jjfii pia Iy va Tai nguyen Moi truong Thiia Thicn Hue Hoi Dja ly Vi^l Nam
Tai nguyen sinh khi hau SLVC khoe con ngu'O'i tinh Kon Tum phuc vu quy hoach b6 tri cac khu dan cu' phat trien b§n vOng
Nguyen Khanh Van', Vuong Van Vu' Abstract
Biocliinatic resource for human health in Kon Turn provice
.4s a branch of appticaled cliiiiaiology. research of climatic characteristic, integrated climaiic index, classification and mapping of bioclimate types Kon Tum province showed biocliinatic resources here are ven many positive points.
Radiation, sunshine coiulilion are abundance, it is very good for human health Temperaiure, humlditv.
rain are quite adaptable for human hecdih Specicd plcleau climate, which has large amplitude day-night lemperanire stimulates the cyclic process of metabolism, it is beneficial for human health.
For ihe life of the people, pav alleniion on The hohsuny weather during Ihe day at the end of diy season (May), Thunderstorm, whirwind occur at transitional period iMarch-iWiy) To achieve a optimal .stale of
"thermal comfort" (the body dues not need any adjuslmenis). to combat the hot m laie dry sea.son - early summer (Ma)' and June). Similarly, lo keep the heat against the cold in winter (December and Januaiy)
The study cflhe spatial dislnhulion of hiochmalic resources over ihe len ilory of Kem Tum shows - The climale in IOM- allitiile (less than 200m - IA I hj hioclimatic type) hot climate is quile delrimenial lo Health Many rain in rainv sea.son. dn .sea.son - heal in the day tune, there are 3 diy months, among them 2 drought months.
' - The climate oJ average height (from 200 to 60(}m - INI b-, : llAl h^. llBlb^ andllClb^ bioclimate types). Summer temperatures greatly reduced, diy-hot days much reduced Thunderstoim. whinvmd occur more often Al the height of 500-600m. the people svho are ii ilh heart disease, high blood pressui e can be treated well
- The climate of mountains 600-IOOOin (lllA2l\. lllBlh^ and lllC2b2 biocliinatic types) Cool and fresh climate In compare with the low height, summer m this hight very cool, but rainfall and rainy days are more, in winter temperaiure can be reduce up to 10 °C. the house design should fit against the cold temperature in winter
- The climate of mountains 1000-1500m ilV4ib^ : IV.-Mb^ and IVBibj bioclimatic types) The climate of Ihis highl is cold, but in summer particularly pleasant, similar lo Da Lal. This hight can be resort, ideal
^convalescence. Cold winter, there should be room warm in winter.
1- D ^ T VAN D E
K.on Tum ia mgt trong 5 tinh ciia vimg Tay Nguyen. Nim d phia cue bac viing, linh Kon Tum phia bae vi phia ddng tiip giip vdi cac tinh Quing Nam, Quing Ngai. phia nam tiep giip vdi tinh Gia Lai. phia lay cd dudng bien gidi quoc gia vdi CHDCND Lao vi phia tay nam tiep giip vdi Campuchia. Nhieu nam qua. trong chien luge phit Irien KT-XH vi dim bao an ninh qudc phdng ciia dat nudc, Tiy Nguyen ndi chung va Kon Tum ndi rieng da va dang duge Ding vi Nhi nudc ta quan tam vdi nhirng chinh sach uu tien ricng ve nhieu mat. De phuc vu dn djnh dan cu, phat trien kinh te
' 'en Dia ly, I'l^n KIwa hoc Cong nghe I 'lel Nai
t>!A LY TU'NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI T R U 6 N G
Hgi Dia ly va Tai nguyen Moi Iruong Thiia Thicn Hue H()iDjaly Viu
^^'-
bin virng vimg bien gidi Vict Lio, chimg la can xic dinh ro nhirng lgi the vi khd khan \ c dicu kicniu' nhien, lii nguyen thicn nhicn trong dd cd tai nguyen khi h^u qui trinh phat trien KT-XH ben vimgdi, dja phuang. Bio cio niy trinh biy cic kit qui nghien cuu danh gii lii nguyen khi hgu ihdn^quj niiung die diim khi hiu cu thi nhu bii'c xa, gid, nhiet dp, do im..., cung nhu danh gii ihdng quacjc chi sd SKH long hgp va bin dd phan loai SK.H sue khde con ngudi tinh Kon Tum, ly lc I: lOO.OOO, 2. CO SCf DU" LIEU VA PHU'ONG PHAP NGHIEN CiTU
Dc thuc hien cac ndi dung nghicn ciru ve dae dicm khi hiu, phin loaj, danh gii lii ngu\en SKH ddi vdi sire khdc con ngudi, trong bao cao nay chiing tdi da siJ dungban dd ncn tinh Kon Turn i n y p 1: 100.000, cic sd lieu khi lugng, khi hau eiia cic tram khi tugng Dac Td, Kon Tum, cac so licuinua ciia cic diim do mua Dik Gley, Kon Plong, Dak Ta Re va Sa Thay (bang I).
i'en Irani Die To Kon Turn Dak Gley
Btjiig I Due dictii cac Irani kit't titwi^. ch tmtci Ircn ctia ban linh Knii Turn
Ki[ih do 10V49' 108°01 107°44'
VI do 14°42' 14°30 15°04'
Do cao(m) 620,4 537.6 700
l,oai tram Kill luong Klii tuons:
Do mua Ten tram Kon Plong Rjk To Re Sa Thjy
Ktnh do I0S°12' 108"0S' 107"47'
Vido 14=28' 14°28' I4°25'
Do cao(m) 450
1 oai Iran Uomui Do mua 1 )o mm
Phin Idn sd lieu dugc sir dung de tinh toin thdng kc eic die trung. chi sd khi hiu long hi-<|idcu cd dd dai quan Irac Ircn dudi 25 nim [9], do dd cic die irung thdng ke niy chinh li .so lieu n wii; hinh nhiiu nam. chiing cd do tin cay khi cao, cd the duoc xem nhu li cac chudn khi hgu
Cic phirong phip nghien ciru chinh duoc su dung d day la:
Phuang pluip phdn tich. thdng ki .sd liiu. dugc sir dung dc phan lich tinh ddng nhit, hpii lycita chdi sd lieu, Ihdng ke cic sd lieu ve birc xa, gid, nhict do, luong mua, do am, nhict dp hicu tiung, dg dai miia l^nh, miia khd...
