^Khao cuTu ve quy djnh chong tham nhung trong "Quoc trieu hinh luat"
PHAN NGOC HUYEN*
P
hbng chd'ng tham nhung, gifl gin sif trong sach cua ehd'n quan tnfdng tfl joJa dfi'n nay ludn Id m&t trong nhflhg trd ngai ldn cua moi chinh quyln nhd nflde.Diu tranh chlng tham nhflng Id eu&e eMfi'n b i n bi, tnfbng M, dbi hdi c i n ed nMlu gidi phdp thuc M&n song hdnh cung vdi vific huy d&ng sflc m a n h tU nMeu nguin life khde nhau. Thbi ndo eung vdy, muS'n ehfi'ng duoc tham nhung tM n h i t tMfi't phai ed ehfi' tdi phdp lu$t. Cd chfi' tdi manh md lai dfltfc tM hdnh ngMfim minh tM edng eu&c d i u t r a n h chd'ng tham nhung radi dat M&u qud. BM vifi't ndy Id sfl khao cflu budc d i u cde quy dinh v l hdnh vi tham nhiing vd ehfi' tdi xii phat hdnh vi tham nhiing cua quan lai trong bfi "Qud'c triiu hinh ludt" thdi Lfi Sd. Hi vgng rdng, bai vifi't se gdp m&t p h l n nh6 trong viee n ^ e n eflu van de Ifip phdp ve phbng chd'ng tham nhung trong lich sfl^ Vifit Nam.
1. Quy d i n h v l xuT p h a t h a n h vi t h a m n h u n g t r o n g "Quoc t r i l u h i n h l u ^ f
Le Thdnh Tfing Id ngUdi r a t ehu trgng
phap Iuat trong dao tri nUdc. Khi vfla Ifin ngdi, nhd vua da ehu truong cho soan thao, hodn tMen he thS'ng phap luat d l quan li xa hdi. Nam 1483, Lfi Thanh Tong da eho ban hdnh bd "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t" hay cbn gpi Id bd luat Hdng Bi^. Day Id bg luat cd ngi dung phan anh tUtfng doi rgng, pham vi dilu chinh kha todn difin, bao qudt nMlu kMa canh quan Ii xd hSi. Bg
"Qudc triiu hinh ludt" gom ed 6 quyln, cMa Idra 13 chUdng vdi tong c&ng 722 dilu.
ChUdng Danh li (gom 49 dieu): quy dinh v l nhiftig van d l ed ban v l tgi thgp ac, ve ngu Mnh, ehfi' do bat nghi, chudc t&i b l n g tiln..ldm ctf sd d l eho vific dinh ehe tdi xfl phat d cac ehUdng dilu khdc;
ChUdng Ve cdm (gora 47 dilu); quy dinh ve vific bao vfi cung cam, kinh thdnh vd cae t&i xdm hai de'n hoang thdnh, cung difin, tdi san vd tinh mang cua vua, hoang tgc;
ChUtfng Vi chi (gom 144 dilu): quy dinh v l hinh phat doi vdi ede hdnh vi sai trdi cua quan lai, cae tgi phara ve ehflc vu;
ChUtfng Qu&n chinh (gim 43 dilu): quy dinh ve sif trflhg phat cde hanh vi sai trdi
• TS. Phan Ngpc Huyin, Khoa Lich siJf. Trung tdm Nghien cdu Chdu A - Trudng DHSP Hd N6i.
62 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2015 ciia tudng, si, cac tdi vi pham ve qufin ngu,
M luat qufin d&i;
Chflong Hg fidn (gim 58 dieu): quy dinh v l hg tieh, hg khau, hdn nhfin, gia dinh va cdc tSi Ufin quan den cdc linh vifc ndy;
Chflong Biin sdn (gim 59 dilu): quy dinh ve sd hflXi, mua ban, t r a n h chlp..jTj&ng d i t , van d l thfla ke', huong hda vd eae t&i pham ed Ufin quan;
Chuong Thdng gian (gom 10 dilu): quy dinh ve cdc tdi pham tinh due, cdc chfi' tM xfl phat t&i gian dfim, cudng dfim, xfim hai thfin t h l ngudi phu nii^
ChUtfng Bgo tgc (gom 54 dilu): quy dinh ve cdc t&i trdm eUdp, gifi't ngUdi vd m&t sd' tfii chinh tri nhU phan nUde hai vua;
ChUtfng Bdu tung (g&m 50 dilu): quy dinh ve cde nhdra t&i ddnh nhau (au da) vd cdc tgi vu cdo, Ifing ma;
Chuong Trd nguy (g&m 38 dieu): quy dinh cac tSi gia mao, Ifla dil;
Chfltfng Tgp ludt (g&m 92 dilu): quy dinh v l cdc t&i khSng thupc ede nhdm tgi danh thuSe cdc chfltfng d tren,
ChUtfng Bp vong (gora 13 dieu): quy
dinh v l vific b i t tdi pham chay trCm vd cdc mflc Mnh phat tuong dfldng.
Chflong jDodn nguc (gom 65 dilu): qi^
dinh ve vifie giam gifl, xet tung ede nghi can vd tgi pham.
