Le T)ii Quynh Nga
Kinh nghiem qudc te ve giao due gia trj cho hpc sinh trong nha trUoing phd thong
La Thj Quynh Nga Vien Khoa ligc Giio dijc Vi^ Nam 101 Tr^n Hilng Ogo, Hoin Kilm, Hi NQI, Viet Nam Email: [email protected]
TOM TAT: The kl XXI diin ra khung hoang gii tn tren toin cau vi d tUng quoc gia. UNESCO khuyin cio rang, cic quoc gia, eac nha khoa hoc can chu j?
vao viec giio due gii tri cho thi he trii. Thgc tien phit trien giio due di cho Ihay chl thdng qua con dudng giio due gta tri mdi cd co sd ben vdng cho van de khdng hoing phit trien nhan cich hoc sinh. Bii viit phin tich kinh nghiem giio due gii tri eho hgc sinh trong nhi trudng pho thdng cda cac nudc MT, Australia va Nhit Ban qua ba ndi dung chinh: Muc tieu giio due gii tri, ndi dung giao due gii tri va phuang phip giio due gii tri, tU dd rut ra ket luan de cic nhi giao due Viet Nam cd the tham khio.
Tif KHOA: Gia I n ; giao due gia t r j ; giao due pho thong; hoc sinh pho thong.
•^ Nhgn bai 22/5/2019 -J- Nhiin ket qua phan bi?n va chinh sila 03/6/2019 •> Duyet Sinq 25/7/2019.
1.D$t van de
Gia tri (GT) c6 y nghTa to 1cm doi vai l6i s6ng va hanh vi ciia m6i nguoi, giiip con nguoi xac dinh muc tieu va phirong huong hoat dpng cho minh. Vi GT la nhan loi, la nen t^ng cua nhan each nen giao due gia tri (GIXJT) cho lipc sinh (HS) la mgt nhiem vu quan trong de dam bao cho nhSn each cua HS phat trien diing hucmg va ben viing. Tren th^ giai, GDGT da dugc chu trpng tir lau va da co nhieu quoc gia thanh cong vai chucmg trinh GDGT trong nha truimg. Viec tim hieu Icinh nghi?m eiia cac quoc gia do se giiip chiing ta co duac nhijng bai hpc y nghia trong viec xay dvng va phat trien chucmg trinh GDGT, nhat la trong boi canh toan eSu hoa.
2. Npi dung nghien c i ^
2.1. Giao due gia tri eho hoc sinh trong nha tnrdng pho thong d Hoa Ki
Hoa Ki Ik cuimg quoc tren thg gi6i ve nhieu linh virc, trong do co giao due (GD). Dac biet, Hoa Ki dugc xem la noi khai sinh ra GDGT vai mot su kien Ian a Hoa Ki - d6 la n§m 1776, khi Hoa Ki gi^nh dugc dpc lap, trong ban Tuyen ngon dpc lap (The Declaration of Independ- ence. July 4. 1776) Hoa Ki da d5t ra trach nhiem ciia nha tmdng la GD cho th6 h§ tuong lai cic phim chSt dao due, tniyen dat cho hp cac GT [1]. Nam 1925, Tnrong Dai hpc Colombo da thuc hien mpt cong trinh nghien eiiu ve cac chuong trinh GDGT 6 Hoa Ki (liic nay duge gpi la GD linh each - Character Education) [2]. Cong trinh nay da chi ra rSng, cac chirang trinh GD tinh each chinh thiic trong nha trucmg a Hoa Ki khong mang lai hi?u qua. Day 1^ cong trinh tao tien de quan trpng cho qua trinh nghien ciru GDGT trong cac nhii truang ph6 thong a Hoa Ki vk sau. Hi?n nay, GDGT cho HS trong nha truang ph6 thong oHoa Ki da phat trikn manh mg va la mo hinh cho nhi8u quoc gia hpc t^p.
2 . 1 . 1 . Muc tieu giao due gia trj
Nam 2002, Hoa Ki eo 14 tieu bang co Luat GD bat bupc dua GDGT vao nha tnrong pho thong, 14 tieu bang khuyin khich GDGT thong qua luat phap, 10 tieu bang h6 trg GDGT nhung khong dua vao luat phap hien hanh va 11 tieu bang nhan duge tai trg ciia lien bang de phat trien GDGT trong cac chuang trinh trong truimg hpc eiia hp [3]. Mac dii a moi bang, ehuong trinh GDGT co nhiing tinh chat dae thii de phii hgp vai dieu kien, dac diem rieng ciia bang do, song ve ca ban, eac chucmg trinh nay van hudng tai muc tieu chung la GD HS tro thanh nhiing eong dan co trach nhiem, hieu biet va c6 the tham gia hi?u qua vao dai song chinh tri, xa hpi ciia dat nuac [3, tr. 146].