Phirong phdp phdn lich, .so sdnh long hgp- de xic djnh mirc dp thuin lgi cua khi' hiu, thai tict Kon Tum vdi sire khde con ngudi, de tai da ticn hanh phan tich, so sanh vi danh gii ve muc do thich nghi, thuan Igi cua cic dac trung khi hiu, cac die trung khi hiu tdng hgp Kon Turn vdi cac chi tieu t!adili?o nghien ciru ve ngudng sinh ly cam thu ciia con ngudi, so sinh vdi cic chi sd SKI I tdng hgp sire khoe con ngudi
Phu-ang phdp bdn do va hi thdng iin dia ly. cho phep nghicn ciru, xiy dung bin dd phin hoa khdng gi3n eLi3 cic dac trung SKH thinh phan nhu nen nhict. am; phin hda khdng gian ciia cac yeul^
han che (miia khd, mita lanh), chdng xep cac bin dd thinh phin de xay dung bin dd phin loai la nguyen SKH sire khde con ngudi tinh Kon Tum.
3. KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN
3.1. Danh gia tai nguyen khi hau qua nhung dac tru-ng khi hau ricng
Khi hiu Kon Tum dugc hinh thanh dudi tic dgng cua che do birc xa mat trdi viing nhicl ddi, dieu kien hoin luu khi quyen nhiet ddi gid miia (NDGM) va diiu ki?n dja hinh nui va cao nguyen, kh' hiu noi diy mang sic thai NDGM eao nguyen • mgt trong nhirng kiiu khi hau NDGM khi dac sac^
nudc t3.
Hdi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn ihir 6. Thdnh pho Hue. 9/20n
a !>• va Tai nguySn Mdi trudng Thii'a Thien Hue Hoi Dja Iy Viyt Nam
I Kit qua nghien cuu phan viing khi h|u cCia Phan Ngpc Dang [1], Tran Viet Lien [3], Nguyin bj^Ngir, Nguyen Trgng Hieu [4] cho thay khi hiu Kon Tum phin hda Iim h3i mii3 rd ret: mu3 mu3
^rnua'^f'O- Mii3mua la miia he (cac thing 5-10)ed khf hiu am ap, hai ndng ve ban ngiy, miia khd la ijjja ddng (cic thing 11-4 nam sau) khi hau mat vi bai lanh. Li vimg mii va cao nguyen nen khi hau d jton Turn cdn phan hda theo dai cao rd net. Vimg Kon Tum it chju anh hudng ciia bao, ATND, trong j ^ ddng cd khi nhieu suong mil, nhung khong cd suong mudi ho^c suong gia.
3,1.1- Tai nguyen buc xsi va n^ng
Chi dg bdc xg: Qua bang 2 chiing ta thay birc xa tdng cdng phan bd khdng deu trong nam (bing 2]i miia khd (cic thing 1-4 hoac 5) birc xa tdng cdng ciia cac thing ddu cao hon ban thdi ky miia mua.
Bftc X? cao nhit li cudi miia khd - thing 3, dst 19,7 kcal/cmlthing (chiim 11,7% tdng birc xa nam).
'Thing 8 - giii'a miia mua lugng buc xa chi cdn la 9,1 kcal/em^ (chi chiem 5,4% tdng buc xa nam).
Nhin chung, buc xa thing cao nhat gap hon 2 lan buc xa thing thap nhat.
' Bdng 2. Birc xg long cgng vd tdng sd gia ndng Irung binh thdng va ndm a Kon Tum : Y^u t5
Biic xs(kcal/cm^)
^ gio nang 1 15 5 278.4
2 16.6 258.5
3 19.7 265.6
4 14.8 232.3
5 16.4 193.1
6 II.7 149.7
7 12.3 130.9
8 9.1 139.2
9 11.6 119.6
10 12.3 171.5
11 14.2 208.1
12 144 227.2
Nam ] 168 6 2374.01 Lugng mdy: 0 Kon Tum rat it may, trung binh nim ehi khoing 6/10 bau trdi. Trong miia mua, trffi nhieu may hon, C30 nhat li cac thing giira miia mua (thing 7 - 9).
Can Cli: vio sd lieu ve che do buc xa, miy vi nang tren, cd the thay Kon Tum la khu vuc cd che d? birc xa ddi dio, nhieu nang. So sanh vdi Phan loai khi hiu tdi - xau ddi vdi sire khde con ngudi (bing 3), chiing ta thay yeu td buc xa va ning d Kon Tum thudc loai rdt lot ddi vdi sire khde con ngirdi.
Bdng 3. Phdn loai khi hgu tdt- xau ddi vdi site khoe f2 ] Mirc do danh gi^
Rat xau Binh thirong
Tot Rat tot
So thang CO nhi?t 46 >27°C
5 4-5 2-3 0
So thang co da Im >90°C
4 3 2 0
So gid nang toan nam
1000 1200 1200 1500
S6 ng^y troi day may
100 80 80 50
Toe do gio trung binh m/s
1 1-1.5
1.5 2-3 So gid ndng: Kon Tum cd tdng sd gid ning nam khi cao, dat 2374 gid/nam (bang 2). Cic thing miia khd cd tong sd gid nang cao, tren 200 gid ning mdi thing.
'•L2. Tai nguyen gio
Hudng gio vd ldn sudt gid theo cdc hudng: Che do gid d Kon Turn th3y ddi rd theo miia, Trong
"ifia mua, gid cd thinh phin hudng Tay la chu yiu, miia khd gid cd thinh phan hudng Ddng va Ddng Bac la chinh. Die bi?t nua li d Kon Tum tin suit ling gid (fo) cua cic thing trong nam rat cao, fo min ''28,1%, trong thing 12, fo max = 51,9-53,2% trong cac thing 6-9.