Trong sd' 13 chUtfng cua "Qudc triiu hinh ludt", cd khdng it dieu luat cd noi dung Uen quan de'n phbng cho'ng tham nhung. Trfl eac chfltfng Thdng gian, Bdu tung, Bd vong, 10 chfldng ebn Iai diu ed cdc quy dinh xfl phat ede h a n h vi tham fi, cMem doat eiia eSng. Theo t h i n g kfi cua ngUdi vifi't, trong "Qudc triiu hinh ludt" c6 t i t ca 76 dilu luat cd Uen quan de'n chl tdi xfl phat cdc hdnh vi thara d, nhdn hli 16 cua quan lai. Cu the nhU sau: Xera Bang L L
Trong so hon 70 dieu luat ndi tren, ngi dung phan dnh v l cdc h a n h vi tham nhiing cua quan lai khd da dang, nhU: t i n g quan v l viee triftig phat t&i ngfldi nhdn hoi 1$, ngubi dua hoi Id; thUdng efi'p nhfin h S Io rad bao che, dung tung cho e l p dudi; hodnh h a n h nhung n h i l u lUtfng dfin d l Ily tien cua; nhdn hdl 16 md dung tung tdi pham;
n h a n t i l n diit Idt md mifin binh dich cho
B a n g 1.1. S^ d i e u l u ^ t cd n $ i d u n g lifin q u a n d ^ n t h a m n h u n g trong **Qu6'c trieu hinh lu&t"
Chuong Dieu luSt lien quan
Danh le 1
V?
cdm 5
Vi chi 23
Qu&n chinh
8 Ho hdn 9
Biin s&n
4 Bao
tdc 3
Trd nguy 3
Tap luat 11
Bodn nguc 9
Tdng 78
Nguin: Qudc triiu hinh lu&t (bdn dich), Nxb. Chinh tri Quoc gia, H4 NOi, 1996.
Phan Ngoc Huyen - Khdo cdu ve guy dfnh chong tham nhdng... 63 B a n g 1.2. N&i d u n g va sd' cac d i e u l u $ t ve t h a m n h u n g
trong "Qudc trieu kinh ludt"
N&i dung cdc dieu lugt vl tham nhung Tdng quan vi viSc trdng phgt tdi ngUdi nfi&n hdi Id, ngudi diia hdi Id Quan lgi nh&n hdi 16, kit be ddng, phe cdnh doanh tU g&y hgi cho triiu dlnh ViSc khoa cd bdt chinh, nh&n hdi 16 lam trai ph&p lu&t
Cdp trin nh&n hdi 16 ma bao che, dung tung cho cdp du&i
Y quan c&y thi, hoanh hdnh nhiing nhiSu luang d&n di miiu dogt lgi lpc
Nh&n hdi 16 ma dung tdng tdi phgm;
IAm gid/sai Ipch vu dn
Nh&n tiin dut lot md miin binh dich cho ngudi, dung tdng trong qu&n dpi Lgi dung chdc quyin di dn cdp/chiim dogt cda cdng
Lgi dung viSc c6ng di ldm viSc tu, &n bdt, bdn rdt cda cdng
So dieu t h l Mfin trong luat 3 d i e u (Danh I9: 1 dilu; Vi che: 2 dilu)
3 d i l u (Ve d m : 2 dilu; Vi chfi': 1 dilu)
2 d i l u (Vl chfi': 1 dilu; Ho hon: 1 dilu)
3 d i e u (Vi chl: 3 dilu)
22 d i e u
(Vg elm 2 dilu; Vi che: 6 dilu; H& hon: 4 dilu; Dien sdn: 1 dilu; Trd nguy: 2 dilu;
Tap lufit: 4 dilu; Dodn nguc: 3 dieu) 9 d i e u
(V| cam: 1 dilu; Vi chl: 3 dieu; Quan chinh: 1 dieu)
3 d i e u
(Vi che': 1 dilu; Qufin chinh: 1 dilu; Dao tdc: 1 dieu)
15 d i e u
(Vi che': 2 dieu; Quan chinh: 3 dilu; H&
hSn: 2 dilu; Diln sdn: 2 dilu; Dao tac: 2 dieu; Tap lufit: 3 dieu; Dodn nguc: 1 dilu)
16 d i e u
(Vi chfi': 4 dilu; Qudn chinh: 3 dieu; Hp hon: 2 dieu; Dien sin: 1 dieu; Tap ludt: 4
diiu; Dodn nguc: 2 dilu) NguSn: Qud'c triiu hinh lu&t (ban dich), Nxb. CMnh tri QuS'c gia, Hd N&i, 1995.
ngudi; an d p tdi vdt eua edng; vtf vfit hofic nhiing cua quan lai trong "Qudc triiu hinh fin bdt eua cdng..Cu t h l cdc ngi dung phan lu&t" tap trung nhilu nhfi't d chuong Vi dnh d tflhg chuong nhU sau: Xera Bang 1.2. chi, tifi'p de'n la cac chUtfng Tgp lu&t, Hp Tfl bang 1.2 d trfin ed t h l t h i y : cdc dieu hon vd Boan nguc. Ndi dung cdc dilu luat lufit Uen quan dfi'n xfl phat hdnh vi tham ehflhg td quy dinh ve phdng ehS'ng, xijf phat
64 Nghien ciht Ddng Nam A 5/2015 hdnh vi tham nhung kha phong phu, dfldc
bilu Mgn qua nhOhg kMa eanh dudi dfiy:
1. Xdphgt hdnh vi nhan hdi 16 va diia fi6i Id: hinh phat ndng nhe tuy thu&c vao mflc dd pham tgi. Ddl vdi ngUdi nhdn h&
Id, "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t" quy dinh xfl phat nhu sau. Dilu thfl 42, chflong Vi chi viet:
"Quan ty lam trdi phdp lufit ma an hdl 16 tU 1 quan dfi'n 9 quan tM xfl tfii bifi'm (phat) hay bfii chflc, tfl 10 quan dfi'n 19 quan tM xfl tfii do hay lUU, tfl 20 quan trd len tM xfl t&i chem. Nhflng bde cdng t h i n quy t h i n eung nhflhg ngflbi ed tdi dUde dU vdo hang bat nghi md dn hdl 1& tfl 1 quan trd len den 9 quan tM xfl phat t i l n 50 quan, tfl 10 quan den 19 quan tM xfl phat t i l n tfl 60 quan de'n 100 quan, tfl 20 quan trd Ifin thi xfl tgi do, nhflhg tien an hoi 16 xfl phat gfi'p ddi nop vdo kho"'^*.
