t
NGHieiS Cdu TRAO D 6 |/v^
PHAT TRIEN XANH-
xu thd' tS't y§'u cua nhdn logi
PGS. TS. NGO DOAN V|NH THS. N G U Y I N NGQC HAI
THS. N G G Y I N Q U O C T R C / ^ N G
Vi?n Chien lu'(?c phat liUn.
Bp Ke ho^ch va Diiu tu'
P h a t trid'n xanh la mOt xu thd'mdfi d a n g trof ndn thjnh h a n h dd'i v(Vi thd'gidfi. P h a t trid'n xanh la gi? nOi h a m cua no r a .sao? cac chi tidu d a n h gia no thd' n a o ? . . . d a n g la nhffng vd'n d l doi hoi nhffng nha nghidn cffu khoa hpc, nhffng nha hoach djnh chi'nh sach p h a t trid'n phai lam r o .
P H A T T R I K N XANH:
LICH SI \ A THlJC IK Xud't xff ciia thudt ngff
Thuai ngff "Phat Iricn xiinh"
da cd iff kha lau \ii ni) lid ncn
"ndng" \ a o ma'> nam giiii diiy.
Trong bai \ iel "Con dffdng chien Iffde phdt trien xanh eiia Trung Qudc" dang tren liip ehi Lieu Vpng thdng 5/2010 Ong Trffdng Hieu Cffdng, Phd Chu nhiem Uy ban Cai cdch \ a Phdt trien ciia Trung Qudc cho rang: Khdi niem
"xanh" trong nghien cffu phdt trien da ra ddi tff hdn 50 nam trffdc. Ndm 1962, tdc gid ngffdi My Carson, trong eudn "Mua xuan im ldng", dd neu y tffdng
"xanh". Nam 1989. nha kinh te mdi trffdng ngffdi Anh la Pierce va cpng sff trong eudn "Ke hoaeh chi tiet ve kinh te xanh", lan dau tien dffa ra khdi niem "kinh le xanh" Ndm 2005. tai dien ddn
"Hffdng tdi tdng trffdng xanh chau A Thdi Binh Dffdng" Uy ban ve kinh te' - xa hdi khu vffc chau A Thai Binh Dffdng eiia Lien Hidp qudc dd edng bd 6 npi dung ve "Tdng trffdng xanh" Dd Id: "Sdn xud't vd tiiu ddng bin vffng; xanh hod thi IrUdng vd cdc hogt dgng sdn xud't kinh doanh;
Xdy dffng ca sd hg tdng ben vffng;
Cdi td thui vd ngdn sdch xanh;
Bdo ve tdi nguyin thiin nhien vd hi sinh thdi; Xdy dUng vd thUe hien cdc chi sd hiiu qud ve sinh thdi" Ngdy 25/6/2009 tai New York, Tuyen bd ehung " D l xua't nha't tri thffc hien kinh td' xanh"
da dtfdc cdng bd. Tuydn bd nay
nhiin miinh idi stf ciin Ihicl ph i;
chuyen dich ihc gi('' ^-wwi ncn kinh Ic xanh. ciirbc tha'p, sir dung hicu quii lai nguyen va co llic mang liii nhieu ihuan ldi vc kinh ic, \a hpi, mdi trtfdng eho ngtfdi dan trong the ky XXI.
Cling vdi khai niem "phat trien xanh" nhtf dd neu d Iren, cdn cd cdc thuat ngff "kinh ic xanh ; "tdng trffdng xanh"... dffdc gidi ehuyen gia, ciic cd quan truyen thdng sff dung khd phd bien trong thdi gian gan day. Tuy nhien, van ehffa ed quan niem thd'ng nha't ve van de nay. Ve cd bdn, ngffdi ta tffdng ddi thd'ng nha'l y tffdng vd deu eho rang
"kinh te' xanh" hay "tdng trffdng xanh" la hinh thffc phdt trien kinh
te di ddi v di bdo vc moi trffdng;
tieu hao it tai nguyen vd khnng giiy hai den mdi trffdng sinh thai;
lao ra nhan thffc mdi ddi vdi phat lrit:n kinh ic - xd hdi.
Sff quan t a m cua thd'gidi Nhieu td chffe qudc te \a nhieu qudc gia dd quan tam den phat trien xanh vii coi phdt trien xanh nhff con dffdng phat trien mang tinh sdng cdn ciia tffdng lai nhdn loiii:
Lien Hi^p Qudc (LHQ): LHQ dd dn loat khoang 50 bdo cao, cdng bd \ a phd bidn \ e phat trien xanh. Ciic bao cdo nay da trd thanh cd sd ly luan cho mpt tff duy mdi vc phat tricMi de nhdn loai hffdng ldi mpt phffdng thffc phdt
Mo hinh trung tam dien thiiy trieu
"Theo danh gia cua nhilu chuydn gia, hanh tinh cua chung ta dang bi khai thac of mtfc 110%, nghia la he sinh thai dang bi stf dung va tan pha vtfi ctfofng dd qua nhanh so vtfi td'c dp ttf bo sung va phuc hdi cua hanh tinh. Stf tra thu cua ttf nhien da trof thanh Men htfu, Trai daft nong len, mtfa n^ng th§'t thtfofng, thien tai ngay cang khung khid'p. Khong con la chuyen xa vcfi, mdi ngtfofi, mdi qud'e gia phai bat tay ngay vao vide kiem chd' long tham, bao vd Trai dS't trtfdfc khi con chtfa qua mupn. Phat tridn kinh td' xanh chinh la mOt trong so' nhtfng bi^n phap c§'p bach, khdng chi ridng cua mpt qudc gia nao ".