Toe dg gio trung binh vd tdi cao tuyet ddi: C) Kon Tum tdc do gid trung binh nam khdng cao,
^10,8-I,4m/s (bing 4). Tuy nhien, miia ddng tde dg gid C30 hon so vdi miis he. Toe dg gid msnh nhat ''Kon Tum da quan trie dugc cd thi len den 20 m/s (vao cie ngiy 7/4/1985 vi 2/4/1984).
flA LY T^ NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRLTdNG
Hoi Dia ly va TSi nguygn IM6i trirfrng Thifa Thien Hue m'< B|a lyj'itfi Bdng 4. Tdc do gio [rung binh thdng vd nam a Kon Turn (mJs)
Niml Kon Tum 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.3 1,0 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.1 2.0 2.3 U i So vai cac chi tieu phSn loai khi hau a bang 3, chi ticu ve toe dp gio doi vai sire khoe con nguoi a Kon Tum thuoc Ioai binh thuang, rieng trong mua mira van toe gio CO hai thap so vai c§n Ihiet ije luu thong khong khi, trao doi nang lugng giiJa eae khu virc.
3.1.3. Tai nguyen nhict
^hict do khong khi tnmg binh thdng vd ndtn: Diem noi bat eiia che do nhiet a cua Kon Tum 14 sir ha thap cua nkn nhiet dQ do dp cao dja hinh. CJ dia hinh eao nguyen, dp eao pho bien 500-700m, nhiet dp trung binh a Kon Tum la khoang 22,3-23,4°C (bang 5). Thai ky co nhiet dp trung binh thSno cao nhat trpng nam - dat 24,4-24,5°C a Dak To va 25,4-25,7°C a Kan Tum la cu6i miia kho - ddu miia mua, cac thang 4-5 Thai ky eo nhiet dp thang thip nhit trong nam - dgt 18,2-19,0°C a DakTSvi 20,5°C 6 Kon Tum la cac thang 12-i.
Bdng 5. Nhiet do khong khi trung binh thdng vd ndm (X^) 1 Tram
Dac T6 1 Kon Tum
1 18.2 20.5
2 21.7 22.3
3 23 3
4 24.4 24.5 1 25 7
5 24.5 25.4
6 23.5 24.7
7 23.-5 24.2
8 23.1 24,0
9 23.2 23.7
10 22.3 23.2
»
21.3 21.9
12 19.0 20.5
Nim 22,3 23.4 C) nhirng khu vuc mil eao 800-lOOOm, nhiet do trung binh nam thudng li 20-21°C, d viing nui 1400-1500m, nhiet dd cd thi xudng thip dudi IS^C, d viing thip dudi 200m (khu vuc thung tung ven cic sdng Nam S3 Thiy va Xe San), nhiet dg cd the len den tren 24°C. Vdi nin khi hau cao nguyen, nhin chung thdi ky ed nhiet do trung binh thing ndng tren 25°C d kha ngin, chi khoing 2 thing.
Nhiil do khdng khi toi cao Irung binh ndm a Kon Tum dat khoang 29,3-29,5°C, thdi ky cuoi miia khd (eic thing tir 2 den 5) nhiet dd tdi cao trung binh thing dat 30,2-33,2°C. Cic thing giua dong - dat 26,7 va 27,2°C.
Nhiet do khdng khi toi ihdp trung binh nam a Kon Tum la vao khoang I7,4-I9,3°C. Thdikyco nhiet dg tdi thap trung binh thing thap nhit la thing I, dgt 10,4-14,6°C. Thdi ky cd nhiet do til thSp^
trung binh cao nhit li thing 6, dat khoang 2 i ,9-22,6°C.
Cdc gid tri nhiet do tdi cao vd ldi thdp tuyel ddi: Tit ca cae thing trong nam diu da tirng ^^
nhdng ngay nang ndng, nhiet do len den 32-33°C. Tuy nhien, nhiet do khdng khi tdi cao tuyet doi ^^
gapla37,9°CdDikTdvaongay 14/4/1983 v i a Kon T u m - 10/4/1983. Cac thing II den 3 nam sau, thing nao cung da gap nhung dem cd nhiet dg khdng khi xuong thip dudi 9°C. Nhiet do khdng khi toi thap tuyet ddi d Dik Td la 3,4°C (ngiy 24/1/1983) va d Kon Tum la 5,9°C (ngay 25/I/I983).
Biin do nhiit ndm d Kon Tum khdng cao, chenh lech nhiet do giita thing ndng nhit va thang lanh nhat ehi khoing 5,2°C. Tuy nhien, bien dg nhiel ngdy dim lal rat Ion (thuge vao loai Ion nhat nudc ta) va ldn nhit la trong miia khd. Cu thi, bien do nht€t ngay ldn nhit d Dik To la trong cac thang 2-3, dat 18,I°C va dKon Tum dat I3,8-!3,9°C.
Hgi nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn lhu 6; Thanh phd Hue. 9/2012
%Mgia Ij va Tai nguyen Moi truo-ng Thua Thi£n Hug Hgi Dja ly Vicl Nam J 6. Chi liiu khi hdu sinh hgc ddi vdi eon ngirdi [7]
Wi
\
2 3 4 5
Y nghia Thich nghi lOia thich nghi
Nong Rat nong IChong thich nghi
Nhiet do trung binh nam (°C)
1 8 - 2 4 2 4 - 2 7 2 7 - 2 9 2 9 - 3 2
> 3 2
Nhiet do trung binh thang nong nhat (°C)
2 4 - 2 7 2 7 - 2 9 2 9 - 3 2 3 2 - 3 5
> 3 5
Bien do nhiet do nam CC)
< 6 6 - 8 8 - 1 4 1 4 - 1 9
> 19
Lugng mua nam (mm) 1250-1900 1900-2550
>2550
< 1250 1
< 6 5 0 [ So sanh nhiet do trung binh nam vi nhiet do trung binh thing ndng nhit d dia ban tinh Kon Tum vdi cac chi tieu d bing 7, ta thiy nhirng gia tri nhiet do nay deu thudc loai ihich nghi. Bien do nhi^nim d Kon Tum, h3y ndi each khic li sg chenh lech nhiet dg giira thing ndng nhit vi thing Isnh nhit dday vio khoing 5,2-6,3 °C, ihugc loai thich nghi den khd thich nghi.