KhSng eM ngUdi nhfin hdl Id bi xfl phat, ke dua hdl Id nfi'u dung tiln bac d l nhd va quan tien, e l y ldm trdi phap ludt eung phai ehiu tdi. Neu do oan uong that rad v l n phai di hoi 1& ngUbi ta tM se duge xera xfit giam t&i. Dieu thfl 44, ehuong Vi chi quy dinh: "Nhflng ngUdi dUa hoi 1& md xfit ra vifie dia hg trai le tM theo vific ciia hg rad dinh tdi. Cbn ngUdi nao thdt oan kho vi mud'n eho khdi tgi md hdl Id tM dugc giam tdi. Ngudi khdng phai viec minh rad di hdl 1& thay ngudi khdc tM xfl tdi nhe hon ngUdi dn hoi Id hai bae. Nhflhg ngubi thu&e ha md xuc xiim quan tren tM cung xfl tgi nhU thfi'. Cua hoi 16 phai nop vao kho"*^'.
2. Y quan cgy thi, hoanh hanh nhung nhiiu luang ddn de miiu dogt lgi lpc. Dfiy
la ndi dung duge phan anh nMlu nhat tiong sS' cdc dilu lufit Ufin quan de'n cac hanh vi tham nhiing ciia quan lai, cMlm khoang hon 20 dilu trong so' 76 dilu ludt,
"Qudc triiu hinh lugt" quy dinh rat rd, dli vdi mgi bilu Mfin lgi dung uy quyln, cudng cMfi'm tdi san edng ciia quan lai diu xd phat khdng dung tung. Dilu thfl 80, chfltfng Tgp lugt vifi't: "Cae quan eai quan qudn dfin eac hat, vd ed ma di den nhflng Idng, xa trong hat, hay la cho vg ca, vg Ie, ngfldi nhd di lai, mUtfn vific mua bdn lam ed de quay nMfiu quan dan, lay eiia bieu xen thi xfl tgi bie'm hay bai chflc. Ngflbi to cdo dung sU thdt tM dugc thudng tuy theo vific ndng nhe" *^'. Dilu thfl 86 chuong Tgp ludt eung vifi't: "Cde quan em quan quan dan eung nhiftig nha quyen quy md sach nMfiu vay raUtfn cua cai do vfit cua dfin trong hat tM khfip vdo tdi Idra trdi phap luat vd phai tra lai tdi vfit cho dfin"***.
Ddl vdi tudng linh t r a n gifl cdc viing pMfin tran, nfi'u raUU doat tdi vat eung se bi xfl phat, Ifltfng dfin se dugc b l i thudng sl tai san bi mfi't. Dieu thfl 67 ehUflng Vi chi quy dinh: "Cdc quan tfldng suy tai cdc pMen tran dfi'n nhflhg chfiu huyfin d trail minh, sdeh nMfiu t i l n tdi eiia nhfin dfin thi bi bifi'm ba bfic, phai boi thudng gfi'p doi so tiln tra lai eho dan. Quan tdn thd't tfl nhi phara trd Ifin can tgi d'y, xu" phat 100 quan;
nhflhg ngfldi gia thude Idra vific sdeh nMeu de lam r^i loan trong hat, tM lufin tdi khae"(5>.
Dli vdi ede quan lai gifl vifie hinh nguc, ne'u nhu ddm chen ep pham nhfin de dbi tien, rafle dd pham t&i nhe tM se bi bai
Phan Nggc Huyin - Khdo cdu ve quy djnh chdng tham nhung... 65 chflc, ndng tM se hi do, luu, thdm cM bi xfl
tiJf Mnh. Dieu thfl 47 ehuong Bodn nguc vifi't: 'T^gue gidm, nguc lai di b i t pham nhan md Ily tiln eiia ngUdi ta, vigc nhe tM bilm ba tu^^*, vi&e ndng tM d l ldm khao dmh; nfi'u dbi lay tiln nhilu qud de'n nfii ngudi ta phai khdnh M&t tM san tM do Idra chung dien binh; de dfi'n nSi ca xa l y bi phd san thi xfl t&i luuhay t&i chfi't vd bat phai bli thfldng gd'p ddi so nhung nMeu...