trien xanh vd xay dffng nen kinh te tri thffc. Ngay 21/6/2010, Tong Thff ky LHQ Ban Ki-moon cho rang he thd'ng kinh te todn edu hien vdn cdn mong manh vd yeu cau ede nffdc trong chie'n Iffde phuc hdi kinh te eua minh can tap trung ffu tien phat trien xanh, tdng trffdng xanh. LHQ xde dinh 3 llnh virc ffU tien thffc hien "nin kinh te xanh" trong the'ky 21 la:
(1) Tan dung ngudn ldi vd bao ve cdc he sinh thdi ngap nffdc nhff cac ddi san hd, cac viing dd't ffdt, rffng dffdc vd cdc khu vffc dd't phi nhieu cho trdng trpt Id nhffng he sinh thdi quan trpng de thich nghi thdnh cdng vdi nhffng bie'n ddi cua thdi tie't;
(2) Gidm khi thai do phd rffng vd suy thodi rffng;
(3) Thffc hidn cdng nghd sach.
Theo LHQ, mdi ndm the' gidi can cd 1,9 nghin ty USD de dau ttf vdo cdc dtf dn cdng nghd xanh, trong dd hdn mpt nijfa danh eho cdc ntfdc dang phat trien (khodng 1,1 nghin ty USD Id nham dd cac ntfdc ndy dap ffng nhu cau ve ndng Itfdng va thffc pham). Ngay 21/2/2011, Chffdng trinh Mdi trtfdng Lidn Hiep qud'e (UNEP) da phdt dpng chie'n Itfdc kinh te' mdi nham dam bdo ttfdng lai b i n vffng cho Trdi Da't. Chie'n Iffde mdi kdu gpi dau ttf 2% tdng san pham quo'c npi (GDP) todn ciu, ttfdng dtfdng 1.300 ty USD mdi ndm, cho 10 Iinh vtfc then chd't.
UNEP dtf bdo de thtfc hidn phdt trien xanh, mdi ndm thd' gidi can dau ttf 350 ty USD cho nganh
nang Itfdng, 200 ty USD cho giao thdng, hdn 100 ty eho quan Iy ntfdc vd rac thai, va 134 ty USD lan Itfdt eho xay dtfng va du lich.
UNEP dd dtfa ra 3 nhdm hanh dpng phdt trien xanh gdm:
(i) Xdy dtfng bdo cdo kinh te' xanh thdng qua phan tich ede tde ddng vT md, tinh ben vffng vd gidm ngheo ciia dau tff xanh trong cdc khu vffc tff ndng Iffdng tdi tao cho de'n ndng nghiep ben vffng vd dffa ra dinh hffdng chinh sdch gdp phan thuc day dau tff vdo cdc ITnh vffc nay;
(ii) Cung cap dich vu tff vd'n ve cdch thffc tie'n tdi kinh te xanh mpt each eu the ddi vdi eac qudc gia;
(iii) Gan ke't cdc td ehffc nghien cffu, cdc td chffe phi chinh phu, cdc doanh nghidp vd cdc dd'i tdc eua Lien Hiep Qud'e de thffc hien sang kie'n kinh te xanh.
UNEP cho rang, chffdng trinh phdt trien xanh se tap trung vdo vide danh gid nhu eau edng nghe xanh, ddnh gid hidu qua sff dung tdi nguyen, thffc thi chie'n Iffdc phdt trien ede-bon tha'p vd sdng kid'n ve mdi trffdng, giam ngheo vd that nghidp.
To chdc h(fp tdc phdt trien kinh te(OECD): OECD da dffa ra ede khudn khd, chi tieu gidm sdt vd hffdng ddn de thffc hien tang trffdng xanh. OECD cdng bd' chie'n Iffdc tang trffdng xanh vdi cdc npi dung ehu yd'u Id: Loai bd cdc rdo can dd'i vdi tang trffdng xanh; Thuc day sff thay ddi hdnh vi hanh chinh, hoat ddng thi trtfdng, tdng ctfdng sang tao vd
phd bie'n cdng nghe xanh; Doi mdi eac ehinh sach uii chinh de khuyen khich san xua't va tieu diing xanh: Hd trd chuyen giao cdng nghe, ddi mdi phan cdng lao dpng xa hpi va ky ndng ngtfdi lao ddng; Xay dtfng khung hach loan mdi va thie't lap cae ehi so vc lang irtfdng xanh.