3.1.4. Tai nguyen mua am
Tong lugng mua, mita mua vd phdn bo khdng gian: Nam d sudn lay ciia Nam Trudng San, cao nguyen Kom Tum - Play Ku cd che do mua cita viing NDGM cao nguyen, cd sg tuang phin ro ret (^ng 8): miia mua triing vdi miia hoat ddng ciia gid miia Tiy Nam, keo dai 6 thing (la cac thing 5- 10), miia khd la thdi ky hoat ddng ciia gid miia Ddng Bac, keo dai 6 thing (lir thing 11,12 nam trudc
\ den thing 4 ciia nam sau).
Bdng 7. Tong lircmg mua Irung binh thdng vd ndm a Kon Tum (mm)
Trgm p i gley
BikTo KonTum KonPlong SikTo Re SaThiy
1 4.8 5.5 0,9 0.1 10 3.3
2 8.1 10.8 9.4 I.I 0.9 9.1
3 64.9 32.0 27,6 34.1 25.3 38.8
4 100.0 105.8 91.8 60.3 69,9 114 1
5 2 1 6 7 162.2 211.8 212.8 146.7 197.6
6 190.1 494.6 259.0 173.2 167.9 251.7
7 245.3 2822 293.3 290.1 218.0 320.7
8 274.5 537.3 325.0 396.7 265.4 362.2
9 301.2 249.2 295.0 290.7 184.2 265 5
10 208.4 216.9 177.4 204 3 144.4 166,7
11 92.6 70.4 61.9 94.0 59,9 61,2
12 13.8 5.2 9.2 15.6 8.3 4.1
Nam 1 1720.4 2172.1 1762.3 1772.9 1291.8 1 1795.1 1 Thugc vao loai mua trung binh d Tay Nguyen, tdng Iugng mua nam d Kon Tum dao ddng trong Knoang 1300-2200mm. Vc phan bo khdng gian, lugng mua nam d day phd bien la 1700-2000mm, viing nili eao phia bic, phia ddng cung nhu viing thip d phia tiy nam tinh (huyen Sa Thiy) ed lugng mua nam cao hon nhCrng nai khac - tren 2000mm/nam, khu vuc viing thap Dik To Re cd Iugng mua nSm thip nhit - dudi 1500mm/nam.
So n^dy mira: Hang nam d Kon Tum trung binh cd khoang 140-150 ngay mua, nhung khu vuc vung niii sd ng^y mua cd the cao hon. Trong miia mua thing nio cung cd tir 13-14 den 26 ngay mua.
Cac thing miia khd hau nhu chi cd mgt vai ngay mua/thang.
Trong miia mua, lugng mua ngdy cue dgi co thi Icn den 100-130 mm/ngay. Cabi?td Kon Tum
^agiip mua 155mm/ngay (ngiy 2I/6/I979), va d Dik Td - 141mm (ngay 13/7/1982). Miia khd tuy rat ptmira nhung cung da gap mua 45-50mra/ngiy.
Do dm khong khi vd hoc hai
filA LY TU' NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRU'ONG
Hoi Dia ty va Tai nguyen Moi t r u o n g Thiia Thicn Hue Hpi Dia liyVj^inj
Do dm khdng khi tuang ddi trung binh ndm d Kon Tum li 78-80% - thudc vao ioai thip 6 Via Nam (thi hien kiiu khi hiu khi khd). Miia mua, do im eao han, dat 80-90%, miia khd do am thap huj
dingke, chi khoang 70-67%. ^^
Tram Dak To Kon Tum
1 73 71
Bdng 8. Do dm khong khi trung binh 2
70 68
3 69 67
4 77 72
5 81 79 J
6 88 85
7 88 87
liidng 8 90
vd ndm (%) 9 84 88 87
10 84 82
11 79 78
12 76 74
Nim SO 78 Do dm tdi thdp trung binh a Kon Tum li 60-72% trong miia mua vi chi dat 33-53% trong miiaj khd, Tuy nhien, giira miia mua ciing cd thi gap nhung ngiy khd, lite nay ild dm lot thdp luvei dij xuong ldi 47-48%. Trong miia khd do im tdi thip tuyet ddi cdn ha thap ban nua, chi ircn dirdi 10- 20%. Die biet, gii tri thip nhit da gap li 17% d Kon Tum (ngay 30/3/1977 vi 22/12/1997); ho|c7%
dDikTd(ngiy 58/4/1983).
So sinh tong lugng mua d Kon Tum (bang 8) vdi cic chi tieu SKH ve lugng mua (lai bang?), chimg ta thiy tong luong mua nim d Kon Tum dugc xep hang tir thich nghi den khd thich nghi doi voi sire khde con ngudi.
Dd dm khdng khi- Can cu vio phin loai thdi tiet cua VTi Tu Lip (bang 10), ddi chieu vdi sir phin hda cua dg am khdng khi luong ddi trong nam (bang 9), ta ihiy khi hau d Kon Tum ihugc loai tir kho cho ddn dm - do am cic thing chii yeu la 70-90%, tiiy lung thdi ky. Nhin chung. khi hau Kon Tum theo do im thugc loai tir hai kho den hai dm.
Bdng 9. Phdn loai kieu thai liii theo dg dm f5]
Dd am
3.2. Danh gia tai nguyen SKH bang nhirng chi tieu SKH tong hgp ^
Anh hudng ciia khi hau, thdi tiet len co the con ngudi thdng qua cic co quan cim lhu la anh hudng tdng hgp. Neu nhu anh hudng ciia cic yeu td, die trung khi hiu da xet d phan tren cho chiingta nhiing nhan xet so bd ve die diem tai nguyen SKH con ngudi cua mdt nai nio dd, thi su dung cac phuang trinh ihuc nghiem, cic chi sd thuc nghiem ngudi ta cd the dinh gii anh hudng tdng h0pcua khi hau thdi tiel ddi vdi con ngudi. Cu the cd the danh gii qua eie chi sd, chi tieu SKH tdng hgp sau:
3.2.1. Nhiet do hieu dung(x)
Dugc diing de dinh gii dieu kien SKH siic khde con ngudi trong cic boat ddng du lich, nghi ngai, duong benh. Chi sd nay phan inh inh hudng tdng hgp cac yeu td nhiet do, do am, toe do gio lei cic CO quan cim thu ve nhiet cita con ngudi.