Quan gidm nguc ed' y dung tung hay cung cMa tien sdeh nhieu tM eung bi bifi'm vd bli thudng mgt p h l n ba s6' sdeh nMlu.."'''*
Trong trfldng htfp nguc quan ngang nMen nhfin tiln d l tim edeh gd tgi cho pham nhan, ed' y Idra trdi phdp lufit tM se hi xfl phat ndng htfn: "Vifin eoi nguc nhfin tdi v | t ciia tfl nhfin rad xui bdo thay doi ldi eung, hay ngira bdo ldi le d l thfim bdt tdi tM khfip vdo t&i ldm trdi phdp ludt"'^'.
DSl vdi lai vifin d cdc dia phfltfng, nhflhg ngubi qudn thdnh, nhfin vien hd dao, quan gidm chd..Ji^u ed' y ldi dung chUc quyln, hodnh hdnh ngang ngugc de nhdn tiln cua thi deu hi bdi chflc, b l i thudng bode hoan tia nguyfin s6' t i l n cua dd eho dfin. NMlu chUtfng eiia "Qud'c triiu hinh ludt" deu ed nhflhg dilu ludt Ufin quan den ede quy dinh ndy, c h l n g h a n nhu:
Chuong Vi cdm, dilu 23: "Nhflhg ngflbi gifl efla quan... ne'u khdch budn cung dan Man Lieu qua cfla quan md sdch nMfiu tiln le lat thi bi bifi'm hm tfl vd phai b i t boi thifdng gap hM so' tien dn le eho ke md't tiln"<9>.
Chfltfng Vi chi, dilu 88: "Nhflng ngflbi
coi viec ddo sdng, lam cang vd dap quan ai ma giaij bdt dan phu, sdch nMfiu tien ciia tM bi bifi'm hoac do phai boi thudng tien gap hai, tra lai eho dan"^^'".
Chuong Vi chi, dieu 90: "NhQng ngUdi coi ehtf trong Mnh t h a n h sdeh nMlu tien Ilu chg tM xii" tdi danh 50 roi, bie'm mSt tU, lay thufi' chg qua nang bifi'm hai tU, mfi't ehflc coi chtf, b&i thudng tiln gd'p dSi tra cho dfin..."<"'
Chuong flg hdn, dieu 43: "Quan coi vific thu thufi' ne'u d l qud h a n roi ma khSng n&p vdo kho tM xfl t&i bifi'm hay phat. N^u quan coi kho ngoai cac luong thufi' dd dinh ma yfiu sdch lay eiia dfin tM phai tgi bifi'm hay d l vd phai b l i thubng gfi'p doi tra cho dan so' tiln sdeh nhifiu" *^^'.
Chfltfng Tgp ludt, dieu 23: "Nhflng noi bfin db qua sfing phai Iam eau hay ddt thuyen be ne'u khong ldm, khdng sam hodc tfl tifin rbi cau rdi bfi'n di noi khdc thi quan trdng nom d dfiy phai phat 60 trUtfng, Idm cho ngUdi qua lai phai diftig Iai khdng di dUtfc tM phai phat 80 trUtfng. Ne'u vd cd Idra khd d l dbi tien cua eung phai phat trUtfng nhu thfi' vd phai tra lai nhuhg tien da lly"'i3)
3. Lgi dung viec cdng de lam viic tU, dn bdt cdng luang, tuy Idy/miign do dung cda cdng. Vdi nhiihg h a n h vi nay, "Qudc triiu hinh ludt" thdi Lfi So ed nhflhg quy dinh xfl phat khd cu the. Vdi eae quan vifin gifl kho khd' (thdng thfldng hay phara phai tdi Meu ndy nhat), dilu thfl 11 chfltfng Tgp lugt vifi't: "NhOhg quan gifl viec thu phdt cua cdng md tidi lufit (trdi luat nhfl la thu vdo
66 Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 5/2015 nMeu md phdt r a it, dang phat thfl cu lai
phdt thfl mdi, ddng n h a n thfl tot lai nhdn thfl xau) tM xfl biein mgt tU va tinh s6^ thfla tMlii l y b&i thudng n&p vao cua edng.
Quan chii ty giau khdng phat giac r a tM xfl phat 50 roi, qud nQa tM xfl t&i biem hay phat. Ngudi gifl kho bat i^Udi den linh vfit gi ldm giay Men nhdn, trong gily bifin nMeu md phdt eho it tM xfl t&i do va phai bli thfldng nhu lufit"*!**.
Rifing ede lai vien kM di trung thu thue' lUtfng d cdc dia phUdng xa, thdn, ne'u tdu bdo s l lugng sm de dn bdt tM 1&, huyfin, xa quan diu phai edn efl vdo cdc tinh tiet ndng nhe d l lufin tfii: "Nhiihg s l thul' tau Ifin v l thue md, dam ao dfi't bai ma tau nhilu ldm it, dfi't quan Idra d i t hoang, hang tien ldm hang dfldi, them bdt thay dli de hut cua edng vd t i n hai cho dfin tM 1&, huyfin, xd quan diu phdi theo vific nang nhe rad tri tfii vd ghep vao tdi gid'u gieim ciia cai nhd nflde"*^^'.