Quy Tien t^ qudc ti (IMF) vd Ngdn hdng Thi gidi (WB): IMF dtf kie'n xay dtfng quy "xanh", tri giii len den 100 ly USD de hd trd cdc qudc gia phai ddi mat vdi eae thdch thffc do bien ddi khi hau. Hp cung dffa ra cdc bffde dot pha de tien tdi lang trffdng xanh, dd la:
a) Viec dinh gia diing dan dd'i vdi khdi Iffdng khi carbon phdt thai: ben canh cac hd trd nham giam bdt cdc tap tuc canh tdc, sdn xual khdng ben vffng thi viec djnh gid ddi vdi vide thai khi car- bon (ddnh thue' cae-bon) ciing la cdng eu hffu hieu;
b) Thay ddi edng nghe:
Chuyen sang cdc edng nghe mang tinh ben vffng, than thien vdi mdi trtfdng;
c) Thay ddi ke't ca'u ha tang:
Xay dtfng ede ke't cd'u ha tang thich hdp dd'i vdi vide sff dung ndng Iffdng tdi tao, phffdng tien giao thdng edng edng saeh, ndng nghiep sach...;
d) Qudn ly tdt hdn ngudn tdi nguyen thidn nhien
e) Ddi mdi ngudn vd'n con ngffdi: Tao dffng nen cpng ddng ed ky ndng vd tri thffc thich hdp eho tang trffdng xanh.
Lien minh chdu Au (EU):
Chie'n Iffde phdt trien de'n ndm 2020 eua Lien minh ehau Au dffdc cdng bd vao thdng 3/2010.
Chie'n Iffdc ndy dffdc coi la chie'n Iffde hffdng tdi tang trffdng xanh vdi phffdng chdm ed ban la: Tdng trffdng thdng minh, tdng trffdng toan didn vd tdng trffdng ben vffng. Trong 5 mue tieu dtfdc ndu ra trong chid'n Itfdc, muc tidu v l ndng Itfdng vd chdng bie'n ddi khi hdu dtfdc coi trpng. Cdc chi tidu ndi bdt nhtf: gidm phdt thai GHG khoang 20% so vdi ndm 1990;
tdng 20% sff dung ndng Itfdng tai tao; hidu qua sff dung nang Iffdng tdng 20%... Bao cdo eua Td chffe
Economy and Forecast Review 13
I
NQHIEN Cda TRAO DOI
Hoa binh xanh \ ii Hdi ddng Ndng Iffdng lai sinh chiiu Au ciio rang, EU cd Ihc san xufit 92'/r san Iffdng dien lir cac ngudn luiiig Iffdng tai liio trtfdc nam 2050 \ii giiim 95% Itfdng khi thiii giiy hieu ffng nha kinh so \i<i nam 1990. De liim dffdc dieu ilo. 27 qudc gia trong khdi phiii diiu Iff them 2.000 li euro.
ASEAN: C\ic ntfik- ASHAN cung da btfdc diiu chu y de'n phiii iricMi xanh. Hiep hdi nay dii ciing vdi Han Qudc td chtfc nhicn hoiit dpng nham ihiic day phong Irao lang trtfdng xanh. Tricn him tang tru'dng xanh da dtfdc to chtfc trong khudn khd Hpi nghi thtfdng dinh ASEAN Han Qudc viio thiing 6/2009. t;ii Hiin Qudc.
.Mgt sd qudc gia cu the khdc Anh: Chien Itfdc Kinh ic xanh ciia Anh chii yeu the hien li 3 ITnh vtfc: Nang Itfdng xanh: sinh hoiil- tieu dung xanh va ehd tiio xanh.
Ngay 15/7/2009, ntfdc Anh da cdng bd "Chie'n Itfdc thay ddi de gidm khi edc-bon": "Chien Itfdc ndng Itfdng tdi tiio eiia ntfdc Anh" Theo dd, muc tieu ciia ntfdc Anh la de'n ndm 2020 nang Itfdng ldi tao chie'm 15% tdng cung ndng Itfdng, trong dd 40%
dien ndng cd ngudn gdc tff ndng Iffdng xanh.
Dffc: Dffc Id nffdc xdy dffng chie'n Iffdc nen kinh td "ndng Iffdng xanh" dau tien tren the gidi. Theo dd, nffdc nay dang cd nhieu nd Iffc de trd thanh cffdng qudc cdng nghidp dau tidn trdn the' gidi sff dung 100% "ndng Iffdng xanh" vd hffdng tdi "muc tidu xanh" vdo ndm 2050. Bd Mdi trffdng Dffc da cdng bd Bdn Id trinh mdi phdc thdo lien trinh thffc hidn ede kd hoach hffdng tdi mpt n i n kinh te sff dung hodn todn ndng Iffdng tdi tao. Ndm 2008, ndng Iffdng tdi tao chid'm 7% tdng Iffdng tidu thu ndng Iffdng eua Dffc vd dat 18-20% vdo ndm 2020. Gidm phdt thai GHG 40%
va gidm tidu thu ndng Iffdng sd ca'p 20%. Chinh phu Dffc tuydn bd tdi trffdc ndm 2050, 100% sdn Itfdng didn d ntfdc nay se cd ngudn goc tff ndng Itfdng tdi tao.