Bdng JO. Nhiil do hieu dung trung binh thdng vd ndm (°C) [3]
KonTum | igp | 20.6 | 22.5 | 23.7 | 23.9 | 23.7 | 23.5 | 23.3 | 23,0 | 22,3 | 20.8 | 19.3 \__}2^
So sanh vdi nhii'ng ngudng cam ung nhiet ciia co the, dua tren thuc nghiem [2].
Gidi han cam giic lanh: x = 17°C Gidi han cim giic ndng: T = 30°C
Hot nghi Khoa hoc Dia ly Todn quoc ldn thir 6, Thdnh pho Hue. 9/201'
: ^
|a ly va Tii nguyen Moi trufrng Thira Thien Hue H^i Dja ly Vift Nam Vung nhiet dd de chiu: T = 20-25°C Cim giic nggt ngat: T = 3 3 ° C Ta thiy nhiet dg x d Kon Tum thudc ngudng lanh trong khoang thdi gian cae thing I2-I nam sau, t nim trong viing nhiet dd dl chju suit tu thing 2 den thing 11.3,2<2. l)>iu l^f" *'^i "ghi nhif t
Hd trg cho qui trinh trao ddi nhiet ciia ca thi, dam bao can bing d trang thai tdt nhat ngoai bien rfiip tang kha nang giu - thai nhiet bing cic Idp quin io, con ngudi cdn cd thi tac ddng qua bien phap ki^n true nha, sir dung ky thu^t Iam thay ddi nhiet dd hoac tdc do ehuyen ddng eiia ldp khdng khi trong aha d, cdng xudng, cac cdng trinh cdng cgng.
"Dieu kiin lien nghi nhiit" li nhirng dieu kien ciia mdi trudng (iing vdi trang trang thii cin bing, ddi hdi sir dieu tiet it nhit eiia co the) ma con ngudi thudng cim thay thoii mai nhit. Tir dd ngirdi ta thudng tinh toan nhi?t dp can thiet tang hoac giam de dim bio dieu kiendd.
Bdng 11. Nhiet do edn thiit tang (+) hogc gidm (-) de ddm bdo "tiin nghi nhiit "(X^)[3f Tram
Kon Tum 1 1 5
2 -1.9
3
•6.0 4
•8 6 5
•8.5 6
•7.9 7 -7.4
8 -7.1
9 -6.3
10 -5 0
11 -2.1
12 j
0.9 1 C Kon Tum cac thing 12-1 la khoang thdi gian ein thiet phai ed su tang nhiet - tuy khdng nhiSu, de duy tri trang thii "tien nghi nhiet". Ngugc lai cac thing 2-11 can giim nhiet, dac biet la tfiing 4 vi 5, cin giim nhieu: xudng khoing 8,6 - 8,5°C d Kon Tum.
Tucmg ty vdi khi nang lam tang va giim nhiet do mdi trudng, chung ta cdn cd the lang hoac giam tdc dd chuydn ddng cua Idp khdng khi xung quanh.
Bdng 12. Dg lech giira Vgld tu nhien vd Vgid edn thiit di dam bdo "lien nghi nhiit "(m/s)[3]
Trgm Kon Tum
;
1.8 2 1.5
3 0.8
4 1 J 0.5 1 0.4
6 0.5
7 0.5
8 0.6
9 0.7
10 1.2
11 1.6
12 1 2.1 1 Dg chSnh lech giira van toe gid tu nhien va van tdc gid can thiet cao nhat la eae thing 12-1 nam sau, day la thdi ky nhieu gid d Kon Tum, vi de co the cd the duy tri trang thii tien nghi nhiet ngudi ta cin giim bdt toe do gid tu nhien.
Nhin chung, ddi vdi "didu kien tien nghi nhi^t", di dim bao trang thii cin bing, ca thi con ngudi It phii didu tiet, viec xay dung nha d, eac edng trinh cdng cdng, din sinh d tinh Kon Tum chung tacan tang cudng cac thidt bj hoac cau true nha di chdng ndng trong hai thing 5 vi 6 vi giU nhi?t do gid m^nh trong cac thing 12-1 ciia nam sau.
3.3. Phan loai SKH sire khoe con ngirdi tinh Kon Turn phuc vu quy hoach cac khu dan cir PTBV
TiJ xa xua eon ngudi da biit Igi diing cie yeu td thdi tiit, khi hau eii thi?n dieu ki?n sdng hang ngay, quy ho^ch bd tri cae khu din cu, thiit ki nhi d, chira mdt so benh dua tren viee sii dung cac lo^i SKH khac nhau. Phuc vy cho myc tieu td chuc ddi sdng dan cu, PTBV vung bien gidi Vi?t Lao, xay dung djnh hudng bd tri cic khu din cu, bin dd phan Ioai SKH siic khde con ngudi ty le 1:
100.000, tinh Kon Tum da dugc xiy dung.
^lA LY TU' NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRlTdNG
H$i Dja ly vi Tii nguyen Mdi truing Thua Thien Hui Hgi Pja ly VjelN.,,,,
3.3.1. He thong chi tieu phan ioai sinh khi hau sue khoe con ngiroi ^ SKH ngudi nghien ciiu anh hudng cua eic yeu td khi hau, thdi tiet Ien ca the con ngudi (cijy;
CO quan cam thy, siic khde con ngudi) trong cac hoat ddng din sinh, kinh te, du Ijeh... Ban dd phj^
loai sinh khi hau con ngudi phin inh sy phin hda cua dieu kien khi h§u thdi tiet (dugc phin chiavg danh gia theo nhii'ng loai SKH) cd lac ddng tdt xau, thuin lgi, khdng thuan lgi ddi vdi sire khde con ngudi. He thdng ehi tieu phan Io?i SKH con ngudi bao gdm mgt sd die trung khi h^u chinh sau:
3.3.2. Chi ticu nhiet do
Nin nhiet eia lanh thd dugc dugc phin chia theo cac dai nhi?t do trung binh nam /. Khi hgu ndng; II. Khi hdu hai ndngjll. Khi hdu mdi; IV. Khi hdu hai Uinh; V Khi hdu lanh va tuong duang vii nhirng do cao dja hinh nhu trong bang 2.