Trong hdng ngu quan qudn tfldng linh, vifie ldi dung chflc trach quan qufin de bdt xfin cua cdng, lam bfio cho minh la Men tfltfng rat p h i bil'n. Doi vdi loai hdnh vi ndy, "Qudc triiu hinh lugt" cung cd mdt s6' dilu quy dinh nguyfin t i c xfl phat:
Dieu thfl n h i t chuong Quan chinh vifi't:
"NhQng quan tUdng Mfiu cm quan tU ba van qudn trd xuong, 50 Unh trd Ifin, ne'u khong chdm sde luygn tdp de h a i ^ ngu khdng ehinh te, quan kM khdng tinh nhufi, bifi'ng nhde vific quan, ldm cho qudn kM hfl hdng phdi sfla chfla, hao ton t i l n cdng, hay dn bdt ciia cdng, ldm vific rieng bd vifie edng,
xet t&i nhe tM bi bie'm hay edeh ehflc, toi ndng tM hi do hay luu"*'^'.
V l n d ehuong Qudn chinh, dilu thfl 17 eung vie't: "NhQng quan tfldng Mfiu khong sifing ndng huan luyfin qudn si, lai sai quan linh lam vific rifing cho nhd minh, cung la dinh de lay tiln hay dn bdt, vipc nang tM xii tdi do hay lUU, vigc ndng tM xLf tdi luu. Cae chanh phd ngu trudng cai quan quan d&i sai di cUdp quan nhu hay ehdn dubng quan dieh ma ehe da'u cho quan linh dugc chay trd'n, cung Id dinh lay tien hay dn bdt, vifie nhe tM hi tdi d& hay luu, vi^c ndng tM bi t&i chfi't vd truy boi tien theo nhu lufit"'"*.
4. An trdm tai v&t, lgi dung chdc quyin di chiim dogt cda cdng. Trong "Qudc triiu hinh ludt", tgi lgi dung chflc quyln dl dn trgm, bdt xen, cMfi'm doat cua c6ng cung dfldc xem Id hdnh vi tham nhung. Dl cMfi'm doat tM sdn c6ng, ngUbi pham tSi c6 rat nhieu thii doan. Lufit phdp thbi Lfi vi vay ciing edn eU vdo nhiihg tinh hinh pham t&i khac nhau ma ed ede quy dinh xii phat khdc nhau.
"QuSc triiu hinh lugt" da dUa ra m&t so trudng htfp duge xfi'p vdo t6i dn tr&m tdi san cua e6ng, vi du nhU tinh tifi't pham tgi sau day: "Do vat ciia cSng da nifim phong ddng diu, ngudi coi giQ khong xin phfip quan ty phu trdch md tU tifin md ra thi phai t&i trUtfng hay t&i biem. Nfi'u thay dli hay ton that tM phai khfip vdo tfii lay tr&m cua edng"*!^'.
Nl'u nhfl gidm Idm'i^', quan vifin cai quan kho kho md dn tr&m/lly e l p tiln cua
Phan Ngoc Huyen - Khdo cdu ve quy dinh chdng tham nhdng... 67 tiii eung xfi'p vao tdi dn e l p "Quan gidm
lfim, ngudi coi kho rad tif lay ti&ra tM xfl nhfl tgi an tr&m thfldng vd phdi b&i thfldng tang vgt g i p hai lan"t20). Dae bifit vdi hdnh vi dn trdm qud'e kh^, qufin luohg, lufit ed q i ^ dinh xfl phat r i t nghiem khie. CM can mic t&i an tr&m quan lUtfng, kMen cho vific qudn bi a n h hfldng tM deu xfl tfl theo qufin phdp. Dieu thfl 30 chfltfng Qudn chinh quy dinh r i t ro rang: "KM hdnh qudn md eoi vific vfin lUtfng sai ky han, de dfi'n ndi h i t luong, tM phdi xfl t&i theo quan phap. Di dudng d l m i t luong thifc hay vdt dung tM phdi den so t i n t h i t ; an trgm hay giiu gifi'm lUtfng thUe hay vfit dung tM phai chfim vd phdi boi thudng g i p hai.."'^!'
Cde quan vifin trflhg thu Ifltfng thufi', nfi'u tnftig thu m a n M md khdng nhgp kho, eo y xdm hai eiia cSng, se bi xfl tdi d l hay luu.
Cdc chflong Vi chi, Hd hdn, Biin sdn diu cd cdc quy dinh xfl phat tgi an trdm IflOng thufi' ciia edng. C h l n g ban, dilu 44 chfltfng Hp hdn vifi't: "Nfi'u nhiihg quan thu t i l n tiiufi' vd nhflhg do phai thu da thu dfltfc md de qud ky khdng ndp vdo kho, nfi'u qud 2 thfing, 3 thdng, cho Id tdi gifi'u gifi'ra, qud 4 thang trd Ifin eho Id tgi dn tr&m; t&i gifi'u gie'm tM m&t quan xfl bie'm mgt tfl, 10 quan bie'ra hM tU, 30 quan bifi'm ba tU, 50 quan xfl d& lam khao dinh, 100 quan do Idm tUtfng phubng binh, 200 quan do Idm ehung d i l n binh, 300 quan trd Ifin tM xfl luu di ehau g i n , tdi dn ti&m tM xfl tdi theo ludt dn tr&m vd boi thubng gd'p hM"*22)
Nguc quan kM thu U cde vu an eung hay dn ti&m do v$t c6ng. Vi du, kM hinh quan t n m g thu tM san cua pham nhdn nhap kho
thubng cd h a n h vi I n gid'u ldm tai san cd nhan. Hanh vi nay cung dUtfc "Qudc triiu hinh ludt" Ufit vdo tdi dn trdm/lay elp eua edng: "cde hinh nguc quan xuT dn, cd nhijhg vige b i t phai boi thudng sung edng vd tich thu dien san.Kfi'u da b i t bli thubng sung edng, da tieh thu d i l n san md khdng lam du giay td de giao cdc thfl ay cho Ty tang k h i tM [hinh nguc quan] phdi phat tien 30 quan, nguc lai phai bie'm mgt tU. Nfi'u dera sd' dien san ay Idm ciia rifing tM hi khep vdo tdi dn trdm"<23).