2.1.2. No! dung giao due gia trj
M6i bang a Hoa Ki co nhiing lua chpn npi dung GDGT rieng, c6 6 GT c6t loi sau [4; tr.I70-172]'
- Tin cgy (Trustworthiness): Trung thire; BChong lira doi, lira gat hay trom cdp; Co thi tin cay dugc - lam nhiing gi da noi; Co long diing cam de lam dieu diing d^n; Xay dung danh tilng t6t; Chung thiiy - luon sat canh ben gia dinh, ban be va to quoc;
- Ton trgng (Respect): D6i xii voi ngucri khae vdi long ton trong; Khoan dung voi sir khac biet; Cu xir va noi nang dung mirc; Quan tam toi cam xiic ciia nguai khac; Khong de dpa, danh dap hay lam dau nguai khae; Xir li bat hoa mpt each hoa binh;
- Trdeh nhiem (Responsibility): Lam nhiing gi minh can lam; Kien tri, luon e6 gdng; Luon hoan thanh cong \ lee mpt each t6t nhit c6 th6; Lam chii ban than; Ki luat tu giac: Suy nghT trude khi hanh dpng - xem xet eac he qua, Chiu trach nhiem ve lira chpn ciia minh;
- Cong bdng (Fairness): Chai diing lu?t; Luan phien va chia se; Cai ma, IJng nghe ngudi khac; Khong Igi dyng ngudi khac; Khdng chi trieh ngudi khae mpt each thieu suy nghT;
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- Quan tdm (Caring): The hien long tot; Co long trde an va the hien su quan tam; The hien su biet an; Tha thii; Gnip dd nhimg ngudi khd khan;
- Bdn phgn edng ddn (Citizenship): Dong gdp phan minh de lam nha trudng va cdng ddng tdt dep hem; Hgp tac;
Tham gia vao cac hoat ddng cdng dong; Tiep can thdng tin; Bd phieu bau cir; Lam ngudi hang xdm tot; Chap hanh quy dinh va luat Ie; Tdn trpng nha cam quyen; Bao ve mdi Irudng.
2.1.3. Phifdng phap giao due gia tr;
Cach tilp can toan dien duge nhan manh trong tdt ca cac chuang trinh GDGT trong nha trudng Hoa Ki. Theo do, cac ndi dung lien quan den GDGT deu gan Uen va co su tham gia cua tdt ca luc lugng GD trong nha tnrdng: Can bp quan Ii (CBQL); giao vien (GV); HS, phu huynh. Cach tilp can toan dien con dugc thi hien d viee GDGT khdng chi duge thuc hien thong qua cac gid hpc tren ldp, ma cdn dugc tien hanh mpi liic, mpi nai, trong bdt ki khdng gian nao: Ldp hpc, san choi, tren xe bus, hanh lang, thu vien, cang tm nha tnrdng, san tap thi thao, ... Ngon ngQ, hanh vi, each iing xu eua CBQL, GV, HS, phu huynh tai cae b6i canh, khdng gian... diu la ca hdi dk GDGT eho HS. Ndi tdm lai, cd the noi d Hoa Ki, GDGT thudng dugc thuc hi?n thong qua 6 each thiic, phuang phap sau [3; tr.l43-I44];
- Neu guang: Day la mdt trong nhimg each thiic hien nhien dl GDGT. Dilu nay khdng ed nghia la GV can phai trd nen than thanh, song hp can nghiem tiic nhin nhan ddi sing dao due eiia ban than minh thdng qua viec hanh xii diing ddn. HS thudng cd xu hudng bdt chudc, lam theo GV - nhung ngudi ma cac em tin cay.
- Gidi thieh: GDGT can dugc tien hanh thong qua su giang giai. Dieu nay khdng chi dan thuan la rao giang eho HS nhiing quy tac, luat le ma cdn ldi keo cac em tham gia vao nhung cupe tro chuyen, thao luan ve dao diic. Nhiing cupe ddi thoai nay giup cho moi ngudi hieu biet sau han ve cae GT d^o due, each thire img xii phii hpp trong eac vdn dl khac nhau eiia ddi sdng, xa hdi.
- Cd vu, khich le: Mpt diia tre bi nan chi vi that bai trong ket qua hpe tap, trong the thao hay nghe thuat se can dieu gi do manh hon la vai li do de xua dudi su chan ehudng.
Dieu nay cung xay ra vdi cac em phat den tnrdng mot each ep bude, chan hpc va khdng dugc tuyen vao cac trudng dai hpc ma cae em lua ehpn. Sir cd vii ehan thanh la rat can thilt. Sir cd vu, khieh le nen dugc dimg mdt each hcrp li va khdng nen rao giang sudng. Cd vii, khieh le can hudng tdi Igi ich tdt nhdi ciia HS va thdi thuc cac em tim dugc hudng di phii hpp.
- Bdo ddm mdi tru&ng dgo dire: Ldp hpc la mdt xk hpi thu nhd vdi nhihig khudn mSu, ll nghi. quan h? quyen lyc va tieu chudn cho ca vi?e hpc t^p lan hanh vi ciia HS. Bau khdng khi dgo diic sc anh hudng den mdi trudng hpc tap.