Phdp: Ddt trpng tam phdt
liicn xanh vao thiic diiy sdn xua't nang Itfdng hiit nhan vii ndng Itfdng tai tiio. Cudi ndm 2008, Bp Mdi Irtfdng Phiip dii cdng bd Ke' hoiich pliiit tricn niing Itfdng cd kiiii nang uii liio, chu liong phiii Iricn nang Itfdng gin, nang Itfdng sinh hpc, niing Itfdng dia nhicl...
Hy Lap: Phiii bieu tai thii dd Alcnngiiy 20/10/2010, Bp trtfdng Hp Nang Itfdng, Mdi trtfdng va Bicn ddi khi hiiu Hy Liip Tina Birbili eho biet, ntfdc nay dang nham tdi mpt chtfiJng trinh dau ttf bao dam cho ciic dtf iin phat trien xanh vdi long mtfc dau Itf len de'n 44 ty Euro Ittfdng dtfdng 60,9 ty USD) nhdm lao Ihciii 200.000 vice lam mdi ticn nam 2015.
Mv: My xac dinh phai Iricn nang Itfdng mdi vii kinh tc xanh lii mpt trong nhffng khau dot phd giiip phuc hdi kinh te My. Chinh sdch phdt trien xanh ciia My lap trung vdo: I iing hidu qua va liet kiem ndng Iffdng; khai thdc ndng Iffdng mdi va ffng phd bidn ddi khi hau. My dd ed ed mdt ehffdng trinh dau tff phdt trien edng nghe xanh nhdm ldi muc tieu tao thdm nhieu vide lam vd phuc hdi kinh te' sau khiing hoang tdi ehinh trdm trpng d nffdc nay.
Brazil: Brazil tich cffe tim kie'm sff phat trien it ede-bon, ddc bidt la ed the sff dung nhidn lieu sinh hpe. Brazil la qudc gia dau lien ky kel Hiep dinh ve bien ddi khi hdu va ed nhffng bffdc di quan trpng nham thffc hidn viec cfil giam khi thai. Ndm 2008, chinh phii bat dau khdi dpng Kd' hoach chdng Bien ddi khi hau qudc gia.
Theo dd chu trpng thuc day sff phiii trien b i n vffng trong cdc nganh cdng nghidp va ndng nghidp, dat dffdc ty trpng eao ve ndng Iffdng tdi tao trong viec sdn xua't didn, khuye'n khich cdc phffdng tidn giao thdng sff dung nhidn lieu sinh hpc, vd gidm thieu tinh trang phd rffng. Hidn nay ndng Iffdng tdi tao d Brazil chid'm 45,8% trong tdng ndng Iffdng suf dung d nffdc ndy. Trong khi dd mffe trung binh sff dting ndng Iffdng tdi tao cua the gidi Id
12,9%. '
Nhdt Bdn: Chinh sdch phdt
trien xanh chu trpng vdo vide gidm khi thdi gay d nhidm mdi trffdng, do Nhat Id mdt trong nhffng nffdc chju tdc dpng ldn nha't ciia bid'n ddi khi hau. Thdng 4/2009, Chinh phii Nhal cdng bd dff thdo chinh saeh "Kinh id' xanh Vii cdi Ciich xil hdi", muc tidu chii dao Id thdng qua vide thffc hien giii in khi thai gay hidu ffng nhd kinh de phdt trien manh "kinh td' xanh" d Nhat. Thdng 3/2011, Chinh phu ciin cho biet se cho cdc nffdc dang phdt trien vay 490 ty Yen ikhodng 5 ty USD) de thffc hidn cae dff dn phdt trien xanh.
Hdn (Judc: Ngdy 15/8/2010, Han Qudc da edng bd'Chien Iffdc
"phiit tricn xanh", dinh hffdng cho ncn kinh id' Hdn Qudc trong nhffng thap ky tdi. Chidn Iffdc nay cd nhffng ndi dung chii ye'u nhff: Giam phdt thdi khi gay hidu ffng nha kinh mdt cdch cd hieu quii; Giam sff phu thupe vdo nhidn lieu hod thaeh; Thich ffng vdi bien ddi khi hau; Phdt trien cdng nghe xanh; Xanh hod cac ngdnh cdng nghiep hidn cd cung vdi phdt trien nhffng nganh cdng nghidp lidn lidn: Xay dffng nin tdng eho kinh le xanh: Xay dffng khdng gian xanh va giao thdng van tdi xanh; Thffc hidn cudc cdch mang xanh ve ldi sdng; Hd Ird qudc id cho tang trffdng xanh.