Nhulig ddn chflhg v l cde dieu lufit quy dinh ehfi' tax xfl phat hdnh vi tham nhung cua quan Iai d trfin cho thay, van d l xfl phat quan lai pham t&i, trong dd ed cdc tdi danh Uen quan dfi'n tham nhung, hdl 1& rat dUde ehii trpng trong phdp lufit thdi Lfi So.
2. M ^ t sd' n h | t n x e t v e c a c ngi d u n g p h o n g c h d ' n g t h a m n h i i n g t r o n g
"Quo'c t r i e u h i n h l u ^ t "
Thd nhdt, v l sd' dilu lufit xfl phat cde hdnh vi tham nhung cua quan lai, cd t h l thay trong luat phap thdi Lfi Sd ed khdng it quy dinh Uen quan. Thoiig kfi eho thay
"Qudc triiu hinh luat" cd 76/722 dieu Ufin quan den xfl phat tgi tham nhung, cMfi'm 10,5% t i n g sd' dilu ludtf24) T^y chUa ed phln/ehUdhg rifing bifit v l phbng ch6'ng tham nhung nhuhg phai thfla nhan r l i ^ , pham vi dilu cMnh vd ehfi' tai xfl phat ddl vdi tdi thara nhung vd ede hdnh vi Ufin quan trong "Qud'c triiu hinh ludt" khd r&ng: tfl cdc quy dinh ehung v l xfl phat t&i thara 6, dfla/nhan hdl 1& dfi'n vifie dinh rfi cdc khung hinh phat tuong uhg ddl vdi eae
68 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 5/2015 B a n g 2.1. Cac d i l u l u $ t Ufin q u a n dfi'n t h a m n h i i n g bi xd t&i che't
t r o n g Qud'c trieu hinh ludt Dilu lufit
Dieu thfl 30, chuang VS cdm
Dilu thfl 42, ehUtfng Vichi
Dieu thfl 101, ehuong Hchi
Dieu thfl 13, chuong Vi chi
Dilu thfl 17, chuong Vi chi
Dilu thfl 30, ehuong Qu&n chinh Dilu thfl 39, chuong Qu&n chinh Dilu thfl 42, chuong Tgp lu&t Dieu thfl 74, chUdng Tap lu&t Dilu thfl 47, chuong Bodn nguc
Hdnh vi pham t&i
Sfl t h i n di sfl ra nfldc ngodi.Jly ciia hdl Id ma tifi't lp cdng vific nUdc nhd
Quan ty lam trai phdp luat dn h&l 1& tfl 20 quan trd Ifin
Quan lifim phong (quan mfit tra) kM xet vigc vi bdo fin bao odn hay dn h l i Id md doi t r l n g thay den
Nhflng ngudi gifl kho vu khi, ban trpm do vu kM Chdnh, phd ngu tnfdng cai qudn qufin d&i sai di cUdp qufin nhu hay ehfin dubng quan dich dinh lay tien hay dn bdt
KM hdnh qufin coi vi&e vfin lUtfng md dn trpm hay giiu giim lUcmg thUc hoac vfit dung KM di ddnh dep b i t dUgc giac md Ifi'y eua cai d l vfit, roi lai vi co than tinh quen bifi't ma tha ra Gifi'u nhflng dl vfit ciia cdng tfl 50 quan trd Ifin Tpi nhfin dUtfc nhd vua dae fin tha cbo ma quan dai t h i n , quan hdnh khiln cung cdc quEm coi nguc tung tu nhfin Id tfn cCia minh d l ddi h l i Id Nguc giam, nguc lai di b i t pham nhfin ma l i y tien cua ngUdi ta, nfi'u dbi nMlu qud d i n n l i cd xa l y bi phd sdn
Hinh phat Xfl t&i chfim.
Xil t&i chem.
MUc cao nhat Id xfl toi chit Xfl tpi chfim Mflc cao nhit Id xfl tpi chit Mflc cao nhfi't la xuf t&i chem Mflc cao nha't Id xfl tpi chit Xfl t&i chfi't Mflc cao nhit la xfl t&i chet MUc cao nhfi't Id xfl tfii chet NguSn: Qudc triiu hinh lu&t (ban dich), Nxb. CMnh tri Quoc gia. Ha Npi
t&i hodnh hdnh nhung nMlu dfin dia phfltfng d l Ily tien ciia; nhfin h l i 16 ma dung hing t6i pham; xet dn sai Ifieh; nhfin t i l n dut Idt md mien binh dieh eho ngudi dfin trdi quy dinh; thugng cap nhfin tien eua md bao che^ (Mng tflng eho thudc cap ldm bdy; bdt xen, dn e l p tdi san, IflOhg kho ciia cdng. NhQng quy ^ n h vdi pham vi dilu
ehinh ed tinh bao qudt nhu vdy la ctf sd de xem "Qudc trjiu hinh luat" nhU m&t b& lufit ed gid tri v l phbng chtfng thara nhung dSu tien trong lich sfl lap phdp Vi$t Nam.