Trong ldp hpe dd, GV cd tdn trpng HS khdng? HS ed tdn trgng nhau khdng' Cac quy dinh eua ldp hpc cd cdng bang khdng \ 11 cd dugc thye thi dimg dan khong' G\' cd thien v|
• i At'tc vk le phai cd khdng? Nhirng van de lien quan den d?o au^ ^ ^ . ^^^
trd thanh mdt phan ciia ldp hpc khong. Hau • . . . J * • • i.A„ hr^- ^e CO tac uuiig ii'ui- tin rang mo. mrong dao toe cua lop 1"^ « ^ ^ ^ , , , 4 ^ day su anh huong manh ml va on dinn icii . tinh each va nhan thiic cua HS \c nhung g" 0""«_^..__;_
- Trai nghiem: The he tre ngay nay sdng trong nhOng gia dinh nho hon va Icem 6n dinh hon thi he trudc. Viec song trong nhung ngoi nha hijn dai eung lam cho eac em ,t co CO hpi ban dl lam viee nha. Dieu nay dan din viec HS sdng r uyi null u t mill viyi. luiu. 1^ . 11 - f'
ki va khdng cd y thuc ddng g6p cho nguai khac Cac em khdng duac ren luyen kl nang eiing nhu ki luat hen quan din cong viec nen se gap khd khan trong viee xay dgng nhiing quan niem vimg chde ve GT, dao due. _
Nhilu tnrdng hoc khdc phuc tinh trang nay bSng each tao cho HS cac co hdi phuc vy ngudi khae d ca trong va ngoai nha trudng. Vi du, HS giup nhau hgc, HS ldn giiip eae em nhd han cae kT nang hpc tap va thi thao; HS giiip GV, nhan vien thu vien lam cae edng viee thudng nhat khae.
Cac ehuang trinh ngoai nha trudng cho phep HS co hpi dupe phue vu nhirng ngudi khd khan nhu ngudi mil, cac ba me ed con tat nguyen, cham phat trien. Mpt sd HS tinh nguy?n tham gia cac td ehiic khac nhu nha dudng lao, trai tre md cdi... Can bp nha trudng ddng vai trd giai quyet cac vudng mdc, khd khan gap phai giiia HS va cac ea nhan, to chiic can gnip dd. Cac chuang trinh phuc vu nhu v^y day cho HS nhirng kT nang trg giiip nhan dao rat ed GT. Thdng qua nhirng hoat dpng nay, eac khai niem trim tugng nhu edng bang, epng ddng trd nen thuc te hon khi HS dugc t$n mdt chiing kien nhirng eupc ddi, sd phan ma hg tiep xuc, HS bdt ddu nhan bilt su cdn thiet phai kit hgp cac GT dao diic vdi hanh dpng dao dire.
- Kl vpng vdo suhodn thien: Tre em cdn cd nhiing chuan muc va kl nang de dat tdi ehiing. Cac em can nhin nh^n ban than minh vdi tu each la nhihig HS trong qua trinh phan dku lien tue de dat tdi sir hoan thien.
Cac tieu chi ve chat lugng, sir uu tii trong eac hoat dpng va hanh vi trong nha trudng sg khuyen khich HS phat hien nhihig pham chat nhu kien tri, quylt tam va nhung dire tinh CO anh hudng tdi mgi mat cua ddi sdng sau nay khi ckc em trudng thanh. Kien thiic sach vd thay ddi rdt nhanh chdng, nhOng dieu ta thao luan hdm nay cd thi da lac hau vko ngay mai. Nhung eac GT, cac anh hudng vl m5t d?o dire vanhung net tinh each dang ghi nhd ma chiing ta lam hinh mau se edn tdn tai lau dai. Chiing ta cd thi dk lai cho HS mpt di san se khdng thay ddi trong suit cupe ddi: Nhan bilt dilu tot, yeu quy dieu tdt va lam dilu tdt.
2.2. Gl^o due gia tri cho hqc sinh trong nh^ tnidng pho thong Ue la quae gia ndi tiing von he thdng GD dat lieu chujn quoc te, cac trudng hoc danh tieng va moi trudng hoc tap chat luong cao. GDGT la van de duoc Chinh phu Uc quan tarn tit lau vi hien nay hp da xay dvng thanh cong Khune quoc gia vc GDOT trong nha uudng (National Frametsork for Values Education in Australian Schools) [51 116 TAP CHi KHOA HOC GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Le Tfl! Quynh Nga
2.Z.1 • Mue tieu giao due gia tri , . Giup HS hilu va cd kha n3ng ap dung eae GT cdt loi
vao cuOc sdng;
- Khuyin khich each song dan chii cua Uc ciing nhu cac GT khac bi?t trong cac trudng hpc d Uc;
. Ap dyng mpt caeh kien dinh cac GT cua cpng ddng nha tmong trong thyc tiln;
. Tuong tac vdi HS, GV, gia dinh va cdng ddng trudng hgc nhu mpt phdn ttong each tilpcan toan dien ddi vdi GD HS, nhdm hinh thanh va phit triin d HS tinh traeh nhiem va kien cudng;
- Xay dyng moi frudng an toan va khuyen khich HS kham pha nh&ng GT rieng eiia hp, cua nha trudng va cgng ddng noi hp sinh sdng;
- Hinh thanh va phat hiin d GV nhirng nang lyc su dung cac mo hinh, chiln luge GD mpt each linh boat;
- Xay dyng chuang trinh GD dap iing yeu cdu ciia ca xa h$i cung nhu cua tung ca nhan HS;
- Danh gia theo dinh ki chucmg trinh GD, each tiep can trong GD xem cd phu hgp khdng, co hieu qua khdng, cd dap ling muc tieu da de ra khdng.