De thffc hidn thanh cong chie'n Iffdc nay Han Qudc da thanh lap Uy ban qudc gia ve tdng trffdng xanh, thanh lap Vidn nghien cffu tdng trffdng xanh loan cau va ban hanh Luat cd ban ve tdng trffdng xanh (Luat cd hidu Iffc tff
14/4/2010). Luat hffdng tdi gidm 307r Iffdng khi thdi gay hidu ffng nhd kinh dd'n ndm 2020. Tong thdng Hdn Qudc Lee Myung Bak nha'n manh "Lffdng khi thai cdc- bon thd'p vd phdt trien xanh" la trpng tam cua chid'n Itfdc phat trien kinh td' mdi cua Hdn Qudc.
Ong cam kd't tdng khd ndng ttf tuc nang Iffdng tff 5% hidn nay Idn hdn 50%o vdo ndm 2050 thdng qua cdc dff dn khai thac d ntfdc ngodi, ddng thdi tdng suf dung cdc ngudn ndng Itfdng mdi, nang Iffdng tdi tao tiif mffe 2% hidn nay len hdn 20% vao nam 2050.
Ngan saeh cho nghien cffu cdng nghd xanh se tdng gd'p ddi. Chinh phu Hdn Qudc mdi day da quye't dinh dau tff g i n 84 ty USD, tffdng dffdng 2% Tdng sdn pham qudc npi (GDP) hang ndm, cho ke' hoach 5 ndm ve thuc day cdc nganh cdng nghidp than thien vdi mdi trffdng.
Trung Qudc: Thdng 8/2010, tai Hdi nghi qudc te' ve kinh te xanh va hdp tde dd'i phd bie'n ddi khi hau, d Bac Kinh, Phd Thu tffdng Thffdng trffc Chinh phii Trung Qudc Ly Khac Cffdng khang dinh ve nhffng trpng tam phdt trien xanh ciia Trung Qudc, Phd Chii nhidm Uy ban ciii each vd phdt trien qudc gia Trffdng Hieu Cffdng trong bai viet: "Con dudng chii'n lugc phdt triin xanh cua Trung Qudc" ddng tren Tap ehi Lieu Vpng thdng 5/2010 xde dinh 5 nhdm nganh nghe can quan tam:
(1) Cai tao vd ndng cap eac ngdnh nghi truyen thd'ng de chd'ng d nhiem, tie't kiem tai nguydn; ^
(2) Day manh dau tff, nghien cffu phdt trien ede ngdnh sdn xua't tid't kidm ndng Iffdng;
(3) Phdt trien cdc ngdnh tan dung tdi nguydn tdng hdp, thu hdi va tdi sff dung tai nguyen;
(4) Dau tff phat trien cdc ngdnh nang Iffdng mdi;
(5) Chu trpng va tdng effdng dau tff bdo vd mdi trffdng.
An Do: Tff ra't sdm An dp da trien khai "Cdch mang xanh" de phat trien ndng nghidp nham thoa man nhu eau Iffdng thffc thffc pham cho ngffdi dan. An Dp dff kid'n td ehffc Hdi thdo qudc te ve bie'n ddi khi hau ndng Iffdng sach vd an ninh ndng Iffdng vao ngdy 12 -14/10/2011, nham htfdng tdi phdt trien xanh. Tai hpi thao ndy. An Dp se thuc day phd bie'n cdc edng nghd sach vd cdng nghd ndng Itfdng tdi tao, tid'n tdi cat gidm 20% khI thdi vao nam 2020.
Ddng thdi, An Dp ddt ra mue tieu ndm 2011 sdn xud't dtfdc 15%
dien ndng tff ngudn iidng Iffdng tdi tao, khdng ke dd'n cac nhd mdy thuy didn Idn.
Indonesia: Bd Mdi trffdng
Indonesia da dffa ra Chie'n Iffde phdt trien va tdng trffdng xanh it carbon, trong dd ed eac mue tieu gidm khi thdi vd dffa ra cdc hoat dpng hffdng tdi tang trffdng xanh nhff: Cdng nghiep xanh (Siin xua't sach hdn, il ciic bon, 3R);
kinh te xanh; xay dffng xanh;
phat trie'n ndng nghiep ben vffng; qudn ly rffng ben vffng;
quy hoach khdng gian dffa tren sff phdt trien ben vffng.
DOI VCfl VIET NAM
Phat trien xanh khdng cdn la Viin de chi dt: ludn ban, mil da la ddi hdi cap bach eiia Ihffc lien.
Tuy cdn nhieu khd khdn, dang phdi vat ldn vdi kiem che' lam phdt, tao dffng dn djnh kinh te vT md va tie'p luc tdng trffdng hdp ly, nhffng Viet Nam eung nen tie'n hdnh nghien cffu phffdng an phdt trien xanh eho nhffng thap ky tdi. Viet Nam edng phai nghT tdi phdt trien xanh, ben vffng ma ba ye'u to phai dffdc eoi trpng Id
"Trdi da't Con ngffdi Ldi nhuan" ehff khdng cdn chi eoi trpng hai ye'u td' kinh te' vd ldi nhuan nhff vffa qua.