Thd hai, v l hinh thflc vd nguyen t i c x6t xfl ede hdnh vi tham nhung, "Qudc triiu hinh ludtf the Mfin sfl ngMfim khic, ein trpng trong xfit tOi, Uidn tfii. Dieu thfl 5 cua
Phan Ngpc Huyen - Khdo cdu ve quy dinh chdng tham nhung... 69 chflong Danh li trong "Qudc triiu hinh
ludt" quy dinh rd hdnh vi tham nhung, nh§n h3i 1& khdng duoc xfit giam tdi theo eh^ dd "bdt nghi": "Nhflhg hp bd pM eiia Hodng thdi tfl tfl dai cong trd Ifin md pham tfl t&i, tM eung phai ldm ban tdu dang Ifin vua xet dinh, tfl t&i luu trd xud'ng dfldc giam m&t bfic, neu tdi thdp de, gifi't ngfldi, gian ddm, trdm e l p trong cung cam, an hdl lg ldm trai phfip, tM khdng theo luat ndy"'^^^
Su ngMfim k h i c vd e i n trgng trong vige xet xii t&i pham tham nhiing trong ludt phap thbi Lfi Sd cbn dugc the M&n d kMa canh xem xfit eu t h l dli tugng vd hdnh vi pham t&i tham nhflng. "Qu^ triiu hinh lugt"
khdng cM neu ro che tdi xfl phat ddl vdi ngubi nhfin hoi Id md cbn cd c l quy dinh xfl tgi d6i vdi ngubi dua hSi 1&, mdc du eho phfip dUtfe xera xfit hodn cdnh, tinh tilt pham t&i cu t h l . ^^gc qui dinh che' tdi xet xfl tuong ddl cu t h l vd nghifim khac doi vdi t&i thara nhflng trong lufit da p h l n ndo phdn dnh quyet tam eiia nhd Lfi So trong vific sfl dung phap lufit ldm eSng cu d l trflhg tri quan lai pham tdi ndi ehung vd hdnh vi tham nhiing ndi rifing.
Thd ba, mflc dg hinh phat dli vdi t&i tham nhung trong "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t"
rat da dang, tuy theo mflc d& pham t&i.
Trong ludt phdp thdi Lfi Sd, hinh thflc xfl phat ddl vdi cde hdnh vi tham nhiing chii yl'u gim: dung tien ehu&c tgi, bilin/bai chflc, phat ddnh roi/trugng, d l , lflu vd cao n h i t Id xuf tfl. Tuy vfiy, khdch quan md ndi tM s l dieu lufit dp dung khung Mnh phat xfl tfl d6l vdi hdnh vi tham nhung tiong b&
"Qudc triiu hinh ludt" cbn khd kMfim t i n .
Theo thS'ng kfi cua ngfldi vilt, trong 76 dilu luat Uen quan dfi'n phbng chd'ng cdc hdnh vi tham nhiing cua "Qudc trieu hinh lu&t", cM cd 10 dilu n h i c dfi'n vific xfl t&i chet, bao gom cdc dilu sau: Xem Bang 2.1.
Bang thd'ng kfi trfin cho phep nghi r i n g , s6' dilu luat xfl dfi'n t&i che't ddl vdi cdc hdnh vi nhan hoi lg, bdt xen/cMfi'm doat ciia edng trong khdng nMlu, nfi'u ed tin mflc dd xfl phat ddl vdi cdc tinh hudng ddn sfl ciing chfla cMfi'ra tuyet dai da sd'.
Nhfl vay, qua khao cflLi ngi dung, pham vi dieu ehinh, hinh thfle vd mflc d& hinh phat ed Ufin quan den hdnh vi tham nhiihg trong "QuSc triiu hinh lu&t", cd t h l thay r i n g mde dfl ehUa cd b& lugt rieng ciing nhU ehfla ed p h l n ehuyen bigt ve phbng ehS'ng tham nhiing*^^* nhuhg b6 luat hinh thdi Lfi Stf da cd nMeu quy dinh v l xfl phat hdnh vi tham nhiing eua quan lai. Dieu dd cho thay quyet tdm cao d& eua nhd nUde quan ehii thbi Lfi Stf ndi ehung vd cd nhdn vua Le Thdnh T6ng ndi rifing trong vifie diing ludt phdp ldm eong cu sae ben d l phbng chlng tham nhiing. Tat nMfin, vific thUe tM lufit phdp v l p h b i ^ ehlh^ tham S vd sU dam bdo eua trieu dinh trung Udng cho qud trinh thuc till l y trfin thUe tfi' ed diln ra eSng blng, ngMfim minh, Mfiu qua hay khong tM lai Id mdt kMa canh r i t k h d e /
C H U THICH
1. "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t" (bdn dich), Nxb.
Chinh tri Qud'c gia, Hd N&i, 1995, tr. 74.
70 Nghien ciht Ddng Nam A 5/2015 2. "Qudc tniu hinh lu&t" flDan dich), Sdd, ti. 75.
3. "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t" (bdn dich), Sdd, ti. 215.
4. "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t" (bdn dich), Sdd, ti. 217.
5. "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t" (ban dich), Sdd, tr. 81.