Vdi die diem khi hau ciia viing niii va cao nguyen, cd nhiet dg giim theo dp cao dia hinh, 6 vimg nui, trong nam cd thi xuit hien mpt sd thing lanh (thing cd T^^,;,,^ < 18°C). Day la yiu id SKH cd nhiJng anh hudng nhit djnh den sire khde, ddi sdng ngudi dan, chinh vi thd chiing tdi chpn them chi lieu dgdai miia lanh de phan loai SKH (bang 2). Cu the la: 7, Khdng ed miia lanh: khdng cd thang nao '^ihSnK ^ 1^°C, cd d < 600m. 2 Mita lanh rdi ngdn: I thing lanh (600m din 950-lOOOm). 3. Miia lanh Hgd«: 2-3 thing lanh (950-1000 din 1400-1500m). vi-/. Miia lanh Irung binh: > 4 thing lanh (>14O0- 1500m). Tir 1500m va cao hem nira do dii miia lanh ngiy cing tang, tuy nhicn day thyc su la iihmig viing nili eao it sd lieu quan trie vi rat it ngudi d.
3.3.3. Chi tieu Iugng mua
Tren ca sd su phan hda cua lugng mua tren lanh thd Kon Tum, ket hgp vdi cic ket qui nghien cuu ve vai trd eiia che do mua im ddi vdi con ngudi [3, 6], dua tren ket qui nghien ciiu, xay dyng ban dd SKH sue khde con ngudi dugc thuc hien t^i mdt sd vimg Iinh thd khic d Viet Nam [7, 8], chi tieu tdng lugng mua nam d Kon Tum dugc chia ra cac ngudng sau: A. Mua nhiiu: R^^t 2000 mm, kha thich nghi ddi vdi siic khde eon ngudi. B. Mua vira: 1500<7?^ <2000mm, thudc loai thich nghi, khfing qua khd va ndng. C, // mita : R^ < 1500 mm, kem thich nghi do it mua, khi ndng.
Can Cli vao thuc trang tdn tai mgt miia khd thieu nude cho sinh hoat va ddi sdng cua ngudi dan d Tiy Nguyen ndi chung va d Kon Tum ndi rieng, chimg tdi sir dung them chi ticu dgc diim mita kho: so thing khd (r,^j„g <50mm/thing), sd thing han (/•,^o„g <25mm/thang) va so thing kiet (r,^^^=:5mm/thang) de phan chia muc dg khd ban ctia lanh thd. 0 Kon Turn hiu het eic noi deu cd miia khd thude cap b: ci 3-4 thing khd (trong dd ddng thdi eung li 3 thing ban). Va niu tinh chit khd han thi hi§n ro han, vi du nhu trong miia khd do cd 1 thing kiet thi se duge ky hieu li i , , niu cd 2 thing kiet - b^.
Tdng hgp lai h^ thdng chi tieu ciia bin do phan lo^i SKH siic khde con ngudi tinh Kon Turn, tj le 1:100.000 dugc trinh bay tren bang 2. Tren bin do phan loai SKH sure khde con ngudi tinh Koi Tum (Bin dd 1) cd 13 loai SKH sau:
Hgi nghi Khoa hgc Dia ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thdnh phd Hui, 9/201
jj pja ly v i T i i nguySn Moi truirng Thira Thien Hui Hgi Dja ly Vict Nam
Being 13. Hi thdng chi tiiu phdn logi SKH sire
jmg binh nam
1, Kbi b}u nong 2',>24"C(<2O0m) jfKHh0in6ng
^<T„<22-C QfOk 550-600 m) EKhIhSumat22°C<
H a O ' C (550-600m Iin950-I000m IV. Hoi lanh 20"C<7'„<l8''C(95O^
mOOmilSn 1400m, V. Khi h$u lanh r , < l 8 ' C (>l400m)
Tong lirong mira nam
^ \ M i i a khO Mua l a n n \ ^ 1 Khong CO miia lanh 1. Khong CO miia l^nh 2. Miia lanh r^r ngin
3. Miia lanh ngan
2. Miia lanh trung binh
kllde con nglrdt A: Mua nhieu R,j >2000mm b,. Miia kho TB, han
2: IIAlb,
6 IllA2b, (V
10 IVAlb, (1)
13. VA4h,
m
bj. Miia kho TB, rSt han
hlAlb-, (1) 3:IIAlb2
(1) 7- lllA2b-,
(4)
11 lVA3b-,
inh Kon Tum. ty ic I:
B: Mira vira l 5 0 0 < / i , . <2000mm 6 ; . Miia kho TB, rat
han
4 llBlb-, (2) S.IllB2b-,
(2)
12. lVB3b, (1)
100.000 C: it mua R,j <l 500mm
62. Miia kho TB, rat han
5 llClb^
9-lllC2b, (0
Ghi chd. Cdc so l:; 2:, .. 13 Id so thu lu cdc logi SKH, So (4). (9) Id so ldn ldp lat ciia cdc logi SKH 1. IAI 6 j : Lo^i SKH NDGM cao nguyfin kht hiu ndng, mua nhiiu, khdng c6 mita lanh, mita kho trung binh (3
thing), trong miia kho co tdi 2 thing kiet, chi cd d thung lung ven sdng Nam Sa Thay (dudi 200m).
2. IIAl 6,: Loai SKH hcri ndng, mua nhiiu, khdng cd thdi ky lanh, miia khd trung binh, trong mua kho co 1 ihfing kiet Phan bd d nhCrng vimg thap thupc huyen Kon Plong, giip vdi Quang Ngai (d do cao dia hinh khoang 200 - 600m).