2.Z.Z. Nol dung giao due gia trj
Khung quoc gia vl GDGT trong nha frudng {National Framework for Values Education in Australian Schools) dk
•eu ro 9 npi dung GDGT cdn hinh thanh cho HS, bao gdm [5]:
- S^ quan tam vd long trae an (Care and Compassion ) : Quan tam din ban than va quan tam din ngudi khae (Care for self and others);
- Ldm hit sue minh {Doing Your Best): Tim each thyc hien nhihig viec tot, c6 gang vugt qua nhung khd khan, thir thich dfi dat tdi thanh cdng {Seek to accomplish something mrlhy and admirable, try hard, pursue excellence);
- Cong bang {Fair Go): Theo dudi va bao ve cai tot, xay d\mg mpt xa hpi ma tat ca mpi ngudi dugc ddi xu cong bang, khong thien vj {Pursue and protect the common good where all people are treated fairly for a just society);
- Tlf do {Freedom): Dugc hudng cac quyin Igi va dac an ciia ngirdi cong dSn Uc, khdng bi rang huge hay dilu khiln boi ngudi khac, ddng thdi tdn ttpng quyin ty do ciia ngudi khac {Enjoy all the rights and privileges of Australian i^itizenship free from unnecessary interference or control, and stand up for the rights of others);
Trung thftc vd ddng tin c^y {Honesty and 1'nistworihiness): Trd thanh ngudi tmng thyc, ngay thdng vaton trpng sy that (Be honest, sincere and seek the truth):
• Liem chinh {Ititegrity): Hinh dpng theo chudn myc dao dire va luan li, nhdt quan gi&a ldi ndi va hanh ddng (Act in Kcordance with principles of moral and ethical conduct, ensure consistency between words and deeds);
• Ton trpng (Respect): Ddi xir vdi ngudi khae mpt each
|on trpng, ngay ca vdi nhihig ngudi khdng cimg quan , Mem (Treat others with consideration and regard, respect
"WJKr person s point of view);
- Trdeh nhiem (Responsibility): Chm trach nhiem vl hanh dgng cua chinh minh, giai quylt nhihig khae bi?t vdi tinh thdn xay dyng, phi bao lyc va hda binh, dong gdp cho xa hpi va ddi sdng dan sir, cham soc mdi trudng (Be accountable for one s own actions, resolve differences in constructive, non-violent and peaceful ways, contribute lo society and to civic life, take care of the environment);
- Hieu biet, khoan dung vd chdp nhpn (Understanding, Tolerance and Inclusion): Nhan thirc vl ngudi khac va nln van hda ciia hg, chap nhan su da dang trong mot xa hdi dan chii (Be aware of others and their cultures, accept diversity within a democratic society, being included and including others).
2.2.3. Phifdng phap giao due gia trj
Do d lie da xay dung mpt chuang trinh GDGT ttong nha tnrdng phd thong hoan chinh nen vl phuong phap GDGT d qude gia nay eiing cd nhftng ehi din hit sire cu thi, bao gdm:
- Thiet lap va nhat quan sir dung ngdn ngii chung va GT chung ttong toan trudng;
- Sli dung eae phuang phap su pham tap trung vao cac GT va dugc hinh thanh ttong tdt ca cae chucmg ttinh giang day;
- Phat trien GDGT nhu la mdt khai niem chuang trinh hpc tich hgp chir khdng phai la mot chuang ttinh, sy ki?n bd sung eho chuong trinh giang day;
- Day cac GT mgt each rd rang de HS biet y nghia cua GT va caeh eae GT dugc hinh thanh va phat ttien;
- Md hinh hda cac GT ngam dinh va thiic day md hinh hda cae GT mdt caeh rd rang;
- Phat trien cac phuang phap tiep can GT co lien quan va phu hgp vdi bdi eanh dia phucmg va toan cau va tao ca hpi thyc sy eho HS dugc ttai nghiem;
- Sit dung GDGT de bdi dudng sy hieu biet da van hda, gan ket xa hdi va hda nhap xa hoi,
- Bdi dudng GV nang lyc hpc tap ehuyen nghiep, sudt ddi dap img muc tieu va thiic day sy hgp tac chuyen nghi?p cua hp, khuyin khich GV chap nhan nii ro ttong each tiep can cua hg vdi GDGT;
- Thu thap va theo doi dir lieu dl cai thien lien tuc ve GDGT.