6. "Bilm" Id mdt hinh phat ddc bifit quy dinh trong Quic trieu Mnh luit. Theo d6, ngUdi pham t&i tfly theo mflc d& nang nhe ciia hdnh vi md bi ha tu cdch, phfim each cua con ngubi trudc phdp luat 'TU' dugc Meu lfi mot bfic d^ ddnh gid mu'c dd cao thap trong hg thing phim tudc cua quan lai (g&m 24 bfic).
Thdi Lfi Thdnh Tong, i ^ d i cdng cd nMlu tU thi cdng cd tudc cao. Theo siia. dinh quan che ndm H&ng E>flc thfl 2 (1471), trong hfi thong cflu phfim, tdng cflu phim Id hfing thip n h i t c6 1 tu^ cao hon lfi chdnh cflu pham co 2 tu, cfl tdng din nhu vfiy den hang didnh nhat phim c6 18 tu. Ben tren hfi thing cuU phim cbn c6 6 tudc dugc xep theo thfl tu lln lugt tir thfip din cao Id: nam tudc (19 tu), tfl tudc (20 tu), bd tudc (21 tu), hfiu tudc (22 tU), quan cdng (23 tu), quic cdng (24 tu). ^^pc thudng phat "tU' thdi Lfi so chinh Id ca sd dl trieu dinh liy lfim cdn cfl xit thfing, gidng quan lai. Sdch TU diln chflc quan \^et Nam ciia D6 Vfin Ninh (Nxb. Thanh nien, Hd N6i, 2002, tr,780 cho biet: "Quan chflc thbi xua, moi cap cM ldm nMeu tU. Viec thang chUc tinh tUng tu, du so tu thi thang mpt d p . Biem chflc cung vdy, bilm tift^ tU, dii so tu se ha m$t cap". O dfiy, 'biem ba tU' cd nghia Id gidng 3 bfic trong tong s l 24 bac trong hfi thong phim tude cda quan lai.
7. "Qudc triiu hinh lu&i" (bdn dich), Sdd, ti. 240.
8. "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t" (bdn dich), Sdd, ti.' 226.
9. "Qudc triiu hinh hi&t" (ban dich), Sdd, tr. 57-58.
10. "Qudc triiu hinh ludt" (bdn dich), Sdd, tr. 87.
11. "Qudc triiu hinh lu&t" (ban didi), Sdd, tr. 87.
12. "QuSc triiu hinh lu&t" (ban dich), Sdd, ti.l24.
13. "QuSc triiu kinh ludt" (bfin dich), Sdd, tr.
201-202.
14. "QuSc trUa hinh ludt" (tran dich), Sdd, ti. 199.
15. "QuSc triiu fdnh bidt" (ban dich), Sdd, ti. 136.
16. "QuSc triiu fdnh hidt" (ban dich), Sdd, ti. 102.
17. "QuSc triiu /dnh ludt" (bdn dich), Sdd, ti. 106.
18. "QuSc triiu hinh ludt (bdn dich), Sdd, tr. 198, 19. Cum tu Gidm l&m hay Giam l&m chu tku bit diu xult Mfin tfl Buimg lu&t, thuc t l dl cM cfic quan vifin n l m chflc trdch quan Ii, trong dd chii ylu bao g&m cfic quan chu'c, lai vien cd chflc tidch, quyen luc quan Ii tai sdn quoc gia, t h i m xet cfic vu an tu phdp vd cdc cdng vific sU vu khdc S chfiu huyen.
20. "QuSc triiu hinh hi&t" flafin dich), Sdd, tr. 161.
21. "QuSc triiu lunh lu&t" (ban dich), Sdd, ti. 109.
22. "QuSc triiu hinh lu&t" (bfin dich), Sdd, tr.
124 - 125.
23. "QuSc triiu hinh ludt (ban dich), Sdd, ti. 236.
24. "n Ifi ndy trong "QuSc triiu hinh ludtT nlu so vdi Dgi Minh ludt thbi Minh tM co phan it hon. Theo thing kfi cua ngUdi viet, Bgi Minh lu&i c6 95 dilu trong ting s l 460 dilu cua b& lufit cd ndi dung lifin quan den xif phat hfinh vi tham nhung (cMlm 20.6%). Cu thl xm xem: Phan Ngpc Huyen (2012), NghiSn Cliu so sdnh chinh sdch p/ibng chSng tham quan 6 lgi cda Minh Thdi TS ua IA Thdnh Tdng, Lufin an Tiln si, Dai hpe Vu Hdn, Trung Qu6c. tr. 52 (ban tieag Trung).
25. "QuSc triiu hinh lu&t" (bdn dich), Sdd, tr.
38-39.
26. Xfit ve mdt kit caii thi "QuSc triiu hinh lu&t" khfic vdi m&t s l bd lufit cua Trung Quic khi khdng cd chuang/muc nfio dfinh rieng cho tpi danh lifin quan de'n tham nhOng.
Trong kM d6, Dudng lu&t c6 qui dinh rit cu thl vl Luc tang (tdc 6 Ioai hfinh vi pham t&i Ufin quan din tham nhung). Dgi Minh lu&i tiong phln vl Hinh lu&t cung dat rifing muc Thu tang (Viic nhfin tang vfit hoi Id) thfinh m^t phan rifing vdi tong s l 11 dieu, quy dinh mflc xfl phat khdc nhau doi vdi cfic hfinh vi nhfin hfii lp khdc nhaa Bien muc nfiy trong "Quic trilu hinh lugt" khong co.