XSy dffng khung phat triln xanh
Can nhanh ehdng xay dffng Khung phdt trien xanh ciia Viet Nam, trong dd tap trung vao:
(1) Cdi tao vd nang cap cdc ngdnh nghi de giam thieu td'i da xdm hai mdi trffdng;
(2) Day manh dau tff phdt trien ede ngdnh, ITnh vffc sff dung vdn ed hidu sud't cao, tieu tdn it ndng Iffdng hdn vd tie't kiem ndng Iffdng, nguyen lieu;
(3) Phdt trien cae nganh sff dung tie't kiem, sff dung hidu qud tai nguydn, tan dung tdi nguydn tdng hdp, thu hdi vd tdi sff dung tai nguydn;
(4) Phat trien eac ngdnh nang Iffdng tai tao;
(5) Bdo vd mdi trffdng gan vdi cdi thidn mdi trffdng sinh thdi, gidm thidu rui ro ve mdi trffdng va sff thoai hod eua he sinh thdi.
Phdi chpn phffdng thffc phdt trien thd' nao de tang trffdng kinh
te gay dp Iffc nhd nhat tdi mdi tnrdng sinh thai va tdi lai nguyen thien nhien ed ti'ong hien tai va trong tffdng lai; ddng thdi nang cao ddi sd'ng ngffdi dan (trong dd cd ddng gdp gidm ddi ngheo, giam te nan xa hpi va giam that nghiep).
Hinh thanh bO chi tidu phan anh phat trien xanh
Ben canh xay dffng khung phat trien xanh, ciin hinh thanh bp chl lieu phan anh ve phat trien xanh. Bffdc dau chiing tdi xin neu mpt so chl tieu ehii ye'u (cd tinh lffa chpn sd bp):
Nhdm chi tieu phdn dnh trUc tiep chu yeu:
(1) Ty trgng GDP xanh (ky hieu la Tx; GDP xanh la phan GDP do edng nghe xanh, sdn xua't sach, tieu thu xanh tao ra) trong tdng GDP qudc gia. Nd do bang phan tram (%) va dffdc tinh bang bieu thffc:
Tx = GDPx/GDP. 100(%) Trong dd: GDPx la GDP xanh; GDP Id tdng sdn pham qudc npi eua ea nffdc.
(2) Ty trgng ndng lugng tdi tgo (nang Iffdng gid, ndng Iffdng mat trdi, thuy ndng, nang Iffdng sdng bien...) trong tdng san Iffdng nang Iffdng san xua't ra hodc trong tdng khdi Iffdng nang Iffdng tieu thu ciia da't nffdc trong mdt ndm (ky hieu la Tn). Chi tidu ndy do bang phan tram (%) vd dffdc tinh bang bieu thffc:
Tn = Nx/N.100(%)
Trong dd: Nx la phan ndng Iffdng tdi tao/ndng Iffdng xanh; N la tdng ndng Iffdng san xua't ra hay tdng nang Iffdng tieu thu cua cd nen kinh td'.
(3) Ty trgng vdn ddu tu cho phdt triin sdn xudt ndng lugng tdi tgo trong tdng vd'n dau tff xa hdi cua cd nffdc (ky hieu Id Tnt, do bang phan trdm - %) vd dffdc tinh bang bieu thffc:
Tnt = Ktt/K.100(%)
Trong dd: Ktt Id tdng vdn dau tff phdt trien ndng Iffdng tdi tao;
K Id tdng vd'n dau tff xd hpi cho phat trien.
(4) Ty trgng vdn ddu tU cho bdo ve moi trudng trong tdng vdn
Economy and Forecast Review 15
NGHIEN Cdu TRAO D6I
dau tff Xii hdi eiia cii ntfdc (ky hieu la Tm, do bdng phiin tram) va dtfdc linh bang bieu thffc:
Tm = Km/K.100(%)
Trong dd: Km la vdn diiu Iff bill) vc mdi trffdng: K hi long vdn diiu Iff Xii hdi clio phai Iricn
(5) Tv Ic chd't thdi rim dtfdc xff Iv so vili idng khdi Itfdng chiil thai riin |ky hieu l;i R i . ilo biing phiin tram - ' ( ) vii dtfdc linh bdng bieu thtfc:
Tct = Cx/C.100(^r)
rroiig dd: C \ la khdi Itfdng chat thai ran dtfdc xff Iv: C la long khdi Itfdng chiil thai ran
(6) Tv Ic dien tich cdv xanh trong tdng dien lich Itf nhien iKv hicu la Tex, do hiing phiin tram
%) Vii dtfdc linh bdnc bic'u thffc:
Tex = Dx/D. I ()()(%)
Trong dd: Dx hi tlicn lich cfiy xanh (gdm dic-n lich tlii'l rffng vd tlicn lich thii lidng ciiy xanh, do biing ha); D lii long tlii-n tich Iff nhicn (do hiing li;i).
Nhdm chi tiSu phdn dnh gidn liep:
(7) Mifc do (lax fill, do III; In) vc iiiiil phdp Unit ddi vdi phat tricn xanh. 1 iiu chi niiy phan anh tinh Uiing khung khd phap ly tic liim cd sii cho vice phat liicn xiinh.