2.3. Giao due gia trj cho hoc sinh trong nha trifdng pho thong d Nhat Ban
Nhat Ban la mot nudc edng nghiep ldn va gay dupe sy chii y ldn tren toan cdu vl y thue trach nhieman sau vao tilm thiie eua mdi ngudi dan nai day va bieu hien thanh nhung phep tde rdt rd rang trong xa giao nhu each an mac, hanh vi nai cdng edng. De lam dupe dilu nay, Chinh phii Nhat Ban da co su djnh hudng, chi dao va quan li chat che viec GD cho HS tdt ea nhiing GT ma mpt ngudi cdn ndm viing va tdt ca nhirng hanh vi ed the tac dpng din ngudi khac. GDGT d Nhat Ban dugc dua vao khung ehuang trinh GD phd thdng theo cac quy dinh ciia Luat GD qudc gia va trudng cdng hay trudng tu deu phai tuan thu. GDGT d Nhat Ban dugc chia thanh GD dao dire ddi
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vdi cap Tieu hpe, Trung hpc ca sd va GD cdng dan d cdp Trung hpc phd thong [6]. GDGT trong chuong ttinh GD a Nhat Ban ludn dugc de eao va nhan manh ngay tir mue tieu GD d mpi cap hpc, ngay trong tirag mon hpe eiing nhu trong cac hudng d^n danh cho GV khi thyc hien viec giang day. Theo quy dinh trong ehuang trinh GD, mdi nha trudng phai dam bao rang tat ea cac hoat ddng GD deu chiia dyng yeu td GDGT. Ngoai cae tiet hpc rieng cho mon GD dao diic va GD cong dan, nha trudng cdn phai dam bao viec giang day ve GT mot each phii hpp thdng qua eae mon hpc khac nhau tren ldp, thong qua cac hoat dpng GD dac biet hoSc tich hgp.
2.3.1. Muc lieu giao due gia trj
Luat GD Nhat Ban (The Fundamental Law of Education ( W S ^ / S kyoiku kihonho) naml947 va Luat GD siia ddi nam 2006 khi ban vl GDGT da neu ro: "GD hudng tdi sy phat trien day dii cua nhan each, nd lue hudng tdi cham sde con ngudi vdi mpt tri tue va the ehat lanh manh, biet yeu quy sy that va cong li, tran trong cae GT ca nhan, tdn ttpng lao dpng, cd y thiic ttach nhiem sau sae, tham nhuan tinh than dpc lap vdi tu each lit ngudi chii ciia dat nudc va xa hdi hda binh" (Dieu 2, Chuang 1; Muc tieu giao due) [7]. Dinh hudng GDGT ciia Nhat Ban sau nhieu giai doan khac nhau dk cd nhiing dieu chinh de phu hgp vdi bdi canh va xu the mdi. Hien nay, GDGT ttong nha tnrdng d Nhat Ban hudng tdi 6 mue tieu cu the nhu sau
- Bdi dudng tinh than ton ttpng nhan pham con ngudi, ttan ttpng eupe sdng;
- Nd lyc ke thira, phat trien van hda truyen thdng, tao dung mpt nen v5n hda phong phu cua moi ca nhan;
- No lye hinh thanh va phat trien xa hpi va qudc gia dan chii;
- G6p phan vko vi6e xay dyng mot cong ddng thi gidi hda binh;
- C6 kha nang ra quyet djnh dpc lap;
- Bdi dudng y thire dao diic.
2.3.2. No! dung giao due gia trj
Ve mSt npi dung, GDGT trong cac nha trudng d Nhat Ban tap trung vao 3 ITnh vuc chinh nhu sau: 1/ Day vl sy tdn trpng cupe sdng; 2/ Day vc moi quan he giura ea nhan vdi t^p the; 3/ Day ve y thirc "trat tu dpe" (sociai order).
"Trat ty doc" d day dugc xem la mpt tdn ti xa hpi nghiem ng$t va yeu td quan ttpng tao nen sy phat trien ben viing ve kinh te, xa hpi ciia quoc gia Nhat Ban. Theo dd, con ngudi noi day dugc gdn ket vdi nhau theo tdn ti trat ty va theo tinh cam ty nhien, ehir khong ehi dan thuan dya tten quyen lye va kha n3ng [8; tt.367].