3. IIAl 63: Logi SKH hcri ndng, mua nhiiu, khdng cd miia lanh, miia kho trung binh, trong miia kho co tdi 2 ihaug kiet G3p 1 lin d vimg thip cua huyfin Sa Thay (6 200- 600m),
4. IIBI Aj: Loai SKH hai ndng, mua vira, khdng cd mua lanh, miia kho trung binh, trong miia khd c6 2 thing ki?t. L$p lai 2 lin d phia tay cua tinh (tiip giap vdi Lao) v i phia nam (tiep giip vdi Gia Lai) (d khoang 200- 600m).
5- IICI Aj: Lojii SKH hui nong, it mua, khdng cd mita Ianh, tuiia khd trung binh, trong miia kho cd 2 thing kiSl, Cd 6 vung thap < 600m, thuoc nhanh sdng Dak Bia, huyen Kon Ray.
6. IIIA26|: Loai SKH mit, mua nhiiu, thdi ky lanh rit ngin: 1 thing, miia kho trung binh, trong miia khd co 1 thing kiet. Loai nay phin bd d Dak Td, vting nui phia Bic (giip Quing Nam), vimg niti phia Dong (giap Quang Ngai), nh&ng nci c6 do cao 16 600-1 OOOm.
BJA LV TU NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI T R U ' O N G
H Q i P j a l ^ v a Tai nguyen MSi trufrng Thira Thien H u i Hoi Dia l ^ i
DAN fld PIIAN LOAI SINH Kill llA<. SVC KllOH TON NOiroi TJMI KON H M , TY I.ft 1^1(10 000
7. IIIA2 ^ 2 : Loai SKH mit, mua nhiiu, trong nim m i a lanh rat ngin, khoing 1 thing, miia khd tmng binh, tnaj miia khd cd tdi 2 thang ki?t. Logi SKH niy phin bo d cac khu vyc cua huyen Sa Thay, nhung ndi ci dg cac 600-1000m.
8. IIIB262: LoEii SKH mat, mua vira, mua Ianh rit ngin - 1 thing, miia kho trung binh, trong miia khoc62 thing ki^t. Loai SKH niy lap Iai 2 lin, d khu vyc Irung tim v i phia nam tinh, nhung noi cd dp cao dia hinh khoing 600-lOOOm,
9,11102 Aj: Loai SKH mat, it mua, miia lanh rit ngin: 2-3 thing, miia khd trung binh, trong mua khd c6 2 thing kiat, Loai SKH nay chi cd d khu vuc phia tren cua cic nhanh sdng Dak Bia nhu Dak Akoi va Dak P«"
(huyen Kon Riy), cd dd cao 600-lOOOm.
9/2on Hgi nghf Khoa hgc Dfa ly Todn quoc ldn lhu 6; Thdnh pho Hue.
^^iPja ly v^ T^' nguyen Moi triro-ng Thira Thicn Hue Hgi Dja ly Vict Nam
10. IVA3 by: Loai SKH hui lanh, mua nhiiu, thdi ky lanh ngin: 2-3 thing, miia khd Uung binh, trong mua kho c6 I thing kiel. Loai SKH niy bao gdm toan bd vimg nui Bic vi Ddng Bic tinh Kon Tum, 6 dd cao khoang 1000-1400m.
11. IVA3 63: Loai SKH hai lanh, mua nhiiu. miia lanh trong nam ngin khoang 2-3 ihang, miia khd trung binh, trong miia khd cd tdi 2 thang kiet. Phan bi a cac dai tren cua Ioai IIIAl 6^, cd d huyen Sa Thiy, nhu-ng nai khoang 1000-I400m
12. IVB3 62 : Loai SKH hai lanh, mua vua, mia lanh ngin : 2-3 thang, rniia kho trung binh, trong miia kho cd 2 thing kiel. Phan bd tren cic khdi nui sdt, cao 1000-1400mm thudc huyen Kon Riy.
13. VA3 6,: Loai SKH lanh, mua nhiiu, miia lanh trung binh > 4 ihang, miia kho Uung binh, trong miia kho cd ' thang kiet. Loai SKH niy c6 d nhirng dinh nui cao tren 1400-1500m ciia khdi Nam Trudng Son (trong dd ct Ngoc Linh),
K£T LUAN
Ve danh gia tai nguyen SKH thdng qua eic die trung va cac chi sd tdng hgp:
0 Kon Tum birc xa, sd gid nang ddi dao, rit tdt cho sire khde con ngudi. Gid cd anh hudng binh thudng ddi vdi con ngudi. Nhi?t dp, do am, mua nam trong ngudng tir thich nghi din khi thich nghi dii vdi sire khoe con ngudi. Die biet khi hau cao nguyen cd bien do nhiet ngiy dem ldn kich thich cic qua trinh tuan hoin trao ddi chat, rat cd lgi cho sire khde con ngudi.
Ddi vdi ddi sdng ngudi din can luu y: Thdi tiet ning ndng vio ban ngiy trong giai doan cudi miia khd, dau mua he: thing 5, thing 6. Ddng ldc thudng xay ra vao luc giad miia (thing 3,4 vi thing 5). De dat dugc trting thai "'lien nghi nhiet" tdi uu (co the khdng cin bit cir su dieu chinh nio), car;
chong nong trong cic thing cudi miia khd - diu he thing 5 va 6. Tuong ty, cin giir nhiet di khdng bi l?nh trong cic thing giira ddng - thing 12 va thing I cua nim sau.
Ve phan hda khdng gian cua tai nguyen SKH tren lanh thd Kon Turn:-
Xet vi tdng the, khi hgu cao nguyen nhu d khu vyc tinh Kon Tum cd dac diim ndi bit li nen nhi^t do ha thap do anh hudng ciia dp cao dja hinh, dao ddng nhiet do Idn han, ddng thdi dp im eung giam mdt each tucmg ddi, dp thoing gid Idn, lugng may giim, khi quyen trong, Chinh tir dd dieu kien buc xa ed su thay ddi, tang ve thanh phan buc x^ sdng ngan, sieu tim, ed lgi eho cic qui trinh sdng Ham Iugng idn nhe va am trpi len so vdi cac vimg thap hon. Khi hau cao nguyen dupe coi li khi hau tot, thich hgp vdi cac myc dich an dudng, dieu tri, cd the lim noi nghi mat, an dudng ly tudng.