(S) Sd vice ldm dififc tgo nidi nhd phat tricn xanh. Tham khao
"Chie'n Iffdc di1u tff phat Irit^n xanh" ciia ciic qut'Vc giii, chiing ldi cht) rang st'i vice lam dff(<c tao ra do dau tff phai Iricn xanh la chl lieu quan trpng.
(9) Mffe do hdi ldng cua nhffng iif^udi dffgc hdi vd kd't qud vd hidu qud cua phdt trien xanh.
Thdng qua cdc cudc la'y y kien eua dan ehung ve tinh hinh phdt Irien xanh se nhiin dffdc y kid'n ciia nhffng ngffdi dffdc hdi ve mffe dp hiii long dd'i vdi phdt Iricn xanh ciia qudc gia. Ne'u ty It; so ngffdi hdi long cdng cao ciing ldi vii ngffdc lai.
(ID) ldc d() khdc phuc d nhicin mid IrUdng sinh thdi. Do dau Iff phat trien xanh md cu the Id do dau Iff bao ve vd cdi thidn nidi trffdng da khiic phuc dffdc linh trang d nhiem mdi trffdng la chi so quan trpng ddi vdi cdc quy hoaeh, kd' hoach phdt trien kinh le Xii hdi ciia mdi qud'e gia.
PHAC HpA KHUNG PHAT TRIEN XANH CUA V I | T NAM TRONG THdl KY 2012-2020
S6' TT 1 2
3
4
5
Nhi^m vv ffu ti£n
Tang trUdng kinh te'
Cdc linh vUc phdt trien ifu tien
- Nong, lam, thuy san
- Du lich -ThUcJng mai - Van lai
- San xua't nSng li/dng
- Mot so nganh cong nghidp che tao vii san xua't viii lieu - Phdt trien benh vien sach va v;iii minh
- Gidm thieu te nan xa hpi, tai nun giao thong vii tai niin nghe nghiep
>
% Cdc chi tiiu chu yi'u se dgt dit(fc (nhu trinh /«';>• () plum dudi)
Xdy dUng Khung lugt phdp ve phdt triin xanh - Ban hinh Luat ve phdt trien xanh
- Ban hanh the che phdt trien xanh - Xay dUng cdc Htfdng tfdc phdt trien xanh Hanh dgng thUc hifn
- Ddi v6i Nha ntfdc (gom ci nhiem vu cua m6i bo, nganh va dia phtftJng)
- Ddi vdi doanh nghiep - Ddi vdi ngtfdi dan
Chisd'd^tdtf^c
Toe dp tdng trtfdng kinh ic
Ty le ITnh vtfc suT dung cong nghe sinh hpc, stf dung cong nghe cao
Tv le cdc khu du ljch, diem du lich thtfc hien bien phdp phiit trien xanh
Ty le cdc irung lam thtftJng miii. cac sieu thi thtfc hien bien phdp phdt trien xanh
Ty le cdc loiii phtfPng ti^n van uii thtfc hien bien phdp phdt trien xanh
Ty le s^n xuai ndng lui^g vk tieu thu nAng lUOng tai tao Ty Ic Ciic cti sd siin xuS't thifc hi^n bien phdp phat trien xanh V il san \uiii ra san pham than thi^n moi trtfdng Ddp ufng nhu cau chffa b^nh ciia dan chiing, 100% chat thai dtfpc xiir Iv trtfdc khi dtfa chiing ra moi Utfdng Xiiy dtfng xa hpi sach. tien bp, dong thuan
Mile d^ d(it dugc cang cao cdng td't
Vdn bdn dugc ban hanh Ra ddi mpt dao lu|t
Hd thd'ng cd ch&', chinh sdch kinh tfe' khuyen khich vk han ch^
Ra ddi Bdn htfdng tfdc ciia cdc lang xa Cong viec cu the phdi thuc Men
Nhffng nhidm vu chinh phdi thtfc hien Nhffng nhiem vu chinh phdi thtfc hidn Nhffng nhi$m vu chinh phdi thtfc hien
(11) sd ca sd gido due, ddo tgo dua ngi dung phdt trien xanh vdo chtfdng trinh gidng day. Day la chi tidu cung cd y nghTa quan trpng. Ne'u nhieu cd sd dtfa ndi dung phdt trien xanh vdo ndi dung gidng day thi se ed nhieu ngtfdi hieu bid't hdn ve phdt trien xanh, rdi tff dd hp cd thai dp dung mffe ddi vdi bao ve mdi trffdng eiing nhff tich cffe ddng gdp edng sffe eua minh cho phiit trien xanh.
(12) Mffe do hodn thiin ddi vdi to chffe kiem tra, gidm sdt hoat ddng eua cdng dan, td chffe vi phat trien xanh. Day Id chi tieu cung rat quan trpng. Mffe dp hoan thien ve Td ehffc, quy che vd ehd' tdi ddi vdi cac hdnh vi phat trien xanh cung nhff hdnh vi phan phdt trien xanh trong qud trinh thffc thi dffdng ldi phdt trien xanh cua Nhd nffdc.