Vdi tu each la mpt mdn hpc dpc lap trong nha trudng, GDGT tap tnmg vao 4 linh vyc co ban, chira dyng cac phdm chdt, net tinh each cy the cdn hinh thanh d ngudi hpc.
bao gdm:
a. Ddt vdi bdn thdn
- Sy diing myc: La nhumg gi minh co the lam dugc bang
kha nang ciia ban than va sy duy tri mdt cugc s
""^Su chuyen cdn: Lam vipc eham ehi dl thyc hi?n nh_^g gi minh cdn phai lam va bdng cong sire cua ban than
- Long dung cam: Lam nhimg gi thdy la dung;
- Sy Chan thanh: Nhin nhan eupc sdng ^di su chan thanh I do nhung hanh dpng va niem vui;
- Tu do vii ki luat: Tdn ttpng sy tu C cd ki luat;
- Tu hoan thien: Hilu bilt ban than mmh, thay doi nhimg dilu cdn thay ddi va phat huy nhiing diem manh;
- Yeu chuong su that: Yeu chugng. tim kiem sy th^t, ehan li; kham pha cudc sdng ban than, hudng din thyc hi?n li tudng ciia minh.
b. Quan he vdi ngirdi khdc
- Phep lich sy: Hilu dugc tdm quan trpng ciia phep ljch su; cd kha nang dien dat va hanh dpng phu hgp ttong timg hoan canh;
- Sy quan tam va ldng tdt: Quan tam din mgi ngudi, co long tdt, biet dat minh vao vi tti cua ngudi khac;
- Tinh ban: Hieu biet, tin tudng, va giiip dd lan nhau;
- Biet on va kinh trpng: Bay td ldng biet on va kinh trpng ddi vdi nhung ngudi da ciiu giup ngudi khae vk ngudi eao tudi;
- Khicm tdn: Khiem tdn va tdn ttpng nhiing ngudi co y kien ho3c vi tri khac biet vdi thai dp cdi md, cau thi.
c. Quan he vai tu nhien
- Tdn ttpng thien nhien' Lam quen vdi thien nhien xung quanh va yeu men cac eon vat, cay ed;
- Ton ttpng cudc sdng: Tdn ttpng cugc song va tat ca cac sinh vat sdng;
- Tinh nhay cam tham mT: Cd sy nhay cam tham mT va biet than phuc trudc nhihig siie manh to ldn han ca eon ngudi;
- Tinh cao thugng: Tin tudng a sue manh va sy cao thugng cLia con ngudi de vugt qua diem yeu va thdi xau, no lyc tim kiem niem vui ttong eupc sdng.
d. Quan he vdi xd hgi
- NghTa vu xa hpi: Giir Idi hiia va tuan thii cac luat le cua xa hpi, tdn ttpng y thirc ve nghTa vu cpng ddng;
- Cong bang: Hanh xir edng minh, khdng thien vi vdi tdt ca mpi ngudi, khdng phan bi?t ddi xu va djnh kiln, no lyc thyc hien sy cdng bang;
- Su tham gia va trach nhi?m ttong nhdm: S5n ldng tham gia eac nhdm/td chiic xung quanh, nhan thire vl vai trd cua minh va thuc hi?n nhi?m vy ciia ca nhan vdi sy hgp tae vdi ngudi khac;
- Tinh edn eii: Hilu tdm quan trong ciia lao dgng va skn sang tham gia lao dpng;
- Tdn trpng cac thanh vien gia dinh: Yeu thuang tdn trpng ong ba, cha m? va skn sang giiip d& vi?c nha-
- Kinh trpng GV va mpi ngudi ttong tnrdng: Yeu'thumig kmh trpng cae thay co giao, cac can bp. nhan vien nha ttuong. no lyc hgp tac vdi mpi ngudi xay drnip O,A. . - thdng nha tmdng tdt dep hon; ^ "''^' ' ^ y ^ "
1!8 TAP CHI KHOA HOC GIAO OgC VIET NAM
. Dong gdp eho xa hpi: Cd y thiic ve viec minh la thanh vien cua mpt cpng ddng dja phuang, tdn ttpng va yeu quy nhimg ngudi dS edng hiin cho xa hpi, ngudi cao tuoi, gdp siic vao sy phat trien ciia cdng ddng;
- Ton ttpng fruyin thdng va yeu nudc: Quan tam den van hoa, truyln thdng dan tpc va tinh yeii dat nudc;
. Ton ttpng eae nln v3n hda khac: Ton ttpng cac nen van hoa va con ngudi cua qudc gia khac vdi y thiic ban sac cua mpt ngudi cdng dan Nhat Ban, nd luc thiic day tinh hiiu nghi quoc te.
2.3.3. PhUdng phap giao due gia In
Chuang trinh GDGT ttong nha trudng phd thdng dugc quy dinh r6: "GDGT cdn dugc tiln hanh thdng qua toan bo cac hoat dpng GD cua nha ttudng. Vi vay, viee GDGT cho HS phai dupe thuc hien khong chi ttong cae gid hpc ciia mon GD dao diic va GD cdng dan ma ca ttong gid hpc ciia cac mon hpc khac va thong qua eac hoat ddng GD dac bi^t, phii hgp vdi tinh chdt cua timg hoat ddng va mdn hgc do". Nhu vay, chuang ttinh GDGT trong nha tnrdng phd thong 0 Nh?it Ban dupe thyc hi?n thong qua 3 con dudng chinh: Mon hpc dpc lap, mdn hpc tich hgp, boat dpng giao
&J.C dkc bi?t.