Tich hgp nhflng nghien cuu ve khi hiu d vimg nui, eao nguyen nhiet ddi ddi vdi sue khde eon ngirdi [1, 3, 6], va sy phan hda khdng gian, tinh lap lai cua cac don vi SKH da cho thiy sy phan hda ciia tai nguyen SKH con ngudi d Kon Tum cd nhirng dac diem chinh sau:
- Yiing thap la khu vyc thung lung sdng Nam Sa Thiy cd dp cao dudi 200m - loai SKH IAI 63 c6 khi hau ndng, kha bat Ipi ddi vdi sire khde. Miia khd ndng, miia he d day ndng hon d nhirng viing con l^i, thdi tiet bien ddng ludn vi bien dp nhict dp hang ngay rat ldn, gid yeu. Miia mua mua nhieu, miia khd rit it mua, cd tdi 3 thing han va trong do cd 2 thing kiet. Day deu li tic nhan inh hudng xau Qcn sire khde ciia con ngudi. Noi day, neu quy hoach tip trung ddng dan cu can dupe chii y de phdng Dcnh t|t do nhiJng anh hudng bit lgi eiia thdi tict, khi hau hon cic khu vuc cd dp cao trung binh.
B|A LY Tl/NHIEN, TAI NGUYEN THIEN NHIEN VA MOI TRUCJNG
^1
Hpi Dja ly vi Tai nguyfin Mdi trudng Thu-a Thien Hue HQi Dja l y ^ t f^^ \ - Viing cd dp cao trung binh gom nhiJng thung lung giira nui vi cao nguyen thip, dai channW tir 200 din 600m - cic loai SKH: IIAl b^; IIAl 6,; IIBI b^ vi IICI b2. Dac trung khi hau dp cao nay J nhiiu diim tdt hon khi hiu viing thip, trudc hit la do nhi?t do vao thai dicm mua he giim di dm^i sd ngay khd ndng giam di nhiiu, toe dp gid trung binh tang ien it nhieu, dd bj oi birc. Tuy nhien nhii^
diem bit lgi d day li thoang gid hon, ddng Ide cd sire hoanh hanh, tan pha manh han. Diy la dp CM mi nhu'ng benh nhan mic benh tim, huyet ap cao cd thi dugc dieu tri tdt (d nhUng do cao 500-600ni)
- Viing nui cao han gdm nhirng khu vuc mii cao 600m trd Ien - eie loai SKH: lllA2ft.' 11182^2 vi IIIC262. Khi hiu mit me, noi day trong miia he ndng nuc da dm di rit nhiiu, nhi^tdft!
trung binh thip hon d cac viing thap nhu viing ddi, cao nguyen, mii trung binh tir 4°C din 5 T . SoviM vimg thip, miia he d nhirng do cao niy rit dju mit, song lugng mua va sd ngiy mua cung nlii6u hon viing cao trung binh, miia ddng cd nhifng ngay nhiet dp dudi 10°C, can cd thiet ke nha d cd the phong chdng lanh trong miia ddng.
- Khi hau nui cao tu 1000 din 1500m, gdm cac M SKH IVA3;',; IVA3 6,va IVB36,.Khi hiu dp cao niy hai lanh, tuy nhien trong miia he die biet de chju, la nai cd the nghi mat, dicu duona rat ly tudng, tuong tu nhu khi hau viing nghi mat - du lich Da Lat. Miia ddng hoi lanh, can cd phong chdng ret trong miia ddng. Dp cao nay cung khdng chi djnh dieu duong ddi vdi mpt sd cac b?nh sau:
hdnh thiiu miu nang vi thieu mau ac tinh; benh lao khii huyit, dan phi quan, phdi kich thich, h^ri thin kinh kich thich; ngudi b?nh bi dm nang, nhirng ngudi gia, benh ung thu
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Pham Ngpc Dang, Pham Due Nguyen, Luang Minh (1981). Vit ly Xiy dung, Phan 1 Nhiclva Khi h^u. Nxb Xay dung, Ha Npi.
2. Phan Tat Dac, Pham Ngpc Toin (1980). Khi hau vdi ddi sdng (NhQ-ng van de ca sd eiia sinh khi hau hpc). Nxb Khda hpc vi Ky thuat Hi Npi.
3. Tran Viet Lien & nnk (1993). Khi hau vdi van de td chuc lao dpng nghi ngoi vi du ljch tren lanh thd Viet Nam. De tii khoa hpc. Tdng cue Khi tugng Thuy van. Hi Ndi.
4. Nguyin Due Ngir, Nguyin Trpng Hieu (1988). Tii nguyen khi hau Viet Nam. Nxb Khoa hgc Ky thuat. Hi Npi.
5. Dao Ngpc Phong (1984). Mdt sd vin di ve sinh khi tugng. Nxb.Khoa hpc & KJ thuat, Ha Ngi 6. Nguyin Minh Tue, Vu Tuin Cinh vi nnk (1979). Dja ly du Ijch. Nxb Thinh phd H6 Chi Minh.
7. Nguyen Khanh Van (1992). Su dung hpp ly tai nguyen SKH cho phat triin san xuit, din sinhva du ljch d vung ho Hda Binh. Tap chi "Cic Khoa hoc vl Trai Dit", T14, N°I, trang 27-32.
8. Nguyin Khanh Van (2006). Giao trinh Co sd sinh khi h?u. NXB Dai hpc Su pham Ha Npi.
9. Trung tim tu lieu Khi tugng Thuy van (2004). Sd lieu khi hau, giai doan 1971-2000 (Tap 1), DetJi
"Xay dyng bo chuin khi hiu Viet Nam". TT Khi tugng Thuy van qudc gia, Bd Tai nguyen va Moi trudng.
Hdi nghi Khoa hgc Dja ly Todn qudc ldn thu 6; Thiinh phd Hui. 9/2012