Nhffng bidn phap chu yd'u Ddi vdi Nhd nUdc: Tuydn truyin, gido due de mpi cdng dan hieu rd y nghTa to ldn cua "Phat trien xanh" Nhanh ehdng hinh thdnh y thffc xa hpi v l phdt trien xanh. Dffa ndi dung phdt trien xanh vdo gidng day d cdc trffdng tff bac mdu gido de'n bac dai hpc.
Xay dffng chffdng trinh phdt trien xanh trdn cdc Ian sdng phdt thanh va truyen hinh khap cd nffdc.
Hdng ndm vd 5 nam, Nhd nffdc phdi ed chffdng trinh tdng the phdt trien xanh; phdi xay dffng dffdc kd' hoach dau tff cho phdt trien xanh, trong dd chi rd Nhd nffdc ldm gi, doanh nghidp ldm gi vd ngffdi dan lam gi. Nhd nffdc xay dffng kd' hoaeh phdt trien nhan Ii/c ddp ffng ydu cau phdt trien xanh (bdm sdt ndi dung, mue tieu d khung phdt trien xanh). Day Id edng vide quan trpng, Nhd nffdc ndn bd tri mdt khodn ngan sdch xffng ddng de ddo tao nhan Iffc du khd ndng thffc thi thdnh cdng dffdng Idi phdt trien xanh ciia nffdc ta. Sdm hinh thanh khudn khd Iuat phap dam bdo cho phdt trien xanh dffdc thffc thi trdn thffc te yd dem lai hidu qud thffc sir cho dd't nffdc.
Md rpng hdp tac qud'e td' ve ITnh
vffc phdt trien xanh, nha't la ve ITnh vffc phd'i hdp gidm nhe thien tai, ffng phd bie'n ddi khi hau todn eau va dff bdo ede thdm hoa thien nhien ciing nhff phd'i hdp che' tao hay ffng dung edng nghd xanh.
Td chffe thd'ng ke vd xdy dffng bd ehl tieu cd tinh phdp ly ve phdt trien xanh, tff dd ddi mdi npi dung vd phffdng phdp thdng ke, ddi mdi ndi dung vd phffdng phap lap ke' hoach phat trien kinh te' xd hdi qudc gia trong bd'i ednh hpi nhdp qudc te' cung nhff thuc day doanh nghidp lap ke hoach phdt trien xanh va khich Id ngffdi dan sd'ng, lam vide than thidn vdi mdi trffdng va coi trpng chat Iffdng sd'ng.
Ddi vdi doanh nghifp: Cae doanh nghiep phai qudn triet dffdng ldi phdt trien xanh cua Ddng vd Nhd nffdc va ed ke' hoaeh thffc thi mdt edeh tff gidc, nghidm tue vd cd hieu qua. Trffdc hd't, doanh nghidp cd ke' hoach dau tff phdt trien cdng nghd mdi, eao, saeh vd than thien mdi trffdng; ddng thdi cd kd' hoach tie't kidm ndng Iffdng eung nhff eIn ed kd' hoaeh su" dung ndng Iffdng tdi tao. Tid'p dd'n, xay dffng eac edng trinh xuf ly chat thdi dam bdo ydu clu bdo ve mdi trffdng sd'ng. De ra cdc ehi tieu ve
Hinh thanh y thulc xa hOi vg ph^t trign xanh
phat trien xanh cua doanh nghidp de phd'n dd'u vd ddnh gid ket qua, hieu qud phat trien xanh ciia doanh nghidp.
Ddi vdi ngifdi ddn vd cgng dong: Ta't ed ede cdng ddng eung nhff ngffdi dan phdi qudn tridt dffdng ldi phdt trien xanh eua Ddng vd Nhd nffdc. Coi than thien vdi mdi trffdng, gin giff vd bao ve mdi trffdng la le sd'ng trong the' gidi dffdng dai dang md rdng trdo lffu phdt trien kinh te tri thffc. Tdn trpng va thffc hien nghiem tuc luat phdp ve phdt trien xanh. Cae the' he deu sd'ng vi ea hien tai va vi cd tffdng lai.
Xay dffng cpng ddng xanh. Chu y phdt trien cay xanh tai cdc diem dan cff vd edng sd, cdng trinh cdng cdng. Dffa tinh than phdt trien vao cdc hffdng ffdc dan eff.
Mdi cpng ddng ddn eff can xay dffng hffdng ffde khuye'n hpe va tham gia phat trien xanh. Tff nang cao tri thffc ve phat trien xanh gan vdi ndng eao dan tri trong phdt trien; ddng thdi ung hp phdt trien xanh mdt cdch tich ctJc, eung nhff tham gia phdt trien xanh mdt edeh cd trdch nhidm.
Khuyd'n khich phdn bidn xd hdi ve chu trffdng va chffdng trinh thi/e hien phdt trien xanh dd'i vdi Nhd nffdc.•
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