- Mon hpc dpc Ipp: Nhu da trinh b^y d tten, GDGT d NhJit Ban dugc thyc hi?n thong qua eac mdn hpc doe lap (GD d^o dire dii vdi cap Tieu hpc, Trung hpc ca sd va GD cong dan d cdp Tmng hpc phd thong). Thdi lugng danh cho cac mon hpc n^y dugc quy dinh khoang 3,3 - 4% thdi luijrag ciia chuang trinh GD pho thong ttong mgt nam hpe.
Phuong phap GDGT dupe xac dinh la nham hudng den timg ca nhan, khuyen khieh phat trien nang lyc ciia mdi ca nhan chir khong phai chii ttpng vao hieu qua ddng deu, mang tinh tap the,
- Tich App trong cdc mon hpe khde: Cac muc tieu GDGT dir^c tich hgp vao tdt ca cac mdn hpc trong nha trudng va GV dugc khuyen khich tan dyng mpi ca hpi dl truyln tai nhimg npi dung nay tdi HS. Vi dy, mon Tiing Nhat (GD thai dp ton ttpng tiing me de), mdn Khoa hpc xa hpi (GD y Ihirc hieu biet lich sir ciia ngudi Nhat, GD y nghia cua danh dv ca nhan, ton ttpng quyin con ngudi, mdi quan he giiia tv do, quyin Igi vdi ttach nhilm, nghTa vu, hilu bilt vl nln dan chu), mon Khoa hpc ty nhien (GD thai dp tran ttgng CUQC song va mpi su sdng tten trai ddt), mdn Am nhac (GD
!/ thiic, bai sic dan tpc qua viec hat quic ca); mdn Sue khde vaGD thi chdt (GD thai dp cdng bdng thdng qua cac eupc Ihi va y thirc hpp tac ttong cae bai tap, thai dp tuan thu luat I? va y thiic hoan thanh ttach nhipm), mdn Ngoai ngft (GD linh than hilu biet vk hgp tac quoc tl).
- Hoqt dpng gido dftc dge bi$t: Lk mpt logi hoat dpng GD Uiong the thilu ttong mpi ttudng hpc Nh?it Ban va dugc W djnh cy thi trong khung chuang ttinh GD ciia timg cdp hpc. Ho?t dpng GD d§c bift ttong nhi ttudng d Nhat Ban
^am hudng tdi 4 muc tieu sau: "Thong qua cac bo?it ddng iili6m yeu thieh, thiic day sy phit ttiln hii h6a ciia tti tup va
thi chdt, phat trien y thiic ca nhan; bii dudng thai do dpc lap va thyc tl dl xay dung mdt eugc sdng tdt dep han vdi vai ttd la thanh vien cua nhdm, khdc sau sy ty nhan thiic vl cupe song, va tang cudng nang lue tu hoan thien minh".
Hoat ddng _GD dae biet trong nha trudng phd thdng d Nhat Ban bao gom 4 loai hoat ddng ehinh sau: Cac hoat dpng ttong ldp hpc; Hdi ddng HS; Hoat dpng cau lac bp; Cac sy kien eua nha tnrdng (bao gdm: Cac dip ll hpi, cac sy kien lien quan den viec hpe tap, cae su kien lien quan din boat ddng van hda - van nghe - thi due - the thao, eac chuyin di thuc te, da ngoai, cac boat dpng phuc vy xa hdi, cpng ddng).
Nhiing hinh thiic da dang cua boat ddng dac biet nay la dilu kien, ca hdi thuan Igi dl HS ttai nghiem va ITnh hpi cae GT trong cudc sdng.
2.4. Mot so nhan djnh chung 2.4.1. Mue tieu giao due gia tri
Qua phan tieh d tten, chiing ta cd thi nhan thdy rdng, muc tieu eua GDGT phu thudc vao nhung ngudi lam GDGT.
Nhiing ngudi theo tdn giao khac nhau hoac co quan dilm xa hpi khac nhau hoac trong cac thi chl chinh tri khac nhau se dat ra cac muc tieu GDGT khac nhau. Tuy nhien, co hai diem ehung nhat giiia cac muc tieu GDGT, dd la: 1/ Giiip mgi ngudi cu xii cd ttach nhiem hon trong cac mdi quan he ca nhan va xa hgi; 2/ GDGT khdng chi la GD nhirng GT duge xac dinh tii trudc ma cdn kham pha nhiing GT dd vugt len tren nhung trien vpng/ vien eanh tdn giao va xa hdi, dugc sang Ipc, bd sung va phat ttien theo sy phat trien cita quoc gia dd.
2.4.2. Npi dung giao due gia trj
Ndi dung GDGT neu xet ve tdng the thi do chinh la cac GT ea ban can thiet ma moi ca nhan cd the sdng mot eupc sdng hanh phue va thanh cdng ttong cac moi quan he ca nhan va xa hpi. Tuy nhien, viec lya chpn bao nhieu GT va nhung GT nao la cdt loi de GD cho HS thi tiiy theo ning nude va timg quan diem khae nhau. Nhung dii lua chpn ndi dung GDGT nao thi dieu quan ttpng van la tao dieu kien, mdi ttudng de HS ttai nghiem va nit ra nhirng bai hpe ve GT.
