd d i o tgo dgi hpc.
Nhat Ban
La mdt trong nhting nudc di diu trong quy hoach phit tri^n ngudn nhin Iuc va xuat phit tu viec xic
•^inh Nhit Bin Ii mdt qudc gia nghdo vd tii nguyen thien nhien ndn dd phit trien, qude gia niy chi ed the
•fdng chd vio chinh mdi ngudi dan Nhit Ban. Chfnh
phfl nudc nay d i die bidt chfl trgng tdi giao dye - d i o tgo, thyc sy coi diy li qudc sich hing diu:
He thdng giio duc cfla Nhit Bin dugc tiy hoa trong mdt thdi gian dii d i bit diu bdc Id nhung han ehd, vi vay eii cich lai he thdng nay li mdt nhiem vy mdi dupc dat ra. Trudc hdt, cii cich tip tmng hgp nhit hai bic hgc tmng hgc co sd va tmng hgc phd thdng. Chuong trinh niy duge khdi sudng nim 1997, den nim 1998 Luit cii eich tung phan giio due phd thdng d i dugc ban hinh. Tidp tyc coi trpng dao tgo nghd gin lien vdi cii tidn ndi dung; ting cudng lien ket vdi cie doanh nghiep va dia phuang. He thd'ng d i o tao dgi hpc dugc td chue lgi theo hudng cac tmdng dai hgc sd tid'p tuc dugc diu tu vi ciing cd. Muc tieu cfla cic tmdng dugc djnh hinh theo hudng dio tao chuyen siu nhim dao tgo ngudn nhin luc cd chit lupng cao, ning cao nang luc nghien ciru khoa hpc cua cic tmdng. De thyc hien muc tidu dd Nhgt Ban da dieu chinh lai ndi dung dao tao, ke't hpp giua dao tao co bin vi chuyen sau, coi dao tgo chuyen nginh ii khau dot phi trong chien luge lam ehuyen bien ve chit d cic trudng dai hgc. De lua ehgn cac hudng nghien cuu, eac de tai phfl hgp vdi thuc te cung nhu huy dpng tai chinh hd trp cho hoat dong niy viee lien kdt giua nhi trudng vi cic doanh nghiep la hdt sue quan trpng.
Su lien ket gifla dio tgo, nghidn cuu — sin xuat se cho phep giai quydt nhieu van de v^ ky thugt, nhit la cac nganh mui nhon. Cac cdng ty khdng chi la ngudi cung cap tii chinh, thiet bi ... m i cung la ngudi tham gia true tidp vao viee nghien cuu irng dung. Diy la hudng phdi hpp rat phu hpp vdi thuc te vi chic chin se dem lai ke't qua cao ca ve khoa hpc vi kinh te.
Da dang hoi giao duc giio due theo hudng bdi dudng vi phit huy tinh dpc lap, sang tao cua ngudi hpc. Md rpng vi nang cao mang ludi giio dye d nhi trudng vi xa hgi nham mye dich tgo moi trudng vi dieu kien cho con ngudi dugc hudng giio due tir khi tre eho den luc v^ gia. He thp'ng nay khong chi danh cho thanh thie'u nien nhim trang bj cho cich heu biet vi ky ning cin thiet cho cdng viec hoic ddi sd'ng gia dinh hoic ning cao trinh do giao duc phd thong m i vdi ngudi ldn nhim giflp dd, tiep thu nhirng ky nang nghe nghiep vi cai thien hieu biet van hoa chung.
Giio due xa hdi Nhit Ban con quan tim den phy nu' nham tao co hpi cho ho tham gia cac hoat dpng xi hdi. Vi the', td chirc mang ludi giao duc dugc thiet lap rgng khip.
Cii cich hinh chinh vi tai chinh giao duc theo hudng hoan thien td chirc va phin dinh rO rang hon chuc ning, nhiem vu, quy^n han cua cac cip hinh chinh giio dye vi tii chinh cua giao dye. Trudc het phii tip tmng eai tien va hoan thien td chuc bg miy cua bd giio dye va cac co quan tmc thudc. Phin cap
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Asia-Pacitic Economic Review
cho cic dia phuong vi phi t§p tmng hda li hudng dugc uu tien trong cii eieh vi didu chinh giio dye.
Diy cflng l i mOt phin trong chuong trinh eii cich hinh chinh ndi chung m i nhidu thu tudng Nh^t Bin tidn hinh trong thdi gian qua, d^c bidt tfl' nhflng n i m 1990 ddn nay. Cic dja phuong ed quydn ty quydt dinh CO ciu td chiic giio dye cho phu hgp vdi thyc td dja phuong minh, ning cao tinh ty chii vi tinh tfch cyc, sing tgo cua cic trudng trong dd cd vide lya ehpn ban giim hieu. Dd cd ngudn tii ehfnh cho hogt dOng giio dye, ngoii ngin sich do nhi nudc eung cip, cic dja phuong tuy theo khi ning cfla minh cd quydn huy ddng vi quy dinh miic chi tieu cho giio dye. Vdi sy didu chinh niy khdng chi tgo su chu ddng cho dia phuang m i cdn ddng vidn khuyen khich hp trong vi§c tim cic ngudn hd trg cho giio dye.
Ket luan
Tli thyc tidn kinh nghidm cua cic nudc tren diy ed thd thiy ring, viec quy hoach phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc dya vao giao duc cd y nghia het sire quan trgng.
Tren thyc td, quy hogch phat tri^n nhan lyc Viet Nam giai doan 2011-2020 da dugc xic lip ngay tu diu nam 2011. Diy la vin bin hoach dinh quan trgng cd tinh djnh hudng de phat tridn ngudn nhin luc d nudc ta den nim 2020, phuc vy sy nghidp cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda dat nudc. Theo do, phit tridn va ning cao chat lupng ngudn nhan lyc la mgt budc dot phi chid'n luge, yeu to quydt dinh diy manh phat trien khoa hgc cdng nghe, ciu trfle lai ndn kinh td, chuyen ddi md hinh ting trudng, tao loi thd egnh tranh qude td, dua nen kinh td Viet Nam phit trien nhanh va bdn vflng.
De thyc hien duoc muc tidu nay, con dudng m i cic qudc gia di trude cho thay, Viet Nam trudc nhit ein tip tmng tao dot phi vao vide ddi mdi cin bin ndn giao due qud'c din.
Tai lieu tham khao:
PGS.TS. Pham Thi Thanh Binh (2012), Kinh nghidm phat trien giao due Dai Loan, dvhnn.org.vn.
Phung Le Dung - Dp Hoang Diep (2009), Phit tridn ngudn nhin lye dua tren cic chien lupe kinh td, Tgp chi Nghien ciiu Chiu Phi va Trung Ddng, 2/2009,
TS. Pham Viet Dung (2012), Kinh nghidm cua mdt so qud'c gia trong phat trien, quan If vi sir dung ngudn nhin lyc. Tap chi Cgng sin 9/2012.
Yasuhiko INOUE (2012), Kinh nghiem Nhit Bin ve Phat trien ngudn nhan lyc, Tmng tim Ning suit Nhit bin.
Analysis of Budget Expenditure on Education, India, June 2005
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