2.4.3. Phifdng phap giao due gia trj
Dya tten nhiing phan tich d tten, cd the thay rang cd nhieu phuong phap GDGT khac nhau va ed the chia thanh hai each tiep can phd bien nhu sau: 1/ Coi GDGT la su truyen dat cac GT dudi nhieu hmh thiic khac nhau {thdng qua mdn hpc, thdng qua cac chu de giao due, ...). Cae phuang phap GDGT theo each tilp can nay mdi chii yeu dimg lai d ket qua nang cao nhan thiie vl GT thong qua viec thuyet giang ehir it cd cac tinh hudng thuc tien de HS ttai nghiem va tdng kit kinh nghiem ttong cupe sing thudng ngay. Hien nay, cac hinh thirc GDGT theo each tiep can nay da va dang CO gdng thay ddi phuang phap GD tich cyc (day hpc theo tilp can giai quylt vdn dl, lam viec theo nhdm, sir dung da phuang tien ttong day hpc,...) de HS co the dat dugc muc
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dieh la thay ddi hanh vi va lya chgn duge eac GT phii hpp chii khdng ehi dimg lai d miie do nhan thiic ve GT; 2/ Coi G D G T la qua trinh ma HS phai duge trai nghiem de lam sang to eac GT va lua chpn cac GT phii hgp va cd ich cho ca ea nhan va xa hgi de lam kim chi nam cho hanh ddng ciia mdi ea nhan, giiip HS thanh cdng ttong cupe sdng va ttd thanh cong dan co ich. De G D G T theo each tiep can nay thuc su hieu qua thi van de quan trpng la phai tao dugc bau khdng khi dua vao G T va GV phai la tam guong ve GT d e HS noi theo. GV ddng vai ttd quan ttgng trong GDGT, hg se sit dung k6t hgp va sang tao cac p h u o n g phap GD nhu thao lu^n, ehia se, dong vai, thdng qua eac tinh hudng trong va ngoai Idp hpc de hd ttg cho GDGT.
T^i li|u tham khao
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[2] Lentz, T. F, (1925), An experimental method for the discovery and development of tests of character. Teachers College, Columbia University.
[3] Prestwich, D. L, (2004), Character Education in America's Schools, School Community Journal, 14 (I), 139-150.
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[5] Department of Education, Science and Training, (2005), National Framework for Values Education in Australian Schools, Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia.
[6] Scribner, S, (2007), Civic and moral education in Japanese public schools. Connect, (163), 12.
3. Ket luan
G D G T khdng phai la vdn d l mdi n h u n g G D G T cno Hb phd thdng sao cho hipu qua thi lai la vdn de kho va luon mdi. Dk G D G T cho HS cd hieu qua can xac ^ m ^ c tieu G D G T r 5 rang, xac djnh nhihig ndi dung G D G T phu h g p vdi HS eiing n h u phii h g p vdi t h i che chinh t n va bdi canh cua timg qudc gia, lua chgn cac p h u a n g phap.
each thiie G D G T da dang, phu hgp, tinh hoat va thiet thyc, tao CO hdi cho H S d u g c ITnh hdi, ttai n g h i e m va ty dieu chinh trong thuc t l cudc sdng, trd thanh n g u d i sdng co muc dich, CO li t u d n g , cd traeh nhiem, dat d u g c muc dich ea nhan phii hgp, d d n g gdp cho s u phat t r i i n ehung eua edng ddng va xa hdi.
[7] Fundamental Law of Education, https://en wikipedia.org/
wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Education, truy cgp ng^y 20/01/2019.
[8] Anzai, S , & Matsuzawa, C, (2014), Values and value priorities underlying Japanese elementary-school moral education: content analysis of Japanese elementary- school moral books, Mediterranean Joumal of Social Sciences, 5(4), 359.
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The final report of the values in action school project, Cartlon, South Victoria, Australia: Education Services Austtalia Ltd.
[10] Le Thj Quynh Nga, (2013), Kinh nghifm quoc te ve gido due gid tri nghe nghifp cho sinh vien ngdnh Suphgm, De tai V2012-03, Vien Khoa hpc Giao dye Vi?t Nam.
INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES ON VALUE EDUCATION FOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Le Thi Quynh Nga
The Vietnam Nationai Institute ot Educational Sciences 101 Tran Hung Dao, Hoan Kiem Distnct Hanoi, Vietnam
Email. qiiynhnga2981@gmail com
ABSTRACT: According to UNESCO, the value education is important aspect for the sustainable future. This woric has overviewed and analyzed the value education in several developed countnes. including its objectives contents and methods. The shanng objectives of value education such as Tmstworthiness Respect. Responsibility. Fairness, Canng.. are outlined differently by vanous methods from one country to another one. Also, this paper has focused on analyzing experiences of value education in the United State of America Australia and Japan. Conclusion has been made with notes to contribute to the value education in Vietnam.
KEYWORDS: Value; value educatian; general education; high school students
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